Afghan

One of the most important and ambiguous issues in the period between the collapsing of Afsharid dynasty and the rise of Zand dynasty is the role and position of Azad Khan Afghan in the developments and struggles, which has been neglected and marginalized in the shadow of Zand and Qajar historiography as well as the success of these two dynasties in forming governments. Therefore, the main question of this research concerns the role Afghan Azad Khan played in the power struggles of this period and its developments. The assumption of the article is that Azad Khan Afghan as one of the pretenders to the throne had a very effective role in the developments and struggles of this period. His role in the wars of succession of Afsharid dynasty, establishing a center of power in Azerbaijan and extending it, successive defeats of Karim Khan and the conquest of Isfahan, and the proclamation of the monarchy, as well as effective role in the wars and conflicts of Zand and Qajar dynasties indicate that Azad Khan played a very decisive role in the events of this period. The results of this study show that although Azad Khan Afghan was eventually removed from the power cycle, his military operations caused the attrition of the wars of this period, which delayed the process of transfer of power.

Afghan refugees are currently the largest number of refugees in Indonesia. As a country that has not ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention, Indonesia does not have the right obligations and legal basis in dealing with refugee problems. Thus, Afghan refugees lose their basic human rights. Therefore, UNHCR and Indonesia must work together and share responsibilities in providing protection to refugees. The author uses the concept of refugees, international organizations and international cooperation to study secondary data that is collected and analyzed qualitatively. The data used relates to the condition of Afghan refugees in Indonesia, the role of UNHCR, and the collaborative process of UNHCR and the Indonesian government in handling Afghan refugees in Indonesia. This article finds that the work of UNHCR and the Government of Indonesia is carried out by adjusting actions through a policy coordination process and agreement on the scope of cooperation and setting an agenda that is in l...

Background: Bullying and the lack of social skills are essential for future risk-related problems,
such as delinquency and feelings of rejection in children. The present study aimed to assess the
effects of coloring mandala as Jungian art to reduce bullying and increase social skills in Afghan
male working children.
Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and a control group design.
The research population included all 10- to 12-year-old Afghan immigrant boys in Tehran City,
Iran, who were studying in Parto School for Working Children, in 2019. The research sample
consisted of 30 children who have obtained maximum scores on the Illinois Bully Scale (IBS)
and minimum scores on the Teenage Social Skills Inventory (TSSI). The research participants
were selected using a convenience sampling method. Then, they were assigned to the control
and treatment groups by drawing lots. The treatment group attended ten 45-minute sessions
of coloring mandalas and Jungian art. The data collection tools were the IBS: Student Version
(Espelage & Holt, 2001) and the TSSI (Inderbitzen & Foster, 1992). The data were analyzed
using the one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS.
Results: The present research results suggested that the bullying scores for the participants in
the treatment group significantly decreased at the post-test, compared to the pre-test (F=24.29,
P=0.001); however, their social skills scores significantly increased at the post-test, in comparison
with the pre-test (F=42.41, P=0.001). However, no significant differences were found in the
bullying and social skills scores of the controls between the pre-test and post-test phases.
Conclusion: Mandala coloring art was effective in reducing bullying behaviors and increasing
social skills among the explored Afghan migrant working children. Therefore, this artistic
method can be used as a suitable option for psychological therapies, teaching social skills, and
creating participation and empathy in children in educational centers and schools for child labor.