OMRIT chapter Bijovsky offprint

The Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit Volume 2: The Stratigraphy, Ceramics, and Other Finds Edited by J. Andrew Overman Daniel N. Schowalter Michael C. Nelson leiden | boston For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV Contents Preface, Excavation Methodology, and Nomenclature vii J. Andrew Overman, Daniel N. Schowalter, and Michael C. Nelson List of Tables, Figures, and Plates xii Abbreviations xx Introduction 1 J. Andrew Overman 1 The Stratigraphy 5 J. Andrew Overman, Daniel N. Schowalter, Michael C. Nelson, and Nanette Goldman 2 The Hellenistic and Roman Pottery Débora Sandhaus 3 The Lamps: Catalog and Discussion 66 Renate Rosenthal-Heginbottom 4 The Terracotta Figurines Adi Erlich 5 Wall Painting Remains from the Horvat Omrit Temple Excavations: Final Report 164 Silvia Rozenberg 6 The Coins from the Temple Excavations at Omrit Gabriela Bijovsky 7 An Inscription on the Paving of the Omrit Temple Complex Daniel N. Schowalter 8 A Fragmentary Aramaic Inscription from the 3rd Century bce Hagai Misgav 9 Sacrificial Holocaust: The Faunal Remains from the Roman Temple Excavations at Omrit 226 Rachel Hesse 10 Jewelry from the Temple Area Tziona Grossmark 11 A Roman Sphinx Statue from Omrit Tali Sharvit 12 A Neo-Assyrian Cylinder Seal from Horvat Omrit Dated to the Reign of Sargon ii (721–705 bce) 296 Baruch Brandl and Tziona Grossmark 31 144 189 211 223 266 277 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV vi contents 13 A Stucco Relief Adi Erlich 304 14 The Zeus Altar 307 Emily Prosch Appendix: Square Stratigraphy and Associated Material Culture Index 338 Plates 341 317 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV chapter 6 The Coins from the Temple Excavations at Omrit Gabriela Bijovsky 1 Introduction The present report discusses the seventy-four identifiable coins recovered during excavations of the temple complex at Omrit, which took place between the years 1999 and 2014. All the coins are bronze except for a Crusader gold bezant (CN69). The following discussion includes the numismatic material already published in the preliminary report of the excavation.1 The Coin Catalog follows the discussion; each cataloged coin is numbered with the prefix “CN.” The breakdown of the coins shows a continuous sequence starting from the first century ce until the end of the fourth century [Fig. 6.1]. Unfortunately, no earlier coins have been discovered that could be attributed to the construction of the Early Shrine which has been dated by the excavators to c. 40–30 bce. Most of the coins relate to the Temple One and Temple Two phases, whose construction is dated to c. 20bce and the later part of the first century ce respectively. From these points forward, the numismatic data continues and shows no gap in occupation until the beginning of the fifth century (Coin CN64). A few Byzantine coins (Coins CN65–CN68), a Crusader gold bezant (CN69), two Zangid twelve-century coins (Coins CN70 and CN71), and three Mamluk fulus (Coins CN72– CN74) are attributed to short periods of occupation in this area after the temple went out of use. Coin CN1 is in fact the most illustrative of all those recovered in the excavations. The coin was struck by Philip, Herod the Great’s third son, who received from his father the tetrarchy of Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea and Paneas.2 Philip based his capital at Caesarea Philippi (Paneas) and struck coins there from year 1/2 to 34ce under the emperors Augustus and Tiberius. Since most of the population of this area was non-Jewish, Philip was the first ruler to introduce portraits of both the emperors and himself on his coinage. The coins are easily dated and depicts on the reverse a tetrastyle temple identified as the 1 Bijovsky 2011, 118–121 and Syon 2011, 105–117. The coins were cleaned by M. Lavie of the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem and were photographed by C. Amit of the Israel Antiquities Authority. 2 Hartal 2005, 394–395 and 401–405. Augusteum built by Herod the Great.3 Philip’s coins are relatively scarce, and their distribution is limited to the Golan suggesting that they were restricted for circulation mainly within this area.4 Coin CN1 differs in a number of details, however, from Philip’s series: the coin is larger in size than the others; undated; and, the obverse reads the legend ΣΕΒΑΣΤΩΝ and shows the head of Livia together with the emperor. The reverse shows a circular unidentifiable object located within the center of the temple and the addition of the word ΕΠΙ to the inscription; the latter does not appear on Philip’s coinage until the year 30 (26/27 ce). Since Livia is called Sebaste on CN1, Meshorer claimed that this type must have been struck after year 14 ce.5 However, Livia appears again on Philip’s coinage in the year 34 (30/31 ce) and scholars today date our coin to this period and prefer to identify the emperor on the coin as Tiberius.6 The temple depicted on Coin CN1 is built on a podium, has four columns, and a pediment. Moreover, a flight of stairs leading to the entrance of the temple is visible on other coins of Philip bearing different dates.7 Until the discovery of the temple at Omrit the building on these coins was identified as the Augusteum, built by Herod the Great in Paneas in 10bce.8 However, the architectural similarities between the temple on Philip’s coins and the ruins in Omrit, certainly suggest that the Temple One phase at Omrit should be identified as the Herodian Augusteum.9 After the death of Philip, the Golan came under direct Roman rule. In the year 39 ce this territory was granted to Agrippa i until his death in year 44 when the province of Judea was probably created. A prutah of Agrippa i minted in Jerusalem in 41/42 (Coin CN2) was found at Omrit. The presence of this coin so distant from its place of minting is not surprising since this massive issue circulated in large quantities in Galilee and the Golan as well and these territories were under Agrippa i’s jurisdiction.10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hartal 2005, 395–396. Syon 2015:177–178, Fig. 45. TJC 87. RPC 1 681, No. 4951. TJC 229, Nos. 99 and 102. TJC 85–86. Overman, Schowalter, and Nelson 2013, 85. Syon 2015, 177–178, Fig. 44 and Hartal 2005, 405–406. © Gabriela Bijovsky, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004461901_008 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 190 bijovsky figure 6.1 Chronological parameters of the coins found in the temple area; dates indicate date of issue or period of reign With the death of Agrippa i the Golan came again under direct Roman rule until year 55, when the territory was granted to Agrippa ii.11 A coin of Agrippa ii of the middle denomination, showing Domitian on the obverse and a Victory holding a palm branch and a wreath, with the date ‘year 35’ on the reverse, was discovered in the temple area (CN4). Kushnir-Stein proposed a date for this coin of the year 83/84 following the era of 49 ce at the mint of Caesarea Paneas.12 In addition, a local Judea Capta issue of the trophy type, dated roughly to 71–73 ce, was found in the temple area (CN3). This unique Provincial series, bearing Greek inscriptions intended for local circulation, was issued at Caesarea Maritima to commemorate the Roman victory in the Jewish War.13 The discovery of such a coin at Omrit is not surprising. Based on Flavius Josephus,14 Hartal suggests that both Vespasian and Titus remained in Panias for vacation after the war.15 According to Syon, the coin must 11 12 13 14 15 Hartal 2005, 405–406. Kushnir-Stein (pers. comm.) refutes generally accepted date by Meshorer of year 94/95 according to era 60 ce; TJC 240, No. 180. CHL 274–275. JW iii:443–445 and JW vii:23–24. Hartal 2005. have reached the region with Roman soldiers in the course of the mid-first century.16 2 Roman Provincial Coins Roman Provincial issues, known as ‘city-coins’ dating from the first to the mid-third centuries ce, were found in the temple area. The earliest circulated side-by-side with the above-mentioned Jewish coins. They include a coin of Claudius(?) from Gabala in Syria (CN5), two autonomous coins from Tyre (CN6 and CN7), and two worn coins of Antioch (CN10 and CN11). One of the Tyrian coins is dated to year 53/54ce and bears a countermark with a murex-shell which was both the symbol and mintmark of the mint of Tyre par excellence (CN7). The fact that this coin was stamped with a countermark indicates that it remained in circulation for a long period after its date of issue. This type of countermark is popular during the first and second centuries.17 16 17 Syon 2015, 190. Howgego 1985, 173, Nos. 359–360. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 191 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit table 6.1 Mint distribution of the Roman period coins found in the Omrit temple area Mint Coins Caesarea Paneas (Philippi) Damascus Gabala (Syria) Antioch Tyre Sidon Byblos Bostra Uncertain Decapolis(?) Neapolis Caesarea Maritima Jerusalem Bithynia Rome CN1, CN4, CN19, CN21 CN26 CN5 CN10, CN11 CN6–9, CN13, CN23, CN27 CN15 CN22 CN17 CN12 CN25 CN3 CN2 CN16 CN24 From the Roman victory of the Bar Kokhba revolt (134/135 ce) until the mid-third century was a period of relative stability in ancient Palestine, which marked a peak in the production of provincial coinages.18 The only administrative change in the region was the separation of SyriaPalaestina into two provinces by Septimius Severus in year 193. Coins of this period are numerous in Omrit. A number of city-coins are dated with certainty to the second century ce, including: a coin of Trajan minted in Sidon dated to 116/117 depicting Cadmos standing on a galley (CN15); an autonomous coin from Tyre dated to 182/183 (CN18); and, a coin of Caracalla minted at Caesarea Paneas in year 199 depicting Zeus holding a scepter and a patera (CN19). Worthy of mention is an exceptionally rare sestertius of Sabina, Hadrian’s wife, minted in the Koinon of Bithynia (CN16). So far, this appears to be the first coin from this region to have been found in Israel.19 As result of the pax Romana city coins of the first half of the third century are numerous in Omrit. The relative stability in the Roman empire during this period marked a peak in the production of provincial coinages.20 Worthy of mention are: a coin of Plautilla minted in Caesarea Paneas in year 204 depicting Tyche seated on a rock, holding ears of corn (CN21); a coin of Diadumenian dated to 218 from Byblos (CN22); a coin from Damascus of Philip Junior of the type Marsyas facing a cypress (CN26); and, 18 19 20 Syon 2015, 73. Syon 2011, 106. Syon 2015, 73. Total 4 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 two coins from Tyre. One of the Tyre coins issued by Elagabalus shows Tyche within an hexastyle temple (CN23), and the other, of Valerian, shows Cadmus fighting a serpent (CN27). Except for one specimen in New York, no other coins of this last type issued by Valerian are known to me.21 In addition there are two coins of Philip Senior, one is a sestertius from Rome (CN24) and the other was minted in Neapolis and depicts the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remo (CN25). In order to discern common patterns in coin circulation, Table 6.1 shows the breakdown of the Roman Provincial coins found in the temple complex at Omrit by mint and Table 6.2 compares the coin finds with those from other sites in the vicinity.22 In quantity and geographical distribution, coins from Tyre predominate by far on almost all sites. It follows a similar pattern revealed at other sites in the Upper and Western Galilee.23 Tyre was the closest Phoenician mint to Omrit, and, as well as Antioch, these mints functioned as major centers producing provincial and imperial issues for circulation in wide areas of the eastern provinces. According to Syon, however, coins from Antioch appear in Galilee and the Golan in smaller numbers than expected.24 This conclusion seems to be relevant at Omrit, where only two coins from Antioch were discovered, similar to the other com21 22 23 24 The coin (No. ANS1961.154.342) belongs to the American Numismatic Society collection in New York. Numbers are based on Syon’s database (Syon 2015) and the Israel Antiquity Authority’s coin department’s database. Syon 2015, 202–203, Fig. 55, 219–220, and Fig. 62. Syon 2015, 63 and 207. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 192 bijovsky table 6.2 Roman period coins from Omrit and other sites tabulated by mints Mint Caesarea Paneas (Philippi)h Damascus Gabala (Syria) Antioch Tyre Sidon Byblos Berytus Tripolis Bostra Gadara Philipopolis Neapolis Caesarea Maritima Jerusalem ‘Akko-Ptolemais Tiberias Nysa-Scythopolis Bithynia Rome Alexandria a b c d e f g h Omrit Baniyasa Baniyas aqueductb Baniyas NW suburbc Baniyas Pan Templed 4 1 1 2 8 1 1 6 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 8 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tel Sheikh Yusuff Tel Tanimg 3 4 14 5 7 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 6 1 1 1 1 2 Berman and Bijovsky 2008. Bijovsky 2009. Bijovsky 2009. Ariel forthcoming. Syon 2015, 196 and 206. Syon 2015, 196 and 206. Syon 2015, 196 and 206. Including the Herodians. parative sites where Antiochean coins are definitively not numerous. Only one identifiable coin from Sidon was found at the temple at Omrit (CN15), but this is also consistent with the picture given by the other comparative sites. In general, most of the mints represented at a certain site follow the standard model that coinage of local mints circulates near their mints of origin. Therefore, and not surprisingly, coins of the nearby mint at Caesarea Paneas are the most frequently found; they appear in all sites (except for Dan Dafna where no coins of Paneas were discovered25) although in low numbers. Coins from the mint of nearby Damascus are present only in Omrit and Baniyas.26 Another relatively popular mint was Caesarea Maritima, which was the seat of the Roman administration of Palestine. All other regional mints appear only in single numbers. The relatively high frequency of coins from the imperial 25 26 2 2 1 Dan Dafnae See Table 6.2. See Table 6.2. mint of Rome deserves special attention. This pattern has been already observed by Syon.27 3 Roman Imperial Coins With the economic crisis of the Roman empire towards the mid-third century the creation of the much-debased billon antoniniani, which replaced the more intrinsically valuable bronze city coins, were simply not worthwhile to produce anymore. This new system introduced one common denomination with common types that were minted throughout the empire in several imperial mints. Fifteen coins dated from the 260’s to the beginning of the fourth century were discovered in the temple area (CN28–CN42). The coins include a sequence of antoniniani from Gallienus, Numerianus, and Carinus, and later bronze radiate fractions from Maximianus Herculius to Licinius i and Constantine i. Most imperial eastern mints 27 Syon 2015, 221–222. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 193 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.2 CN1: obverse figure 6.3 CN1: reverse are represented: Antioch, Tripolis, Cyzicus, and Nicomedia, but some western mints appear as well, such as Ticinum, Arles, and Rome. These types are standard and do not deserve further discussion. 4 Late Roman Coins Twenty fourth-century bronze coins were found in the temple area (CN43–CN62). They include many of the most common types, such as GLORIA EXERCITVS of the House of Constantine i (CN43, CN44, and CN49–CN51) and FEL TEMP REPARATIO fallen horseman (CN52 and CN53). Interestingly, no examples of the most popular SALVS REIPVBLICAE ‘Victory dragging captive’ type, dated to the late fourth century,28 have been discovered during the excavations. A few coins are worthy of mention: two coins dated to 325–326 of different types, one of Fausta from Nicomedia, depicting Salus holding two babies (CN46), and the second, a coin of Constantine ii minted in Arles, showing a camp-gate with the inscription VIRTVS CAESS (CN47). Six coins of Theodosius i were found, among them a rare type showing the emperor holding a globe and trampling a captive with the inscription VIRTVS EXERCITI (CN59). The latest coins are dated to the beginning of the fifth century: a three standing emperors GLORIA ROMANORVM type and a coin of empress Eudoxia (CN63 and CN64). 5 Byzantine, Crusader, and Islamic Coins Several late coins have been recovered at the site. They include: three Byzantine coins of Anastasius i, all dated 28 LRBC 2, 102, Nos. 2768–2771. to the years 507–512 (CN65–CN67) and a follis of Justin ii from Antioch dated to 574/575 (CN68). Additionally, a gold bezant of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (No. 69), two Zangid fulus from Damascus (CN70 and CN71) and three Mamluk coins dated to the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries (CN72–CN74) were also recovered. 6 Coin Catalog Cat. No: CN1 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-3.6.88 IAA No.: 120931 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 7.69 Axis: ↑ Mint: Caesarea Philippi Period/Reign: HERODIANS, Herod Philip i (4bce–34ce) Date (ce): After year 14 (30/31?) Obverse: [ΣΕΒΑΣΤωИ] Jugate busts of Tiberius and Livia facing r. Reverse: [EΠΙ ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ ΤΕΤΡ]ΑΡΧΟΥ Façade of the Augusteum on a high podium, in center two concentric circles References and Notes: Cf. TJC 2001, 229, No. 100; Strickert 2002, 68; RPC 1:681, No. 4951; Overman, Schowalter, and Nelson 2013, 85. Cat. No: CN2 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-3.6.103 IAA No.: 120932 Dia (mm): 16 Weight (g): 2 Axis: ↑ Mint: Jerusalem Period/Reign: Agrippa i (37–43 ce) Date (ce): Year 6 = 41/42 Obverse: [AΓΡΙΠA BACIΛEWC] Canopy. Reverse: [L—ς] Three ears of grain. References and Notes: Cf. TJC 2001, 231, No. 120. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 194 bijovsky figure 6.4 CN3: obverse figure 6.5 CN3: reverse figure 6.6 CN4: obverse figure 6.7 CN4: reverse Cat. No: CN3 Artifact Reg. No.: A7.3.26 IAA No.: 140357 Dia (mm): 24 Weight (g): 12.57 Axis: ↑ Mint: Caesarea Maritima Period/Reign: ROMAN PROVINCIAL, Titus—Judaea Capta issue Date (ce): 71–73 Obverse: [ΑΥΤΟΚΡ ΤΙΤΟΣ ΚΑΙΣ]ΑΡ Head of Titus r., laureate. Reverse: ΙΟΥΔΑΙΑΣ ΕΑΛωΚΥΑΣ Trophy. References and Notes: RPC 2, 318, No. 2313. Cat. No: CN4 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-3.5.142 IAA No.: 120929 Dia (mm): 26 Weight (g): 10.87 Axis: ↑ Mint: Caesarea Paneas Period/Reign: HERODIANS, Agrippa ii (49–100) Date (ce): Year 35 = 83/84 (era of 49) Obverse: [AYTOKPA] ΔΟΜΙΤΙΑ ΚΑΙCΑΡ Α ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙ Head of Domitian r. laureate. Reverse: ETOY EΛ BA / AΓΡI ΠΠA Victory advancing r., holding palm branch and wreath. References and Notes: For type, see TJC 2001, 240, No. 180; dating and mint, Kushnir-Stein pers. comm. Cat. No: CN5 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.2 IAA No.: 140335 Dia (mm): 25 Weight (g): 14.54 Axis: ↑ Mint: Gabala (Syria) Period/Reign: ROMAN PROVINCIAL, Claudius? (41–54) Date (ce): 1st century bce to 1st century ce Obverse: [ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ] Head of Titus r., laureate. Reverse: [ΛΑΟΔΙΚΕΩΝ] Tyche stg. facing, holding rudder and cornucopia. References and Notes: RPC 1, 638, No. 4448; Bijovsky 2011, 118, No. 1. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 195 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.8 CN7: obverse figure 6.9 CN7: obverse, detail Cat. No: CN6 Artifact Reg. No.: A7.3.27 IAA No.: 140356 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 7.31 Axis: ↗ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Autonomous issue Date (ce): 1st century bce to 1st century ce Obverse: [---] Head r., laureate. Reverse: ]PE[---] EPAΣ [---] Tyche stg. facing, holding rudder and cornucopia. References and Notes: Cf. BMC Phoen.: 255, No. 267 Cat. No: CN7 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.5.2 IAA No.: 142153 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 7.37 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Autonomous issue Date (ce): 53/54 Obverse: Head of Tyche r. wearing turreted crown, veiled and palm branch on shoulder; oval countermark: murex-shell. Reverse: POΘ [IEP]AΣ AΣΥ[---] Galley to l. Below: P·Ò References and Notes: Cf. RPC 1, 658, No. 4730; Rouvier 1904, 319, No. 2181 (countermark). Cat. No: CN8 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4. 1.1 IAA No.: 140328 Dia (mm): 19 Weight (g): 6.10 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Autonomous issue Date (ce): 1st to 2nd century Obverse: Head of Tyche r. wearing turreted crown, veiled and palm branch on shoulder. Reverse: [---] Galley. figure 6.10 CN7: reverse References and Notes: Completely worn; Bijovsky 2011, 119, N. 6. Cat. No: CN9 Artifact Reg. No.: O11.2.33 IAA No.: 140358 Dia (mm): 14×16 Weight (g): 2.29 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Autonomous issue Date (ce): 2nd century Obverse: Head of Tyche r. wearing turreted crown, veiled and palm branch on shoulder. Reverse: [---] Tyche stg. l. on prow. References and Notes: Cf. BMC Phoen., 254, No. 248. Cat. No: CN10 Artifact Reg. No.: D7.7.6 IAA No.: 102606 Dia (mm): 21 ×23 Weight (g): 11.56 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Uncertain Ruler Date (ce): 1st century Obverse: [---] Head r., laureate Reverse: SC within wreath. References and Notes: Cf. RPC 1, 627, No. 4273; Syon 2011, 108, No. 4. Cat. No: CN11 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-1.9.92 IAA No.: 140350 Dia (mm): 27 Weight (g): 13.37 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Uncertain Ruler Date (ce): 1st century Obverse: [---] Head r., laureate. Reverse: SC within wreath. References and Notes: Cf. RPC 1, 627, No. 4273. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 196 bijovsky figure 6.11 CN16: obverse figure 6.12 CN16: reverse Cat. No: CN12 Artifact Reg. No.: C6.19.52 IAA No.: 102601 Dia (mm): 19 Weight (g): 3.41 Axis: Unknown Mint: Decapolis? Period/Reign: Uncertain Ruler Date (ce): 1st to 2nd century Obverse: [---] Head r., laureate Reverse: Obliterated References and Notes: Syon 2011, 108, No. 3. Cat. No: CN13 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-5.9.118 IAA No.: 140978 Dia (mm): 13 Weight (g): 2.84 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Uncertain Ruler Date (ce): 1st to 2nd century Obverse: Head of Tyche r. wearing turreted crown, veiled and palm branch on shoulder. Reverse: [---] Palm tree References and Notes: Cf. BMC Phoen., 259, No. 287. Cat. No: CN14 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-5.9.94 IAA No.: 140977 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 3.54 Axis: Unknown Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Uncertain Ruler Date (ce): 1st to 2nd century Obverse: [---] Head r., laureate. Reverse: Obliterated Cat. No: CN15 Artifact Reg. No.: J13.1.2 Dia (mm): 24 IAA No.: 140327 Weight (g): 8.10 Axis: ↑ Mint: Sidon Period/Reign: Trajan (98–117) Date (ce): 116/117 Obverse: [ΑΥΤO]NEP[ΤΡΑΙΑNΩ ΚΑΙCΕ …] Head r., laureate. Reverse: [ΣΙΔΩΝΟΣ ΝΑΥΑΡΧΙΔΟΣ / LZKΣ] Cadmus stg. l. on prow of galley. References and Notes: BMC Phoen., 180, Nos. 218–223; Bijovsky 2011:118, No. 2. Cat. No: CN16 Artifact Reg. No.: D7.2.3 IAA No.: 102604 Dia (mm): 33 Weight (g): 26.19 Axis: ↓ Mint: Koinon of Bithynia Period/Reign: Sabina (Wife of Hadrian) Date (ce): 128–137 Obverse: ΣΑΒΕΙΝΗ ΣΕΒΑΣΤΗ Head of Sabina r., with short plait and wearing wreath of corn ears. Reverse: KOI N[ON] BEIΘYNIAC Octastyle temple, in pediment sacrificial scene; below prow. References and Notes: Orichalcum, Sesterius; apparently unpublished obverse; Syon 2011:109, No. 7. Cat. No: CN17 Artifact Reg. No.: F6.999.37 IAA No.: 102576 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 9.03 Axis: ↓ Mint: Bostra Period/Reign: Faustina Senior (posthumous issue) Date (ce): 141–144 Obverse: [---] Bust r., veiled(?). Reverse: [ΤΥΧΗΝΕ]ΑC ΤΡΑΙ–ΑΝΗ[CΒΟCΤΡΑC] Tyche holding spear. References and Notes: Kindler 1983, 107, No. 8ad.; Syon 2011, 109, No. 8. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 197 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.13 CN18: obverse figure 6.14 CN18: reverse figure 6.15 CN19: observe figure 6.16 CN19: reverse Cat. No: CN18 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.10 IAA No.: 140343 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 9.56 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Autonomous Issue Date (ce): 182/183 Obverse: Head of Melqart r., laureate. Reverse: Club within wreath flanked by inscription and date: TYPO/ MH TPO/ΠΟ ΛωC/HT Below: P·Ò References and Notes: BMC Phoen., 267, No. 357; Bijovsky 2011, 118, No. 3. Cat. No: CN19 Artifact Reg. No.: J13.1.1 IAA No.: 140326 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 7.46 Axis: ↑ Mint: Caesarea Paneas Period/Reign: Caracalla (198–217) Date (ce): 199 Obverse: [AYT KAI MAYP ANTON] Bust r., laureate. Reverse: [KAIC CEB IEP DAI ACYT ΠΑΝΕΙωΝ] Zeus stg. nude to l., holding scepter and patera. In field, date: [PΘ]Ч. References and Notes: Meshorer 1984–1985, 51, No. 19; Bijovsky 2011:118, No. 4 Cat. No: CN20 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.13 IAA No.: 140345 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 9.30 Axis: Unknown Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Caracalla (198–217) Date (ce): Illegible Obverse: [---] Bust r., laureate Reverse: Obliterated References and Notes: Bijovsky 2011, 118, No. 5. Cat. No: CN21 Artifact Reg. No.: N12.1.13 Dia (mm): 24 Axis: ↓ IAA No.: 120938 Weight (g): 12.56 Mint: Caesarea Paneas For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 198 bijovsky figure 6.17 CN21: observe figure 6.18 CN21: reverse figure 6.19 CN24: obverse figure 6.20 CN24: reverse Period/Reign: Plautilla Date (ce): 204 Obverse: [ΠΛΑΩΤΙ ΛΑ ϹΕΒ ΦΟΥΛΒΙΑ] Bust r., draped. Reverse: [ΚΑΙ ΠΑΝΙ Τ ΙΕΡ … CΥΛ] Tyche seated r. on rock, holding ears of corn; to her feet, river-god. In field date: [Δ]C References and Notes: Meshorer 1984–1985, 52, No. 26. Cat. No: CN22 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-1.0.6 IAA No.: 140352 Dia (mm): 24 Weight (g): 11.1 Axis: ↓ Mint: Byblos Period/Reign: Diadumenian (218ce) Date (ce): 218 Obverse: [MOP DIADVMENIANVS CAES] Bust r., bareheaded. Reverse: [SEPTVRO METRO COLON] Tyche stg. r., foot on prow, facing Victory stg. on column, within a distyle temple surmounted by arch of shell pattern. References and Notes: BMC Phoen., 103, Nos. 40–43; identified by R. Bechar. Cat. No: CN23 Artifact Reg. No.: SP5-1.0.6 IAA No.: 140355 Dia (mm): 0 Weight (g): 17.64 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Εlagabalus (218–222) Date (ce): Unknown Obverse: [IMP CAES] MAVR Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [TVRIORVM] Tyche placing arm on trophy, crowned by Nike on column, within hexastyle temple; before temple, altar flanked on r., murex-shell and on l. palm tree. References and Notes: Cf. BMC Phoen., 276, No. 404. Cat. No: CN24 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.4 Dia (mm): 28 IAA No.: 140337 Weight (g): 19.37 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 199 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.21 CN27: reverse Axis: ↑ Mint: Rome Period/Reign: ROMAN IMPERIAL, Philip Senior (244– 249ce) Date (ce): unknown Obverse: IMP MIVL PHILIPPVS AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: LAET FVNDATA Laetitia stg. l., holding wreath and rudder; flanked by: S—C. References and Notes: Sestertius; RIC 4/3, 90, No. 175; Bijovsky 2011, 119, No. 7. Cat. No: CN25 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.15 IAA No.: 140348 Dia (mm): 28 Weight (g): 18.12 Axis: ↑ Mint: Neapolis Period/Reign: ROMAN PROVINCIAL, Philip Senior (244– 249ce) Date (ce): unknown Obverse: IMP C MIVL PHILIPPVS PF AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [COL SERG IVL] She-wolf stg. r., suckling the twins Romulus and Remo; above, Mt. Gerizim. In exergue: [NEAPOL] References and Notes: Rosenberger 1977, 18, No. 80; Bijovsky 2011, 119, No. 8. Cat. No: CN26 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.12 IAA No.: 140346 Dia (mm): 24 Weight (g): 10.56 Axis: ↑ Mint: Damascus Period/Reign: Philip Junior (247–249ce) Date (ce): unknown Obverse: MI PHILIPPVS [NOB B CAICA] Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: COL ΔΑΜ[Α ΜΕΤRΟ] Marsyas stg. r. before cypress. In exergue, head of ram. References and Notes: Rosenberger 1978, 30, No. 51; Bijovsky 2011, 119, No. 9. Cat. No: CN27 Artifact Reg. No.: SFUL IAA No.: 140353 Dia (mm): 28 Weight (g): 17.34 Axis: ↓ Mint: Tyre Period/Reign: Valerian (253–260 ce) Date (ce): unknown Obverse: [IMP …] VALERIANVS AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: COL TVR[O METRO] Cadmus fighting serpent; to l., murex shell. References and Notes: Unpublished variant; for general type see, BMC Phoen., 293, No. 486. Cat. No: CN28 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.7 IAA No.: 140340 Dia (mm): 22 Weight (g): 3.27 Axis: ↑ Mint: Asia (Antioch) Period/Reign: ROMAN IMPERIAL, Gallienus (253–268)— Antoninianus Date (ce): 267 Obverse: GALLIENVS PF AVG Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: IOVI CONSERVAT Jupiter stg. l., holding globe and scepter. In exergue: PXV References and Notes: RIC 5/1, 185, No. 608 Cat. No: CN29 Artifact Reg. No.: D8.0.2 (2001) IAA No.: 102588 Dia (mm): 22 Weight (g): 2.77 Axis: ↑ Mint: Asia (Antioch) Period/Reign: ROMAN IMPERIAL: Gallienus (253–268)— Antoninianus Date (ce): unknown Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 200 bijovsky figure 6.22 CN28: obverse figure 6.23 CN28: reverse Reverse: SOLI INVICTO Sol stg., hand raised and holding whip. References and Notes: RIC 5/1, 189, No. 658; Syon 2011, 109, No. 12. Cat. No: CN30 Artifact Reg. No.: E7.1.1 IAA No.: 140325 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 2.68 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Numerianus (283–284)—Antoninianus Date (ce): unknown Obverse: IMPC MAVR NVMERIANVS NOB C Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VIRTVS AVGG Emperor receiving globe from Jupiter; below: Γ; in exergue: χχι. References and Notes: RIC 5/2, 191, No. 376; Bijovsky 2011, 119, No. 11. Cat. No: CN31 Artifact Reg. No.: L12.0.999 IAA No.: 140331 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 4.05 Axis: ↑ Mint: Tripolis Period/Reign: Carinus (283–285 ce)—Antoninianus Date (ce): unknown Obverse: IMP CMAVR CARINVS NOB C Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VIRTVS AVGG Emperor receiving globe from Jupiter; below: TR; in exergue: xxi References and Notes: RIC 5/2, 165, No. 209; Bijovsky 2011, 119, No. 12 Cat. No: CN32 Artifact Reg. No.: M6.1.10 Dia (mm): 27 Axis: ↓ IAA No.: 140354 Weight (g): 7.93 Mint: Cyzicus Period/Reign: Maximianus Herculeus (286–305 ce) Date (ce): 294–295 Obverse: IMP C [MA MAX]IMIANVS [PF] AVG Bust r., laureate and draped. Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI Genius stg. l., holding cornucopia and patera; in exergue: KE References and Notes: Cf. RIC 6:579, No. 8b. Cat. No: CN33 Artifact Reg. No.: D8.9.3 (2001) IAA No.: 102598 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 3.75 Axis: ↓ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Constantius i (294–305 ce)—Radiate fraction Date (ce): c. 296 Obverse: FL VAL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: CONCORDIA MI–LITVM Prince stg. r. receiving Victory on globe from Jupiter; below: */H; in exergue: ANT References and Notes: Cf. RIC 6, 621, No. 61a (var.); Syon 2011, 112, No. 32. Cat. No: CN34 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.9 IAA No.: 140342 Dia (mm): 26 Weight (g): 10.82 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Diocletian (284–305 ce)—Radiate fraction Date (ce): 299–300 Obverse: IMP C DIOCLETIANVS PF AVG Head r., laureate. Reverse: GENIO POPVLI ROMANI Genius stg. l., holding cornucopia and patera; in r. field: i; in exergue: ANT References and Notes: RIC 6, 620, No. 52a; Bijovsky 2011, 119–120, No. 13. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 201 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.24 CN34: obverse figure 6.25 CN34: reverse figure 6.26 CN38: obverse figure 6.27 CN38: reverse Cat. No: CN35 Artifact Reg. No.: C8.1.5 IAA No.: 102590 Dia (mm): 25 Weight (g): 5.29 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Maximinus ii (309–313 ce) Date (ce): 308–310 Obverse: GAL VAL MAXIMINVS NOB CAES Head r., laureate. Reverse: GENIO CA–ESARIS Genius stg. l., holding cornucopia and patera over altar; in r. field: Δ; in exergue: •ANT References and Notes: Cf. RIC 6:633, No. 118a (var.). Cat. No: CN36 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.14 IAA No.: 140347 Dia (mm): 21 Weight (g): 7.32 Axis: ↑ Mint: Nicomedia Period/Reign: Maximinus ii (309–313 ce) Date (ce): 310/311 Obverse: IMP C GAL VAL MAXIMINVS PF AVG Head r., laureate. Reverse: GENIO AV–GVSTI CM–I Genius stg. l., holding cornucopia and patera; in exergue: SMNB References and Notes: RIC 6, 565, No. 66c; Bijovsky 2011, 120, No. 14. Cat. No: CN37 Artifact Reg. No.: C9.1.3 IAA No.: 102591 Dia (mm): 20×22 Weight (g): 3.81 Axis: ↑ Mint: Ticinum Period/Reign: Licinius i (308–324) Date (ce): 313 Obverse: IMP LICININVS PF AVG Head r., diademed. Reverse: SOLI INVIC–TO COMITI Sol stg. r., holding globe and raising hand; in exergue: PT References and Notes: RIC 7, 360, No. 4; Syon 2011, 110, No. 15. Cat. No: CN38 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.6 Dia (mm): 21 IAA No.: 140339 Weight (g): 3.29 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 202 figure 6.28 CN43: obverse bijovsky figure 6.29 CN43: reverse Axis: ↓ Mint: Rome Period/Reign: Licinius i (308–324) Date (ce): 314–315 Obverse: IMP LIC LICINIVS PF AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: IOVI CON–SERVATORI Jupiter stg. l., holding scepter and Victory on globe; in l. field, eagle with wreath; in r. field, x/IIM and captive; in exergue: SMAN References and Notes: RIC 7:299, No. 29. Cat. No: CN39 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.11 IAA No.: 140344 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 3.49 Axis: ↗ Mint: Cyzicus Period/Reign: Licinius i (308–324) Date (ce): 311–313 Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG Head r., laureate. Reverse: IOVI CONS–ERVATORI Jupiter stg. l., holding scepter and Victory on globe; in l. field: i; in exergue: SKM References and Notes: RIC 7, 594, No. 105a; Bijovsky 2011, 120, No. 16 Cat. No: CN40 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.1 IAA No.: 140332 Dia (mm): 19 Weight (g): 3.31 Axis: ↑ Mint: Cyzicus Period/Reign: Licinius i (308–324) Date (ce): 321–324 Obverse: IMP C VAL LICIN LICINIVS PF AVG Bust r., radiate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: IOVI CONS–ERVATORI Jupiter stg. l., holding scepter and Victory on globe; in l. field, eagle with wreath; in r. field, X/IIM and captive; in exergue: SMKA References and Notes: RIC 7, 645, No. 15; Bijovsky 2011, 120, No. 19. Cat. No: CN41 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.7.1 IAA No.: 140349 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 4.00 Axis: ↓ Mint: Rome Period/Reign: Constantine i (307–337 ce) Date (ce): 313 Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and raped. Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI Sol stg. facing, holding globe, flanked by: Я—F; in exergue: RT References and Notes: RIC 7, 297, No. 1; Bijovsky 2011, 120, No. 15. Cat. No: CN42 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.3 IAA No.: 140336 Dia (mm): 19 Weight (g): 2.29 Axis: ↓ Mint: Arles Period/Reign: Constantine i (307–337 ce) Date (ce): 316 Obverse: IMP CONSTANTINVS PF AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: SOLI INVICTO COMITI Sol stg. facing, holding globe, flanked by: M—F; in exergue: QARL References and Notes: RIC 7, 241, No. 89; Bijovsky 2011, 120, No. 18. Cat. No: CN43 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.2 IAA No.: 140333 Dia (mm): 18 Weight (g): 2.93 Axis: ↑ Mint: Heraclea Period/Reign: LATE ROMAN: Constantine i (307–337 ce) For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 203 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.30 CN46: obverse figure 6.31 CN46: reverse Date (ce): 330–335 Obverse: CONSTANTI NVS MAX AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLORIA EXERCITVS Two soldiers stg. facing holding spears and shields. Between them two standards; in exergue: •SMHB• References and Notes: RIC 7, 558, Nos. 121; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 22. Cat. No: CN44 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.9.5 IAA No.: 102596 Dia (mm): 15 Weight (g): 1.63 Axis: ↖ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Constantine i (307–337 ce) Date (ce): 335–337 Obverse: CONSTANTI NVS MAX [AVG] Bust r., pearl and rosette diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLOR–IA EXERC–ITVS Two soldiers stg. facing holding spears and shields; between them a standard; in exergue: SMAN References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 1:31, No. 1363; Syon 2011, 111, No. 25. Cat. No: CN45 Artifact Reg. No.: F7.10.2 IAA No.: 102587 Dia (mm): 15 Weight (g): 1.41 Axis: ↓ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Constantine i (posthumous issue) Date (ce): 337–341 Obverse: [DV] CONSTANTI–NVS [PT AVGG] Bust r. veiled and draped. Reverse: Emperor riding r. on quadriga; in exergue: SMA[NA] References and Notes: LRBC 1, 31, No. 1372; Syon 2011, 111, No. 31. Cat. No: CN46 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.1 IAA No.: 140334 Dia (mm): 19 Weight (g): 2.90 Axis: ↓ Mint: Νicomedia Period/Reign: Fausta (wife of Constantine i) Date (ce): 325–326 Obverse: FLAV MAX FAVSTA AVG Bust r., draped. Reverse: SALVS REI–PVBLICAE Salus stg. facing, holding two children in her arms; in exergue: [M]NA References and Notes: RIC 7, 621, No. 130; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 21. Cat. No: CN47 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.8 IAA No.: 140341 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 3.28 Axis: ↑ Mint: Arles Period/Reign: Constantine ii (337–340 ce) Date (ce): 325–326 Obverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBC Bust l., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VIRTVS CAESS Camp-gate with four towers and open gate; in exergue: TA∪RL References and Notes: RIC 7, 265, No. 292; Bijovsky 2011:120, No. 20. Mint condition. Cat. No: CN48 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.9.6 IAA No.: 102595 Dia (mm): 18×20 Weight (g): 2.18 Axis: ↓ Mint: Cyzicus Period/Reign: Constantine ii (337–340 ce) For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 204 figure 6.32 CN47: obverse bijovsky figure 6.33 CN47: reverse Date (ce): 324–330 Obverse: CONSTANTINVS IVN NOBC Bust l., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [PROVI]DEN–TIAE CAESS Camp-gate with two towers and open gate; above, star; in exergue: SMK[---]• References and Notes: LRBC 1, 28, No. 1174; Syon 2011, 111, No. 21. Cat. No: CN49 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.5.28 IAA No.: 102603 Dia (mm): 16 ×18 Weight (g): 1.54 Axis: ↑ Mint: Thessalonica Period/Reign: Constans (337–350ce) Date (ce): 337–341 Obverse: CONSTANS PF AVG Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [GLOR–IA] EXERC–ITVS Two soldiers stg. facing holding spears and shields; between them a standard; in exergue: SMTSB References and Notes: LRBC 1, 21, No. 856; Syon 2011, 111, No. 30 Cat. No: CN50 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.9.7 IAA No.: 102597 Dia (mm): 15 Weight (g): 0.51 Axis: ↑ Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Uncertain ruler Date (ce): 335–341 Obverse: [---] Bust r., laureate, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [GLORIA EXERCITVS] Two soldiers stg. facing holding spears and shields; Between them a standard; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Syon 2011, 111, No. 28 Cat. No: CN51 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.0.5 IAA No.: 140338 Dia (mm): 18 Weight (g): 2.41 Axis: ↓ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Constantius ii (337–361 ce) Date (ce): 330–335 Obverse: FL IVL CONSTANTIVS NOBC Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLORIA EXERCITVS Two soldiers stg. facing holding spears and shields; between them two standards; in exergue: SMANς References and Notes: RIC 7, 693, No. 88; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 23 Cat. No: CN52 Artifact Reg. No.: N11.2.7 IAA No.: 140974 Dia (mm): 16 Weight (g): 2.20 Axis: ↓ Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Constantius ii (337–361 ce) Date (ce): 355–361 Obverse: DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO Virtus spearing fallen horseman; in l. field: M; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 100, No. 2637. Cat. No: CN53 Artifact Reg. No.: N12.0.999 IAA No.: 140980 Dia (mm): 15 Weight (g): 2.25 Axis: ↓ Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Constantius ii (337–361 ce) Date (ce): 351–361 Obverse: DN CONSTANTIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: FEL TEMP REPARATIO For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 205 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.34 CN56: obverse figure 6.35 CN56: reverse Virtus spearing fallen horseman; in l. field: M; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 100, Nos. 2632–2633. Cat. No: CN54 Artifact Reg. No.: D9.3.5 IAA No.: 102562 Dia (mm): 14 Weight (g): 2.06 Axis: ↓ Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Uncertain ruler Date (ce): 364–375 Obverse: [---] Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [GLORIA ROMANORVM] Emperor stg. r., holding labarum and dragging captive; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 100, No. 2658–2659; Syon 2011, 113, No. 49. Cat. No: CN55 Artifact Reg. No.: SP4.7.1 IAA No.: 140330 Dia (mm): 18 Weight (g): 2.04 Axis: ↑ Mint: Nicomedia Period/Reign: Valentinian ii (375–392ce) Date (ce): 378–383 Obverse: DN VALENTINIANVS IVN PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VRBS ROMA Rome seated l. on throne, holding scepter and Victory on globe; in r. field, star; in exergue: SMNB References and Notes: RIC 9, 259, No. 34; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 24. Cat. No: CN56 Artifact Reg. No.: N4.999.4 Dia (mm): 19 Axis: ↓ IAA No.: 140351 Weight (g): 2.54 Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 379–383 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: CONCOR–DIA AVGGG Constantinople seated facing on throne, holding scepter; In l. field: Θ; in r. field: Φ; in exergue: ANTΓ References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 101, No. 2694. Cat. No: CN57 Artifact Reg. No.: SP2.999.3 IAA No.: 140324 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 4.28 Axis: ↑ Mint: Thessalonica Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 383–388 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLORIA RO–MANORVM Emperor stg. l. on prow of galley; behind him Victory seated l. at helm; in l. field: wreath; in exergue: •TES References and Notes: RIC 9, 183, No. 44b; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 25. Cat. No: CN58 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.5.29 IAA No.: 102594 Dia (mm): 17 ×19 Weight (g): 2.10 Axis: ↖ Mint: Thessalonica Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 383–388 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLORIA RO–MANORVM Emperor stg. l. on prow of galley; behind him Victory seated l. at helm; in l. field: Φ / Θ; in r. field: K; in exergue: ANTB For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 206 figure 6.36 CN64: obverse bijovsky figure 6.37 CN64: reverse References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 101, Nos. 2708; Syon 2011, 114, No. 54. Cat. No: CN59 Artifact Reg. No.: C9.1.4 IAA No.: 102599 Dia (mm): 0 Weight (g): 4 Axis: ↓ Mint: Cyzicus Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 383–392 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VIRTVS E–XERCITI Emperor adv. r., holding standard and globe and trampling captive; in exergue: SMKΓ References and Notes: LRBC 2, 98, No. 2565; Syon 2011, 114, No. 56. Cat. No: CN60 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.5.30 IAA No.: 102593 Dia (mm): 20 Weight (g): 4.58 Axis: ↑ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 393–395 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor stg. facing, holding labarum and globe; in exergue: ANTA References and Notes: LRBC 2, 102, No. 2779; Syon 2011, 114, No. 58. Cat. No: CN61 Artifact Reg. No.: D8.0.3 (2001) IAA No.: 102600 Dia (mm): 15 ×17 Weight (g): 0.81 Axis: Unknown Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Theodosius i (379–395 ce) Date (ce): 379–395 Obverse: DN THEODO–SIVS PF AVG Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: Obliterated. References and Notes: Syon 2011, 114, No. 55. Cat. No: CN62 Artifact Reg. No.: C8.0.118 IAA No.: 102589 Dia (mm): 13 Weight (g): 0.75 Axis: ↓ Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: 378–383 ce Date (ce): Obverse: [---] Bust r., pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: VOT / XX / MVLT/ XXX within wreath; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 89, No. 2156; Syon 2011, 114, No. 53. Cat. No: CN63 Artifact Reg. No.: F6.1.14 IAA No.: 102565 Dia (mm): 12 Weight (g): 1.10 Axis: ↓ Mint: Unknown Period/Reign: Uncertain ruler Date (ce): 400–402ce Obverse: [---] Bust r. pearl-diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: [GLORIA ROMANORVM] Three emperors stg. facing; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 90, No. 2214; Syon 2011, 116, No. 71. Cat. No: CN64 Artifact Reg. No.: D6.10.2 Dia (mm): 16 IAA No.: 102529 Weight (g): 2.10 For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 207 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit figure 6.38 CN65: obverse figure 6.39 CN65: reverse figure 6.40 CN66: obverse figure 6.41 CN66: reverse Axis: Unknown Mint: Illegible Period/Reign: Eudoxia (400–404) Date (ce): 400 Obverse: [AEL EVDO]–XIA AVG] Bust r., mantled; above head hand holding diadem. Reverse: SALVS REI–[PVBLICAE] Victory seated r., writing on shield, resting on small column; mintmark illegible. References and Notes: Cf. LRBC 2, 90, No. 2213; Syon 2011, 115, No. 69. Cat. No: CN65 Artifact Reg. No.: SFUL IAA No.: 140979 Dia (mm): 25 Weight (g): 9.39 Axis: ↓ Mint: Constantinople Period/Reign: BYZANTINE, Anastasius i (491–518ce)— Follis Date (ce): 507–512 Obverse: DN ANAS[TASIVS PP AVG] Bust r, diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: M to l. star; above, cross; to r. star; in exergue: [CON] References and Notes: MIBE, 86, No. 23. Cat. No: CN66 Artifact Reg. No.: O11.2.26 IAA No.: 140360 Dia (mm): 23 Weight (g): 7.54 Axis: ↓ Mint: Constantinople Period/Reign: Anastasius i (491–518ce)—Follis Date (ce): 507–512 Obverse: DN ANAS[TASIVS PP AVG] Bust r, diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: M to l. long cross; above, star; to r. B; in exergue: CON References and Notes: MIBE, 86, No. 24. Cat. No: CN67 Artifact Reg. No.: N11.2.3 IAA No.: 140973 Dia (mm): 0 Weight (g): 3.45 Axis: ↓ Mint: Constantinople Period/Reign: Anastasius i (491–518ce)—Follis For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 208 bijovsky figure 6.42 CN69: obverse figure 6.43 CN69: reverse Date (ce): 507–512 Obverse: : DN ANAS[TASIVS PP AVG] Bust r, diademed, cuirassed and draped. Reverse: K to l. star; above, cross; below E; in exergue: star References and Notes: MIBE, 99, No. 32. Cat. No: CN68 Artifact Reg. No.: E7.0.2 IAA No.: 140323 Dia (mm): 33 Weight (g): 12.19 Axis: ↓ Mint: Antioch Period/Reign: Justin ii (565–578ce)—Follis Date (ce): 574/575 Obverse: DN IVSTI NVS PP AVG Justin and Sophia seated facing on double throne. Reverse: M to l.: ANNO; above, cross; to r. date: X; below: star; in exergue: tHEuP’ References and Notes: DOC 1, 245, No. 157b; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 26. Cat. No: CN69 Artifact Reg. No.: NP.1.67 IAA No.: 140329 Dia (mm): 22 Weight (g): 3.87 Axis: n/a Mint: Acre? Period/Reign: CRUSADERS: Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem—gold Bezant Date (ce): Second half of the 12th century Obverse: Blundered Arabic inscription. Reverse: Blundered Arabic inscription. References and Notes: Metcalf 1995, Pl. 8, No. 119; Bijovsky 2011, 121, No. 27. Cat. No: CN70 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.4.26 Dia (mm): 24 Axis: n/a IAA No.: 102592 Weight (g): 5.40 Mint: Damascus Period/Reign: ZANGIDS, Atabegs of Aleppo and Damascus Nur al-Din Maḥmud, 1146–1173 ce (ah541–569)—fals Date (ce): unknown Obverse: Traces of marginal inscription. Center: ‫الملك العادل‬ Four stars and ornament. Border of dots. Reverse: Traces of circular inscription. Center ‫محموض ابن زنكي‬ References and Notes: Cf. BMCO 3, 602, No. 212; Syon 2011, 116, No. 80. Cat. No: CN71 Artifact Reg. No.: N11.3.8 IAA No.: 140976 Dia (mm): 24 Weight (g): 5.96 Axis: n/a Mint: Damascus Period/Reign: Atabegs of Aleppo and Damascus Nur alDin Maḥmud, 1146–1173 ce (ah541–569)—fals Date (ce): unknown Obverse: Traces of marginal inscription. Center: ‫الملك‬ Four stars and ornament. Border of dots. Reverse: Traces of circular inscription. Center: ‫محموض ابن زنكي‬ References and Notes: Cf. BMCO 3, 602, No. 212; Syon 2011, 116, No. 80. Cat. No: CN72 Artifact Reg. No.: E8.4.27 IAA No.: 102592 Dia (mm): 24 Weight (g): 5.40 Axis: n/a Mint: Damascus Period/Reign: MAMLUKS: Al-Manṣūr Lājīn Ḥusam al-Din, 1296–1299ce (ah696–698)—fals Date (ce): Unknown Obverse: Center: ‫السلطن الملك المنصور‬ Reverse: Margin: … ‫ … حسام الدنيا والدين‬Lājīn’s blazon: fesse References and Notes: Balog 1964, 131, No. 166. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 209 the coins from the temple excavations at omrit Cat. No: CN73 Artifact Reg. No.: F7.3.1 IAA No.: 102605 Dia (mm): 18 Weight (g): 1.92 Axis: n/a Mint: Damascus Period/Reign: Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad, third reign 1310–1341 ce (ah709–741)—fals Date (ce): unknown Obverse: Within square: ‫الملك الناصر‬ Reverse: Same as obverse (incuse). References and Notes: Not noted in Balog; Syon 2011, 116, No. 82. Cat. No: CN74 Artifact Reg. No.: M11.2.10 IAA No.: 140975 Dia (mm): 17 Weight (g): 0.55 Axis: n/a Mint: Unknown Period/Reign: Al-Nasir Nasir al-Din Muhammad, third reign 1310–1341 ce (ah709–741)—fals Date (ce): Unknown Obverse: ‫السلطن الملك الناصر‬ Reverse: Six-petalled rosette. References and Notes: Balog 1964, 160, No. 256. Bibliography Ariel D.T. forthcoming. “Pre-Islamic Coins from Excavations at the Pan Temple, Banias.” In Paneion i: Excavations at the Sanctuary of Pan at Caesarea Philippi-Baniyas 1988–1993, edited by Z.U. Ma‘oz (IAA Reports). Balog, P. 1964. The Coinage of the Mamlūk Sultans of Egypt and Syria (Numismatic Studies 12). New York: American Numismatic Society. Berman A. and Bijovsky G. 2009. “The Coins.” In Paneas. Volume ii. Small Finds and Other Studies, edited by V. Tzaferis and S. Israeli, 11–99 (IAA Reports 38). Jerusalem. IAA. Berman A. and Bijovsky G. 2009. “Coins from the Aqueduct.” In Paneas. Volume iv: The Aqueduct and the Northern Suburbs, by M. Hartal, 109–110 (IAA Reports 40). Jerusalem: IAA. Berman A. and Bijovsky G. “Coins from the Northern Cemetery.” In Paneas. Volume iv: The Aqueduct and the Northern Suburbs, By M. Hartal, 139–140 (IAA Reports 40). Jerusalem: IAA. Bijovsky, G. 2011. “Coins from Omrit (2002–2006).” In The Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit: An Interim Report, edited by J.A. Overman and D.N. Schowalter, 118–121 (BAR International Series 2205). Oxford: Archaeopress. BMC Phoen.: Hill, G.F. 1910. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Phoenicia. London: British Museum. BMCO 3: Lane-Poole, S. 1877. The Coins of the Turkumán Houses of Seljooḳ, Urtuḳ, Zengee, etc. in the British Museum. Classes x– xiv (Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum iii). London: British Museum. DOC 1: Bellinger, A.R. 1966. Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection 1: Anastasius i to Maurice 491–602. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. Hartal, M. 2005. Land of the Ituraeans. Archaeology and History of Northern Golan in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine Periods. (Golan Studies 2). Qazrin. Howgego, C.J. 1985. Greek Imperial Countermarks: Studies in the Provincial Coinage of the Roman Empire (Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 17). London: Royal Numismatic Society. Kindler, A. 1983. The Coinage of Bostra. Warminster: Aris & Phillips. LRBC 1: Hill, P.V. and J.P.C. Kent. 1965. “Part i: The Bronze Coinage of the House of Constantine, a.d.324–346.” In Late Roman Bronze Coinage A.D.324–498, 4–40. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. LRBC 2: Carson, R.A.G. and J.P.C. Kent. 1965. “Part ii: Bronze Roman Imperial Coinage of the Later Empire, a.d.346–498.” In Late Roman Bronze Coinage A.D.324–498, 41–114. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. Meshorer, Y. 1984–1985. “The Coins of Caesarea Paneas.” Israel Numismatic Journal 8: 37–58. Metcalf, D.M. 1995. Coinage of the Crusades and the Latin East in the Ashmolean Museum Oxford (2nd ed.). London: Royal Numismatic Society. MIBE: Hahn. W. 2000. Money of the Incipient Byzantine Empire (Anastasius i–Justinian i, 491–565) (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte der Universität Wien 6). Vienna: Östereichische Forschungsgesellschaft Für Numismatik Am Institut Für Numismatik Und Geldgeschichte. Overman J.A., Schowalter D.N., and Nelson M. 2013. Roman Period Temples at Horvat Omrit at the Foot of Mount Hermon. Qadmoniot 146: 81–88. RIC 4/3: Mattingly, H., E.A. Sydenham and C.H.V. Sutherland. 1949. The Roman Imperial Coinage iv, iii: Gordian iii– Uranius Antoninus. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. RIC 5/1: Webb, P.H. 1927. The Roman Imperial Coinage v, i. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. RIC 5/2: Webb, P.H. 1933. The Roman Imperial Coinage v, ii. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. RIC 6: Sutherland, C.H.V. 1967. The Roman Imperial Coinage vi: From Diocletian’s Reform (a.d.294) to the Death of Maximinus (a.d.313). London: Spink and Son, Ltd. RIC 7: Bruun, P.M. 1966. The Roman Imperial Coinage vii: Constantine and Licinius, a.d.313–337. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV 210 bijovsky RIC 9: Pearce, J.W.E. 1951. The Roman Imperial Coinage ix: Valentinian i–Theodosius i. London: Spink and Son, Ltd. Rosenberger, M. 1977. City-Coins of Palestine (The Rosenberger Israel Collection) iii: Hippos–Sussita, Neapolis, Nicopolis, Nysa–Scythopolis, Caesarea–Panias, Pelusium, Raphia, Sebaste, Sepphoris–Diocaesarea, Tiberias. Jerusalem: Rosenberger. Rosenberger, M. 1978. The Coinage of Eastern Palestine and Legionary Countermarks, Bar-Kochba Overstrucks. Jerusalem: Rosenberger. Rouvier, J. 1904. “Numismatique des villes de la Phénicie, Tyr.” Journal international d’archéologie numismatique 7–8: 65– 108. RPC 1: Burnett, A., M. Amandry and P. Ripollès. 1992. Roman Provincial Coinage i: From the Death of Caesar to the Death of Vitellius (44 bc–ad69) (2 vols.). London: British Museum Press. RPC 2: Burnett, A., M. Amandry and I. Carradice. 1999. Roman Provincial Coinage ii: From Vespasian to Domitian (ad69–96) (2 vols.). London: British Museum Press. TJC: Meshorer, Y. 2001. A Treasury of Jewish Coins from the Persian Period to Bar Kochba. Jerusalem/Nyack, N.Y.: Amphora Books. Strickert, F. 2002. “The First Woman to be Portrayed on a Jewish Coin: Julia Sebaste.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 33: i, 65–91. Syon, D. 2011. Coins from Omrit (1999–2001). In The Roman Temple Complex at Horvat Omrit: An Interim Report, edited by J.A. Overman and D.N. Schowalter, 105–117 (BAR International Series 2205), Oxford: Archaeopress. Syon, D. 2015. Small Change in Hellenistic-Roman Galilee. The Evidence from Numismatic Site Finds as a Tool for Historical Reconstruction. (Numismatic Studies and Researches ix). Jerusalem: Israel Numismatic Society. For use by the Author only | © 2021 Koninklijke Brill NV