Agricultural Geography

Resumo: Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as mudanças no sistema de produção agrícola resultantes da ampliação da tecnificação e da expansão do agronegócio, bem como a interferência destas na dinâmica econômica de cidades agrícolas, sem perder de vista como as interferências globais causam alterações na produção local de alimentos. No primeiro capítulo foi traçada uma breve explanação sobre as características da agricultura brasileira desde os seus primórdios até alguns aspectos do agronegócio contemporâneo. No segundo capítulo verificou-se algumas particularidades do processo de colonização do estado do Paraná, as alterações no uso do solo resultantes da "Revolução verde", os reflexos da abertura de mercado na composição das empresas agropecuárias e na produção de alimentos no estado do Paraná. No terceiro capítulo estudou-se os impactos locais da especialização produtiva, tais como as transformações na estrutura fundiária, na produção de alimentos e no mercado de trabalho, sendo destacados alguns desdobramentos da tecnificação e da expansão do agronegócio para o campo e a cidade. A metodologia empregada no estudo constou de estudos bibliográficos associados ao levantamento e análise de dados secundários junto a órgãos oficiais de pesquisa e planejamento, bem como da coleta de dados primários, por meio de entrevistas realizadas com profissionais do setor agropecuário, produtores agrícolas e comerciantes. Concluiu-se que o ordenamento territorial atual foi profundamente influenciado por alguns fatores, a saber: políticas agrícolas, aumento da demanda e de preços das commodities, abertura comercial, concentração de empresas nacionais e internacionais, expansão da produção de exportação em detrimento da produção de alimentos de consumo interno, especialização produtiva do setor agrícola fundada na produção de soja, os quais articulados responderam pelo aumento da concentração da propriedade e do uso do solo, ocasionando novas divisões do trabalho e acirrando os problemas socioeconômicos locais.

Abstract: This work aimed to study changes in the system of agricultural production resulting from the expansion of the technification and the agribusiness, as well as the interference of the economic dynamics of the agricultural cities, and in food production. We tried to understand how the global interferences cause changes in local food production. In the first chapter there is a short explanation about the characteristics of Brazilian agriculture and aspects of agribusiness, in the second chapter there are some features of the colonization process of the state of Paraná, changes in the use of land because of the green revolution, the reflexes of the opened market in the composition of agricultural enterprises, and in food production in the state of Paraná, in the third chapter it is studied the impacts of local productive specialization such as changes in land structure in the production of food, and labor market, which were highlighted some effects of increased technification and the expansion of agribusiness in the countryside and the city. The methodology used in the study consisted of a survey of secondary data and primary data collected through interviews with professionals in the agricultural sector, farmers and traders. It was concluded that the changes were generated as a result of agricultural policies and the increased demand and prices of commodities, influenced by trade liberalization and the expansion and concentration of national and international companies, encouraging the expansion of the production of agro-export rather of food production for domestic consumption, and resulting in the specialization of the productive agricultural sector and the expansion of soya production, leading to increased concentration of land and soil use, causing new international division of labor is fierce local socioeconomic problems.

Forest comprises a unique gift of nature to human civilization and plays a significance role in the national economy of a developing country like India. Loss of forest by the increasing population and consequently increasing demands for forest based resource has been an issue of great concern in recent decades. Taking a view of the current scenario of forest resource the present study is an attempt to highlight the forest cover and access the forest resource based in Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. The district is one of the major tribal dominated districts in Madhya Pradesh. According to forest survey of India there was 48.79 percent forest cover of the total geographical area of the district in 2011. The district has been facing lots of problem related to degradation of forest and passes as a severe threat to the present status of biodiversity.

Küreselleşme ile birlikte birçok konuda olduğu gibi beslenme alışkanlıklarında ve buna bağlı olarak ziraat faaliyetlerinde “tek tip”e doğru bir seyir izlenmektedir. Oysa uluslararası ticarette çok yer tutmasa da ülke ve bölge ölçeğinde özgün besin kaynakları hâlâ önemini korumaktadır. Yerel ürünlerin varlığının devamı, geleneksel mutfak kültürünün gelecek nesillere aktarılması ve yapılacak Ar-Ge çalışmaları ile farklı kullanım alanlarının değerlendirilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bağlamda da Türkiye’de “Gölevez”, Kıbrıs’ta ise “Kolokas” adıyla bilinen yumru bitkiler grubundan sebze, araştırmamızın öznesini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmamız kapsamında bitki; botanik özellikleri,
üretim miktarı, sanayide işlenebilirliği, ticari yönü ve dünya genelinden sonra Türkiye ve Kıbrıs özelinde ele alınmıştır. Bilhassa ada ülkelerinde geleneksel değerlerin korunmasına yönelik hassasiyet ve kırsal kalkınmada özkaynakların kullanımında özel bir yeri bulunan bitkinin, üretim ve tüketiminin yıldan yıla azalması dolayısıyla ayrıca ele alınan kolokasa dikkat çekilerek bu alanda yapılabilecekler üzerinde durulmuştur.

Przewodnik do ćwiczeń z geografii gospodarczej dla szkół wyższych. Plik zawiera strony tytułowe, spis treści, wstęp i literaturę.
Podręcznik dostępny w:
http://ksiegarnia.bogucki.com.pl/pl/p/Geografia-gospodarcza.-Przewodnik-do-cwiczen/273

This paper sets out to understand the Monga vulnerability in Rangpur region of northwest Bangladesh from the perspective
of affected households. The local term ‘Monga’ means a famine-like situation and it has caught public interest recently.
Based on empirical evidence from five villages in the Rangpur region using different qualitative methods, the findings
highlight that the Monga predisposes the households to multi-sphere experiences of hunger and poverty. It is not just one
consequence of income poverty; rather, the social and livelihood mechanisms of poor households are dysfunctional,
multiply rooted in their entitlements, capabilities, their ways of living, and the negotiations they have with the complex
network of institutions that affect households both singly and synergistically.

Who can deny the significance of food? It has a central role in our health and pleasure as well as in our economy, politics and culture. Food in Society provides a social science perspective on food systems and demonstrates the rich variety of disciplinary and theoretical contexts of food studies. While hunger and malnutrition remain a reality in many countries, for some food has become an experience rather than a sustenance. This book addresses the different worldwide understandings of food through thematic chapters and a wide range of material including: description of the political economy of the food chain, from production to the point of sale; analysis of global issues of supply and demand; critical debate of environmental and health aspects of food, including GM food, the role of habits, taboos, age and gender in food consumption. Each chapter contains a guide to further reading and to websites of relevance to food. Extensively illustrated, this book is essential reading for students of food studies in the social sciences and humanities.

Kültüre en son alınan meyvelerden olan kivi, kısa denilebilecek mazisinde çok hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir. Meyvenin ticari anlamda üretimi ve pazarlanması başlangıçta sadece Yeni Zelanda ile sınırlıyken zamanla meyveye olan ilgiyle beraber yeni üreticilerin faaliyete başlamasıyla hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir. Akdeniz ülkeleri başta olmak üzere kivi ziraatı kısa sürede dünyanın değişik yerlerinde yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Türkiye de söz konusu zirai faaliyet alanında hızlı ve de dikkat çekici gelişmelerin yaşandığı ülkelerden birisidir. Yaklaşık 30 yıllık bir geçmişi bulunan Türkiye kivi yetiştiriciliği, bu zaman zarfında kayda değer bir gelişme göstermiştir. Başlangıçta ihtiyacının % 10’unu dahi sağlayamazken, 2017’ye gelindiğinde ihtiyacının % 90’ından fazlasını karşılar hale gelmiştir. Genel olarak Yalova ve Doğu Karadeniz merkezli sürdürülen kivi ziraatı, Marmara ve Akdeniz Bölgelerinden yeni üreticilerin de faaliyete başlamasıyla daha geniş bir alanda yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Yetiştiriciliğinin yoğun olarak yapıldığı yerlerde zirai hayatı olumlu ölçüde etkilemiş olan kivi üretimiyle ilgili olarak Türkiye’nin de ilerleyen yıllarda İran ve Yunanistan gibi önemli ihracatçılar arasına yerleşebileceği öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışmada da kivi yetiştiriciliğinin Ziraat Coğrafyası odağında analizi yapılarak bu faaliyete yönelik olarak Türkiye’deki gelişmeler ele alınmıştır.

Sesame has a long-standing history and a wide range of usage field because of the reason that it’s the first oil seed plant cultivated in the world. This plant -is being used by people for over 5000 years- has a great importance in Turkish culture as well. Its seeds contain 50 – 60 % oil which has an high quality, moreover one of its most common usage areas is tahini and tahini halva production. In addition to that, sesame which is consumed as a spice is the only condiment that makes the Turkish bagel (simit) world famous. Despite all of these features, sesame production in Turkey in recent years has demonstrated a serious setback. In the 1990s in excess of 30.000 tons of our sesame production has dropped to 16.221 tons by 2012. Sesame production in our many province either completely abandoned or declined very significantly. Our country's growing deficit are tried to close by imports whereas even the half of annual needs of our country cannot provided. In this study, sesame which has been configuring a significant share for itself around agricultural products, is considered in the scope of agricultural geography and some recommendations are made for relevant topics.

This study looked at the concept of peri urban agriculture (PUA) in Kwadon watershed of Gombe state NE Nigeria. The PUA concept was seen from two related paradigms of Von Thunen's Land Use Model and Vroom's Expectancy Theory. Theories, models and concepts in research help in defining how any given research endeavor will take a course of action and based its understandings and findings through the periscope of the subscribed model or theory. The study adopted a mixed research method of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Analysis of the contents and interpretations of the model and theory was made vis-à-vis peri-urban agriculture in the study area. Quantitative data was derived from the fieldwork undertaken in the study area, after establishing the population of 500 PUA farmers and establishing a suitable sample size 217 respondents, using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table of determining sample sizes for research activities. Levels of farmers decision to participate in PUA was established falling between low, moderate and high using IBM-SPSS version 20.0 for descriptive analysis in suggesting their activeness or otherwise in the PUA practices in relation to the model and theory discussed. Findings of the study suggest that most of the farmers exhibit a moderate level of willing decision to participate (with a mean score of 35.81) in the PUA practices as motivated by proximity to market and the physical favorable occurrence of the Kwadon watershed as a resource that will support their practices all year round

The Himalayan foothill zone in Assam with a unique natural setting manifests a distinctive human-environment relationship. Formed basically of unconsolidated geologic structure and drained by numerous streams joining ultimately the river Brahmaputra, this zone till recently continued to have a thick forest cover ranging from tall grasses to large evergreen trees. But during the recent period, the rapid population growth and urbanisation in the valley areas have forced people to settle down even in the marginal areas like the Himalayan foothills. Presently, most of the areas of the foothill zone have been brought under human use causing loss of forest cover and other environmental problems rendering the existing human-environment system almost unsustainable.

Importantly, some social groups living in the area have developed certain production systems for their sustenance, which are not only unique but also important from the perspective of ecological and economic sustainability. One of the very useful systems developed by these people is the traditional water management system which proved to be ecologically and economically sustainable in the context of the peculiar environmental settings of the area. This study attempts to investigate the evolution of the indigenous water management system and the processes and patterns of water use in agriculture and other productive sectors. The study is based on field works done in a village called Chaulkara located in the district of Baksa, Assam. The water management system followed traditionally by the people of the locality has been investigated to generate required data and information and to examine the situation in the context of indigenous knowledge system and sustainable development.

Some of the agricultural products have constantly occupied the public opinion throughout history in terms of their obtained products, financial value and area of utilization. Among these, poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) has been also drawn attention because of that it is undoubtedly the most discussed, for this reason even the wars were experienced,
Unlike many other agricultural products on the stage of history, the poppy constantly remaining on the agenda continues to be emphasized over the years. The reason for being a matter of occupying the agenda by poppy is, of course, the obtained alkaloids and their uses. As a matter of fact, because of the fact that it is possible to be obtained the products which can have damaging effects not only on the health of the person but also on the whole social order in case of malicious use, it is a necessity to focus on the poppy and to do strictly controlled breeding. In addition to this, opium obtained from poppy cultivation by its use in a manner suitable for its medical purpose it is a product which can not be completely ignored. In this study, in recent years, the countries where official and informal poppy cultivation has been made in the world and the resulting opium and the related alkaloids related alkaloids have been evaluated. Turkey, one of the countries which has the poppy cultivation, has been especially evaluated in consequence of that it has been chosen over and over as “model poppy cultivator country” by UN in recent years. At this point, things are done and to do in Turkey have been additionally evaluated.

DENİZ MEHMET,Ali Ayaydın (2015). Çine İlçesinde Yerfıstığı Yetiştiriciliği. Coğrafyacılar Derneği
Uluslarası Kongresi 2015

Ege Bölgesinde yer alan Aydın ili, yer fıstığı üretimi açısından Akdeniz Bölgesindeki üretim alanlarından
sonra Türkiye’de önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu ile bağlı Çine ilçesinde 2013 verilerine göre il genelinde yetiştirilen
yer fıstığı alanlarının %96,5’i yer almaktadır. Üretim kapasitesinin ise % 89,3’ü gerçekleştirilmektedir. Geçmişte
ovalık sahada yoğun olarak pamuk tarımı yapılırken, günümüzde ise bu etkinliğin önemini yitirmesi ile alternatif
ürünlerden olan yer fıstığının yetiştirilmesine başlanmıştır. Çalışmada araştırma sahasının coğrafi çevre
koşullarının yerfıstığı ziraati ile ilişkisi kurulmuş, arazi gözlemleri ve ÇKS (Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemi) verilerinden
yararlanılarak sahadaki yayılışı ve faaliyetin yöre ekonomisine katkıları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma süresince
üreticiler, Çine İlçe Gıda-Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü, Aydın İl Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü
yetkilileri ve bu ürünün ticaretini yapan işletmeler ile mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Yerfıstığı, Arachis hypogaea L., Tarım Coğrafyası, Tarım, Çine İlçesi
ABSTRACT
Aydın province that located in Eagen Region has an important places in terms of production of peanut in
Türkiye. According to the data of the year of 2013 in Çine district that in the boundaries of this province % 96.5
percent of peanut production takes places and also %89,3 percent of production made across the province. In
the past while intensive cotton farming was done in the plane area, by loosing its impotance of this activity, the
alternative productions have begun to be cultuvated. One of the alternative productions is peanut. In the study
the relationship of the peanut cultivation with the geographical environment conditions of the research field has
been established by utilizing the data of ÇKS, the distribution in the field and the contrubition of the activity to
the regions economy has been examined. In the process of the research interviews have been carried out with
operations that trading this product and authorities of Aydın İl Gıda-Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü (Aydın
Provincial Directorate of Food-Agriculture and Livestock), Çine İlçe Gıda-Tarım ve Hayvancılık Müdürlüğü
(The Çine District Directorates of Food-Agriculture and Livestock) and the planters.
Keywords: Peanut, Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L., Agricultural Geography, Agriculture, Çine district

Öz Haşhaş çok uzun yıllardır Anadolu topraklarında yetiştirilen ve çok çeşitli şekillerde istifade edilen özel bir tarım ürünüdür. Haşhaştan elde edilen afyonun ve bunun zaman içerisinde değişen kullanım alanı ile söz konusu bitki, klasik bir tarım ürünü olmaktan çıkmış ve ülkeleri savaşa sürükleyen, zaman zaman diplomatik krizlere sebep olan bir ürün halini almıştır. Bununla birlikte kötü amaçlı kullanıma yönelik üretimin çok ciddi boyutlara ulaşmasıyla üretim ve buna bağlı sorunlar katlanarak günümüze değin intikal etmiştir. Bu çalışmada haşhaşın ve bundan elde edilen afyonun tarihsel süreçte gelişimi ve son olarak Anadolu'daki durum ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Haşhaş, afyon, tarım tarihi, ziraat coğrafyası. Abstract Poppy is a special agricultural product which has been grown in Anatolian soil for many years and used for various reasons. Along with the information of that the opium obtained from poppy and its using area which has been changed in time, the plant poppy in question is no longer a classic agricultural product, and it became a product drafting countries into war and causing diplomatic crisis from time to time. In addition to these, the very significant production intended for malicious use and the problems

Patterns of crop diversification of modern agricultural technology, especially during the period of the Green Revolution in the late sixties and early seventies, there is a continuous surge for diversified agriculture in terms of crops, primarily on economic considerations. Indian agriculture is increasingly getting influenced more and more by economic factors. This need not be surprising because irrigation expansion, infrastructure development, penetration of rural markets, development and spread of short duration and drought resistant crop technologies have all contributed to minimizing the role of non-economic factors in crop choice of even small farmers. What is liberalization and globalization policies are also going to further strengthen the role of price related economic incentives in determining crop composition both at the micro and macro levels. Obviously, such a changing economic environment will also ensure that government price and trade policies will become still more powerful instruments for directing area allocation decisions of farmers, aligning thereby the crop pattern changes in line with the changing demand-supply conditions. In a condition where agricultural growth results more from productivity improvement than from area expansion, the increasing role that price related economic incentives play in crop choice can also pave the way for the next stage of agricultural evolution where growth originates more and more from value-added productions.

Araştırma sahamız olan Kapaklı ilçesi, Tekirdağ’ın Büyükşehir statüsüne kavuşmasıyla il genelinde yaşanan hızlı dönüşümden etkilenmiş genç idari birimlerimizden birisidir. Ergene Havzası’nın bir parçası olan Kapaklı, sahip olduğu tabii şartların elverişliliği ve de sosyo-ekonomik yapının da uygunluğuyla büyük bir potansiyele sahip ve Tekirdağ’ın hızlı gelişebilecek ilçelerinden birisidir. Özellikle çalışma konumuz gereği arazi kullanım durumu açısından ele alındığında reliefin, iklim şartlarının, toprak yapısının ve toprak kabiliyetinin elverişliliği ile tarım başta olmak üzere çoğu iktisadi faaliyetin rahatlıkla gelişebileceği bir mekânsal yapı söz konusudur.

Öz: Tarım, medeniyet tarihimizi şekillendiren ve de medeniyetimizi hala en fazla etkileyen kültür ögesi olarak önemini korumaktadır. Bu önem özellikle son yıllarda insan sağlığı, sürdürülebilir kırsal kalkınma ve gıda arzı ile güvenliği noktasında etkisini daha da artırmaktadır. Hızla artan dünya nüfusu, su başta olmak üzere tarım için hayati unsurlardaki kaynakların sınırlılığı tarımda yeni arayışları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu noktada da gerek gıda gerekse gıda dışı tarım ürünlerinde sürekli yeni arayışlar / alternatifler bulma söz konusudur. Keten (Linum usitatissimum L.) ise tarımın başlangıcından beri insan hayatında yer alan ve çok yönlü bir tarım ürünü olmasıyla insan hayatındaki yerini korumaya devam edecek olan bir bitkidir. İnsanların yararlandığı en eski bitkisel kaynaklardan biri olan ketenin, kullanım alanının çeşitlenmesiyle, tohumlarıyla gıda ve yağ sanayilerine, lifleriyle de tekstil sanayine olan katkısına yenilerini eklemektedir. Tarihin farklı dönemlerinde önemi artış ve azalışlar gösteren keten, son yıllarda Türkiye'de de çok fazla konuşulmaya başlanmıştır. Esasında geçmişte Türkiye'nin geleneksel tarım ürünleri arasına sayılan keten son yıllarda neredeyse zirai hayattan bütünüyle silinme noktasına gelmişse de yerel yönetimlerin desteğiyle küçük çaplı da olsa yeni girişimler söz konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada ise keten gibi stratejik önemi haiz bir tarım ürünü Ziraat Coğrafyası odağında detaylı bir şekilde irdelenerek bu alanda yapılması gerekenlere dikkat çekilmiştir.

Abstract: Agriculture continues to protect its value as a factor of our culture that forms our history and likewise still affects our civilisation the most. This importance has been increasing especially in recent years its effect in terms of human health, sustainable rural development and food supply and safety. Rapidly increasing world population and the limitation of vital resources for agriculture, especially water, all these factors have brought new searches in agriculture along. At this point, there is in question constant new searches and new alternatives for both food and non-food agricultural products. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), on the other hand, is an agricultural product that has been existing in human life since the beginning of agriculture and will continue to maintain its place in human life by being a versatile agricultural product. With the diversification of the use of flax, which is one of the oldest plant resources that people benefit from, it adds new ones to the food and oil industries with linseed and its contribution to the textile industry with its fibers. Showing a significant increase and decrease in different eras of history, flax is started to be mentioned very much in recent years in Turkey as well. In fact, having counted among Turkey's traditional agricultural products in the past, flax, even though it has come almost to the point of total obliteration of agricultural life in recent years, but with the support of local governments, there have been new initiatives albeit on a small scale. In this study, an agricultural product of strategic importance such as flax has been examined in detail in the focus of Agricultural Geography, and the attention has been attracted to what needs to be done in this field.

This paper mainly deals with the review articles on indigenous aromatic rice varieties and finally concentrated on the evaluation of the cultivation of a specific scented landrace named Tulaipanji in Uttar Dinajpur District of West Bengal, India. Cultivation of indigenous aromatic rice varieties in its natural habitat plays a vital role in maintaining the ecological balance in the rice field ecology in one way and also develops the farmers' economy in another way. Overall, it supports the sustainable agriculture. While cultivation of HYVs damages the rice field ecology by changing the cropping sequence and by accumulating very high amounts of chemical inputs in soil, water and also in plant's body, in this situation, cultivation of indigenous aromatic rice varieties is too much significant. The review has been done on the basis of national and international research works. In India, the main emphasis is given upon seed morphology, genetic diversity, chemical and genetic basis of aroma, yield potentiality, advanced breeding techniques, conservation and restoration of indigenous aromatic rice varieties. In a good number of works, internationally, emphasis is given upon innovations of new aromatic rice, Geographical Indication and trade related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. The geology, geomorphology, and properties of soil horizon are different from one rice field to another upon which the aromatic quality of indigenous rice dependent. The natural habitats of different indigenous aromatic rice varieties are different. The identification and delineation of the ecological niche of the indigenous aromatic rice varieties are the first and foremost criteria for the evaluation of indigenous aromatic rice cultivation. Therefore, the study will be auxiliary to plan the sustainable cultivation of indigenous aromatic rice varieties. The whole literature review has been done under the following segments:-1. Conceptual Aspects: Rice is one of the most important food crops of India. As a major crop, cultivation of rice is occupied nearly 31% of the total Net Sown Area of the country (Annual Report of Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, 2015-16). According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the term Indigenous means existing naturally or, having always lived a place (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/indigenous). Sometimes, the term Landrace is also used in place of the word Indigenous. A Landrace is a domesticated, locally adapted, traditional variety of a species of animal or plant that has developed over time, through adaptation to its natural and cultural environment of agriculture and pastoralism, and due to isolate on from other populations of the species (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrace). According to the Cambridge Dictionary, the term Aromatic means having a pleasant smell (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/aromatic). The cultivated rice, Oryza sativa originated in South East Asia in humid tropical climate and under influence of local environment and farmers need have evolved into 88,681 different variety, out of that 55,615 are land races, 1,171 are wild races and 32,895 are other varieties (Mishra & Sinha, 2012). Since the time of domestication of wild races of rice varieties, farmers have started the evolution of thousand of rice landraces which are later cultivated in their natural habitat for thousands of years. Thus, they had adapted themselves to that natural environment and become the local variety of that area. Generations after generations, farmers are traditionally cultivated these indigenous rice varieties in their natural environment by maintaining their cropping sequence seasonally.

Resumo: O lugar e o papel do campesinato no mundo contemporâneo traz para o debate geográfico inúmeras questões sociais, sendo que este esforço exige uma interpretação ampla e concreta acerca das relações que envolvem tanto o espaço urbano como o rural. Diante disto, são válidas as afirmações intrínsecas ao método dialético, que percebe o desenrolar do tempo-espaço através das contradições inerentes em seus fenômenos e/ou objetos, realidade esta que é visível no cotidiano campesino. Os camponeses estão tradicionalmente revestidos de um propósito social de contraditoriedade e resistência aos padrões determinados pelos modelos ditos hegemônicos, forjando assim uma capacidade singular de compreender e vivenciar o mundo. O desafio colocado nesta tese surgiu desta consideração, ou seja, uma discussão do camponês e não-camponês enquanto partes de um cenário único e totalitário, abrindo assim possibilidades de aproximação/compreensão aos símbolos e práticas camponesas presentes nos campos da Microrregião Geográfica de Faxinal/PR. Desta feita, o objetivo desta tese procurou através da busca, a análise e identificação das territorialidades camponesas vigentes nesta microrregião, embasar-se de um apanhado teórico-conceitual a fim de contribuir na construção do discurso da ‘Agricultura de Autoconsumo’ como categoria e prática primordial da reprodução camponesa. Esta prática social não se resume única e exclusivamente no suprimento alimentar (comida), mas pelo abastecimento de uma série de necessidades locais, que são autonomamente discutidas e decididas pela coletividade e vontade dos próprios camponeses. As reflexões teóricas, os levantamentos de dados e as entrevistas apuradas ao longo deste estudo, serviram de fundamento para instituir um aporte teórico que coloca a agricultura de autocosumo enquanto uma categoria social pertencente aos camponeses. Essa peculiaridade deve-se ao fato dos territórios camponeses serem constituídos enquanto lugares de reprodução social da vida, da comida, do solo, da água, dos animais, da comunidade rural, enfim, um emaranhado de relações materiais/imateriais que se bastam (e necessitam) em si mesmos. É por isso que o campesinato não é plenamente compreendido ao ser analisado de forma fragmentada e muito menos ainda quando considerado isolado do espaço urbano, pois a menor ou maior integração ao capital agrário não lhes descaracteriza sua condição social, portanto, o que guia a essência camponêsa e garante a reprodução de suas unidades familiares são as várias estratégias típicas da agricultura de autoconsumo.

Abstract: The place and role of the peasantry in the contemporary world brings to the geographical debate innumerable social questions, and this effort requires a broad and concrete interpretation of the relations that involve both urban and rural space. In view of this, the intrinsic affirmations of the dialectical method, which perceives the unfolding of time-space through the contradictions inherent in its phenomena and / or objects, is a reality that is visible in the everyday peasant. Peasants are traditionally clad in a social purpose of contradiction and resistance to the patterns determined by the so-called hegemonic models, thus forging a unique capacity to understand and experience the world. The challenge posed in this thesis arose from this consideration, that is, a discussion of the peasant and non-peasant as part of a unique and totalitarian scenario, thus opening up possibilities of approximation / understanding to the peasant symbols and practices present in the fields of the Geographic Microregion of Faxinal / PR. The purpose of this thesis was to search, analyze and identify the peasant territorialities in force in this micro-region, based on a theoretical-conceptual approach in order to contribute to the construction of the discourse of 'Self-Consumption Agriculture' as a category and practice peasant reproduction. This social practice do not restricted solely to the food supply, but by supplying a range of local needs that are autonomously discussed and decided by the collectivity and will of the peasants themselves. The theoretical reflections, the data surveys and the interviews investigated throughout this study, served as a basis for establishing a theoretical contribution that places self-consumption agriculture as a social category belonging to peasants. This peculiarity is due to the fact that peasant territories are constituted as places of social reproduction of life, food, soil, water, animals, rural community, in short, a tangle of material / immaterial relations that are sufficient (and need) in themselves. This is why the peasantry is not fully understood when it is analyzed in a fragmented way, much less even when considered isolated from urban space, since the less or greater integration of agrarian capital does not deprive them of their social condition, therefore, what guides the essence peasant and guarantees the reproduction of their family units are the various typical strategies of self-consumption agriculture.

Agriculture in a way is the result of human efforts applied in the exploitation of land resources towards the satisfaction of one of man's basic needs, food. In spite of the rapid growth of industries and service sectors in India, agriculture still is an important economic activity, employing 62 percent of total workers in 2001(Maharashtra 64 percent in 2001).In this paper an attempt has been made to analyse crop combination regions in study area. Crop combination is one of the technique delineating agricultural regions. Ten major crops have been considered for analysis. The study is based on primary sources. The Rafiullah's Crop Combination Method is using for the study the crop combination regions. The factors like rainfall irrigation etc affect the crop combination. In Phaltan Circle two crop combination regions are delineated and four major crops are identified these are jowar, Bajara, Sugarcane and Wheat.

Resumo: O presente trabalho trata da análise da ordenação escolar que atende os alunos do campo em alguns estabelecimentos de ensino do norte do Paraná, pertencentes ao Núcleo Regional de Ensino (NRE) de Londrina. Leva em conta a percepção que a juventude camponesa tem sobre a influência da escola na decisão de permanecer no campo ou migrar para a cidade e os possíveis desdobramentos da condução da política educacional para esses jovens. Privilegiamos a variável educação, buscando identificar, na organização escolar para a juventude do campo, quais aspectos interferem na formação e nos horizontes destes estudantes promovidos por essa realidade. Considera-se a localização das escolas e ainda a organização político-pedagógica capazes de interferir no processo de formação e de valorização da identidade cultural, sabendo-se que tudo isso será parte da decisão de permanecer no campo ou de migrar. Nessa perspectiva, analisa-se a questão agrária sobre o viés da Educação do Campo como fator positivo para a resistência camponesa. Diante disso, o presente trabalho se debruça sobre o processo da reprodução do campesinato na conjuntura que envolve a busca da escolaridade pela juventude rural considerando os obstáculos inaugurados com a nucleação das escolas do campo e os limites e as possibilidades da implantação da Educação do Campo que atualmente se encontra em andamento.

Abstract: This paper deals with the analysis of the ordination of school organization that meets students of the field in some northern schools of Paraná, belonging to the Regional Education Center (RNE) of Londrina. It takes into account the perception that rural young people have about the school's influence on the decision to stay in the country or move to the city and the possible consequences of the conduct of educational policy for these young people. We choose the variable organization of the school structure in order to identify which aspects interfere in the training and horizons of young people from the field promoted by that reality. The location of schools and also consider the political-pedagogical organization capable of interfering in the training process and recovery of cultural identity, given that all this will be part of the decision if to remain in the field or migrate. From this perspective, it analyzes the agrarian question on the bias field of education as a positive factor for the peasant resistance. Therefore, this paper focuses on the peasantry of the reproduction process in situation that involves the pursuit of education for rural youth considering the obstacles inaugurated with the nucleation of the field schools and the limits and possibilities of the Rural Education of deployment that is currently in progress.

Resumo: O presente trabalho pretende discutir a espacialização do latifúndio e os desdobramentos socioambientais e políticos desse processo bem como as tensões de classe entre o latifúndio e o campesinato enquanto portadores de objetivos conflitantes no campo. Para tanto, parte-se da teoria da renda da terra e da função social da terra para a compreensão da constituição do latifúndio produtivo e suas características, o que supõe reposicionar o uso do termo agronegócio. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho é evidenciar como a concentração fundiária provoca efeitos devastadores para a sociedade, ao mesmo tempo em que a unidade de produção camponesa se apresenta como portadora da capacidade de cumprimento da função social da terra. Os estudos que o comprovam estão baseados no recorte espacial do município de Ivinhema, localizado no sudoeste de Mato Grosso do Sul. A metodologia utilizada consistiu em levantamento bibliográfico em livros, periódicos e jornais sobre os temas, levantamento de dados nos censos agropecuários e da produção agrícola municipal do IBGE, informações sobre a estrutura agrária de Ivinhema junto ao INCRA e obtenção de informações por meio de entrevistas realizadas com servidores públicos, proprietários capitalistas e camponeses no município. Após a análise dos dados à luz da base teórica utilizada, constatou-se a prevalência do caráter rentista da propriedade privada capitalista da terra, aqui caracterizada como latifúndio improdutivo e latifúndio produtivo, em vista das distinções entre ambos, aos quais confrontou-se a agricultura camponesa, qualitativamente oposta a ambos em vista do uso produtivo da terra.

Abstract: The present work intends to discuss the spatialization of the latifundio and the implications social, environmental and political of this process as well as the class tensions between the latifúndio and the peasantry as bearers of conflicting objectives in the field. Therefore, it is based on the theory of income of the land and the social function of the land for the understanding of the constitution of productive latifundia and its characteristics, which supposes to reposition the use of the term agribusiness. In this way, the objective of the work is to show how land concentration has a devastating effect on society, at the same time as the peasant production unit presents itself as a carrier of the social function of the land. The studies that prove this are based on the spatial clipping of the municipality of Ivinhema, located in the southwest of Mato Grosso do Sul. The methodology used consisted of a bibliographical survey in books, periodicals and newspapers on the subjects, data collection in agricultural and production censuses IBGE municipal information, information on Ivinhema's agrarian structure with INCRA, and obtaining information through interviews with public servants, capitalist owners and peasants in the municipality. After analyzing the data in light of the theoretical basis used, the prevalence of the rentier character of the capitalist private property of the land, here characterized as unproductive latifúndio and productive latifundio, in view of the distinctions between both, to which agriculture was confronted, in view of the productive use of land.

Resumo: A presente pesquisa buscou analisar a Questão Agrária na escola através da compreensão de cento e sessenta alunos do terceiro ano do ensino médio das escolas do município de Londrina, a apropriação sobre o tema por vinte e dois professores que cursam o Plano de Desenvolvimento da Educação – PDE, e os conteúdos de três coleções de livros didáticos. O objetivo foi identificar lacunas no aprendizado dos alunos, coerências e lacunas na apropriação dos assuntos em relação aos professores e coerências e equívocos nos conteúdos das coleções dos livros didáticos. A partir da análise destes objetos procuramos identificar se a Questão Agrária na escola contribui para reforçar se a agricultura atual, fatores históricos, econômicos, sociais, ambientais, legais, científicos e conceituais, são distorcidos ou equivocados e consequentemente possam contribuir para reforçar o senso comum, ou constroem um aprendizado crítico e pleno, conectado com a realidade pretérita e contemporânea. Para mensurar a o aprendizado dos alunos, aplicamos formulário com temas sobre a Questão Agrária em que os próprios julgaram o nível de seu conhecimento e compreensão sobre os assuntos. Para mensurar a apropriação dos professores sobre os temas da Geografia Agrária, comparamos de forma minuciosa as intervenções dos mesmos através da técnica de grupo focal para identificar a coerência ou os equívocos em relação à literatura científica e aos dados oficiais, e para mensurar os conteúdos dos livros didáticos, realizamos várias leituras de forma minuciosa, também com o objetivo de identificar coerência e equívocos em relação à literatura científica e aos dados oficiais. Concluímos que há lacunas no aprendizado dos alunos, na apropriação dos temas da Questão Agrária por parte dos professores, e nos conteúdos dos livros didáticos. Esta pesquisa procurou contribuir com a Geografia e com a educação comprometida com a transformação social de forma geral, no sentido de refletir sobre a construção de concepções de se ensinar Geografia Agrária para que a mesma possibilite a formação de futuros cidadãos críticos e engajados.

Abstract: This research analyzed the agrarian issue in school through the understanding of one hundred and sixty students of the third year of high school in Londrina, the appropriation of the issue by twenty-two teachers who attend the Education Development Plan - PDE and the contents of three textbooks collections. The objective was to identify student learning gaps, coherence and gaps in subjects appropriation from teachers and consistencies and misconceptions in the collections of textbooks contents. From the analysis of these objects we seek to identify the Agrarian Issue in school, if it helps to reinforce the current agriculture, and if historical, economic, social, environmental, legal, scientific and conceptual aspects are distorted or mistaken and therefore can contribute to strengthening the common sense, or build a critic and fully learning connected with the preterit and contemporary reality. To measure the students' learning, we applied forms with themes on the Agrarian Issue in which ones they judged the level of their knowledge and understanding of the issues by themselves. To measure the appropriation of teachers on the subjects of Agrarian Geography, we compared in details their activities through the focal group technique to identify the coherence or misconceptions regarding the scientific literature and official data, and to measure the contents of textbooks, we performed several readings in details also with the aim of identifying consistency and misconceptions regarding the scientific literature and official data. We conclude that there are some gaps in students learning and in the appropriation of themes of Agrarian Issues by teachers and in the content of textbooks. This research aimed to contribute to the Geography and the committed education to social changing in general, to reflect on the conceptions´ construction of teaching Agrarian Geography in a way that it enables the formation of future critic and engaged citizens.

Agriculture is an important sector of the Indian economy as it contributes about 17% of the total GDP
and provides employment to over 60% of the population. It contributes almost one-fourth of Gross State
Domestic Product of Madhya Pradesh (M.P.) and wihin M.P., Ujjain district contributes significantly
with 80% of its total land under agricultural use. Because of its high dependency on agriculture, this
district has been considered most vulnerable to climate change. In this research, dominant climatic
factors (i.e. rainfall and temperature ) and non-climatic factors (i.e. soils and farmer's socio-economic
characteristics) influencing the agricultural practices in Ujjain District have been taken into
consideration. Temporal analyses of climatic parameters along with analysis of non-climatic
components were performed and the outcome showed a relatively high dependency of agriculture sector
on climate in Ujjain district. Using projections and model developed by IPSL, there is likely to be a
drastic change in the local climate of Ujjain in the coming days. Temperature is expected to rise by
about 4°C and rainfall intensity would increase. The current cropping pattern of Ujjain district will not
be able to withstand these extreme conditions. In order to adapt to this scenario, this research has
proposed alternative cropping practices. An integrated approach of mixed farming and intercropping
based on soil type and climatic conditions are also proposed.Aset of policies and legislative framework
has also been identified to incorporate changes in agricultural practices to make it resilient to climate
change.

Although there is a lot of literature from the viewpoint of natural or technological science on various ways of digitalization in agriculture (big data, internet of things, virtual reality, robots, cameras, 3D printing, device convergence, universal communication, artificial intelligence, digital twins, and blockchain among others), social science scholars have recently started exploring different facets of digital agriculture in relation to farm production processes, value chains and food systems. This has contributed to a burgeoning but dispersed social science body of literature. Hence, there is a lack of analysis of how this area of study is evolving and the existing, emerging, and current trends and topics. This is where this essay seeks to make a contribution, beyond presenting this special issue social, economic and structural complexities of precision farming, modern agriculture, smart farming or agriculture 4.0. An exploratory literature review reveals that five thematic clusters of extant social science literature on digitalization in agriculture can be identified: 1) Implementation, uses and adaptation of digital technology on farm; 2) Impact of digitalization on farmer identification, farmer skills, and farm work; 3) Control, ownership, privacy and ethics in digitalizing agricultural production systems and value chains; 4) Digitalization and agricultural information and innovation processes (AKIS); and 5) Economics and management of digitalized agricultural production systems and value chains. The key contributions of the special issue papers are mapped against these thematic clusters, revealing new perspectives on the relation between digital agriculture and farm diversity, new economic, business and institutional structures both on-farm, in the value chain and food system, and in the innovation system, and evolving ways to ethically regulate digital agriculture. Emerging lines of social science enquiry within these thematic clusters are established and new lines are proposed to build a potential research agenda on digital agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0. Also, four possible new thematic social science clusters are also identified, which so far seem weakly developed: 1) Digital agriculture socio-cyber-physical-ecological systems conceptualizations; 2) Digital agriculture policy processes; 3) Digitally activated agricultural transformation pathways; and 4) Global geography of digital agriculture growth. This future research agenda offers ample space for future interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary science on precision farming, modern agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0.

the paper discusses the agricultural transformation agenda and program in Nigeria from the year 2012 till date. this year is important in the history of agricultural activity in the country because it was the year that the government decided on implementing plans meant to commercialize agricultural production in the country

Zeytin kültüre alınan en eski meyve türlerinin başında gelmektedir. Akdeniz iklimi ve Akdeniz bölgesinin en karakteristik bitkisi ve bu bölge medeniyetinin sembollerinden birisidir. Dünyada zeytin kuşağı ağırlıklı olarak Akdeniz havzasında yoğunluk kazanmıştır ve buradaki ülkelerin ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel hayatında büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Ağırlıklı olarak Akdeniz'de odaklanan zeytin kuşağı üzerinde yer alan Türkiye'de, zeytinlikler oldukça geniş alanlar kaplamaktadır. Anadolu'nun zeytinle tanışması çok eski çağlara kadar gitmektedir. Zeytincilik Türkiye'nin tarımsal yapısında oldukça eski ve önemli bir ekonomik faaliyet türüdür. Bir ülkedeki zeytinciliğin iktisadi önemi ağaç sayısından ziyade zeytin üretimiyle ölçülebilir. Ülkemizde son yıllarda zeytincilikte gözlemlenen eğilim; zeytin ağacı sayısının artmasına rağmen, üretim miktarında aynı oranda bir artışın kaydedilmemiş  olmasıdır. Ülkemizde zeytin üretimi, yıldan yıla belirgin bir alçalış ve yükseliş göstermektedir. Yağlık zeytin üretiminin hâkim olduğu ülkemizde, zeytinyağı dış ticaretimizde büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Araştırma sahasının büyük bir bölümünün yer aldığı Balıkesir ili Türkiye'deki toplam zeytin üretiminin ortalama %14'ünü karşılamaktadır. Balıkesir'de zeytinliklerin en yoğun olduğu kesim şüphesiz Edremit Körfezi çevresidir. Edremit Körfezi çevresi Türkiye'nin önemli zeytin ve zeytinyağı üretim alanlarından birisidir. Ülkemizdeki zeytin ağacı varlığının önemli bir kısmını barındıran Edremit Körfezi çevresinde ziraat hayatına damgasını vuran en önemli ürün zeytindir. Coğrafi şartların sağladığı olumlu imkânlardan dolayı yerleşme tarihi oldukça eskiye inen araştırma sahasında zeytincilik ilkçağlardan itibaren sahadaki en önemli tarımsal faaliyet olmuştur ve bu durum günümüzde de devam etmektedir. Sahada tarihi oldukça eskiye inen kendine has bir zeytin kültürü oluşmuş ve beşeri hayat da bu doğrultuda şekillenmiştir.

Araştırma Edremit Körfezi kıyılarını adeta bir monokültür şeklinde kaplayan zeytinliklerin ziraat coğrafyası açısından incelenmesini ve sahadaki zeytincilik faaliyetlerinin Türkiye'deki yeri ve öneminin ortaya konulmasını amaçlamaktadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye ölçeğinden bölgesel ölçeğe, bölgesel ölçekten ise yerel ölçeğe doğru Türkiye'de zeytincilik değerlendirilmiş, araştırma sahasında zeytincilik faaliyetlerinin coğrafi analizi yapılmıştır.

Araştırmada, birçok alanda etkin bir araç olan Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) metodolojisi kullanılmış, veri tabanı ve data yapısının oluşturulmasında ArcGIS 9.1 yazılımından faydalanılmıştır. Doğal ortam özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla 1/100.000’lik topoğrafya, jeoloji ve toprak haritaları kullanılmış; iklim özelliklerinin ortaya konulmasında sahada bulunan meteoroloji istasyonlarının verilerinden yararlanılmıştır. İstatistiksel veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) ve Tarım İlçe Müdürlüklerinden temin edilmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları ve yöre halkıyla gerçekleştirilen görüşmeler de diğer bir önemli veri kaynağını oluşturmuştur.

Land classification lies at the center of land evaluation schemes. The intent of the study is to identify
the land capability of Talapilli Taluk, Thrissur District by adopting National Resources
Conservation Service - land capability criteria. The land capability classification includes eight
classes of land I to VIII. The parameters considered are texture, slope, depth, erosion, permeability
and soil reaction. The parameters are studied in detail and ordered in land capability classification.
Five land capability class II, III, IV, VI, and VII and three capability subclass, e - erosion, w - excess
water and s - soil limitations is identified in the Taluk. Talapilli has high proportion of class II - good
cultivable and class III - moderately good cultivable land covering the wetlands and its adjacent
areas. Northeast and northwest of the Taluk is concentrated with class IV - fairly good cultivable
land suited for occasional or limited cultivation. Parcels of land suited for class VI - grazing and
forestry and class VII - fairly suited for grazing and forestry is noticed at centre and north of the
Taluk which is not suitable for sustained use because of limitations.

Resumo: Para possibilitar uma análise eficiente do uso do solo rural, o emprego de metodologias cientificamente comprovadas e que apresentem menor custo e rapidez na obtensão de resultados como o uso do sensoriamento remoto e de técnicas estatísticas de amostragem, chegou-se a uma opção viável no atual estágio tecnológico brasileiro. Este trabalho empregou um modelo testado e que mostra bons resultados, onde objetiva atualizar os métodos já utilizados por outros mais adequados a atual possibilidade de aquisição de imagens de satélite gratuitas fazendo uso de tecnologias mais aprimoradas de navegação por receptores GPS mais modernos que estão disponíveis no mercado. Para a realização dos trabalhos foi feito a estimativa do uso do solo da região administrativa do Núcleo Regional de Londrina da Secretaria da Agricultura e do Abastecimento do Paraná, o qual totaliza dezenove municípios, com uma área de 7.226 km2. Através de técnicas de segmentação, classificação de imagem do satélite Landsat-8, foi realizado o particionamento do recorte espacial alvo de interesse em segmentos quadrados de 1 x 1 km, utilizando técnicas estatísticas para realizar a amostragem da área segundo sua intensidade de uso com atividade agrícola. A pesquisa contou com a investigação e mapeamento à campo do uso do solo nos segmentos amostrais de forma a mensurar o uso do solo nas amostras. As informações foram processadas de forma a subsidiar uma análise geográfica, possibilitando uma estimativa da área plantada com as culturas de soja, milho e cana-de-açúcar na safra 2013/2014, assim como as áreas de pastagem e matas presente na região pesquisada, permitindo obter-se o coeficiente de área agricultável na região. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que a Imagem Landsat 8utilizada é adequada ao processo de segmentação e classificação do uso do solo, e a utilização das imagens do aplicativo Google Earth propiciaram um incremento na localização dos segmentos no campo, assim como facilitou o desenho dos poligonos devido a sua melhor resolução espacial em comparação a imagem Landsat 8. A amostragem da área propiciou a obtensão de dados com uma confiabilidade aceitável, obtendo resultados em tempo curto e a baixo custo.

Abstract: To enable an efficient analysis of rural land use, the use of scientifically proven methodologies and with lower cost and speed in getting of results such as the use of remote sensing and statistical techniques of sampling, a viable option in the current Brazilian technological stage. This study employed a tested model that shows good results, which aims to update the methods already used by other suitable to the current possibility of acquiring free pictures making use of satellite navigation technologies more enhanced by modern GPS receivers that are available in market. For the realization of the work was done to estimate land use Core Regional Administrative Region of Londrina from the Secretariat of agriculture and supply of Paraná, which totals 19 municipalities, with an area of 7,226 km2.Through segmentation techniques, image classification of the satellite Landsat-8, was achieve the partitioning of the space clipping, target of interest into square segments of 1 x 1 km, using statistical techniques to perform sampling of the area according their intensity of use with activity Farm. The research involved research and mapping the field of land use in the sample segments in order to measure the use of ground in the samples. The information were processed in order to subsidize a geographical analysis, enabling an estimate of the area planted with crops of soybeans, corn and sugarcane in the harvest 2013/2014, as well as the areas of pasture and forests present in the region surveyed, allowing to obtain the coefficient of farmland in the region. The results of this study demonstrated that Landsat Image 8 used it's suitable for the process of segmentation and classification of land use , and images using the Google Earth application provided an increase in the location of segments in the field, as well as facilitated the drawing of polygons due to its better spatial resolution compared to Landsat-8 image. The sampling area provided to take of the data with acceptable reliability, obtaining results in short time and low cost.