Antropometrics

A total of 87 traditional and functional body measurements were taken on a
sampl e of 41 27 infants, chi l dren and youths representing the U.S. population aged 2 weeks through 18 years. Measurements were taken throughout the Unitec
States by two teams of anthropometrists using an automated anthropometric
data acquisition system. Standard anthropometers, calipers, and tape devices were modified to read electronical fy and input dimensional data
directly to a mini-computer for data processing and storage. Summary
statistics of measurement results are reported for 16 age groups along with
scatter plots of the data points for the sexes combined and males and
females separately. Each measurement is described along with a photograph
and ill ustration. In addition bivariate re1 ationships of selected functions'
measurements with weight or stature are provided along with regression data

6-10 yaş grubu çocuklar, zamanlarının çoğunu okul sıralarında ders dinleyerek geçirmektedir. Bu dönem çocukların fiziksel1 gelişimleri açısında önemli bir dönem olup, sıraların öğrencilerin boyutsal ve biyomekanik özelliklerine uygun olması önemlidir. Öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutlarına uygun olmayan çalışma birimleri, ders süresince verimliliklerini ve konforunu olumsuz yönde etkilerken aynı zamanda çocukların fiziksel gelişimlerinde olumsuzluklara neden olmakta, ayrıca, boyun, sırt, kol kaslarında, omurilikte, dolaşım ve solunum sisteminde rahatsızlıklara sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu anlamda hem öğrenme etkinliğinin verimi hem de zamanlarının çoğunu sandalye ve masalarında geçiren ilkokul çağındaki öğrencilerin sağlık ve konforu için sınıflarda özellikle masa ve sandalyeden oluşan çalışma birimlerinin form ve malzemesinin yanı sıra boyutlarının da çocukların antropometrik boyutlarına uygunluğuna dikkat edilmelidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilkokullardaki dersliklerde kullanılan çalışma birimlerinin öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutlarına uygunluğunun önemini vurgulayarak çalışma birimlerinin boyutlarına ilişkin öneriler sunmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında, Rize ili Merkez ilçesindeki 3 ilkokuldan toplam 24 derslikte yapılan yerinde tespit çalışmasında çalışma birimleri ölçülerek fotoğraflanmıştır. Bu tespitlerle elde edilen bulgular; Hastürk’ün 2006 yılında yapmış olduğu “Ankara İlinde Bulunan 7 – 12 Yaş Arası Çocuklarda Antropometrik Değerlerin Belirlenmesi ve Bu Ölçülerin Çocuk Odası Mobilyasına Uygulanması” isimli yüksek lisans çalışmasında elde ettiği veriler ve Phesant’ın 2006 yılında basılmış “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work” isimli kitabındaki verilere bağlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda; öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutları-çalışma birimi boyutları ilişkisi bağlamında yapılan değerlendirmeler ışığında ilkokullardaki dersliklerin çalışma birimlerinin, ölçüleri için öneriler sunulmaktadır.

El análisis geométrico del levantamiento fotogramétrico de un emblemático edificio nazarí del siglo XIII ha permitido al autor deducir características desconocidas del sistema clásico de medidas y proporciones, y  establecer el primer método técnico-científico para la determinación de los módulos de las obras de la antigüedad.

This study will explore the extent of nutritional poverty in Adama, Assela and Modjo towns using micro analytical anthropometrics indices like wasting,
stunting, underweight and vulnerability to malnutrition models. In the contemporary world income poverty level of individual is too shallow to explain the
overall welfare. These measures are different from traditional income/consumption measures of poverty because they capture wider dimension of
poverty and living standard. Growth status of children can clearly implicate the degree of short term exposure to risk and disturbances and long term
malnutrition. Moreover, the study will explore pushing factors behind nutritional poverty. Development of the country can only be taken to the peak as
long as we settle nutritional system to international standard level development of family that can ensure futuristic, thoughtful and innovative future
generation. Econometrics models like logistic and weighted feasible linear regression models have been used to estimate parameters and its correlates
in the three towns. Result of the model proves that about 55% of children in the three towns are vulnerable to malnutrition regardless of living standard of
their family. Children and family related assets, length of breast feed, food intake level, growth environment and education level are negatively affecting
vulnerability to malnutrition, wasting, stunting and underweight of children while fosterage, income inequality, birth order, family size are positively
influencing child poverty. It has been widely and deeply observed that children from these towns are highly vulnerable to nutritional poverty. Therefore,
food price inflation should be kept minimum to guarantee easy food access by all individuals living in the country to have mentally and physically
developed children

Today the use of gadgets and electronic devices has exceeded the limit of the average - average usage usually only in tolerance 30 minutes - 2 hours, now can be more than the time limit that has been specified.
Especially in office workers who spent all day at the work station or work with computers.
With the improvement of the function of his work station as well as devices such as tables and chairs, can add to the comfort and menurangi risk of stress and injury during work.
The addition of an ergonomic devices that support is also needed such as a keyboard and mouse in accordance with the user and also biomekanical anthropometry of the user itself.
the purpose of this journal, would like to invite and give advice to the reader to implement better work station and convenient to apply all ergonomisan

Numerous office employees who work with computer workstations endure various musculoskeletal discomforts every day. This study intends to reduce musculoskeletal discomfort caused by desktop computer workstations, which causes productivity losses and several medical costs. A survey was distributed to 42 participants who use desktop computer workstations for at least 6 hours per day. Specific anthropometric measurements were
collected to design an optimized computer workstation. Ten respondents were randomly selected to participate in an electromyogram (EMG) experiment to determine muscular impulse differences between standard and optimized desktop computer workstations. The EMG results indicated that discomforts are pronounced in shoulder, neck, lower and upper back and hand-wrist regions. The risk assessment model showed that experiencing troubles in the neck (p=0.022), shoulder (p=0.023), and wrist/hands (p=0.020) within 12 months were the significant factors. ANOVA results proved that the optimized design of a computer workstation causes less muscular pressure on the muscles at each measured body region.

In daily life, people can not be separated from activities that are closely related to subsistence. Human life needs space complete with equipment in accordance with purposes such as lighting equipment, instrument air regulator, seating and other furniture compilation. For that we need a proper study and design so that people can feel comfortable. Seats are fixtures main spatial functions in a simple state can act without regard to the other elements, so the presence of seats in minimum space must exist.
Work chair is one type of chair that is often used, especially when we're working. This study aims to look at the most comfortable seat design used to work, by analyzing the activities undertaken. So that later can be used as a reference design ergonomic chairs, that can support the health of the body and improve the quality of work.
Keywords: Design, Working Chair, Ergonomics.

6-10 yaş grubu çocuklar, ilkokullarda zamanlarının büyük bir bölümünü okul sıralarında ders dinleyerek geçirmektedir. Bu dönem çocukların fiziksel gelişimleri açısından önemli bir dönem olup, çalışma birimlerinin öğrencilerin boyutsal ve biyomekanik özelliklerine uygun olması önemlidir. Öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutlarına uygun olmayan çalışma birimleri, öğrencilerin fiziksel gelişimini, öğrenme verimliliğini ve konforunu olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca boyun, sırt, kol kaslarında, omurilikte, dolaşım ve solunum sisteminde rahatsızlıklara sebebiyet vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilkokullardaki dersliklerde kullanılan çalışma birimlerinin öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutlarına uygunluğunun önemini vurgulayarak çalışma birimlerinin boyutlarına ilişkin öneriler sunmaktır. Çalışma kapsamında, Rize ili Merkez ilçesindeki 3 ilkokuldan toplam 24 derslikte yapılan yerinde tespit çalışmasında çalışma birimleri ölçülerek fotoğraflanmıştır. Bu tespitlerle elde edilen bulgular; Hastürk’ün 2006 yılında yapmış olduğu “Ankara İlinde Bulunan 7 – 12 Yaş Arası Çocuklarda Antropometrik Değerlerin Belirlenmesi ve Bu Ölçülerin Çocuk Odası Mobilyasına Uygulanması” isimli yüksek lisans çalışmasında elde ettiği veriler ve Pheasant’ın 2003 yılında basılmış “Bodyspace: Anthropometry, Ergonomics and the Design of Work” isimli kitabındaki verilere bağlı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda; öğrencilerin antropometrik boyutları-çalışma birimi boyutları ilişkisi bağlamında yapılan değerlendirmeler ışığında ilkokullardaki dersliklerin çalışma birimlerinin, ölçüleri için öneriler sunulmuştur.

This text investigates the biometric passport as an archival practice. Drawing on conceptions of the archive as an epistemological project, as technology and medial logic, as well as a practice, I will show how the introduction of the biometric passport has transformed the passport not only as a tool and technique for regulating mobility but also as a techno-political model of the world. By comparing a variety of pre-electronic passports, I will investigate transformations in the archival conditions of today’s biometric passport in order to show the way in which it produces a specific conception of individual identity as well as a special condition of social vulnerability.

The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Study aims to describe total body fat percentage and anthropometric indices of body fat distribution in European adolescents. Objective: To describe the standardization process and reliability of anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements. We examined both intra-and interobserver errors for skinfolds, circumferences and BIA. Methods: For the intraobserver error assessment, first of all, 202 adolescents in the pilot study (110 boys, 92 girls, aged 13.64 ± 0.78 years) were assessed. For the second intraobserver and interobserver assessments, 10 adolescents were studied (5 boys and 5 girls). Results: The pilot study's intraobserver technical errors of measurement (TEMs) were between 0.12 and 2.9 mm for skinfold thicknesses, and between 0.13 and 1.75 cm for circumferences. Intraobserver reliability for skinfold thicknesses was greater than 69.44% and beyond 78.43% for circumferences. The final workshop's intraobserver TEMs for skinfold thicknesses and circumferences were smaller than 1; for BIA resistance TEMs were smaller than 0.1 O and for reactance they were smaller than 0.2 O. Intraobserver reliability values were greater than 95, 97, 99 and 97% for skinfold thicknesses, circumferences, BIA resistance and reactance, respectively. Interobserver TEMs for skinfold thicknesses and circumferences ranged from 1 to 2 mm; for BIA they were 1.16 and 1.26 O for resistance and reactance, respectively. Interobserver reliability for skinfold thicknesses and circumferences were greater than 90%, and for BIA resistance and reactance they were greater than 90%. Conclusions: After the results of the pilot study, it was necessary to optimize the quality of the anthropometric measurements before the final survey. Significant improvements were observed in the intraobserver reliabilities for all measurements, with interobserver reliabilities being higher than 90% for most of the measurements.

Several studies have been carried out which mainly focus on the analysis of the lipid profile in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. However, few studies have been undertaken in this population oriented to quality of life and health. is study aimed to compare health-related quality of life, blood pressure, and biochemical and anthropometric profile in vegetarians and nonvegetarians. e study included 149 participants out of an initial sample of 162: 62 vegetarians and 87 nonvegetarians. Health-related quality of life was assessed with the SF-12 Health Questionnaire version 2 and was related with the lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure, anthropometric measures, and sociodemographic characteristics. Vegetarians presented better Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), as well as higher LDL levels. No significant differences in HDL and TG concentrations were found. Serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower among vegetarians. Nonvegetarian males had higher diastolic pressure levels. Vegetarian women had significantly higher levels of systolic pressure. As for the physical health and mental health components of quality of life, no significant differences were found in vegetarian and nonvegetarian women and men. In conclusion, vegetarians presented a better anthropometric profile, lower glycaemia, and higher LDL levels but no significant differences in health-related quality of life compared with nonvegetarians.

This text investigates the biometric passport as an archival practice. Drawing on conceptions of the archive as an epistemological project, as technology and medial logic, as well as a practice, I will show how the introduction of the biometric passport has transformed the passport not only as a tool and technique for regulating mobility but also as a techno-political model of the world. By comparing a variety of pre-electronic passports, I will investigate transformations in the archival conditions of today’s biometric passport in order to show the way in which it produces a specific conception of individual identity as well as a special condition of social vulnerability.

Op basis van ruim 3000 gegevens, gespreid over 50 jaar en weliswaar soms onder enig voorbehoud, vallen er enkele duidelijke, naast minder duidelijke, conclusies te trekken over de verhouding tussen gestalte en geletterdheid, en uiteraard ook over deze twee zaken afzonderlijk
De cijfers, de visualisering, verrassen meer dan eens, alhoewel de algemene conclusie in principe niet verrassend is. Er wordt al langer van uitgegaan, en aangetoond, dat sociaaleconomische omstandigheden, zowel in tijd als tussen maatschappelijke geledingen, van invloed zijn op de alfabetisering en op de (gemiddelde) lichaamslengte van een samenleving.
Algemeen kunnen we stellen dat als de diverse sociale groepen naar elkaar toegroeiden inzake alfabetisering, dit ook zo was qua gestalte (en vice versa). De verbeterde levensomstandigheden, en onrechtstreeks de toegenomen aandacht en mogelijkheden voor onderwijs, leidden tot grotere jongeren (tot op bepaalde hoogte), maar dan vooral bij de lagere sociale klassen. Ja dus, grote jongens schrijven beter, maar dan doelend op de vaststelling dat grotere jongens er meer in slagen het scholingsniveau schrijven te bereiken.

This text investigates the biometric passport as an archival practice. Drawing on conceptions of the archive as an epistemological project, as technology and medial logic, as well as a practice, I will show how the introduction of the biometric passport has transformed the passport not only as a tool and technique for regulating mobility but also as a techno-political model of the world. By comparing a variety of pre-electronic passports, I will investigate transformations in the archival conditions of today’s biometric passport in order to show the way in which it produces a specific conception of individual identity as well as a special condition of social vulnerability.

A partir de los resultados obtenidos en el estudio gráfico del trazado del edificio del Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo de Granada, España (Roldán 2011), se abre un ingente campo de trabajo sobre el estudio y análisis del posible uso del sistema de doble escala en la arquitectura antigua.
Planteamos, en un primer estadio, caracterizar las peculiaridades del sistema con objeto de profundizar en su investigación para poder dilucidar el conocimiento olvidado, aprovechando las implicaciones gráficas y de representación que demanda el esquema metrológico detectado, la variedad tipológica que presentan sus tramas modulares, y el ajuste a los límites de cada diseño.
Mediante iconos tan sencillos como una escuadra se justifican todas las tramas, tanto estáticas como dinámicas, que modulan el edificio. El ajuste por aproximación permite una enorme versatilidad de diseño y soluciona además aspectos técnicos.

The results obtained in the graphic analysis of the modulation of the Cuarto Real de Santo Domingo building in Granada, Spain, (Roldán 2011) have provided new insights to further approach the research on the double-scale possible use in ancient architecture.
We propose to take advantage of this early state of art throughout the characterization of the singularities of the system in order to be able to elucidate forgotten knowledge from the implications and graphic representation required by the metrological scheme identified, as well as the variety of typologies that are presented in their modular frames, and the adjustment to the limits of each design.
By means of icons as simple as a squad, they can be justified all frames, both static and dynamic, which modulate ancient buildings. The adjustment approach allows a wide versatility of design logically solving any technical aspect.

Background: The elderly EXERNET multi-centre study aims to collect normative anthropometric data for old functionally independent adults living in Spain. Purpose: To describe the standardization process and reliability of the anthropometric measurements carried out in the pilot study and during the final workshop, examining both intra-and inter-rater errors for measurements. Materials and Methods: A total of 98 elderly from five different regions participated in the intra-rater error assessment, and 10 different seniors living in the city of Toledo (Spain) participated in the inter-rater assessment. We examined both intraand inter-rater errors for heights and circumferences. Results: For height, intra-rater technical errors of measurement (TEMs) were smaller than 0.25 cm. For circumferences and knee height, TEMs were smaller than 1 cm, except for waist circumference in the city of Cáceres. Reliability for heights and circumferences was greater than 98% in all cases. Inter-rater TEMs were 0.61 cm for height, 0.75 cm for knee-height and ranged between 2.70 and 3.09 cm for the circumferences measured. Inter-rater reliabilities for anthropometric measurements were always higher than 90%. Conclusion: The harmonization process, including the workshop and pilot study, guarantee the quality of the anthropometric measurements in the elderly EXERNET multi-centre study. High reliability and low TEM may be expected when assessing anthropometry in elderly population.

For many years, the productivity of employees and their contribution to production are the issues that are discussed over. It must be admitted that these issues constitute the most basic step in the capitalist system. Because, in this order, how much profit the employer will make is the most important issue. In fact, for this reason, in order to make people work and produce more and to make more profit for employers, sometimes less wages and sometimes more wages were applied. However, nevertheless the efficiency of employees is still being low, lack of extra production or poor quality workmanship are resulted in seeking other solutions. According to comprehensive researches, it has been realized that supporting employees with just financial elements is not enough and together with it, health and occupational elements, meaning the occupational health and safety efforts in workplace effect the productivity as well. It has been found out that the solutions of these issues must be based on anthropometric studies. This field sustain the data that is required for elements such as; vehicle, tool, dress etc. to be designed according to user. In this way, it is maintained that the people who work in a workplace work with minimum fatigue, in safest, most healthy and efficient way, that occupational diseases are reduced, even disappeared. In this study, literature searching about anthropometry concept has been carried out, the benefits provided by anthropometry were mentioned and studies about this subject were examined. The information obtained was compiled and interpreted extensively. Uzun yıllardır çalışanların verimliliği, üretime katkıları, işverenlerin daha çok kazanç sağlaması üzerinde tartışılan ve bir takım uygulamalarla desteklenen konulardır. Kabul edilmelidir ki bu konular kapitalist sistem içerisinde en temel basamağı oluşturmaktadır. Çünkü bu düzen içerisinde işverenin ne kadar kar elde edeceği en önemli sorundur. Hatta bunun için yani insanların daha çok çalışıp üretmesi ve işverenlerin daha çok para kazanması adına bazen daha az ücret bazen daha çok ücret uygulaması yapılmış bazen de sosyal yardım araçlarından yararlanılmıştır. Ancak buna rağmen hala çalışanların verimliliğinin düşük olması, daha fazla üretimin yapılamaması ya da yapılan işin kalitesiz olması başka çözümlerin aranmasına neden olmuştur. Yapılan kapsamlı araştırmalar neticesinde çalışanların sadece maddi unsurlarla desteklenmesinin yeterli olmadığı bununla beraber çalışanların iş yerlerindeki sağlık ve güvenlik unsurlarının da yani işyerindeki iş sağlığı ve güvenliği çalışmalarının da üretimi etkilediği fark edilmiştir. Bu sorunların çözümünün temelinin ise antropometrik çalışmalara dayanması gerektiği ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Antropometri, insan vücut ölçülerinin belirlenmesini sağlayan bilim dalıdır. Bu bilim dalı temel olarak kullanılan araç, gereç, alet, makine cihaz, kıyafet vb. diğer kullanılan unsurların kullanana uygun olarak tasarlanabilmesi için gerekli verileri sağlamaktadır. Bu sayede iş yerinde çalışan kişilerin en az yorgunlukla, en güvenli ve sağlıklı şekilde ve en yüksek verimlilikle çalışmaları gerçekleşecek, meslek hastalıklarının azalması hatta ortadan kaldırılması sağlanabilecektir. Bu çalışmada antropometri kavramı ile ilgili literatür taraması yapılmış, antropometrinin sağlayacağı faydalara değinilmiş ve bununla ilgili yapılan çalışmalar incelenmiştir. Elde edilen bilgiler derlenerek kapsamlı şekilde yorumlanmıştır.

Özellikle  gelişmiş  ülkeler  üretimlerini,  faaliyetlerini,  iş  yeri  tasarımlarını,  insanı  merkeze  alarak  gerçekleştirmeyi  tercih  etmektedir.  Bunun  birçok  nedeni  olmakla  beraber  temel  olarak  daha  verimli  çalışmanın  gerçekleşmesi,  çalışanların  mutlu  olması  ve  herhangi  bir  sağlık  ve  güvenlik  yönünden  zarara  uğramamalarıdır.  Bu  amaçların  gerçekleştirilmesine  antropometri, insan vücut ölçülerinin tespit edilmesi ile katkı sağlamaktadır.  Bir  toplumun  vücut  ölçülerinin  bilinmesi  demek,  kullanılan  her  türlü  eşyanın,  alet  ve  teçhizatın,  iş  yerlerinin,  evlerimizin  ve  daha  birçok  şeyin  insan  özelliklerine göre tasarlanmasını sağlamayı ifade etmektedir. Ancak  daha  da  önemlisi  iş  sağlığı  ve  güvenliği  açısından  kazaların  ve  hastalıkların  azaltılmasına  yardımcı  olacak  bir  unsur  olmasıdır.  Özellikle  gelişmekte  olan  ülkelerin  problemlerinden  olan  iş  kazaları  ve  meslek  hastalıkları,  ergonomi  kapsamında  iş  yerinin  çalışanlara  uygun  hale  getirilmesi  neticesinde  azalabilecek  hatta  belki  de  ortadan  kalkabilecek seviyeye getirecektir.Bu  çalışma  ile  amaçlanan  antropometrinin  iş  sağlığı  ve  güvenliği  açısından  iş  yerlerine  ve  çalışanlara  faydalarını  belirlemek  ve  neden  gerekli  olduğunu  anlatmaktır.  Bu  kapsamda literatür taraması yapılarak elde edilen bilgiler ve veriler derlenip sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.