Securing Southeast Asian Regional Security: Indonesia Diaspora

Proceeding of the International Seminar and Conference 2015: The Golden Triangle (Indonesia-India-Tiongkok) Interrelations in Religion, Science, Culture, and Economic. University of Wahid Hasyim, Semarang, Indonesia. August 28-30, 2015 Paper No. C.4 Securing Southeast Asian Regional Security: Indonesia Diaspora Hendra Manurung International Relations, Faculty of Humaniora, President University Ki Hajar Dewantara Road, Jababeka Cikarang, Bekasi 17550, West Java - Indonesia [email protected] Abstract-Following the lead of Chinese Diaspora, Indonesia has now started looking at the strength of Indonesian descent is spread throughout the world. When India and China began to rise economically on the global stage, one of the first things both nations did was to tap into their global diaspora. The millions of Chinese and Indians living on foreign soil and had achieved success responded by channeling billions of dollars back to their homeland as well as providing expertise. With the first Indonesian Diaspora Congress scheduled to open in Los Angeles on July 7, 2012, Indonesia, too, is beginning to recognize the power of those who have moved abroad. Speaking on the eve of the opening of the three-day congress, Indonesian Ambassador to the United States Dino Patti Djalal said that so far Indonesians abroad had been largely ignored. But the congress, which already has registered participants from several other countries, will be a major step toward ensuring that Indonesians living abroad will continue to have a bond with their homeland. As the ambassador noted, the congress can build friendship and a spirit of togetherness between Indonesian diaspora groups. The government also hopes that the congress will awaken a new sense of awareness among the diaspora to create synergy with Indonesians back home. Therefore the congress can boost greater economic and social links between Indonesia and the world. Indonesians living abroad can be a bridge linking the country to other nations and the global economic grid. This is vital in a globalized world and will give Indonesia an extra edge. The Indonesian diaspora can play a significant role in the continued growth and development of the country. Given that many of them have built successful careers and lives in distant lands, they can form an extended network of brain power and source of capital for the nation and strengthen our second track diplomacy in the global stage. Keywords: indonesian diaspora, globalization, global economics, national identity, brain power, capital Introduction This research provides a fresh look at the topic of Indonesian Diaspora and international mobility examining talented and highly educated individuals. It highlights the potential of ‗brain circulation‘1 embedded in the greater mobility of graduate students, professionals, information technology experts, entrepreneurs, cultural workers, and others in the world economy. In some fields, such the global health sector, the concerns of brain and human resource drains are still very valid. The research in this article and the literature on the topic have identified several factors that affect the mobility of different types of talent such as international differences in earnings and development gaps, the demand for capital and new technologies, concentration effects and the location of capital, markets and talent, and policy regimes and immigration policies in recipient countries. The upcoming decade promised to be significantly more dynamic for the Trans-Atlantic relations in general, and particularly for North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Thus, due to a new security environment fueled by globalization, some people might perceive that the conflict in Syria and Iraq are linked and related2. The border between the two countries has become meaningless, and the emerging crisis in Iraq has direct consequences on the fighting in Syria. Neither the Syrian regime nor the rebels that oppose it stand to gain a decisive advantage from the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant‘s recent action in Iraq. As things stand now, the primary beneficiary will be the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant itself3. 1 See Clay G. Westcott and Jennifer Brinkerhoff See Hendra Manurung & Andrianto Arief,‖World Competition On Natural Resources & Regional Conflict‖, IRIS Volume II December 2014. 3 Ibid. 2 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 24 Therefore, the regional institution such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN) should be able to facilitate constructive solution, as well as country-specific institutional and stakeholder assessment and, based on this knowledge, develop an effective long-term engagement strategy of ASEAN leaders, which will help to mitigate climate change issues, natural resourcerelated border territorial security, conflict resolution challenges, and regional development trends. The development and interconnectedness of information and communications technologies (ICTs) such as the Internet, email, satellite television and mobile phones are diffusing globally at an impressive speed. The Internet is undoubtedly the most striking example. From only a handful of websites in the early 1990s, the Internet grew to contain several million websites at the turn of the millennium. Moreover, the costs of producing, using and communicating information have constantly decreased, making ICTs available to an increasing number of people all over the world. The effects of Indonesian Diaspora talent mobility on international development, economic growth, income disparities, international transfers of technology, and the circulation of ideas are herein investigated by expert international contributors.4 The rise of human rights abuses and corruption in high incidence countries Indonesia has caused Indonesia's image in international eyes for the worse. Eventhough Indonesia‘s government is still not a kind of state that appreciated their people abroad. Not a few people outside of Indonesia who succecced in the world. Indonesian people itself both of which are still a citizen or is a foreign citizen, who has lived spread in various nations around the world called Indonesia Diaspora.5 Those Indonesian Diaspora citizens always love homeland of Indonesia, or who have family ties with foreign citizens. Indonesia also considered part of the Indonesia Diaspora. "The principle is as long as there Indonesia‘s people heart, regardless of skin color, the color of the passport and type of visa, then he is part of Indonesia. U.S. President Barack Obama also consider Indonesia Diaspora citizens,", Indonesia‘s Ambassador to Washington D.C., Mr. Dino Patti Djalal said during the socialization the Congres Indonesia Diaspora (CID) which has been held on July 6 to 8, 2012 at the Los Angeles Convention Center, California.6 The Congress of Indonesia Diaspora 2012 is the first embryo to Indonesia citizens abroad outside the country as a great community, that can share the source of knowledge, innovation, empowerment, capital and networking.7 As a figure of Indonesia is considered to plan career abroad, the Congress organizers invited the success Indonesia Diaspora abroad, Sri Mulyani and Anggun C. Sasmi, as speakers in the congress. Therefore, the term of Diaspora is rarely used in everyday life. Indonesia considers Indonesia citizens abroad are less likely to be taken into account, underestimate, and even sometimes questionable nationalism.8 Such perceptions are not match anymore for today and should be changed. In seeking to understand the past to improve the future, we begin in this field with the very recent past. We do so because diaspora philanthropy back to Asia, “which is donations back to Asian countries for purposes of charitable, social, economic, cultural, religious and other forms of development as distinct from family relief, business investment, and other forms of remittances”.9 It has a relatively recent history. In Asia, some forms of diaspora giving most contributions from overseas for religious and charitable work, for example, clearly go back much further than large-scale contributions for the building of universities or support for social justice organizations.10 But research on that phenomenon, what we focus on here, is even more recent. It is virtually impossible to find significant research on Diaspora giving to Asia that appears much before the mid to late1990s.11 In the late 1990s, however, research on Diaspora Philanthropy to Asian continent virtually exploded, but unevenly, with strong emphasis on India, Indonesia, Philippines, and China, and relatively little work on other countries and regions of Asia.12 See Harrys Simanungkalit. ―Kongres Diaspora Indonesia di Los Angeles (Amerika)‖ Ibid. 6 Speech delivered by Mr. Dino Patti Djalal in the 1st Congress Indonesia Diaspora (CID), Los Angeles Convention Center, California, USA, July 6-8, 2012 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 See Edward T. Jackson, Gregory Chin and Yixin Huang 2004 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 See Mark Sidel 1997 for early references 4 5 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 25 However, the number of Indonesian citizens abroad are numerous. Anyhow, perhaps no exact amount of Indonesia people who live outside the country, has reached four million more. Academic understanding of diaspora giving began with work on the philanthropy of the Jewish diaspora to Israel, and some very initial work on Mexico and other countries.13 But much of the initial modern research on diaspora philanthropy has sought to understand the scope, channels and goals of giving back to Asia, far more, it appears. There are a number of possible reasons why initial research on diaspora giving has focused so significantly on Asia. One reason is the size and demographics of the Asian diaspora population in the west (and, in the 1990s and this decade, throughout Asia and in the Middle East and the Gulf as well).14 The size of that diaspora, its relative youth, and the relative wealth of those groups made them key actors in 1990s diaspora giving and thus in initial research efforts. In particular, we can note the growing numbers and wealth of Indian, Chinese, Indonesian, and Filipinos abroad, and their relatively prominent role in giving back home. Within Asia the focus of the first stage of diaspora philanthropy research from 1997/98 to about 2003, was clearly on India and China.15 The size, relative youth, and relative wealth of those diasporas were important factors in the attention we gave them. But perhaps there were other reasons as well for the strong attention given to the Asian diaspora philanthropy process when organized research began in the mid to late 1990s.16 Within their own countries, India, Chinese, Indonesians, and later Filipino diaspora givers became rapidly prominent, which was from the village level in the case of schools and clinics to the national level in terms of building universities, hospital, temple and other work.17 Governments in some Asian countries appear to have focused earlier on a more rapidly and sharply growing phenomenon in their countries, again, initially and primarily in India, Philippines, China, and Indonesia adding fuel once again to diaspora giving and to research on it. In fact there is a country, dubbed "Indonesia in the Americas", which is Suriname. Based on 1990 Census, approximately 74, 760 people (17.8%) in Suriname is Javanese people.18 But do not think that Indonesia citizens who live abroad consist only of the Indonesian labor only. Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) is just a small part of diaspora outside the country Indonesia. The strategic position of Indonesia and its waterways between the Indian and Pacific Oceans has led to a fascinating and complex cultural, religious, political and economic history. Evidence of Indonesia‘s earliest inhabitants include fossils of ―Java Man‖ (Pithecanthropus Erectus), which date back some 500,000 years, discovered near the village of Trinil in East Java by Dr. Eugene Dubois in 1809.19 History and Globalization Challenges Major migration movements to the Indonesian archipelago began about 3000 years ago as the Dongson Culture of Vietnam and southern China spread south, bringing with them new Stone, Bronze and Iron Age cultures as well as the Austronesian language.20 Their techniques of irrigated rice cultivation are still practiced throughout Indonesia today. Other remnants of this culture such as ritual buffalo sacrifice, erection of stone megaliths and lkat weaving are still visible in isolated areas across the archipelago. Indonesia came under the influence of a mighty Indian civilization through the gradual influx of Indian traders in the first century AD, when great Hindu and Buddhist empires were beginning to emerge. By the seventh century, the powerful Buddhist Kingdom of Sriwijaya was on the rise, and it is thought that during this period the spectacular Borobudur Buddhist temple was built in Central Java.21 The thirteenth century saw the dominance of the fabulous Majapahit Hindu Empire in East Java, which united the whole of modern-day Indonesia and parts of the Malay peninsula, ruling for two centuries. Monuments across Java such as the magnificent Prambanan temple complex near Yogyakarta, the mysterious Penataran temple complex in East Java and the ethereal temples of 13 Ibid See Mark Sidel 2004 15 See, e.g., Dugger 2000, Greene 2002a. 16 See, e.g., Phuong Ly 2004. 17 See, e.g., Geithner et al 2004, Johnson 2005, Johnson et al 2005, Westcott and Brinkerhoff 2006, Merz et al 2007. 18 See, e.g., Phuong Ly 2004 19 Ibid 20 Yasni, Sedarnawati. 2010. Citizenship. Bogor: Media Aksara. 21 Ibid. 14 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 26 the Dieng Plateau are all that remain of this glorious period in Indonesia‘s history.22 The first recorded attempt at armed invasion of Indonesia is credited to the notorious Mongol Emperor Kubilai Khan, who was driven back in 1293. Arab traders and merchants laid the foundations for the gradual spread of Islam to the region, which did not replace Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion until the end of the 16th century.23 A series of small Moslem kingdoms sprouted up and spread their roots, but none anticipated the strength and persistence of European invasions which followed. In 1292, Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to set foot on the Islands, but it wasn‘t until much later that the Portuguese arrived in pursuit of spices.24 By 1509, the Portuguese had established trading posts in the strategic commercial center of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. Their fortified bases and the inability of their enemies to unify against them allowed the Portuguese to control strategic trade routes from Malacca to Macau, Goa, Mozambique and Angola.25 Inspired by the success of the Portuguese, the Dutch followed at the turn of the 16th century. 26 They ousted the Portuguese from some of the easternmost islands, coming into conflict with another major European power, Spain, which had focused its colonial interests in Manila. The Dutch expanded their control of the entire area throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The Dutch East Indies, as it was known at this time, fell under British rule for a short period during the Napoleonic Wars of 1811-1816, when Holland was occupied by France, and Dutch power overseas was limited.27 While under British control, the Lt. Governor for Java and its dependencies was Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, known for his liberal attitude towards the people under colonial rule and his research on the history of Java.28 With the return of the Dutch in 1816,29 a period of relative peace was interrupted by a series of long and bloody wars launched by the local people against the Dutch colonial government. When World War II broke out in Europe and spread to the Pacific, the Japanese occupied the Dutch East Indies as of March 1942, after the surrender of the Dutch Colonial Army following the fall of Hong Kong, Manila and Singapore. On 1 April 1945, American troops landed in Okinawa. Soon after, on August 6 and 9, the United States dropped atomic bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki.30 A few days later, on August 14 1945, the Japanese surrendered to the Allied Forces. That occasion opened the opportunity for the Indonesian people to proclaim their independence. Three days after the unconditional Japanese surrender, on August 17, 1945, the Indonesian national leaders Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesia`s independence on behalf of the people. The proclamation, which took place at 58, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta,31 was heard by thousands of Indonesians throughout the country because the text was secretly broadcasted by Indonesian radio personnel using the transmitters of the Japanese-controlled radio station, Jakarta Hoso Kyoku.32 An English translation of the proclamation was broadcasted overseas. The Indonesian nationalist and independence movements of the 20th century have their roots in this period. Upper and middle class Indonesians, whose education and contact with Western culture had made them more aware of colonial injustice, began mass movements which eventually drew support from the peasants and urban working classes. The Japanese replaced the Dutch as rulers of Indonesia for a brief period during World War II (1939-1945).33 The surrender of the Japanese in 1945 signaled the end of the Second World War in Asia and the start of true independence for Indonesia.34 22 Yasni, Sedarnawati. 2010. Citizenship. Bogor: Media Aksara. Ibid. 24 Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Perjuangan Menghidupi Jati Diri Bangsa. Depok: Grasindo. 2010. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 30 Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Perjuangan Menghidupi Jati Diri Bangsa. Depok: Grasindo. 2010. 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid. 33 Ibid. 34 Ibid. 23 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 27 With major changes in global consciousness about the concepts of freedom and democracy, Indonesia proclaimed its independence on the 17th of August 1945 of that same year.35 The returning Dutch bitterly resisted Indonesian nationalist movements and intermittent fighting followed. Although two agreements had been reached between Indonesia and the Netherlands in 1947 (Linggarjati Agreement) and 1948 (Renville Agreement)36, a precarious truce remained ongoing throughout this critical period. It was Ambassador McNaughton‘s incredible ability to maneuver through diplomatic deadlocks, along with his brilliant leadership that would bring resolutions 40 and 41 of February 1948 to the forefront, resolutions that would call for a ceasefire to the armed conflict in Indonesian territory37. On his second and third term as President of the UN (United Nations) Security Council, and with the outbreak of serious, renewed conflict, McNaughton‘s persistence and determination was behind the issuance of Security Council resolutions 63, 64, 65/1948 and 67/194938, which recognized the urgent need to bring both sides back to the negotiating table and called upon the Netherlands to cease its attacks on Indonesian territories. In fact, the ―Canadian Proposal‖ became the basis of the resolution of the Indonesia-Netherlands conflict39. And its architect, General Andrew McNaughton began to map out the road to peace.40 The Soviets vetoed the move, however, but McNaughton argued that the veto bore no merit since the Council had earlier approved the basic elements of a peace plan. The UN Security Council then went on to adopt his proposal in resolution no. 67/January 1949, 41 which endorsed the establishment of a Tripartite Commission to hold negotiations with Indonesia and the Netherlands. These negotiations would lead to the international recognition of Indonesia‘s sovereignty in December of the same year. Under the auspices of the United Nations at the Hague, an agreement was finally reached on December 9, 1949,42 officially recognizing Indonesia‘s sovereignty over the former Dutch East Indies. The definition of Diaspora itself is a broad term that refers to the migration of people away from an established or ancestral homeland.43 The congress, which is open to Indonesians residing anywhere, already has registered participants from the United States, Australia, Canada, South Africa, Singapore and a number of other countries.44 The Indonesian Diaspora Congress is aimed at encouraging the Indonesian diaspora community where ever they are to united into a bigger community built continuously with a national identity.45 Indonesia still grow up and need to think about how the nation can improve for all its people and not just the few who continue to rape the rest. As we realize that we never once question the high quality of Indonesian talents abroad, which is currently working everywhere from Sillicon Valley, Boeing Industries, NASA, Microsoft, Apple, Stock Exchange, Professors etc.46 Nowadays Indonesians abroad are basically as talented competent and competitive as everyone else in this world including talents abroad from China and India,47 well as we hope that congress is open and honest enough to discuss about the lack of government support and sincere appreciation to their talents, and the rise of Islamic radicals in Indonesia, or even failed state of no law enforcement, before we start comparing ourselves to how China and India tap into their global diaspora. A Chinese American wakes up and logs on to China.com where she catches up on the previous day‘s events in China and in ethnic Chinese communities around the world.48 A sari-clad woman on Long Island purchases Resurgent India Bonds over the phone, putting her savings into the service of 35 Ibid. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Perjuangan Menghidupi Jati Diri Bangsa. Depok: Grasindo. 2010. 37 Ibid. 38 Ibid. 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid. 42 Ibid. 43 Speech delivered by Mr. Dino Patti Djalal in the 1st Congress Indonesia Diaspora (CID), Los Angeles Convention Center, California, USA, July 6-8, 2012. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid. 47 Speech delivered by Mr. Dino Patti Djalal in the 1st Congress Indonesia Diaspora (CID), Los Angeles Convention Center, California, USA, July 6-8, 2012. 48 This image refers to the Internet portal of China.com, which, as a U.S.-listed, publicly traded corporation owned in part by AOL and the Chinese state news agency, Xinhua, is itself very much diasporan. http://corp.china.com/shareholders.htm (last visited Apr. 12, 2001). 36 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 28 her homeland.49 A Jewish American boards a subsidized flight, joining other Jewish Americans flying to Israel to vote in a crucial election.50 Taking office as President of Ireland, Mary Robinson declares her intention to represent not just the 3.5 million people residing in the Republic, but also the other seventy million worldwide who claim Irish descent.51 An Albanian American in Yonkers prepares to go fight in the Kosovo Liberation Army.52 While diasporas are as old as history, diasporas at the turn of the millennium maintain bonds to their homelands and among their members that are stronger than ever. Today, the diaspora people dispersed from their homelands, yet maintaining ties to those homelands and to each other votes, invests capital, participates in political life, and even takes up arms, all for a distant homeland.53 These expressions are markers of citizenship and nation, not only private association and culture. Because they maintain important relationships that defy national borders, diasporas today do not fit easily into the simple Cartesian geography of the nation-state system, which conceives of political communities expressed only within a nation-state, not across nation-states.54 Empowered by communication and transportation revolution that help bind far-flung people, diasporas now fundamentally challenge the international legal system. The traditional response to this challenge would be to insist upon the clean demarcations of the nation-state. For ―statists,‖ the nationstate defines the borders of the political community to which one can legitimately belong.55 Statists would presume diaspora relations to be the stuff of private contacts, of sentiment that should diminish over time. To leave one‘s homeland is, under the theory embedded in the traditional international system, to reject any political connection with that homeland and to tie one‘s fortunes and loyalties entirely to one‘s adopted land. The statists, however, face their own critics in the form of internationalists who deny the moral salience of the state. These modern ―cosmopolitans,‖ led by renowned scholars such as Brian Barry, Charles Beitz, Martha Nussbaum, Thomas Pogge, and Jeremy Waldron, believe that an individual‘s primary commitment should be to humankind rather than to her compatriots or national flag.56 Globalization, the cosmopolitans believe, should lead to a global citizenry. Like statists, however, cosmopolitans too would be hostile to the diaspora, rejecting the diaspora‘s patriotism either to its original or adopted patria. For the cosmopolitans, the diaspora is doubly misguided because of its potential commitment to not just one, but two states.57 To be honest, the researchers who have studied abroad and returned to Indonesia, also spoke from their own experiences that most Indonesians abroad still like their homeland and also like their adapted country as well. There are some success story of course but some are not. They do work harder than the most Indonesian at home, with so many challenges they face on daily basis they manage to overcome that problems. If they really serious about Indonesia‘s Diaspora, Indonesian government must allow them to have dual citizenships, this is a first step if Jakarta want the program to be successful. Eventhough, at this moment the centralized government policy toward ex Indonesian people abroad, ―treating them just the same like treating tourist from out side‖.58 An advertisement for Resurgent India Bonds depicts an image of a woman in a sari advising: ―You don‘t need to be a financial wizard. You need to be Indian.‖ Somini Sengupta, India Taps Into Its Diaspora: Investing for Love of Country, and 7.75% Interest, N.Y. Times, Aug. 19, 1998, at B1 (―[T]he Government is hoping to cash in on the patriotic fervor among its departed native sons and daughters.‖). 50 Jackie Rothenberg, Vote May Turn on a Wing & a Low Fare, N.Y. Post, May 16, 1999, at 7 (noting that ―Israelis leaving from New York, Los Angeles and Toronto, along with others departing from Europe, could make a difference‖ in Israeli national election). 51 Rob Brown, Putting the Sporran Into Diaspora, Sunday Herald (Glasgow), Jan. 23, 2000, at 8, LEXIS, News Library. 52 Barbara Stewart, Signing Up in Yonkers to Fight for Kosovo, N.Y. Times, Apr. 12, 1999, at A1. 53 See Mark Sidel 2007. 54 As Thomas Franck describes: Since the Reformation, the Peace of Westphalia and the writings of Hugo Grotius, the state has been the alpha and omega of personal identity. One is Canadian or American or Rwandan or Indonesian. All persons and corporate entities have a nationality, which describes their singular and total identity as recognized by the international legal and political system. Thomas M. Franck, Clan and Superclan: Loyalty, Identity and Community in Law and Practice, 90 Am. J. Int‘l L. 359, 360 (1996); cf. James Clifford, Diasporas, 9 Cultural Anthropology 302, 307 (1994) (―Diasporas are caught up with and defined against . . . the norms of nation-states . . . .‖). 55 See infra notes 122-27 and accompanying text. 56 See infra notes 193-98 and accompanying text 57 For ease of exposition, this Article speaks of the potential commitments of a diasporan individual as being to her homeland and her hostland. However, a diasporan individual may have more than two potential states to which she feels a commitment, perhaps because she has lived, for example, in India, Kenya, and then the United States. 58 See Johannes Pontoh. ―Ada 4 Juta Lebih WNI di Luar Negeri.‖ 49 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 29 Most of them feel like they are stranger in their mother land. As we supposed that they could contribute to Indonesians people, if Indonesian government willing to accept them with this status, because in Indonesia‘s Diaspora heart, they still love Indonesia and want to see Indonesia to be success in current global competition. If Jakarta are not willing to change it will stay the same. It is different with China, who had invited ex Chinese abroad to visit their home land, as we thought it was good gesture to build ―an early constructive bridge‖. Most of the Indonesians who live outside the country are excellent people, but sadly almost all of them have no plan to return anytime soon. In fact the brain drain is a severe threat to business going forward, which is mainly to Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and New Zealand. It is because of radicalism, quality of life and general freedom from the daily dredge of Indonesian life, such as: corruption, bureaucratic crap, fear, traffic, water and air pollution. Strategic Location and Globalization By 2000, over one-third of Silicon Valley's high-skilled workers were foreign-born, and overwhelmingly from Asia. These US-educated engineers are transforming developmental opportunities for formerly peripheral regions as they build professional and business connections to their home countries. In a process more akin to ‗brain circulation‘ than ‗brain drain‘, these engineers and entrepreneurs, aided by the lowered transaction costs associated with digitization, are transferring technical and institutional know-how between distant regional economies faster and more flexibly than most large corporations. This research examines how Chinese and Indian-born engineers are contributing to highly localized processes of entrepreneurial experimentation in their home countries, while maintaining close ties to the technology and markets in Silicon Valley. High demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The research focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures, and access to state-of-the-art equipment. High-skilled student migration may lead to a brain drain for developing countries. After a brief review of the literature, this research provides an analysis of patterns of student migration to the US. Estimates based on panel data for fifty countries over the period 1990-99 provide some limited evidence on brain drain or gain, although Latin America may be more vulnerable than other regions to brain drain. In order to fight brain drain, programmes can however be implemented in order to ensure that students who have migrated abroad return to their country of origin. Examples of three programmes implemented in Colombia and Mexico that aim to mitigate the risk of brain drain into a gain, or more generally, to optimize ‗brain circulation‘ are provided. The consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This chapter considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems. Policy responses are shifting from a reactive agenda that focuses on stemming migration towards a more active agenda of managed migration that benefits source and destination countries. Improved working conditions and effective human resource practice are required to encourage retention of health professionals in both source and destination countries. Artists, musicians, and writers have always been great travellers. Today, their talent circulates in new ways, and takes new forms, as the creative industries expand globally in a marriage of media technology and the traditional arts. The growing international market for cultural talent can do much to help countries diversify their economies, and improve quality of life more broadly. The creative industries are subject to strong clustering effects, with talent moving swiftly to the most vibrant clusters, not always to the advantage of the poorer countries which can lose talent to the richer world. Countries that protect intellectual property rights, educate and train their talent, and maintain politically open and liberal societies will have a head start in the global creative economy. Today‘s globalization phenomenon is not a conclusion. This essential globalization transformation has been obvious since the results of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Swiss, in January 2003, also known ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 30 as Davos Globalization,59 where the increasing sacredness of personal ownership and use of rights has resulted in the detachment of the power performance and financial capital mobility from the surviving process of the world‘s citizens the money.60 The role of international organizations grows with the acceleration of globalization and the increasing importance of global governance. However, thus far, only limited and rather narrow research has been generated on the subject. It is a state of affairs that reflects on international studies, as well as on the power realities of the world. By assessing international organizations through the career prospects that they offer to skilled professionals, this paper is an attempt to remedy this situation. As such it unveils some of the internal dynamics of international organizations and explores their external consequences in terms of the relations between international organizations, the people employed by these, and the power play (economic, social, political, and even cultural) at the national and international level. Indonesia lies at the intersection of the Pacific Ocean, along the Malacca Straits and the Indian Ocean.61 The fall of community ideology in Soviet Union (1990), and East Europe (1991), traditional ideology in People‘s Republic of China, monetary upsurge especially in Asia Pacific regions into new millenium era, the changes of challenges and opportunities faced by each country will tend to be different from the experiences in the past.62 Over half of all international shipping goes through Indonesian waters. Increasingly, Indonesia is playing a more dominant role in global affairs.63 It is Southeast Asia‘s only member of the G-20 and an active voice for developing world‘s concerns. The Standard Chartered sees Indonesia‘s inclusion in the G-7 by 2030, projecting that Indonesia‘s economy could be the 10th largest in 2020 and the 5th largest in 2030. Being the current chair and a leading member of ASEAN, Indonesia shapes integrative approaches in the region for security, trade and commerce, and will be the integral part of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. Indonesian Diaspora includes people outside the country, his family and descendants, citizens and foreigners, and foreigners are friendly, cultured, as well as near and love Indonesia. Indonesia‘s Ambassador to the United States, Mr. Dino Patti Djalal conceptualizing, designing, and being told that the CID 2012 aims to build and synergizing strengths of existing Indonesian Diaspora abroad to be a real force for the benefit and progress of the nation and state of Indonesia. During Indonesia's Diaspora virtually estimated around 5 to 8 million people that have not been contacted regularly by Jakarta. And they could potentially be devastating and main power of the nation's progress in realizing the new Indonesia the 21st century.64 Currently there are about 10 million Indonesian Diaspora living in various countries around the world. In Malaysia, there are about 2 million Indonesian Diaspora and in the Netherlands amounted to 1 million people.65 Therefore with the GDP expected to reach US$ 1 trillion this year, Indonesia is the largest economy in Southeast Asia. Much less affected by the global financial crisis compared to its neighboring countries, Indonesia‘s economy grew by 6.3% in the first semester of 2012, making it the fastest growing G20 economy after China.66 Indonesia grew by 6.5% in 2011, and is expected to grow by 6.3% this year, providing a case for the country‘s inclusion in the so-called BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China) economies.67 Future economic expansion is expected to include more inclusive growth as nominal per-capita GDP is expected to quadruple by 2020,68 according to a Standard Chartered report. A large part of our economic success is a result of prudent fiscal stewardship that focused on reducing the debt burden. Indonesia‘s debt to GDP ratio has steadily declined from 83% in 2001 to less than 25% by the end of 2011, the lowest among ASEAN countries, aside from Singapore which has no government debt. 59 See Ermaya Suradinata, ―Management of Changes And Strategies: Creative Leadership‖, National Resilience Institute Republic of Indonesia (LEMHANNAS), Jakarta, 2004, p.5 60 Ibid. 61 See Ermaya Suradinata, ―Management of Changes And Strategies: Creative Leadership‖, National Resilience Institute Republic of Indonesia (LEMHANNAS), Jakarta, 2004, p.1 62 Ibid. 63 Ibid. 64 See Johannes Pontoh. ―Ada 4 Juta Lebih WNI di Luar Negeri.‖ 65 Ibid. 66 BKPM Report, January – June 2012 67 Ibid 68 Ibid. ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 31 To be concluded, Indonesia is emerging as a key player on cross-cutting international policy issues as climate change and the global financial architecture, which will have direct and indirect impacts on business and investment decisions. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, Engagement & National Identity The development of a sense of ownership of and belonging to ASEAN among the region‘s peoples is a necessity. ASEAN countries encourage the increased constructive participation of civil society, including the youth, in the ASEAN community-building. ASEAN countries therefore pledged to continue and develop regular interaction with the people with the aim of developing a peopleoriented organization. ASEAN countries reiterated their determination to promote constructive dialogue and stronger partnership with civil society in various sectors of cooperation. Besides ASEAN countries noted the need to launch more endeavours to promote interaction between ASEAN and the people, which will bring ASEAN closer to the people and vice versa. However, ASEAN countries further encouraged the organization of activities that not only raise public awareness of ASEAN, but, more importantly, engage and empower the people. Indonesia‘s invitation for ASEAN Member States to participate in the ASEAN Fair, to be held in Bali in conjunction with the 19th ASEAN Summit and Related Summits, in November 2011, was appreciated by ASEAN member-states. Hopefully the Fair will bring together many elements of society in various activities that demonstrate the nature of ASEAN as ―being of the people, by the people and for the people‖. All ASEAN member-states acknowledged the importance of the participation of civil society in the attainment of the ASEAN Community by 2015. Therefore, they need to pledged constructive dialogue and establish stronger partnership and active collaboration with civil society in various sectors of cooperation. Besides that ASEAN member-states welcomed the initiative of civil societies in ASEAN that made a robust contribution to ASEAN Community building and noted the successful convening of the 7th ASEAN Civil Society Conference/ASEAN People‘s Forum in Jakarta, Indonesia on 3- 5 May 2011. The Indonesia opportunities are by now well known: tremendous natural resources; a burgeoning domestic consumer class; stable and democratic political leadership; and a stable financial system, among others. However, the risks are also very real, including a partially reformed legal and regulatory environment, crumbling infrastructure and systemic labor market rigidities. Moreover, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), despite its remarkable potential as an investment destination, in recent years Indonesia has fallen dramatically off the blistering pace set by its economic competitors. As an essential element of any strategy to overcome the structural challenges that accompany economic transformations, FDI provides capital, technology transfers and productivity gains to host countries. If targeted within the framework of a wider strategy, the successful attraction of FDI can bring immense benefits to the host‘s domestic economy. Despite contrary popularly held conceptions about FDI, empirical research demonstrates that FDI has brought job growth to many developing countries including China, Mexico and several countries in Central Europe. Therefore, the importance of a coherent FDI strategy cannot be overemphasized, as FDI is by nature finite and most effective when channeled to sectors with specific competitive advantages and when oriented towards specific development goals. Investment promotion intermediaries (IPIs), when successfully empowered to guide FDI strategy and promotion, can influence foreign investor perceptions about a given investment destination. Studies show that a 10% increase in an IPI‘s promotional efforts corresponds with a 2.5% increase in FDI, and the use of sector targeting causes a 41% gain in the growth rate of a given targeted sector. IPIs stand at the nexus of business and government, a privileged position that can influence the host country‘s positive rapport and image with foreign investors as well as positive policy outcomes for investment promotion. High‐performing IPIs, especially when they possess a multi‐layered organizational structure, effectively facilitate FDI that is likely to succeed (and return), while also identifying domestic champions, in terms of localities, industries, and firms, that will become the host country‘s greatest success stories. However, in the case of Indonesia‘s IPI, Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board (BKPM), changes are necessary to fully capture these benefits and realize Indonesia‘s full FDI potential. ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 32 Considering the potential dividends, such as infrastructure projects, high quality job creation, and technology transfers, that Indonesia stands to gain from the successful facilitation of FDI, strengthening BKPM is a pressing need, with large opportunity costs for inaction. Roles of Indonesia Diaspora to Enhance Track Two Diplomacy The broadest definition of Track Two Diplomacy refers to interactions among individuals or groups that take place outside an official negotiation process.69 Thus, ‗track one‘ refers to all official, governmental diplomacy (either bilateral or multilateral), and ‗track two‘ describes all other activities that occur outside official government channels.70 As Louise Diamond and John McDonald explain, track two diplomacy refers to ‗non-governmental, informal, and unofficial contacts and activities between private citizens or groups of individuals, sometimes called non-state actors‘.71 Networks can serve a variety of functions, including promoting solidarity and collaboration, exchanging information, communicating ideas, building capacity, monitoring activities, and advocating policies and programs. Therefore participation and empowerment have been two of the priority themes running throughout the annual Human Development Reports. A new people-centered development agenda places a premium on enhancing the participation of all relevant stakeholders, including especially women, youth, the poor, and other marginalized elements of society, as well as civil society and the private sector. The way to eradicate poverty, the UNDP reports have argued, is to empower the poor and marginalized elements of society to provide for the satisfaction of their own basic needs and values. As argued in the UNDP Poverty Report 2000, ―if poverty reduction programmes are to succeed, local government must be strengthened‖ as must popular participation and role of civil society in governance processes (UNDP, 2000).72 Diasporas play a central role in the international system, disseminating information, transmitting capital and transforming culture. Defying national borders, they challenge the basic conception of the nation-state system, yet international law has not begun to notice them. They challenge traditional views of citizenship, as well, yet they have escaped the attention of domestic public law scholars. This research begins to conceptualize Diasporas as a topic of legal inquiry. Diasporas undermine both the traditional statist conception of a citizenry with a singular national loyalty and the cosmopolitan alternative that denies the moral salience of states in favor of a world citizenship. The paper proposes a third paradigm of the relationship of citizen to state, a diaspora model that embraces diasporas as emblematic of a globalized world where history matters yet does not constrict. Therefore, it is best time to integrate Indonesia‘s Foreign Policy with Diaspora approach, in order to become national policy, creating national identity. President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said the concept of Diaspora is a new foreign policy strategy in Indonesia. In an effort to Indonesia be a world power, the first circle automatic Diaspora communities need to be developed is a natural history relating inner and rope with Indonesia. Diaspora approach is not legalistic rigid (only WNI), but the cultural soft and supple. In this approach, all the people of Indonesia abroad, as long as they love Indonesia, regarded as our brother, as part of a large family of Indonesia and, more importantly, as an asset. As we know that in the global era with a large Diaspora abroad, Indonesia Diaspora can be emerge as a pioneer of welfare. In the 1980s, the Chinese managed to utilize the services of millions of Chinese Diaspora spread across Asian continent to be the bridge of capital which later resulted in the spectacular economic growth. India today is actively developing close partnerships with 24 million their Diaspora worldwide. The number of Azerbaijan Diaspora exceeds the population of Azerbaijan people itself, and meanwhile Philippines Diaspora every year able to send money to their relatives home who number 10 percent of the Philippines GDP. Moreover, the best example is certainly Jewish people. It is said that there are only 14 million Jews in the world, including in Israel, but because of the very high connectivity of the Jewish 69 See Gabriel Almond See Diamond and McDonald, Multi-track Diplomacy, p.1 71 Ibid 72 UNDP Poverty Report 2000 70 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 33 Diaspora, they became the most powerful economy in the world. Last year in 2011, the World Bank noted the amount of remittances from the Diaspora various nations around the world to their hometown is about US$483 billions. Diasporas at the turn of the millennium share three new features that make them a more potent political and economic phenomenon than they have been in the past, making them, in turn, a phenomenon that demands new consideration in law. First, diasporas have become increasingly economically empowered, principally because their greatest numbers tend to be in prosperous, industrialized states.73 Moreover, hostility toward them in these lands has declined. Second, revolutions in transportation and communications technologies, especially the Internet, permit diasporas to participate actively in their homelands‘ affairs and to maintain a virtual community across borders to a more significant degree than was possible at any earlier time. 74Third, perhaps because of a deepening sense of an individual right to define one‘s identity,75 diasporas now are more likely to assert their right to maintain ties to their homelands and to each other. The increased economic and political ties afforded by these developments inevitably will lead to legal conflicts, especially those involving choice of law and concurrent efforts by nations to exercise prescriptive jurisdiction. Whereas at one time diaspora relations with the homeland tended to be disorganized and private, increasingly those relationships are well organized and public. We see this especially in the role diasporas play in the globalization of capital.76 Because of its members‘ expertise and ties to the homeland and because of their knowledge of Western corporations, the diaspora serves as the vanguard of multinational corporations that invest in developing and transition economies.77 Traditionally, diasporas also contributed capital directly through private mechanisms—sending remittances to loved ones left behind,78 offering charity, and investing directly in companies.79 Now, however, homeland governments are making official efforts to spur homeward investment from their diasporas with appeals founded on the patriotism of the diaspora.80 More than just economic benefits, the Diaspora approach is also useful for re-profiling of human image of Indonesia abroad. During this impression caused citizens overseas is fraught with problems and their incidence, even occasionally stumble inferiority. In fact, Indonesia Diaspora full profiles successful, alert compete internationally and be a role model in her community. Their success is 73 The majority of international migrants now go to just four wealthy countries: the United States, Germany, Canada, and Australia, in that order. World Bank, Entering the 21st Century: World Development Report 1999/2000, at 37-38 (2000). 74 Ibid See, e.g., Thomas M. Franck, The Empowered Self 2 (1999) (―[T]he law—national and international—is moving to accommodate this new interest of persons in taking charge of determining who they are.‖); Franck, supra note 6, at 359 (―What is new is a growing consciousness of a personal right to compose one‘s identity.‖); Charles Taylor, The Politics of Recognition, in Multiculturalism 25, 28 (Amy Gutmann ed., 1994) (describing ―new understanding of individual identity‖ based in ideal of authenticity that emerged at end of eighteenth century). 76 In a recent report on the state of world development, the World Bank points to the important role diasporas play in facilitating the dissemination of information and capital: ―Diasporas serve as channels for the flow of information, market intelligence, capital, and skills.‖ World Bank, supra note 26, at 39. They also ―may supplement formal channels that rely on market institutions,‖ which in turn provides a way for migrants to conduct transactions in an atmosphere of trust, and offsets information asymmetries and other market failures. Id. Finally, modern diasporas, like their Mediterranean predecessors, see infra notes 75, 76 and accompanying text, expedite business transactions by resolving monitoring problems, reducing opportunism, and building reputations and ethnic trust based on networking. Id. 77 Diasporas have long played a central role in international commerce. John Armstrong notes, for example, that ―Spanish Jews were indispensable for international commerce in the Middle Ages and Armenians controlled the overland trade between Europe and the Orient as late as the nineteenth century.‖ John A. Armstrong, Mobilized and Proletarian Diasporas, 70 Am. Pol. Sci. Rev. 393, 396 (1976). Armstrong also observes that diasporas historically have been ―directly involved in transmitting innovative economic techniques—e.g., Saxon miners in Eastern Europe and Chinese exploitation of gold and tin mines in Borneo and Malaya.‖ Id. at 397. 78 Sharon Stanton Russell, Migrant Remittances and Development, 30 Int‘l Migration 267, 267-75 (1992) (discussing impact of remittances on migration and development and noting increase in remittances between 1980 and 1990). 79 Commentators have, for example, discussed the importance of direct investment by overseas Chinese to the furious pace of economic development in the People‘s Republic of China. See Paul J. Bolt, Looking to the Diaspora: The Overseas Chinese and China‘s Economic Development, 1978-1994, 5 Diaspora 467, 468 (1996) (describing China as ―a state that has deliberately instituted policies to attract the resources of its diaspora‖); see also The Overseas Chinese: A Driving Force, Economist, July 18, 1992, at 21, 24 (observing that overseas Chinese populations are largest source of direct foreign investment in China). 75 The World Bank observes that ―[g]overnments in South Asia, Central and South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa have made limited efforts to exploit the potential of overseas networks to further development.‖ World Bank, supra note 26, at 39-40. It con tinues: ―In the next few decades, . . . countries with large and growing emigrant communities scattered throughout the world will have the opportunity to tap into the development potential of their diasporas.‖ Id. at 40. 80 ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 34 actually the success of Indonesia as well. Diaspora foreign policy, therefore, is a part of Indonesian nationalism healthy and openess. However, Diaspora Indonesia is already quite long played the role of national history. In the early twentieth century the Dutch graduates of Indonesia Diaspora helped spark the nationalist movement which gave birth to modern Indonesia, which was on May 20, 1908 and October 28, 1928. In the 1970s the Indonesian Diaspora called "Berkeley Mafia" appears to be the architect of economic development that makes Indonesia, regardless of the corruption, have one of the highest growths in Asia and scored significant combat poor. Indonesian Diaspora from Germany, Professor BJ Habibie, became the third President of Indonesia in 1998. Expanding Global Influence Indonesia is the 4th most populous nation in the world. Apart from its remarkable fiscal and political transformations during the last decade, Indonesia is also undergoing a major structural shift in terms of demographics. Of the 240 million people, over 50% of the population is under 29 years old, and 60% of the population is under the age of 39, with around 52% of the population living in urban areas. This provides for dynamic labor market participation, growing at 2.3 million per year. A rapidly urbanizing population also provides for strategic pools of labor force in centers of investment. Indonesia Ambassador to United States, Dino Pati Djalal‘s initiative to hold a Congress of the Indonesian diaspora in Los Angeles, US, this July reminds us of what Bung Karno, our first president, said decades ago: “Ours is not a narrow nationalism.” This meant that Indonesia‘s was not a fascist type of nationalism, but was a nationalism in the greater framework of internationalism and humanism. As Dino Pati Djalal‘s initiative become a firm step to realizing Bung Karno‘s vision. History is a continuum. Books may separate one government from the other, label one as an ―order‖ and the other as a ―regime‖ – history, however, cannot be separated that way. History is continuity. Bung Karno‘s vision was not based on any particular political party agenda. His vision transcended the often-conflicting interests of political parties. He was a statesman and his vision was the vision of Indonesia and the world to come. Dino is fulfilling that very vision of the late statesman. He is reaching out to Indonesians who are not only working and living abroad, but who may also have obtained foreign citizenship. As we reminded of an old Bollywood song, ―My shoes are made in Japan; my trousers are English; and my red hat is Russian; yet, my heart is all Indian.‖81 This, then, we might perceive as the realization of Sukarno‘s nationalism in the larger framework of internationalism itself. Therefore with the birth of Pancasila on June 1, 1945, in a historic speech that shall be remembered by generations to come, Sukarno introduced the five guiding principles of our national ideology, which is Pancasila. As he conceived it then, the sila of humanity was the very first principle. So above all, ―humanity‖.82 The second principle was that of ―togetherness and national unity‖.83 The Indonesian Diaspora Congress 2012, as we perceive it, is an attempt to stretch the meaning of this principle. The congress attempts to reinterpret it in the context of our modern world, with all its complexities. This is commendable. So, you can be a citizen of any country and yet you can retain your identity as an Indonesian national. This is the true spirit of Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, ―appearing as many, but being essentially one‖.84 It is not lip service to unity, but is unity based upon a realization that we all are essentially one. We all are Indonesians, and a step further, we all are human beings and are the residents of the Earth. The third principle is ―democracy‖ that is not based upon majority-minority dichotomy, but upon the spirit of one for all, all for one, and above all ―all for all‖.85 Indeed, we have our own brand and understanding of democracy that is uniquely Indonesian, which is dialogue, which is mostly based on 81 Mark Sidel, Focusing on the State: Government Responses to Diaspora Giving and Implications for Equity, in Merz, Chen, and Geithner, Diasporas and Development (Cambridge: Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University, 2007), pp. 25-54 (examples from Asia) 82 Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Perjuangan Menghidupi Jati Diri Bangsa. Depok: Grasindo. 2010. 83 Ibid. 84 Ibid 85 Ibid ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 35 democracy, a dialogue that leads to a unanimous decision. Indonesians did not have to learn the winwin theory from modern day motivators. The fourth principle is ―general well-being and social justice‖.86 Our ancients always prayed for all to be happy. Our ancestors never prayed for their own well being alone. It is only then, having worked on those four principles of humanity, unity, democracy and social well being, that we can come to the principle of religiosity, ―the spirit of all religions and beliefs‖.87 Today, there are approximately more than 150,000 Indonesian as well as Americans of Indonesian descent living in the United States. They live, study or work in different parts of the US. They come from different ethnicities, religions, level of economy and level of education. They come with different ideas, different skills and potentials. Further, there are also many Americans and American companies alike that have a great interest in and have a business networks to Indonesia. These are Indonesian Diaspora who can be a real force to help Indonesian development and to help change for a better world. Acknowledging the potentials of Indonesian diaspora as a social and economic forces for a better Indonesia and a better world, the Indonesian Embassy in Washington, DC with the support from Indonesian Consulates in the US is organizing a Congress of Indonesian Diaspora (CID) as a forum to connect and unite Indonesian Diaspora in the US and in other parts of the world. For centuries, Indonesian people are long known as great voyagers. Using trireme boats, our ancestors braved the waves, crossed the oceans, and resided in great cities of the world, extended from Madagascar, New Caledonia, South Africa, the Netherlands, to Suriname. Those were the first waves of Indonesian Diasporas. Currently, in the 21st century, Indonesian diasporas have become more than just overseas individuals. They have become a big and dynamic community, full of energy and potentials. Indonesian Diasporas are now scattered in many corners of the world. Indonesians Diasporas also consist of various professions and activities. From high-skilled workers, informal sector workers, politicians, artists, entrepreneurs, educators, innovators, contractors, oil and gas experts, ship crew, athletes, students, religious figures, and many more. Wherever you go, you obey the local custom and law, yet you all have one thing in common: ―A Love for Indonesia‖. That is why, researchers view that the theme of this first Congress of Indonesian Diaspora 2012, which is ―Harmony in Diversity‖, as appropriate and relevant. It is appropriate because ―Harmony in Diversity‖ is actually the soul of ―Bhinneka Tunggal Ika‖. Unity in Diversity. And it is relevant, because we believe that the key for world peace, justice, and welfare in the 21st Century, is the achievement of unity and harmony in a pluralistic world. We hope this theme will make Indonesian Diaspora to become pioneers in fostering ―Harmony in Diversity‖ in our global village. Be the confluence of civilizations, wherever you are. Increasingly, Indonesia is playing a more dominant role in global affairs. It is Southeast Asia‘s only member of the G-20 and an active voice for developing world‘s concerns. Being the leading member of ASEAN, Indonesia shapes integrative approaches in the region for security, trade and commerce, and will be the integral part of the ASEAN Economic Community in 2015. Finally, Indonesia is emerging as a key player on cross-cutting international policy issues as climate change and the global financial architecture, which will have direct and indirect impacts on business and investment decisions. Conclusion In a practical level, Diaspora Indonesia abroad can still contribute and show his love to Indonesia without having to return to their homeland. They could be contributing to the development of the republic to build a relationship with Indonesia to build collaboration, partnerships and investments, and build a positive image of Indonesia in the eyes of the world. In a more modest scale, Diaspora from Indonesia could be a tourism ambassador. They could be the "tip of the spear" in the promotion of cultural and culinary Indonesia. 86 87 Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan : Perjuangan Menghidupi Jati Diri Bangsa. Depok: Grasindo. 2010. Ibid. ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 36 The more culinary country will have an important role to enhance the promotion and the identity of Indonesia abroad so they can positively impact tourism industrial sector. Indonesia could then draw on the potential of Diaspora is so big. Moreover, at the global level, the current Indonesian Diaspora has been recognized as an innovative innovator has the power, entrepreneur, pioneer, and solid science educator, ideas, capital and networks that have integrated on five continents in millenium era. Therefore, do not leave the Indonesians Diaspora behind, because they are not only a strategic national asset but also a national asset capable of gripping the cross country world. Indonesian Government should unite their forces are still scattered, full of potential but weak connections. Diaspora approach should also be a national policy and a new strategy of economic development. More specifically, the government should develop foreign policies that pro-Indonesian Diaspora communities contacted regularly abroad in order to create a synergy of local national development is more stable and dynamic. The Indonesian government currently able to take concrete steps to develop a strong partnership with the Indonesian Diasporas. 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Simanungkalit, Harrys. ―Kongres Diaspora Indonesia di Los Angeles (Amerika).‖ http://luar negeri.kompasiana.com/2012/04/30/kongres diaspora-indonesia-di-los-angeles-amerika (akses 28 Mei 2012). ―Suriname.‖ http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname (akses 29 Mei 2012). Robert Marquand, As South China Rises, Giving from Overseas Chinese Shifts, Christian Science Monitor, April 27, 2005, p. 7 Sidel, Mark. ―Giving Home: Diaspora Giving from the United States as a Funding Source for Indigenous Philanthropic and Nonprofit Institutions”. (Report prepared for the Ford Foundation worldwide philanthropy meeting, London, 1997). Stephen G. Greene, New Philanthropies Court Prosperous Indian-Americans, Chronicle of Philanthropy, May 16, 2002. Stephen G. Greene, Giving Back to Their Homelands: Charities Worldwide Get Support from Emigrants in America, Chronicle of Philanthropy, May 16, 2002. Suradinata, Ermaya. (2004). Management of Changes And Strategies: Creative Leadership. National Resilience Institute Republic of Indonesia (LEMHANNAS RI), Jakarta. Thomas M. Franck, Clan and Superclan: Loyalty, Identity and Community in Law and Practice, 90 Am. J. Int‘l L. 359, 360 (1996); cf. James Clifford, Diasporas, 9 Cultural Anthropology 302, 307 (1994) (―Diasporas are caught up with and defined against . . . the norms of nation-states . . . .‖). UNDP Poverty Report 2000 Walker Connor, The Impact of Homelands Upon Diasporas, in Modern Diasporas in International Politics 16, 16 (Gabriel Sheffer ed., 1986). Yasni, Sedarnawati. 2010. Citizenship. Bogor: Media Aksara. ISBN 978-602-8273-53-4 www.isc.unwahas.ac.id 38