Fresh water algae of gulbahar, district Peshawar, Pakistan

J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES) ISSN: 2220-6663 (Print) 2222-3045 (Online) Vol. 1, No. 5, p. 66-74, 2011 http://www.innspub.net OPEN ACCESS RESEARCH PAPER Fresh water algae of gulbahar, district Peshawar, Pakistan Farrukh Hussain*, Shambaleed Humayun, Niaz Ali, Lal Badshah Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Received: 02 August 2011 Revised: 19 September 2011 Accepted: 20 September 2011 Key words: Thirty-nine species, cyanophyceae, chlorophyceae, bacillariophyceae. Abstract Thirty nine species were identified from Gulbahar-Peshawar, City. These included Cyanophyceae (12 Spp.), Chlorophyceae (4 Spp.) and Bacillariophyceae (23 Spp.), The important genera were Oscillatoria (7 Spp), Navicula (4 spp), Nitzschia (4 spp), Pinnularia (3 spp), Lyngbya (3 Spp.), Amphora (3 spp), Epithemia (2 spp), and Ulothrix (2 Spp.). Microcystis, Cosmarium, Microspora, Oocystis, Frustulia, Mastoglia, Surirella, Stauroneis, Diploneis, Achnanthes and Cymbella had one species each. The present study will help others to know the ecological distribution of different flora of fresh water algea in gulbahar, Peshawar. Further work is needed to evaluate its medicinal value and other essential aspects. *Corresponding Author: Farrukh Hussain  [email protected] 66 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 al., 2009, 2010 a,b). The present report is further Introduction Although algae contribution to the algal flora of Peshawar that will proliferate quite intensively in eutrophic waters, they help others to know the ecological distribution of do not accumulate to form dense surface scums different flora of fresh water algea Write the aim of (often termed blooms) of extremely high cell density, the study here. as do many some species of Cyanobacteria. freshwater The toxins that freshwater algae may contain are therefore not Materials and methods accumulated to concentrations likely to become Algal was specimen were collected with the help of hazardous to human health or livestock. For these forceps, hands picking direct taking water in the reasons, this chapter will focus primarily on the bottle for the floating algal flora, picking by hand health impacts of Cyanobacteria. Almost any fresh with soil the clean with the help of tape water for water or brackish water site will contain one or more preparation of microscopic slides. These collected than algal specimens were preserved in 3% formalin. one species of algae. Freshwater algae constitute a very diverse group of organisms. They These have an enormous range of size from less than one Desikachary (1959), Prescott (1951), Tiffany & micrometer to several centimeters. In lakes and Britton (1952) and Faridi (1971). For identification a rivers the drop of algal specimen was placed on slide for micro foundation of diverse food chain. Algae in freshwater algae i.e Cyanophyceae and diatom flora. while for are also harmful as they produce biomass which filamentous algae filament was separated with generate bed smell causing deoxidation and damage forceps and place on slide and put cover slip on it for to aquatic life (Bellinger & Sigee, 2010). microscopic examination. By comparing the figures algae generate biomass which is specimens were identified following given in literatures with the specimen as observed Peshawar according to Koppen's climate under microscope and by finding the structural classification comes under a semi-arid climate with details of the specimens. The diagrams were drawn very hot summers and mild winters. Winters start in with the help of camera Lucida (Prescott, 1951). mid November and end in late March. The mean maximum temperature in summer is over 40 °C and Results and discussion the mean minimum summer temperature is 25 °C. There were thirty-nine species representing classes The mean minimum temperature during winter Cyanophyceae, is 4°C and maximum may be upto 18 °C. Peshawar is Bacillariophyceae. out of monsoon region. Algal flora of fresh water represented by Oscillatoria (7 spp), and Lyngbya by bodies and aquatic habitats of Pakistan have been 3 species. While Microcystis and Oocystis had one done by many to know the ecological distribution species each. The lowest number of genera and and role in environment (Khalid, Mustafa and species were recorded for Chlorophyceae. It included Saleem,2009; Lashari, Korai and Sahato, 2009; Ulothrix with 2 species; and Comarium and Ungsethaphand, Peerapornpisal and Whangchai, Microspora 2009). represented class was Bacillariophyceae. It had 12 Chlorophyceae Class contained and Cyanophyceae one species. The was well genera and 23 species. Navicula & Nitzschia had 4 Algal flora of fresh water bodies and aquatic habitats species; Amphora and Pinnularia had 3 species; and of Peshawar Valley has been explored from time to Epithemia was represented by 2 species. There was time by many workers (Sarim & Ayaz, 2000; Nawaz one species in each of the remaining species & Sarim, 2004; Zaman & Sarim, 2005; Sarim & including Zaman, 2005; Khair-un-Nisa, & Sarim, 2006; Sarim Frustularia, Mastogolia, Surrirella and Stauronies. et al., 2009, 2010; Zaman et al., 2009; Hussain et 67 | Hussain et al. Achnanthes, Cymbella, Diploneis, J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 The poor representation of blue green and green the apex, cells about 1/6 as long as broad,2-2.5 μm algae might be due to the polluted habitats within long, dissepiments granulated (Fig. 1). the city. Diatoms occur everywhere in almost all the season due to their siliceous nature and wide range of adaptability. Some of these species have been invariably identified from fresh water bodies, soil and polluted habitats of different parts of Peshawar Valley ( Hussain et al., 2009, 2010, 2011; Sarim & Zaman, 2005; Sarim et al., 2010, Zaman & Sarim, 2005) and the present findings are supported by the above workers. The taxonomic description and camera lucida diagrams are given below. A. Class CYANOPHYCEAE 1. Lyngbya C. A. Agardh Filaments unbranched, cylindric, straight, curved or twisted, solitary or densely intertwined into floccose masses, or epiphytic; sheaths firm, generally hyaline but sometimes brownish or yellowish with age, often Fig. 1. Cyanophyceae. lamellose, usually extending beyond the trichomes, trichomes solitary, obtuse or sometimes apically attenuate, sometimes constricted at cross-walls; cells ii. Lyngbya corticola Bruhl et Biswas contents homogeneous, granulose, variously colored. Thallus a thin tomentose dark or yellowish brown layer; filaments somewhat fragile, moderately Key to species flexuous, more or less densely intricate, 12-26 μm 1. Trichome constricted at the cross wall………….. L. thick, sheath at first hyaline, but later becoming corticola brown, 2 μm thick; scarcely or not at all lamellated 1. Trichome not constricted at the cross wall……… 2 surface uneven, not wrinkled. Tricomes 8-12 μm 2. Trichomes 12-17 μm ½-1/3 as long as wide dissepiments not granulated broad…………………………L. connectens 2. Trichome 3-4 broad, slightly constricted at the joints, cells about μm (Fig. 2). broad……………………………..L. kashyapii iii. Lyngbya kashyapii Ghose i. Lyngbya connectens Bruhl et Biswas Thallus expanded, dull purple; filament curved, Stratum extensive, about 1mm thick, when dry densely intricate, sheath firm, thick, dull blue or shinning and dark green; filaments straight or nearly purple, smooth, chitinous; trichome 3-4 μm broad, so, lying parallel to each other, the trichomes often not constricted at the cross wall, non granulated creeping out of their entire sheath, sheath at first often oblique or curved, end cell rounded, not delicate and colorless, but later when old, becomes capitate and no calyptera (Fig. 3). firm and brownish, 1.5-2 thick, nearly lamellate with 2-3 lamellae. Trichomes 12-17 μm broad, not constricted at the cross walls, slightly thickened at 68 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 2. Microcystis aeruginosa Kuetz 2.5-3 μm in dia, a pex slightly tapering, more or less Colonies when young round or slightly longer than curved, slightly constriction at the cross wall, not broad, solid, when old becoming clathrate, with capitate, calyptera absent, cells 1.5-2 μm in length, distinct hyaline, colonial mucilage. Cells 3-4 μm in granulated cross wall (Fig. 8). diameter, cell contents blue-green, highly granular and with conspicuous pseudovacoules (Fig. 4). iv. Oscillatoria salina Biswas 3. Oocystis natans var.major G.M.Smith filament may be interrupted by infated reifringent Colony of 2 or 4 ovate cells enclosed in the much cells, transverse septa indistinct not granulated cell expanded old mother cell wall; poles of the cells content rather sharply rounded but without polar nodules; homogenous blue-green (Fig. 9). Cells shorter than broad, 1.5-2 μm long, sometime finally uniformly granular, almost Chloroplast 4-8 in number, parietal lobed or star shaped plates, cells 16-25 μm in diameter, 31-38 μm v. Oscillatoria subbrevis Schmidle long; families about 90 μm in diameter, 120 μm long Trichome 5-6 μ broad, straight, not attenuate at the (Fig. 5). apices, cells 1-2 μm long; not granulated at the crosswalls, cell wall ends are rounded, calyptera absent 4. Oscillatoria Vaucher (Fig. 10). Trichomes unbranched, cylindric, without evident sheaths or amorphous jelly, solitary or in floccose vi. Oscillatoria tenuis Ag.ex Gomont masses, straight or variously curved and contorted, Trichome straight, slightly constriction at the cross sometimes apically narrowed, terminal cell rounded wall, 4-10 μm broad, 2.6-5 μm long, not attenuated or calypterate; cell contents homogeneous or at the apices, not capitate, end cell more or less granular, color variable; plants often exhibiting hemispherical (Fig. 11). oscillating or gliding movements; end cells often vii. Oscillatoria willei Gardner ex. Drouet obscure in fragmented material. Trichome pale blue green to grey blue green, bent at i. Oscillatoria chalybea var.insularis Gardner the Thallus dark blue green, cells 8-13×3.6-8 μm, cross- unconstructed walls little or not at all granulate; trichomes straight attenuated, not capitate; cells 1.3 upto twice as long or sometimes twisted, slightly constricted at cross- as broad, not granulated at the cross walls, and cell walls, gradually tapering for a long distance from the rounded without a thickened membrane (Fig. 12). ends or screw at the like, 2.4-3.6 cross walls, µm broad, ends not hooked or curved apex, terminal cell somewhat elongate and broadly rounded, blue-green to dark B. Class CHLOROPHYCEAE blue-green becoming blackish green in mass; 1. Cosmarium supraspeciosum Wolle trichome ends bent and sickle-shaped, 6.4-7.2 μm Ovate, longer than wide, deeply constricted, sinus broad as long as or shorter than broad (Fig. 6). narrowly linear, margin crenate, semicells phyramidate semicircular, basal angle rounded, side ii. Oscillatoria curviceps var.angusta Ghose convex, apex truncate, crenation usually about 16 on Thallus blue-green, trichomes straight but each side and 5-6 on the apex, wall ornamented with bent at the ends, very slightly attenuated, not large undivided granules arranged in concentric and constricted at cross-walls, 10-17 μm broad, cells 1/3- radiating series, extending from the margin nearly 1/6 times as long as broad, 2-5 μm long, cross-walls half way to the centre, central area bearing vertical granulated, end walls rounded, not capitate (Fig. 7). series of smaller granules, lateral view of semicells iii. Oscillatoria laetevirens var.minimus Biswas ovate-oblong with a granulate inflation near the 69 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 base, ventral view with a prominent central Key to species granulate inflation (Fig. 13). + Cells 16-20 μm in diameter……………. U. tenuissima - Cells 4.5-6 μm in diameter ……………. U. variabilis i. Ulothrix tenuissima Kuetzing Filaments long, composed of cylindrical cells. Cells shorter than wide, 16-20 μm in dia, thin walled and not constricted at the cross walls. Chloroplast a broad band encircling about 2/3 of the circumference of the cell, with 2 or several pyrenoids (Fig. 15). ii. Ulothrix variabilis Kuetzing Filaments long, slender and entangled forming cottony masses. Cells cylindrical, without constrictions at the cross walls. Chloroplast a folded, parietal plate, ½ to 2/3 the length of the cell, with 1 pyrenoid (or 2 pyrenoids).Cells 4.5-6 μm in dia and upto 15 μm long (Fig. 16). C. Class BACILARIOPHYCEAE 1. Achnanthes minutissima Kuetzing Fig. 1. Chlorophyceae. Cells 2-4 × 5-40 μm, Valves linear-elliptic, slightly narrowed to rounded poles; Transverse striations 33- 2. Microspora floccusa (Vauch) Thuret 35 in 10 μm; hypovalve with delicate thread-like Walls relatively thin, sections not always evident in the mid region of the cell. Cells cylindrical or slightly swollen; 14-17 μm in dia, 22-29 μm long. Chloroplast usually reticulate (Fig. 14). raphe, central area small; epivalve with very narrow pseudoraphe, central area absent (Fig. 17). 2. Amphora Ehrenberg Cells usually sessile with concave faces attached in 3. Ulothrix Kuetzing Filament girdle view, broadly elliptic in outline, with truncate unbranched, not frequently attached apically attenuated, basally; vegetative cell uninucleate, cylindric or sometimes barrel-shaped; chromatophores band-shaped, occupying part or the whole of cell circumference, with 1 or more pyrenoids. ends, girdles usually separated by several punctuate or striate intercalary bands valves longitudinally asymmetric, transversely striate; axial field strongly excentric, nearer the concave side of the valve; raphe gibbous, with its central nodule close to the concave margin; chromatophores, single or 2-4. Formation lunate, of quadriflagellate and biflagellate Key to species zoospores and of akinetes; biflagellate gametes; 1. Striae 6-8 in 10 μm…………….. A. bacillaris zygotes 1. Striae more……………………2 germinating into daughter producing aplanospores or zoospores. protoplasts 2. Striae 10 –13 μm in 10 μm……….. A.ovalis 2. Striae 18-19 in 10 μm……………. A.mexicana 70 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 i. Amphora bacillaris Greg Frustule almost rectangular. Valves narrow, central nodule not dilated into a stauros. Striation radiate 18 –19 μm in o.o1mm not crossed by a longitudinal line (Fig. 18). ii. Amphora mexicana A.S Valve lunate with arcuate dorsal and straight ventral margin. Median line more or less biarcuate. Axial area not distinct, central area small and rounded on the dorsal side. Dorsal side with a longitudinal line more or less approximate to the median line. Striae 6-8 in 0.01mm, coarsely punctuate; punctae 6-7 in 0.01mm.Ventral side entirely covered with somewhat radiate striae (Fig. 19). iii. Amphora ovalis Kuetzing Cells in girdle view broadly elliptic with truncate ends, 17-63 × 20-110 μm, Valve lunate, with rather blunt poles, ventrally concave, dorsally convex; raphe gibbous; axial area narrow, central area develop only on the ventral side; Transverse striations 10-13 in 10μ, convent into ventrally at the poles, radial elsewhere (Fig. 20). 3. Cymbella amphicephala Naegeli Cells 9-10 × 25-40 μm; Valves lanceolate, somewhat asymetrica, with convex sides and evident constrictions below the rostrate-capitate poles; raphe straight, slightly excentric; axial; Transverse striations radiate, 12-16 in 10 μm (Fig. 21) . 4. Diploneis elliptica (Kuetzing) Cleve Cells 10-30 × 20-65 μm; Valves broadly elliptic, with large roundly quadrate central nodule with distinct horns, furrow slender, medianly somewhat widened; Transverse costae somewhat radial, 9-13 in 10μ,crossed by numerous irregular longitudinal costae, forming areola 9-14 in 10 μm (Fig. 22). Fig. 3. Bacilariophyceae. 5. Epithemia Brebisson Cells solitary, usually epiphytic upon submerged aquatics, attached at the girdle, rectangular valves slightly to strongly curved dorsally convex, ventrally 71 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 straight to concave, with broadly rounded to capitate radial; two laminate chromatophores, rarely 4 to 8, and sometimes recurved poles; axial field near infrequently with one or more pyrenoids. ventral side except for v-shaped median extension toward dorsal side; raphe with polar and central Key to species nodules, with inner fissure containing circular pores; 1. Valves linear…………………….. N.bacillum transverse septa appearing as costae and alternating 1. Valves lanceolate…………………2 with two or more rows of punctuate; single 2. Valves 6-8 μm broad…………… N.confervacea chromatophore with irregular projections. 2. Valves otherwise………………3 3. Stiation 6-8 in 10 μm………………. N.oblonga 3. Striation 14-16 in 10 μm…………… N.salinarum Key to species + Walls with rounded ends…………….E. argus var. i. Navicula bacillum Ehrenberg alpestris - Walls with not rounded ends………..E. zebra Cells 10-20 × 30-80μ, values linear, with straight or convex sides and broadly rounded ends, transverse i. Epithemia argus var. alpestris (Wm.Smith) striations, 12-14 in 10μ at the middle, 18-20 in 10μ Grunow at the poles, central area rounded (Fig. 27). Valves gradually attenuated to rounded ends, not capitate (Fig. 23). ii. Navicula confervacea (Kuetzing) Grunow. ii. Epithemia zebra (Ehrenberg) Kuetzing lanceolate and medianly broad; transverse striations Cells 7-14 × 30-150 μm; Valves lanceolate, gently often weak, radial, 20-22 in 10 μm (Fig. 28). Cells 6-8 × 17-25 μm; valves lanceolate, axial area curved with nearly parallel sides, gradually attenuated to rounded poles; costae radial, 2-4 in 10, iii. Navicula oblonga Kuetzing alternating with 4-8 rows of striations 12-14 in 10 μm Cells 13-24 × 70-220 μm, valves linear to lanceolate (Fig. 24). with broadly rounded ends; transverse striations in polar and sub polar area bent, generally radial, 6-8 in 10 μm; central area large, round (Fig. 29). 6. Frustulia rhomboides (Ehrenberg) Detoni Cells 15-30 × 70-160 μm with rhombo-lanceolate valves, transverse striations, 23-30 in 10 μm and iv. Navicula salinarum Grunow longitudinal lines 20-30 in 10 μm (Fig. 25). Cells 8-12 × 23-41 μm; valves lanceolate, with more or less rostrate, often lightly capitate ends central 7. Mastoglia sithii var. amphicephala Grunow area Valves elliptic with pronounced rostrate ends (Fig. alternately long and short, radial, 14-16 in 10 μm 26). (Fig. 30). 8. Navicula Bory 1822 9. Nizschia Hassall round; transverse striations, medianly Cells generally solitary and free-floating, sometimes Cells solitary and free floating or densely clustered in aggregated clusters simple or unbranched gelatinous tubes, elongate- rectangular in girdle view, with smooth girdles and rectangular or sigmoid in girdle view, with somewhat without intercalary bands; valves elongate, usually attenuated poles, rhombic in cross-section; valves attenuated toward capitate, rounded or rostrate longitudinally asymmetric, very variable in shape; poles; axial field narrow with distinct, straight raphe straight, and poles and central expansions, nodules small; undulate, medianly constricted or not, poles acute or transverse striations, sometimes somewhat medianly rostrate or capitate, often much attenuate; near one into irregularly radiating 72 | Hussain et al. sigmoid, linear, elliptic, somewhat J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 margin is a keel with a raphe having small nodules smooth, radial or transverse with 2 longitudinal lines and a row of circular pores opening toward the visible in costate part of the valve, chromatophores interior of the cell; transversely striate or punctuate; two, laminate usually with pyrenoids. two chromatophores on the same girdle face. Key to species Key to species 1. 1. Walls with more acute ends.…………….. N. palea appendiculata var. tenuirostris 1. Valves elliptic-lanceolate……………..2 1. Walls without acute ends ……………..2 2. Cells 8-12 × 30-60 μm…………………… P. braunii 2. Striations less than 30 in 10 μm………….. N. hungarica Valves 2. Cells 13-20 linear-lanceolate……………… × 50-140 μm…………………. P. P. divergens 2. Striations more than 30 in 10 μm…………3 3. Keel punctae 10-15 in 10 μm……………... N. palea i. Pinnularia appendiculata (Agardh) Cleve 3. Keel punctae 11 in 10 μm………………… N. linearis Cells 4-6 × 18-36 μm, Valves linear-lanceolate with nearly straight sides scarcely tapering to broadly i. Nitzschia hungarica Grunow rounded ends; transverse striations, somewhat radial Cells 6-9 × 20-110 μm, valves narrowly linear, with in the middle and convergent at the poles 16-18 in 10 parallel or somewhat concave sides and slightly μm (Fig. 35). rostrate poles; striations 16-20 in 10 μm, interrupted by a fairly wide fold; keel punctae 7-9 in 10 μm (Fig. ii. Pinnularia braunii (Grunow) Cleve. 31). Cells 8-12 × 30-60 µm; valves elliptic-lanceolate, constricted toward the capitate poles; axial area ii. Nitzschia palea (Kuetzing) Wm.Smith widely lanceolate with a broadly central area; Cells 2.5-5 × 20-65μ;Valves linear-lanceolate with transverse striations short, medianly radial and connate poles; Striations 35-40 in 10 μm, keel polarly convergent, 11-12 in 10 µm (Fig. 36). punctae 10-15 in 10 μm (Fig. 32). iii. Pinnularia divergens Wm.Smith iii. Nitzschia linearis (Wm.Smith) Grunow Cells 13-20 × 50-140 μm; Valves elliptic-lanceolate, Valves more slender, about 85 μm long; Striations with convex sides and broadly rounded ends; more than 30 in 10 μm; keel punctae about 11 in 10 transverse striations medianly radial and polarly μm (Fig. 33). convergent, 10-12 in 10 μm (Fig. 37). iv. Nitzschia palea var. tenuirostris Grunow 11. Surirella apiculata Wm. Smith Valves longer, with more acute ends (Fig. 34). Cells isopolar, 15-18 × 50-70 μm; Valves rectangular with broadly cuneate to rectangularly narrowed 10. Pinnularia Ehrenberg poles, costae alternately long and short, mostly Cells solitary and free floating, rarely in short radiate, 9-10 in 10 μm; an imperfectly known species filaments, symmetric, rectangular in girdle view, (Fig. 38). girdles smooth, intercalary bands absent; valves usually with straight sides, sometimes medianly 12. Stauroneis anceps var. linearis (Grunow) van inflated or undulate, generally with broadly rounded Heurck poles; axial field usually broad, expanded both Cells 6-8 × 25-130 μm, solitary, without polar polarly and medianly, with complicated straight or septum, valves elliptic to linear lanceolate, with sigmoid raphe; rostae, with internal openings 73 | Hussain et al. J. Bio. & Env. Sci. 2011 rostate to capitate ends, raphe straight, usually Lashari KH, Korai AL, Sahato GA. 2009. narrow, axial area narrow (Fig. 39). Biodiversity of Oscillatoria (Nostophyceae, Cyanophyta) from Lakes and Ponds of Sindh. References Research journal of fisheries and hydrobiology 4, Bellinger EG, Sigee DC. 2010. Freshwater algae 73-85 identification and use as bioindicators.John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, Nawaz A, Sarim FM. 2004. The freshwater algae West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK. pp 271. of Swat River. Putaj 10, 181183. Desikachary TV. 1959. 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