A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities

55 Chapter 4 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities Sudesh Kumar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9405-1890 Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India Mamtha Prajapati GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India Neeraj Kumar Rathore Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, India Sanjay Kumar Anand Netaji Subhas University of Technology, East Campus, New Delhi, India ABSTRACT Recently, a flying ad-hoc network (FANET) has been employed in modern warfare for monitoring and reconnaissance to produce a healthy living environment in smart cities through multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). FANETs allow multiple UAVs to communicate in 3D space to establish an adhoc network. FANET applications, among others, can deliver cost-effective services to help future smart cities achieve their goals. However, adopting FANET technology in smart cities is difficult due to its challenges from UAV mobility, energy, and security considerations. Therefore, this study analyzed the new trends and technologies of smart city research and proposes research directions through FANET. This chapter aims to look at FANET’s possible applications in smart cities and the implications and issues that come with them. Furthermore, it also goes over the current state of recent enabling technologies for FANET in order. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-6408-3.ch004 Copyright © 2023, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities INTRODUCTION Smart cities can maximise their resource use and offer efficient and effective services to their citizen’s thanks to recent developments and breakthroughs in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). One of these technologies is the Flying Ad-hoc Network (FANET), which has the potential to cover large geographic regions utilizing several Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and enable numerous applications for future smart cities that will positively affect society. Intelligent transportation, product distribution, demographic and environmental monitoring, on-board health planning, civic security, object identification, smart agriculture, and more uses are possible with FANET. (Bekmezci et al., 2013). FANET applications, among others, can deliver cost-effective services to help future smart cities achieve their goals. However, implementing FANET technology in smart cities is a very difficult task due to several issues. Furthermore, FANET-enabled smart cities will likely become a significant component of human existence, and UAVs will significantly increase real-time information distribution. They are the best option because UAVs have the most operational capacity in any worst-case damage scenario (Siddiqi et al., 2021). In this sub-section, the paper starts with a theoretical background of smart city and FANET technology in Section 2. Further, Section 3 discusses some potential applications of FANET for smart cities. Sequentially, Section 4 presents the issues and challenges of FANET for smart cities. Section 5 discusses some key technologies with the fusion of FANET in future smart cities. Finally, Section 6 separately covers the conclusion. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND Smart Cities By 2050, the population of the world is expected to have doubled. People are also shifting from rural to urban areas such as cities, which is a growing trend. City officials will have various obstacles in maintaining or improving city services and inhabitants’ quality of life due to the rapid increase in population. As a result, there is an increasing interest in integrating robots, intelligent solutions, and current ICTs into developing smart cities. These technologies will aid in developing intelligent, automated services that will improve infrastructure performance and resident comfort (Figure 1). A smart city is a concept that connects technology to long-term economic growth and outstanding quality of life (Trindade et al., 2017). Europe has recently taken the lead in the construction of smart cities worldwide. Europe has taken the initiative to encourage its member countries to construct smart cities. Additionally, smart city technologies seek to improve accessibility and efficiency for daily tasks while addressing issues with public safety, traffic, and the environment (Joshi et al., 2016; Mohanty et al., 2022). Some of the most often used smart city components are as follows: Smart Infrastructure Buildings and urban infrastructure need to be built more sustainably and effectively for cities to remain viable, and digital technologies are becoming increasingly important. Cities should invest in electric and self-propelled vehicles to lower CO2 emissions. Modern technology is needed to provide an infrastructure 56 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities that is both energy and environmentally friendly. Smart lighting, for instance, only illuminates when someone walks by it, saving energy; crucial elements of smart lighting include determining brightness levels and tracking daily use (Joshi et al., 2016). Figure 1. Main Components of smart city Smart Public Safety IoT-based smart city solutions increase public safety by providing real-time monitoring, analytics, and decision-making capabilities (Grizhnevich, 2021). Public safety systems can pinpoint potential crime locations by combining data from social media feeds with CCTV cameras and sound sensors throughout the city. As a result, the police can find and apprehend suspected criminals. Smart Waste Management System Waste management is both expensive and inefficient, leading to traffic congestion. Intelligent waste management solutions can help ease some of these issues by tracking how full trash cans are at any one time and communicating that information to waste management companies, which can then determine the optimum waste collection routes (Grizhnevich, 2021). Smart Air-Quality Monitoring Today, cities worldwide cope with challenges such as air pollution, extreme air temperatures, and heavy precipitation. These problems will occur more often due to climate change in the future (Jo et al., 2021). 57 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities This trend will result in an unknown amount of economic damage and endanger the life and health of the cities’ populations. As a result, an intelligent air quality monitoring system is required to detect these particles and inform users of pollutants. Smart Transportation Management Utilizing a variety of technologies, smart transportation management keeps track of, assesses, and manages transportation networks to increase effectiveness and safety. In other words, intelligent transportation makes moving around a city easier, safer, and more affordable for the city and the person (Grizhnevich, 2021). Smart Health Most medical emergencies, including heart attacks, blood pressure problems, and accident-related recovery, dictate how quickly a patient receives medical care. WSN, in which sensors are applied to the body for the patient’s benefit in any emergency, can enhance health monitoring for any person residing in smart cities. In this system, the patient health data can be reached to medical professionals via the FANET system with the fusion of WBAN (Kumar et al., 2020a). Smart Weather Monitoring Weather monitoring is a constant in everyone’s life. Agriculture, industry, construction, and several other industries are among those affected significantly by the state of the environment. The impact is primarily measured in agriculture and industry, though. IoT and WSN technology uses various sensors to track changes in the weather and climate, including CO2 levels in the atmosphere, temperature, humidity, wind speed, wetness, light intensity, and UV radiation (Sripath Roy et al., 2018). Smart Fire/Smoke Detection Cities are bordered by forests, agricultural land, or open places where fires might occur, posing a threat to human life and causing the extinction of many resources. Furthermore, a fire and smoke detection system requires precise, quick, and real-time response mechanisms to make the best decision and promptly notify the appropriate individuals. Wireless sensor technology, UAVs, and cloud computing can all be used to create a fire detection system. Some image processing techniques are also incorporated into the proposed fire detection system to identify the fire event better and use it as a whole (Mahgoub et al., 2020). Smart Parking People nowadays find it difficult to find parking spaces in their daily lives. According to a recent assessment, by 2035, the global car population would have risen to almost 1.6 billion people. Thus, IoT and UAV-based intelligent parking systems in smart cities are the keys to minimising traffic congestion (Khanna and Anand, 2016). 58 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities Flying Ad-hoc Network A Flying Ad-hoc Network (FANET) is an autonomous technology which is creating a self-organized wireless network via Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs) (Bekmezci et al., 2013). Without a fixed infrastructure in this network, multiple UAVs can connect at 5.8GHz within a constrained range. Figure 2. FANET architecture Additionally, FANET is based on the premise that every UAV is viewed as sentient and outfitted with cutting-edge processing tools, sensors, cameras, computer devices, and other smart gadgets like digital maps. These intelligent devices enhance FANET’s technical capability for flexible work in extremely complicated environments (Khare et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2021b). Fundamentally, FANET overcomes 59 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities the limitations of earlier conventional networks in some crucial areas, such as military, mountains, ocean, hazardous conditions, etc., or may be impacted by disasters like earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, etc. In such dire circumstances, FANETs emerge as a viable option utilizing UAVs for search, monitoring, and rescue operations to prevent human casualties and financial loss (Kumar et al., 2020b).According to any mission carried out by UAVs in a FANET architecture (Figure 2), two networking modes must be enabled: first, UAV-to-UAV (U2U) communication, also known as ad-hoc communication, in which all UAVs may connect or via other UAVs and second, UAV-to-Infrastructure (U2I) communication also known as cellular mode communication, either individually or more UAVs can connect to the infrastructure such as ground station, UAV-control centre, satellites etc. (Oubbati et al., 2017; Kumar et al., 2018; Srivastava and Prakash, 2021a; Kumar et al., 2023). FANET APPLICATIONS IN FUTURE SMART CITIES This section covers a number of FANET applications for smart cities. These applications benefit smart cities by enhancing service performance and citizens’ quality of life (Figure 3). Figure 3. FANET scenarios with different applications 60 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities Health Monitoring Planning In the current state of public safety, the most promising upcoming technologies include IoT, fog computing, UAVs, FANET, ML algorithms, and web services. The utilisation of these cutting-edge technologies has the potential to significantly enhance, maintain, and support human life (Martínez-Pérez et al., 2013; Mukhopadhyay et al., 2021; Dhaka et al., 2021; Kumar et al 2022). However, the availability of primary healthcare services 24X7 to the patient is essential for every smart city. Currently, FANET technology research is focusing on different health monitoring preparation. The Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBAN) and FANET can also improve contact between medical professionals and patients. In damaged areas where the connection is problematic, this preparation can be enhanced by using WBAN to track patients by sending Personal Health Information (PHI) to the healthcare centre via FANET (S et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2020a). These concepts provide high-quality care early on and respond quickly to patients in an emergency. A novel MP-OLSR (Radu et al., 2018) routing strategy is proposed for video streaming, data processing and service provisioning to a central management system with the help of FANET. The proposed methodology improved life-threatening incident prevention while also supporting rescue teams in organizing and conducting critical public safety measures. In addition, when incidents within the smart city hinder or halt ground movement, FANET can provide comparable emergency help to persons in public facilities. Traffic Management System Traffic Management System (TMS) is the core operational mission of smart cities. One of the main objectives of the TMS is to reduce incident response delay, ensure the safety of response crews, complete thorough site investigation, and accelerate the incident recovery. Thorough site surveys and medical examinations of major accidents are the most critical and time-consuming steps in the TMS. They are necessary to facilitate subsequent safety analysis and medical treatment. Recently, FANET has become a potential technology to design intelligent traffic planning in smart cities. Multiple UAVs communication can help monitor and analyze traffic and subsequently reduce the duration of site surveying (Salvo et al., 2014; Khan et al., 2020). FANET may also track, monitor, and enforce the posted speed limit and other traffic violations and shady behaviour by moving vehicles. These vehicle-related data are collected and transmitted in real time to the closest base station, where it is passed on to the appropriate authorities for legal action. TMS can circumvent the limitations of conventional monitoring systems via FANET due to its ease of use, portability, and capacity to cover large areas. Infrastructure Investigation Recently, the use of FANET has been overgrowing across various civil application domains, including real-time investigation in inaccessible locations that are hard to reach by humans, such as tank, flue, and roof inspections, power transmission line inspections, buildings, bridges and vital construction sites. Construction-site investigation planning is a crucial sector that employs multi-UAV networks such as FANET for enhanced performance, velocity, and precision of information. As a result, the investigator human can track all sites with greater visibility and work progress without being physically present (Greenwood et al., 2019). Furthermore, before estimating a project’s cost, site visits to the proposed project site are essential. Site visits can be time-consuming for estimating teams, especially working 61 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities under tight deadlines. Vehicle access to portions of a greenfield site may be restricted by environmental barriers such as fences and ditches, necessitating foot travel. The UAV can travel much faster than a person on foot while simultaneously acquiring aerial photo and video site documentation. FANET technique can be launched on the site and take high-resolution photos and videos of large areas. A group of UAVs can fly close to the ground to inspect the area for construction budget issues. Additionally, FANET can deliver precise details about the state of infrastructures by gathering visual data in pictures and videos and transferring those details to the intended location (Ham et al., 2016). Where security personnel are typically used for site safety, this technology can also be used at night for security purposes. However, there is not enough study on FANET technology for applications in future smart city design for infrastructure assessment. This method might offer a more comprehensive investigation focus, greater mistake toleration, and quicker operation completion. Disaster Management The ability of search and rescue personnel to react quickly during a natural catastrophe is crucial to saving the lives of persons in the impacted areas. Since the airborne assessment can swiftly access the impacted areas and gather photographs and videos of the current situation, it provides the most effective and rapid situational awareness (Zhou et al., 2020). As a result, the research and development community for disaster management has begun to pay more attention to FANET. (Arafat et al., 2018). However, routing mechanisms are critical for information dissemination between patients and medical professionals in emergencies such as earthquakes, flooding, and other natural disasters. As a result, authors (Radu et al., 2018) introduced a FANET emergency application system for the MP-OLSR approach, collecting fire dynamics data from UAVs and then communicating safety instructions to people at risk via a central management system. The experimental results imply that MP-OLSR is appropriate for FANET scenarios, especially emergency applications, where mobility is high and response times are confined in real time. During emergency missions, however, UAVs must send various disaster data quickly. As a result, the authors (Khan et al., 2019) presented urgency-aware scheduling to efficiently transmit high and low-priority packets with minimal transmission queue delays. Based on behavioural studies of bird flocking, the authors analyse several UAV situations for disaster management and suggest a bio-inspired mechanism for cluster formation and maintenance for N number of UAVs. A priority-based route selection mechanism was also used for data transfer in a FANET cluster. Experimental findings explore that the suggested mechanism outperforms existing mechanisms in the presence of assessment criteria such as queuing time, delay, forward message percentage, and fairness. Wireless Coverage FANET recently demonstrated a promising advanced technology that could enhance urban intelligence, human well-being, and economic efficiency. In regions where a specific type of communication infrastructure is required, FANET can deploy connectivity via several UAVs. Autonomously operated smart UAVs are being utilised as aerial communication relays to effectively and efficiently transport data acquired by one site to another and extend the communication range of relaying nodes with faster data rates. In addition, when cellular networks are down due to crises like earthquakes or floods, many UAVs can be deployed to provide wireless coverage for indoor users inside a high-rise building. Furthermore, the current economic availability of UAVs has made it simple to build a massive communication network. 62 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities To avoid communication link interruption in this network, a relay UAV must carefully maintain links with its neighbours. UAVs have been used in various settings as relays to connect isolated electronics. Ayyagari et al. (1996), suggested a network design that deployed airborne unmanned relay devices to form similar “cellular towers” in the sky to construct rapidly deployable and broadband wireless networks. Security Integrating UAVs with IoTs, RFID, Cloud Computing, and video streaming has boosted FANET technology’s importance in public safety. Recently, in wealthy countries, UAV networks like FANET have been seriously explored as a tool for improving national security, such as border monitoring. UAVs can be deployed in huge numbers to provide complete border monitoring coverage due to their low cost. These gadgets can include cameras, GPS, computational devices, and live streaming capabilities, among other sensors. A UAV can be set to patrol the borders autonomously using on-board GPS or by connecting with ground equipment. Human operators can also control them to respond to incidents. UAVs can be used as a deterrent to criminal activity and provide sensing capabilities. Along with smart cities, intelligent police systems will also be the consideration norm. The police forces will be equipped with the latest technologies so that the security problems that are now complex can be resolved with ease using this network. A network of UAVs can be a reliable tool for crime prevention. Further, they can also be effectively employed in investigation procedures. A well-trained and networked swarm of UAVs on surveillance can be highly effective against criminals. In addition, in the future smart cities, police can be empowered if a FANET will be deployed in dangerous or inaccessible areas like borders, sea, and war sites on their behalf. The FANET is superior to its predecessors due to its minimum hardware cost, simplicity of implementation, and availability in any circumstance. Figure 4 depicts further monitoring and other typical smart city applications (Radu et al., 2018b; Shakhatreh et al., 2019). Figure 4. Monitoring and other popular FANET applications 63 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities MAJOR ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN FANET Despite several technological advancements in UAVs, FANET still has many limitations, challenges, issues, and other constraints that can affect the network’s performance. This section has shown some issues, as depicted in Figure 5, and then significant challenges related to FANET are discussed. Although many analysts and researchers have proposed different methods and techniques for improving the utilization of FANET, due to its unique characteristics of UAVs (Gupta et al., 2016), FANET still has many problems, issues and challenges. Figure 5. FANET related issues High Mobility In FANET, selecting appropriate mobility models is likewise a difficult task. Nodes in MANET always travel in particular places, while VANET nodes move on the road, but FANET nodes fly in the sky, which is quite far from the land. The mobility model is regular because UAVs follow a preset path in some FANET applications (Bekmezci et al., 2013). Due to various mission modifications, the flight plan is not predetermined (the plan is recalculated), directly impacting FANET’s mobility model. High Reliability The FANET environment can also assist in transmitting sensitive city information that requires untroubled and secure data delivery in a timely and reliable manner. FANET achieves its reliability notion by building an ad hoc network between UAVs. UAVs’ communication links break or fail due to high speed of 64 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities UAVs, regular topological changes, and vast distances between them. As a result, high reliability is also a challenge in constructing any smart city in FANET (Zafar et al., 2017). Routing Routing protocols are the essential part of FANET for information dissemination between UAVs and control all the data flow processes for UAVs and other connected devices. Although several state-of-theart routing approaches are already available for traditional ad-hoc networks like MANET and VANET, these approaches partially fail in the FANETs environment because of the high speed of UAVs and the highly dynamic nature of network topology (Wheeb et al., 2022; Rahmani et al., 2022). Consequently, new efficient and effective path planning approaches are required to improve information sharing between UAVs. Reliable and on-time delivery of rescue information is essential for mission-critical applications like disaster rescue operations. A realistic network for UAV communication has become critical in developing trustworthy FANETs (Kumar et al., 2020c). Therefore, a stable and efficient routing protocol with higher packet delivery, throughput, link duration time, bounded routing overhead, packet loss, and communication delay are required. Path Scheduling During some critical FANET missions, each UAV may deviate from its earlier path due to dynamic and atmospheric changes such as weather conditions, updating UAVs, fixed obstacles (mountains, high-rise buildings), and active threats so on. A new path should be determined dynamically (Bekmezci et al., 2013). Consequently, FANET requires specific novel approaches and techniques for dynamic path planning so that UAVs can connect, talk to one another and cooperate (Kumar et al., 2020b). Quality of Service (QoS) There are numerous applications for smart cities where FANET is used to transmit GPS location, complex images, live videos, text files, and many more. However, UAV’s movement and link outage affect the QoS metrics. As a result, efficient data delivery techniques and novel coding schemes are required to improve real-time data quality services in such a network and address issues such as throughput, delay, message transition rate, and packet loss (Zafar et al., 2017). Size Size is a significant factor when determining which UAV is best for a mission. One of the most fundamental challenges is the size of lightweight UAVs’ ability to carry a high-weight payload, which limits UAVs’ ability to maintain an integrated system made up of numerous sensors, IoT devices, cameras, and other components. Security Issues Ensuring confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information during the communication between the UAVs, security is one of the significant issues faced by FANET (Chriki et al., 2019). Very small 65 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities UAVs or mini-UAVs are sometimes preferred in various FANET applications to address the security issue. However, they are easily stolen, which is another issue. Furthermore, in some cases, unauthorized individuals (hackers) may control a specific portion of UAVs or even an entire network. Therefore, there is a need to resolve such issues by research-oriented task from the security point of view for FANET. Energy Constraint UAVs’ energy consumption in FANETs is one of the most critical challenges for time-taking missions. Usually, UAVs are battery fuelled, which is utilized for various 3D on-board information dissemination tasks like health or traffic monitoring in smart cities (Kumar et al., 2021a). On the other hand, due to the limited battery lifetime, usually less than one hour, a decision must be made as to whether UAVs can perform on-board data analysis or data should be stored for later analysis (Oubbati et al., 2019). Their economic impact is more significant when UAVs can stay in the air for longer in FANET. For instance, they can effectively carry out infrastructure surveillance while covering a greater region in 3D mapping applications and delivering more information to farther-off locations. On the other hand, UAVs must frequently return to the charging station for recharging when FANET is used to cover a big area. Environment and Weather Condition The environment and weather conditions are also necessary when operating UAVs in FANET. Weather presents a challenging and critical task when natural or man-made disasters occur, such as tsunamis, torrential rain, wildfires, or hurricanes. UAVs may fail to complete their missions in such instances due to hazardous weather conditions (Thibbotuwawa et al., 2020). However, UAVs will be more effective if they are not constrained by weather in time-sensitive tasks such as emergency response, law enforcement, and package delivery. As a result, some sophisticated approaches are necessary for environmental and weather unpredictability resistance. NEW APPROACHES Other advanced technologies and services, such as the internet of things (IoT) (Singh, 2018; Farhan et al., 2021), machine learning (ML) (Mehta et al., 2022), artificial intelligence (AI) (Rawat et al., 2022), cloud computing, reinforcement learning (RL) (Sutton et al., 1988), fog computing (Abdulkareem et al., 2019), blockchain (Bhushan et al., 2020) and big data analytics (Kumar, 2016), are required for the development and operation of innovative city services in addition to FANET. Many FANET applications (Bujari et al., 2017; Srivastava and Prakash, 2021b) covered in this chapter require these technologies. AI and ML Based FANET Technology The significance of achieving low latency and quick data processing for real-time applications has recently prompted the incorporation of AI and ML characteristics into revolutionary UAV technology (Hameed et al., 2022). UAVs and machine learning have increased the ability to operate and monitor activities from afar. AI-based solutions aid in the resolution of complicated challenges relating to many elements of FANET. The advantages of AI in UAVs are numerous. FANET is also one of the exciting 66 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities new uses for next-generation wireless networks and fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. In order to extend the lifetime of a 5G network, lower energy consumption, and fewer broken links, authors (Khan et al., 2020) proposed an AI-based strategy called reinforcement learning to identify the optimal between nodes by taking UAVs with higher residual energy and stability into consideration. FANET’s implementation of computational intelligence has lately gained popularity as a learning-based networking technique that takes advantage of conscious nodes’ potential for learning to make smarter networking decisions (Rovira-Sugranes et al., 2022). AI and ML based decision-making techniques play a vital role in determining the effective and stable route in the networks and improving performance accordingly (Wei et al., 2022). A powerful and effective solution that changed the analysis of big data gathered from sensors and smart devices in smart cities is the combination of ML with UAV network technology. Through its application in numerous fields, this technology can significantly raise the standard of living. UAV-based communications in FANET can also benefit from machine learning approaches to improve the design and functional features such as channel modelling, resource management, location, security, and many more applications for smart cities. Table 1 shows the current AI and machine learning-based routing algorithms. Table 1. Recent AI and ML based routing approaches References Proposed AI and ML based approaches Jung et al., 2017 Q-learning oriented location routing approach Khan et al., 2020 RL-based routing in 5G networks He et al., 2020 Fuzzy Logic RL-based routing approach Sliwa et al., 2021 A novel machine learning-enabled routing approach Wei et al., 2022 A Boltzmann machine optimizing routing approach Hameed et al., 2022 Biologically inspired dragonfly approach through ML Rovira-Sugranes et al., 2022 Survey article on AI-enabled routing approaches Furthermore, with new technology trends, UAV networks are getting closer to urban areas, especially people’s lives. However, due to the versatile nature of UAVs, information dissemination is the main issue in FANET. Therefore, to maximize UAV connectivity and reduce the number of hops between the source and target for data dissemination, the authors (He et al., 2020) presented fuzzy logic RLoriented routing approach. A practical and dependable network is required for remote management and observation of mobile robotic equipment. To decrease routing overhead and message delivery ratio in high-mobility scenarios, authors (Jung et al., 2017) developed a unique ML-based geographic routing strategy termed QGeo. Furthermore, mobile robotic networks exhibit tremendous mobility; hence, current routing paradigms frequently fail to adjust their decision-making to the inherent dynamics of the network architecture. The PARRoT technique, a novel machine learning-enabled routing protocol that utilises mobility control information for incorporating knowledge about the future motion of the mobile agents into the routing process, was proposed by authors (Sliwa et al., 2021) to address these difficulties. The suggested method increases robustness and reduces end-to-end delay. 67 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities IoT based UAVs for FANET The IoT is a network of physical devices that allows them to connect and exchange messages, including sensors, actuators, and vehicles. IoT allows different physical devices in smart cities to be integrated into a metropolitan network. IoT smart cities applications are smart city applications that are based on this type of network. These applications operate by utilising IoT components and other required systems (Alsamhi et al., 2019). UAVs have recently become one of the fastest-growing fields, with applications in various industries (Qi et al., 2019). UAVs made up of small, low-power sensors play an essential role in the IoT. These sensors are low-energy gadgets that cannot communicate over great distances. As a result, in an IoT environment, UAVs act dynamically to collect data and deliver it to other devices beyond the range of connection. Deployment at remote sites, the capacity to carry variable payloads, re-programmability during activities, and the ability to sense anything from anywhere, especially in metropolitan areas, are advantages of the UAV over IoT. Smart cities comprise intelligent things that can increase life quality, save lives, and work as a sustainable resource ecosystem automatically and jointly (Mutlag et al., 2019). To attain these sophisticated collaborative technologies, such as UAVs and IoT, smart cities must improve their connection, energy efficiency, and quality of service (Alsamhi et al., 2019). IoT-based UAVs, also known as Flying IoT in FANET, have several advantages, including reaching great heights, producing high resolution photographs at a minimum cost, and responding rapidly in any situation. In addition, this technology is used for monitoring sports and health care (Khan et al., 2021). Table 2 shows the most recent developments in IoT-based UAVs for FANET. Table 2. Recent IoT-based UAVs approaches for FANET References Proposed IoTs based approaches Datta et al., 2018 IoT-orinted UAV approach for emergency services Motlagh et al., 2019 Task assignment approach for UAV-oriented IoT Platform Labib et al., 2019 Internet of UAVs for traffic monitoring Giyenko et al., 2019 Smart UAV placements in smart cities through IoT services Alsamhi et al., 2019 Survey on collaborative UAVs and IoTs for improving of smart cities Sheet et al., 2020 IoT-enabled UAV architecture for control system Israr et al., 2021 IoT-enabled UAVs for inspection of construction sites Future Directions Furthermore, due to recent technological advancements, the following key indicators (Table 3) can also play a vital role in designing an intelligent infrastructure for smart cities via FANET. 68 A Systematic Approach of a Flying Ad-hoc Network for Smart Cities Table 3. Future directions for smart cities through FANET New direction Description ü Flying IoT and Cloud-based solution UAVs are an emerging form of new flying IoT devices. The cloud-based solutions can provide full network connectivity capabilities in FANET. ü Fuzzy Logic based FANET solution Fuzzy Logic based routing solutions can improve the link connectivity between the UAVs in FANET for emergency information dissemination. ü Fuzzy Logic and UAV-based agriculture monitoring Agricultural UAVs with fuzzy logic based concepts are becoming tools for providing farmers with a wealth of information about their crops and completing specific farming missions promptly. ü Secure framework for urban areas using blockchain technology A new security framework can integrate blockchain technology with smart devices such as UAVs to provide a secure framework in an intelligent environment. ü Blockchain-based architecture for the Internet of Flying in urban areas A blockchain-based distributed Internet of Flying network can improve the smart city transportation system. ü UAVs-assisted PHI collection of on-board patient UAVs equipped with various sensors can safely acquire real-time, high-resolution PHI data from on-board patients. ü ML-based UAV-assisted intelligent transportation architecture The combination of UAVs and machine learning offers a viable solution for transportation monitoring in smart cities. ü Fusion of FANET and RL in health monitoring planning Combined FANET and RL based scheme can facilitate improved monitoring and timely medical services. ü Fusion of UAVs and AI in public safety AI-based drone systems can act as CCTV cameras for public safety. ü Fusion of FANET, AI and DL technology for smart grid and combating pollution AI and DL based techniques can enhance and improve the reliability and resilience of smart grids and combat pollution systems with the help of UAV networks in urban areas. ü FANET and AI-based collaborative livelihood approach for visually impaired public The visually impaired public can take advantage of AI-based approaches and enhance the communication between persons via the FANET environment. CONCLUSION FANET technology will change the world and transform smart cities in the coming years due to the waste utilisation of UAVs. FANET incorporates modern technological advancements such as the IoT, AI, ML, Reinforcement Learning, Big Data, Cloud Computing, and many more. Combining with smart cities will result in a sustainable and tranquil living environment. The systematic application areas of FANET in smart cities were presented in this study. However, various unresolved issues and obstacles must be considered with the development and application of FANET technology for smart cities. Further effort is required in the future path of FANET in smart cities. Finally, FANET technology and smart cities can hugely impact and benefit any country when applied correctly and efficiently. REFERENCES Abdulkareem, K. H., Mohammed, M. A., Gunasekaran, S. S., Al-Mhiqani, M. N., Mutlag, A. A., Mostafa, S. A., Ali, N. S., & Ibrahim, D. A. (2019). 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