Abiotic stress and citriculture
DrWaleed Abobatta2022, Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering
https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00301visibility
…
description
3 pages
link
1 file
Salinity stress affects the growth and productivity of various fruit crops, furthermore, salinity is considered one of the main determining factors for cultivation. Under fluctuation in climate conditions, citrus growers must use various techniques to deal with increasing salinity levels to alleviate injuries, such as grafting with resistance rootstocks, canopy management, the Shading net technique, and using plant growth substances to sustain citriculture.
Related papers
Abiotic Stresses Management in Citrus
Advances in Citrus Production and Research [Working Title]
Citrus production is affected globally by several environmental stresses. Some citrus-producing regions suffer from severe ecological abiotic stresses, including cold, soil salinity and sodicity, extreme temperature, and drought. These abiotic stresses can alleviate the growth, fruit yield, and quality of citrus. Strategies that attempt to sustain and increase tolerance of citrus against the negative effect of abiotic stresses are the use of antiperspirant compounds, phytohormones, synthetic and natural growth regulators, soil and plant moisture retaining tools and structures, nutrition management, application of organic fertilizers, rootstocks breeding in citriculture, and others. These strategies increase the yield and growth of the plant along with the relative improvement of the fruit quality during the growth and fruiting period, increasing the absorption of water and nutrients, the extensive accumulation of osmolytes and the increase of antioxidant enzymes, changes in the amou...
Impact of salinity on citrus production; A review
2020
Citrus is one of the important horticultural fruit crop growing all over world. However, it is sensitive to many environmental stresses such as drought, excessive watering (water logging), extreme temperatures (cold, frost and heat), salinity and mineral toxicity, among all these stresses salinity stress is one of them. Salinity is abiotic factor that decrease the vegetative growth and yield by causing hyperosmotic and hyperionic effects on soil rhizosphere. Citrus is a crop susceptible to salt because citrus growth and yield is more significantly reduce in salt stress condition as compared with other fruit crops. There are many ways to combat the negative effect of salinity like alternate irrigation or selection of resistant root stocks. Therefore, this review focuses on the effect of salinity on citrus production and possible measures to reduce the losses.
Drought and Salinity in Citriculture: Optimal Practices to Alleviate Salinity and Water Stress
Agronomy, 2021
Among the various abiotic stresses, drought is the major factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. Citrus has been recognized as a fruit tree crop group of great importance to the global agricultural sector since there are 140 citrus-producing countries worldwide. The majority of citrus-producing areas are subjected to dry and hot summer weather, limited availability of water resources with parallel low-quality irrigation water due to increased salinity regimes. Citrus trees are generally classified as “salt-intolerant” with high water needs, especially during summer. Water scarcity negatively affects plant growth and impairs cell metabolism, affecting the overall tree growth and the quality of produced fruit. Key factors that overall attempt to sustain and withstand the negative effect of salinity and drought stress are the extensive use of rootstocks in citriculture as well as the appropriate agronomical and irrigation practices applied. This review paper emphasizes and summari...
Influence of Salinity on Citrus: A Review Paper
Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2005
Due to the rapid expansion of irrigated agriculture, effi cient use of the limited water resources in arid and semi-arid regions is becoming more and more vital. However, water salinity is a major problem due to its negative infl uence on the yields of many crops. It reduces citrus trees' growth and causes physiological disorders. Primarily salt-stress lowers net CO 2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and water potential of citrus tree leaves, in addition to accumulation of excessive concentration of Chloride or Sodium in leaves. A great deal of research indicates that citrus have the genetic potential to be salt-sensitive; however inheritance studies in citrus are scarce. In this paper the adverse of effects of salinity on physiological aspects of citrus are reviewed. The review summarizes the prevailing state of knowledge about the responses and tolerance of citrus trees to salinity.
Growth and physiology of citrus rootstocks under salt stress
Bioscience Journal, 2018
In order to study the growth and physiology of citrus rootstocks under saline water irrigation, during formation of rootstocks, an assay was carried out in a factorial scheme, 2 x 6, corresponding to two levels of salinity of the nutrient solution: 0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1 and six genotypes provided by the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava & Fruits-CBP, distributed in randomized block design with three replications. The genotypes were: 1.'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime (SCRL) (Citrus limonia Osbeck), 2. 'Florida Rough' lemon (FRL) (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), 3. 'Volkamer' lemon (VKL) (C. volkameriana V. Ten. &Pasq.), 4. CSM x SWC-028, 5. CSM x SWC-033 and 6.CSM x SWC-041, the last three hybrids of common 'Sunki' mandarin (CSM) [C.sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] with 'Swingle' citrumelo (SWC) [C. paradisi Macfad. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Nucellar plants from these genotypes were grown in alternative hydroponic system, using Leonard jars. Application of nutrient solution made with saline water started from 90 days after sowing until 120 days, when the growth and physiology parameters of plants were evaluated. Salt stress influenced the growth and physiological parameters in all genotypes. Salt stress did not influence the chlorophyll a fluorescence in the genotypes VKL and CSM x SWC-041, indicating no damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The CSM x SWC-041, 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime, 'Florida Rough' lemon and 'Volkamer' lemon are the more tolerant genotypes to salinity based on growth rate.
EFFECT OF SALINE STRESS ON GROWTH OF FRUIT PLANTS (REVIEW ARTICLE
Mesopotamia J. of Agric, 2020
Soil and irrigation water salinity are among the main problems hindering agricultural development, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, which depends on especially surface irrigation as the main means in agriculture. The salinity lead to low growth and production of plants, including fruit, as a result of the temporal, azalotic, or nutrients imbalance. Salinity of the soil or irrigation water greatly reduces the growth, productivity and quality of fruit crops by affecting their physiological, chemical and biological functions as they cause obstruction to the absorption of some elements by the plant and if it increased absorption of salts, it causes ion poisoning of the cell, as well as increased salts cause less absorption of water by the plant due to the high osmosis of soil water. There are many ways to reduce the salt stress in the growth of fruit plants, the most important of which is adding organic fertilizers such as humic acid or spraying with the amino acid proline.
Salinity tolerance and leaf water use efficiency in Citrus
J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci, 2010
In three separate experiments, the growth and water use of salinized citrus rootstock seedlings and grafted trees were modified using different growth substrates, elevated CO 2 , or 50% shade screen under field conditions. By reanalyzing previously published data, we tested the hypothesis that salinity tolerance in citrus can be characterized as the ability to maintain low levels of leaf Claccumulation through high plant growth and high water use efficiency (WUE) under saline conditions. Well-irrigated salinized seedlings of the relatively salt-sensitive Carrizo citrange [Carr (Citrus sinensis • Poncirus trifoliata)] were grown in sand, clay, or a peat-based soilless media. Salinity stress reduced plant growth and water use. Leaf Clconcentration was negatively related to plant growth, but leaf Clincreased with transpiration rate in low-saline treatments. In a second experiment using salinized seedlings of the relatively salt-tolerant Cleopatra mandarin [Cleo (Citrus reticulata)] grown along with Carr seedlings with or without elevated CO 2 , leaf Clwas negatively related to growth and to shoot/root dry weight ratio, but was positively related to water use such that leaf Clwas negatively related to leaf WUE. In a third experiment using salinized 2-year-old 'Valencia' orange (C. sinensis) trees grafted on Cleo or Carr rootstocks and grown with or without shadecloth, leaf Clwas positively related to leaf transpiration as both were higher in the spring than in the fall, regardless of rootstock or shade treatment. Overall, leaf Clwas positively related to water use and was negatively related to leaf WUE. High growth, low water use, and consequently, high WUE of salinized citrus were related to low leaf Cl-. Such relationships can be used as indicators of salinity tolerance.
REINVENTING THE BARBARIAN
HE STORY OF THE Barbarian Other in modern scholarship has followed an arc. First, there was a heyday with the works, most prominently, of François Hartog and Edith Hall. Then there was a kind of secondary phrase, with the elaboration of the overall theme in smaller studies, or debates over the key trigger for the development of the Greek-Barbarian polarity (colonization, the Persian Wars, Athenian imperialism?). 1 And then, surprisingly quickly, there came a reaction. Already in 2002, James Davidson wrote in the pages of the Times Literary Supplement that the "fashion for alterity [in classics had] passed its peak"-though it "lingers still," he continued (rather haughtily), "in general introductions. .. eager first books, and student essays." 2 There are a number of interlocking strands to this reaction. On the one hand, the Barbarian has been shrunk, seen more narrowly as an Athenian phenomenon; it is sometimes described as an "official" Athenian position. 3 On the other hand, more widely, the idea that Greek identity was defined primarily in oppositional terms has been disrupted by the introduction of apparently contrary evidence: expressions of curiosity in, or approval of, the foreign; the use of the Other as the basis of a critique of the normatively Greek; or evidence of real-life contact between Greeks and non-Greeks, and the borrowing or appropriation of aspects of non-Greek culture. The move "away from binary oppositions" 4 has become indeed almost a default scholarly manoeuvre. More broadly, for James Davidson, the most fundamental criticism of the Barbarian industry (as it has seemed) was the paucity of its results. "Most of the man and woman hours spent playing on alterity over the last twenty years have ended up in rather repetitive jingles"-[even if ] "from time to time someone manages to get a decent tune out of the instrument." 5 Davidson then continued with a This paper was delivered as the 2016 J. P. Barron Memorial Lecture at the Institute of Classical Studies, London. My thanks to the ICS Director, Greg Woolf, for his invitation and hospitality, and to the audience in London and subsequently at St Andrews for their responses and suggestions. I am grateful especially to Antti Lampinen, Jan Haywood, Emma Dench, and Sue Marchand for comments on a written draft, to Joe Skinner and Paul Cartledge for fruitful discussions-and to the Barron family for their warmth over more than three decades. All translations are my own unless specified.
Iskolamesterek a veszprémi egyházmegyében az 1778–1779-es canonica visitatio tükrében [Schoolmasters of the Veszprém diocese in the light of the 1778–1779 canonica visitatio]
Vilmos Fraknói Vatican Historical Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Péter Pázmány Catholic University, Viktor Kanász
Kanász Viktor: Iskolamesterek a veszprémi egyházmegyében az 1778–1779-es canonica visitatio tükrében. In: A veszprémi püspökség „hosszú 19. százada”. A veszprémi egyházmegye története 1777–1917 között, szerk. Karlinszky Balázs – Varga Tibor, Veszprém, 2024, 137–162.
The society of the schoolmasters of the Veszprém diocese was especially diverse in the 1770’s: we can find among them learned, Latin speaking teachers as well as magisters who could not even write in Hungarian. This paper draws the attention on how diverse requirements the Catholic church – including the Veszprém episcopate – and the local communities set up for the schoolmasters in the era and how the magisters met or tried to meet these criteria. In this aspect they seem to have had three main tasks: teaching, chanting and bell-ringing. Due to all this, they were required to diligently complete their teaching tasks with appropriate education, do the chanting and bell-ringing duties with appropriate knowledge of the ceremonies, do the creed and live a virtuous life keeping up good relationships with the parish priest and with the followers not causing any scandals in the local communities. As for the latter, they meant frugal alcohol consumption. Apart from this, the age of the schoolmasters was also considered since too old age could bring about several problems. This study finally refutes the old view that in this era the main task of the schoolmasters was not education but the tasks of a cantor since in the Veszprém diocese teaching received nearly as much emphasis and attention from the tasks of the schoolmasters as chanting.
Sheltering Each Other from the Storms to Come. Why We Need to Become Allies Rather Than Critics of Liberal Cultural Institutions
Ästhetiken X.0, 2023
At the end of August 2022, the Berlin Academy of Arts hosted a gathering of sound artists and sound researchers entitled "Soundings. Assemblies of Listenings and Voices from the Souths". This meeting was intended to develop new models for aesthetic and structural equity that would give adequate and audible voice to artistic and theoretical concerns emanating from Asian, African, Latin American cultural contexts, explicitly including Indigenous and Folk practices in the socalled 'Global North'. About a hundred participants from these contexts, the overwhelming majority so-called 'people of colour', passionately and intelligently demonstrated and argued against the many ways in which sonic and aesthetic, but also structural bias in cultural and academic institutions 'in the West' propped up its cultural 'soft' power. They looked for common ways to deal with this situation, for networks and-not the least-for mutual comfort and support. One participant even questioned the place chosen for this gathering: was it not strange and illogical to initiate these important and groundbreaking discussions within one of the hegemonial cultures? Why had we not held this gathering in, e.g.
Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Mini Review
Open Access
Abiotic stress and citriculture
Abstract
Volume 9 Issue 5 - 2022
Salinity stress affects the growth and productivity of various fruit crops, furthermore,
salinity is considered one of the main determining factors for cultivation. Under fluctuation
in climate conditions, citrus growers must use various techniques to deal with increasing
salinity levels to alleviate injuries, such as grafting with resistance rootstocks, canopy
management, the Shading net technique, and using plant growth substances to sustain
citriculture.
Keywords: citrus, climate conditions, grafting, rootstocks, salinity
Waleed Fouad Abobatta
Citrus Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Egypt
Correspondence: Waleed Fouad Abobatta, Citrus
Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture
Research Center, Giza 12112, Egypt,
Email
Received: August 21, 2022 | Published: September 14, 2022
Abbreviations: UV, ultraviolet; PGR, plant growth regulators;
HLP, citrus greening; PHs, protein hydrolysates; AMF, arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi
Background
to more spreading of pests and diseases like citrus greening (HLP),
dry root rot, citrus canker, citrus tristeza virus,…. Etc.8 Therefore,
researchers provide more efforts to adapt citrus orchards to these
threats to maintain productivity and improve fruit quality.
Citriculture and salinity
Citrus trees (Citrus spp.) are subjected to numerous biotic and
abiotic stresses which act simultaneously and affect tree growth and
productivity. Environmental stress is the main determining element
for the economic cultivation of citrus orchards. In addition, to global
warming, there are different challenges facing citrus production
worldwide. Unfavorable climate conditions, like rising temperature,
saline soil, drought, flooding, increasing ultraviolet (UV) radiation, or
high solar radiation among others.
Increasing soil salinity because of water scarcity is expected to
affect various glycophytes growing areas in the next decade. Citrus
varieties are considered very sensitive to saline conditions compared
with other fruit plants.1 Therefore, soil salinity is one of the major
abiotic stresses restricting citrus growth and productivity, which are
accountable for limiting tree growth and yield loss. Consequently,
citrus growing had to deal with various abiotic stresses and nutrient
deficiency, which lead to various morphological, physiological,
biochemical, and molecular responses of various plants, to minimize
adverse effects on citrus tree productivity.2,3
Different physiological, hormonal, and molecular responses of
the citrus tree are subjected to abiotic stress. In addition, trees use
biochemical mechanisms like osmotic adjustment, by reducing the
water potential and preserving the turgor of the cell by increasing
organic solute concentrations in the plant cells.2,3 There are different
methods used to improve salinity tolerance, such as grafting with
resistance rootstocks, different practices to improve tree growth and
productivity under salinity stress are required. In addition, elevated
CO2,4,5 shade screen under field conditions, and using various
substances such as plant biostimulants, Plant growth regulators (PGR)
is considered an essential practice to enhance a tree’s tolerance for
various abiotic stresses, increase yield crop, and improve fruit quality.6
This review focuses on the impact of salinity on citriculture and the
main practice required maintaining citrus growth and productivity.
Citrus is one of the salt-sensitive trees, currently, due to scarce
water in different citrus production regions particularly in arid and
semi-arid regions, citrus growers had to use low-quality water to
irrigation citrus orchards. Furthermore, irrigated soils in arid and
semi-arid regions are containing more salt ions that affect citrus
growth. Whereas citrus trees could sustain growth under moderate
salinity for short period.9
Salinity causes adverse impacts and decreases plant growth and
productivity because of the harmful effects of increased salts on the
ionic balance in the cell, water balance, nutrients, carbon dioxide
absorption rate, and various metabolic processes.10 Furthermore,
closing stomatal is considered the chief response of plants that are
subjected to salinity stress, which leads to a reduced average of
transpiration, consequently, minimizing photosynthesis due to low
CO2 available.11,12
Salinity causes various negative impacts on citrus trees like decay
tree (Figure 1), abortion fruit set, reduction in fruit yield, and poor
fruit quality, in addition, to limiting the expansion of this tree in new
regions. Furthermore, salinity causes direct effects on the root system,
which predisposes trees to different pathogens such as attacks by
fungi, bacteria, and nematodes, which inhibit the whole tree growth.
The main adverse effects of salinity on citrus
1. Leaf injury (Figure 2).
2. Reducing net CO2 assimilation.
3. Affect stomatal conductance.
4. Decreasing leaves water potential.
5. Accumulate higher concentrations of toxic ions in leaves,
particularly sodium and chloride.
Citrus and climate change
6. Reduction in NO3 absorbed.
Commercial citrus cultivars belong to genera of citrus, while,
most rootstocks from Citrus, Poncirus, and Hybrids of the two
genera.7 Currently, the citrus industry is subjected to different threats
worldwide, particularly, because of climate change, for instance,
high temperature, increase soil salinity, and low rainfall, in addition
7. Imbalance concentrations of various nutrients.
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com
J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;9(5):138‒140.
8. Inhibiting growth.
9. Yield losing.
138
©2022 Abobatta. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and build upon your work non-commercially.
Copyright:
©2022 Abobatta
Abiotic stress and citriculture
139
3. Exogenous application of biostimulants substances: Plant
biostimulants used in the agricultural sector to improve crop
performance, play important roles in increasing tolerance
and improving plant growth under environmental stress.18
Biostimulants act by enhancing salinity adaptation, improving
nutrient absorption, stimulating growth recovery, and enhancing
total yield.
There are many diverse bioactive substances are cataloged as plant
biostimulants based on their agricultural function claims, including:
I. Humic and Fulvic acids,
II. Animal and vegetal protein hydrolysates (PHs),
III. Macroalgae seaweed extracts.
IV. Silicon
V. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
Figure 1 Field image of Lemon trees affected by salinity (Photo by Dr.
Abobatta 2021).
VI. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria of strains belonging to the genera
Rhizobium, Azotobacter, and Azospirillum.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
The plant growth regulators (PGRs) are one of the important
substances that improve plant growth under various stress, (PGRs)
improve salinity tolerance, reduce salinity hazards, stimulate plant
growth, induced yield, and improve fruit quality.19 Moreover, under
field conditions, PGRs are used as practical treatments or growth
substances to improve tree performance and yield under saline
conditions.20
Benefits of PGRs
PGRs have essential impacts on plant tolerance for abiotic stress
and alleviating hazards of salinity, drought, and rising temperature.
PGRs causes a wide range of alteration in plant metabolism, such
as increasing the physiological availability of water and essential
nutrients and reducing toxic salt load.
The main benefits of PGRs are as follows:
Figure 2 Field image of impact of salinity on citrus leaves (Photo by Dr.
Abobatta 2021).
The previous studies showed that citrus trees could continue
growing and produce economic yield with fitting management
practice at moderate salinity levels for short time.13 The response of
the citrus trees to salinity stress differs depending on various factors
that include rootstocks, the intensity of salinity, phenological stage,
time of exposure, soil type, Calcium/ Sodium ratio in soil, irrigation
water quality, and other environmental conditions.13
Improve citrus tolerance to salinity
Several reports have shown that there are various techniques could
improve salinity tolerance in citrus that including:
1. Grafting with resistance rootstocks: Like Cleopatra mandarin,
Volkameriana, and Sacaton citrumelo.14 In addition to the use of
interstocks, which could be preventing plants from the toxicity of
salinity and considered one of the effective methods to enhancing
salinity tolerance and stimulate growth and productivity.12,15
2. Canopy management: Under abiotic stress, there are numerous
benefits of the controlled canopy and using of dwarfing rootstocks
to reduce harmful effects on the growth and productivity of
trees.16,17
a. Enhancing activation of the antioxidant enzyme.
b. Induce salt tolerance by reserving nontoxic levels of the reactive
oxygen species (ROS).21
c. Regulate metabolism activities in plants.
Conclusion
Salinity conditions affect citrus trees negatively and cause a
reduction in vegetative growth and productivity. Different practices
could be used to alleviate the adverse impacts of salinity such as using
resistance rootstocks, controlled tree size, using 50% net shading
under field conditions, and Exogenous application of anti-stress
substances and plant stimulators.
Acknowledgements
None.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.
References
1. Pagán E, Robles JM, Temnani A, et al. Effects of water deficit and
salinity stress on ate mandarin trees. Science of the Total Environment.
2022;803:150109.
Citation: Abobatta WF. Abiotic stress and citriculture. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;9(5):138‒140. DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00301
Copyright:
©2022 Abobatta
Abiotic stress and citriculture
2. Al–Yassin. Influence of salinity on citrus: a review paper. Journal of
Central European Agriculture. 2004;5(4):263–272.
3. Balfagón D, Zandalinas SI, Gómez‐Cadenas, A. High temperatures
change the perspective: Integrating hormonal responses in citrus plants
under co‐occurring abiotic stress conditions. Physiologia plantarum.
2019;165(2):183–197.
4. Abobatta WF. Plant Stimulants and horticultural production. MOJ
Ecology & Environmental Sciences. 2020a;5(6).
5. Romero–Romero JL, Inostroza–Blancheteau C, Reyes–Díaz M, et al.
Increased drought and salinity tolerance in Citrus aurantifolia (Mexican
lemon) plants overexpressing arabidopsis CBF3 gene. Journal of Soil
Science and Plant Nutrition. 2020;20(1):244–252.
6. Dias JPT. Plant growth regulators in horticulture: practices and
perspectives. Biotecnología Vegetal. 2019;19(1):3–14.
7. Singh J, Sharma V, Pandey K, et al. Horticultural classification of citrus
cultivars. Citrus Research, Development and Biotechnology. 2021;1–24.
8. Ezrari S, Radouane N, Tahiri A, et al. Dry root rot disease, an
emerging threat to citrus industry worldwide under climate change: A
review. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology. 2022;117:101753.
9. Levy Y, Syvertsen J. Irrigation water quality and salinity. Effects in
citrus trees. Horticultural Reviews. 2010;30:37–82.
10. Abobatta WF. Influence of Magnetic Iron and K–Humate on Productivity
of Valencia Orange Trees (Citrus Sinensis L.) under Salinity Conditions.
International Journal of Scientific Research in Agricultural Sciences.
2015. p. 108–119.
11. Abobatta WF. Plant Responses and Tolerance to Extreme Salinity:
Learning from Halophyte Tolerance to Extreme Salinity. In Salt and
Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants. 2020b;177–210.
140
13. Grieve AM, Prior LD, Bevington KB. Long–term effects of saline
irrigation water on growth, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Valencia’orange
trees. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 2007;58(4):342–348.
14. Cimen B, Yeşiloğlu T. Rootstock breeding for abiotic stress tolerance
in citrus. Abiotic and biotic stress in plants–recent advances and future
perspectives. 2016.
15. Aboutalebi A, Hasanzadeh H. Salinity and citrus rootstocks and
interstocks. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental
. 2014;4(2):654–672.
16. Abobatta WF. Canopy management of Washington navel orchards under
Egyptian conditions. SunText Review of BioTechnology. 2020;01(02).
17. Martínez–Cuenca MR, Primo–Capella A, Forner–Giner MA. Influence
of rootstock on Citrus tree growth: effects on photosynthesis and
carbohydrate distribution, plant size, yield, fruit quality, and dwarfing
genotypes. Plant Growth. 2016;16:107.
18. Nephali L, Piater LA, Dubery IA, et al. Biostimulants for plant growth and
mitigation of abiotic stresses: A metabolomics perspective. Metabolites.
2020;10(12):505.
19. Sabagh AE, Hossain A, Islam MS, et al. Prospective role of plant growth
regulators for tolerance to abiotic stresses. In Plant Growth Regulators.
2021. p. 1–38.
20. Small CC, Degenhardt D. Plant growth regulators for enhancing
revegetation success in reclamation: A review. Ecological engineering.
2018;118:43–51.
21. Pagán E, Robles JM, Temnani A, et al. Effects of water deficit and
salinity stress on ate mandarin trees. Science of the Total Environment.
2022;803:150109.
12. Hussain S, Luro F, Costantino G, et al. Physiological analysis of salt
stress behaviour of citrus species and genera: low chloride accumulation
as an indicator of salt tolerance. South African Journal of Botany.
2012;81:103–112.
Citation: Abobatta WF. Abiotic stress and citriculture. J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng. 2022;9(5):138‒140. DOI: 10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00301
Related papers
A Coptic Exodus Apocryphon (P.Lips. Inv. 2299)
Exhibition catalogue: Translated Religion. In a Forest of True Words. Leipzig 2022
Awareness of prostate cancer and its associated factors among men 40 years of age and older in Mizan Aman town, Bench Sheko zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, South West Ethiopia, 2019
Frontiers in Oncology, 2022
К вопросу об отношении антилатинской полемики к церковному праву Древней руси (ХI–ХII века)
Палеоросия. Древняя Русь во времени, в личностях, в идеях, 2019
Three-dimensional numerical modeling of single geocell-reinforced sand
Frontiers of Architecture and Civil Engineering in China, 2010
L’identità del paesaggio e la conservazione materiale ed immateriale del Rione Terra a Pozzuoli
International Forum S.A.V.E. Heritage, Safeguard of Architectural, Visual, Environmental Heritage , 2011
Thinking with Shakespeare: Essays on Politics and Life
Thinking with Shakespeare: Essays on Politics and Life, 2012
Prospección Arqueológica Superficial del yacimiento hispanomusulmán de El ladrillero de Aroche (Huelva)adrillero
Anuario Arqueológico de Andalucía/1987
Preparation and properties of Mahua oil-based liquid crystalline pentalkyds
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2009
Ethical Controversies in Forensic Psychiatry
Medicine Science | International Medical Journal, 2015
JARINGAN INTELEKTUAL ULAMA RIAU: Melacak Silsilah Keilmuan Syaikh 'Abdurrahman Ya'qub
Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura, 2019
Myocardial Injury in Critically Ill Children: A Case Control Study
ISRN Cardiology, 2014
Ethno Veterinary Approaches on Control and Treating Parasitic Diseases
Ethno Veterinary Approaches on Control and Treating Parasitic Diseases, 2024
Clinical features of Pompe disease with motor neuronopathy
Neuromuscular Disorders, 2019
Migration and implicit amenity markets: does incomplete compensation matter?
Journal of Economic Geography, 2003
Russische ‘architecten’, Duitse Burschen en Franse 'kinderen': Hoe de Russische studenten zich internationaal profileerden in de nadagen van het Russische Keizerrijk
Leidschrift : Rusland en Europa. Westerse invloeden op Rusland, 2009
Isotopic evidence of millet consumption in the Middle Bronze Age of East-Central Europe
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2021