Afghan

There is insufficient empirical evidence on the correlates of health care utilization of irregular migrants currently living in Turkey. The aim of this study was to identify individual level determinants associated with health service and medication use. One hundred and fifty-five Afghans completed surveys assessing service utilization including encounters with primary care physicians and outpatient specialists in addition to the use of prescription and nonprescription medicines. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to examine associations between service use and a range of predisposing, enabling, and perceived need factors. Health services utilization was lowest for outpatient specialists (20%) and highest for nonprescription medications (37%). Female gender and higher income predicted encounters with primary care physicians. Income, and other enabling factors such as family presence in Turkey predicted encounters with outpatient specialists. Perceived illness-re...

Background: Bullying and the lack of social skills are essential for future risk-related problems,
such as delinquency and feelings of rejection in children. The present study aimed to assess the
effects of coloring mandala as Jungian art to reduce bullying and increase social skills in Afghan
male working children.
Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test and a control group design.
The research population included all 10- to 12-year-old Afghan immigrant boys in Tehran City,
Iran, who were studying in Parto School for Working Children, in 2019. The research sample
consisted of 30 children who have obtained maximum scores on the Illinois Bully Scale (IBS)
and minimum scores on the Teenage Social Skills Inventory (TSSI). The research participants
were selected using a convenience sampling method. Then, they were assigned to the control
and treatment groups by drawing lots. The treatment group attended ten 45-minute sessions
of coloring mandalas and Jungian art. The data collection tools were the IBS: Student Version
(Espelage & Holt, 2001) and the TSSI (Inderbitzen & Foster, 1992). The data were analyzed
using the one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) in SPSS.
Results: The present research results suggested that the bullying scores for the participants in
the treatment group significantly decreased at the post-test, compared to the pre-test (F=24.29,
P=0.001); however, their social skills scores significantly increased at the post-test, in comparison
with the pre-test (F=42.41, P=0.001). However, no significant differences were found in the
bullying and social skills scores of the controls between the pre-test and post-test phases.
Conclusion: Mandala coloring art was effective in reducing bullying behaviors and increasing
social skills among the explored Afghan migrant working children. Therefore, this artistic
method can be used as a suitable option for psychological therapies, teaching social skills, and
creating participation and empathy in children in educational centers and schools for child labor.

This article examines the genealogy and behavior of the CIA militias in Afghanistan against the backdrop of persistent armed governance whereby a plurality of actors competes over control and rule. The nonaccountable use of force by militias and their volatile alliances increase the extent of armed governance, exacerbating issues of human rights abuses and undermining the possibility of future claims for justice. We discuss the effects of recurrent political violence on the peace talks and the implications for a sustainable peace, the need to include a solution for the role of militias in a peace agreement, and the necessity of ending impunity.

The departing point of this study is to understand the implications of ‘nation-building’ as a Western initiative in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) particularly in terms of the local conceptualisation of nation or millat. Based on this larger question, the goal of this study is to reveal the idea of nation as presented in the discourse of education constructed by the state of Afghanistan. To this end, the study employs three major primary resources: official state documents, school textbooks and expert interviews conducted at the Ministry of Education in Afghanistan. Pursuing a qualitative research methodology, the study uncovers four major elements that make up the idea of the ‘nation of Afghanistan’ or the millat-e Afghanistan: (1) Islam, (2) watan (homeland), (3) qawm and (4) Afghaniyat (Afghanness). Reflecting a very specific understanding of nation that is peculiar to the context of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, this study concludes that the Western-imposed form of nation has a local content which struggles hard to keep the idea of nation together.

This study examines a set of unique isolated lived-experiences to offer some general observations concerning Afghan-Hazara migration, relocation, and individuation in Australia. Culture may have the appearance of immutability. However, like any social formation, it is produced, reproduced, and contested through time. Everyone is an individual, and while we speak of the impact and culture, lived-experience is very different. People always have choices they can make about what lessons they might derive from experiences. If one faces discrimination within the realm of the state, which is historically well documented where Hazaras are concerned, one begins looking for alternative pathways to advancement. These include personalised networks in religious communities, education, and business entrepreneurship. The study analyses the fluid nature of belief systems, and the multiplicity of ways lived-experience shapes individuation and reshapes identity through pathways to advancement in a gl...

How complex is Afghan migration and what are the challenges associated with it? These questions were addressed at a workshop hosted by the Maastricht Graduate School of Governance at the Permanent Representation of the Netherlands in Brussels on 8-9 April 2013, sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The event was recognized by participants as being the first of its kind, both due to the thematic approach – the first event on migration and development in Afghanistan – and its dual academic and policy ambitions, with academics and civil society practitioners debating directly with policy makers on experiences, observations and insights from their work on contemporary Afghan migration. Academics and researchers presented findings on why Afghans migrate, what they do after migration, whether they return and the particular experiences of unaccompanied minors. These discussions fed into the second day of the event, which comprised a series of panel debates guided by the overa...

Previous work has been published on the experiences of high-resource setting physicians mentoring in low-resource environments. However, not much is known about what mentees think about their First World mentors. We had the opportunity to explore this question in an Afghan Army Hospital, and we believe this is the first time this has been studied. We conducted a pilot cross-sectional survey of Afghan health care providers evaluating their Canadian mentors. We created a culturally appropriate 19- question survey with 5-point Likert scores that was then translated into the local Afghan language. The survey questions were based on domains of Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada's CanMEDS criteria. The survey response rate was 90% (36 of 40). The respondents included 13 physicians, 21 nurses and 2 other health care professionals. Overall, most of the Afghan health care workers felt that working with mentors from high-resource settings was a positive experience (median ...

The Notion of Progress of an Afghan Woman in Society: Moving Beyond Foreign Aid by Hilda Grigorian MBA, University of La Verne, 2000 BS, University of La Verne, 1995 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Management Walden University June 2016 Abstract Since 2002, foreign aid has been invested to create social change in Afghanistan, but little is known about the impact on women in rural areas. This case study focused on a single Afghan woman in a rural province who received a foreign aid grant for building baking skills and broader economic development of 20 rural women. The theoretical framework was based on Haq and Sen’s development theory. Data were collected through in-depthSince 2002, foreign aid has been invested to create social change in Afghanistan, but little is known about the impact on women in rural areas. This case study focused on a single Afghan woman in a rural province who received a foreign aid gran...