Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary Studies

Contemporary Research in Multidisciplinary Studies Volume -1 Dr. A. PAUL MAKESH R.S. VARMA HIGH RISE BOOKS Edition 1 First Edition 2021 HIGH RISE BOOKS Amazon Publishers www.kdp.amazon.com Contemporary research in multidisciplinary studies Volume -1 ISBN: 9798532101418 Imprint : Individually published All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the author. This book has been published with all reasonable efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. The author of the book and full-length research paper donors are responsible and it’s content including but not limited to the views, representations, descriptions, statements, information, opinions and references. 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The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties of any kind concerning this book or its contents. Table of contents Chapter-1 : Pandemic, Online Education and Digital India: Students’ Perspective Chapter -2 : Prospects about Epigenetic Modification and its Disruption Chapter -3 : An Analysis On E- Learning Behaviour And Usage Of The Early Greatest Generation Chapter – 4 : Fostering Significant Role of General Educators in Implementing Mid-day Meal Scheme for Students with Intellectual Disabilities in an Inclusive Classroom Settings in the Wayanad District of Kerala Chapter -5 : The Economic Impact Of India's Covid-19 From The Perspective Of The World Economy Chapter – 6 : Artificial Intelligence in Sports: A brilliant way to triumph Chapter -7 : Learning Disability And Technology Chapter – 8 : Role Of Education In Economic Growth Chapter – 9 : The constitutional edifice of media role in democracy Chapter – 10 : Role of the witches and various scenes from Macbeth by William Shakespeare Chapter -11 : Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Education Chapter -12 : Environmental Degradation: Causes, Effect And Preventions. Chapter -13 : Hermeneutics – a Theory and Methodology of Interpretation Chapter -14 : Domestic Violence In India Against Woman With Special Reference To Covid19 Pandemic: A Critical Study Chapter -15 : Comorbidity and its Impact on COVID-19 Patients in West Bengal: a systematic review Chapter -16 : Technology—A Lifesaver During Covid Era Chapter-17 : Indus Valley Civilisation and Trade in 21st Century Chapter – 18 : Detecting the Jungian Quest for Wholeness in Sue Grafton’s Novels Chapter-19 : Status, Prospects and Challenges faced by Internal Migrants in India- Need for Social Inclusion. Chapter -20 : Treatment Of Industrial Effluents In A Bioreactor Authors / editors MR. RAMSHANKAR VARMA DR.A.PAULMAKESH Authors / Chapter contributors  Manoj Patidar  Rohit Patidar  Arpita Samanta  Rebanta Roy  N. Hariharan  Fr. Baiju Thomas  Dr. S. Logesh Kumar  Prasanta Mujrai  Ashutosh Sharma  Vidyalakshmi  Rijumol K.C  Nikhita Dhawan  Dr. Pooja Gupta  Ramen Goswami  Suhail Rashid  Manash Protim Neog  Dr. S. Vidhya  Saswati Samanta  Debkanta Ghosh  Amrita Panja  Kanika  Harwinder Goyal  Sruthi S. Kakkattil  Priya Mishra. Chapter-1 Pandemic, Online Education and Digital India: Students’ Perspective By : Manoj Patidar1 , Rohit Patidar2 1 Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Govt. College Manawar, Dhar, Madhya Pradesh, India 2 BA Final Year Student, DAVV Indore Abstract: Digital India has opened a new avenue for education. The various initiatives taken by the government and the availability of various online platforms have made the education hurdle-free during the COVID-19 lockdown. Availability of smartphones, easy access to the internet, and updating technology helped everyone to continue their learning. Still, the majority of the students are completing their syllabus through online sources. The purpose of this study was to test the knowledge and awareness of the students’ towards the initiatives taken by GoI. It is mandatory to read students’ minds and understand their attitudes for various initiatives before transforming them towards online education. The results suggest the majority of students have faith in Digital India but their lack of knowledge limits its applicability. Keywords: Digital India, Online Education, Students, Psychology 1. Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has a long-lasting impact on each sector globally including the education system. Educational institutes including schools, colleges, universities, and caching centres were completely closed for almost five months to break the chain of infection. Still, the closing, opening, and re-opening of education institutes are counties. And due to this, students, parents, and teachers are under great stress and access to learning resources through the traditional way of education is becoming limited. Information and Communication Technology can be useful to partly addressing this situation and therefore, online education can be the only option to make the education hurdle-free. And for this, GoI has taken many initiatives not only for higher education but also for school education. The availability of various study materials, course contents, video lectures, and examination methods helps students, researchers as well as teachers. Many of such initiatives are in the existence before the pandemic but no doubt their access increased during and after the lockdown. SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds) (2017) is an initiative under “Digital India” to impart quality education to school as well as college students. It provides the study materials for more than 2000 courses (Mondal and Majumder, 2019). DIKSHA (2017) is the initiative to help the teachers to upgrade their skills. For the 12th students, it contains more than 80,000 eBooks in various languages (Qadri, 2020). Similarly, e-PG Pathshala, eAdhyayan, Swayam Prabha, National Digital Library of India (NDLI), E-ShodhSindhu, National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), and Virtual Labs are a few examples of such initiatives (Bordoloi et al., 2020) (Balasubramani et al., 2018). In this study, the author wants to test the level of knowledge and understating of the students for such types of initiatives as well as their desire to continue their education. 2. Methods 2.1. Procedure A survey that contained questions concerning Digital India, online education, and its awareness among the students was designed. The study was done during September 2020. The Google form having a questionnaire was created and circulated among the students through Whatsapp. No physical interaction or face-to-face contact was done for this study. The survey created a database of respondents for further analysis. 2.2. Participants The study was mainly focused on rural students. A total of 329 students completed the survey. The girls vs. boys ratio were: 172 (52.2%): 157 (47.8%) and 19 (5.5%) have age less than 18 years, 237 (72.0%) have age between 18 to 25 years, 67 (20.3%) have age between 26 to 30 years and 6 (1.8%) were above 30 years. If we talk about education, 68 (20.6%) were 12th pass, 230 (69.9%) were UG students, and 27 (20.7%) were PG students. 2.3. Study measures The online survey having self-developed questions was prepared to understand the psychology of young students. This survey evaluated the awareness of students for Digital India, their awareness and knowledge of online education. The questions were randomly arranged for the maximum concentration of the participants. 2.4. Ethics This online survey contained an introductory paragraph that states the objective of the study. Respondents were able to complete the online survey at their convenience and could end the survey at any time. Participants are assured of anonymity, confidentiality, and ethical standard before they answered the questions. 3. Results 3.1 Students’ knowledge about Governments steps The government has taken various steps to handle the situations raised due to the COVID-19 pandemic. More than 94% of the surveyed students are well aware of these efforts. Less than 6% of the students denied having any information (Fig 1A). 3.2 Student and Digital India Scheme: The Digital India scheme has a lot of resources to facilitate education efficiently. 95.7% of the students have faith in this scheme and believe that the Digital India vision of the Government is emerging as an important tool to address the current situation due to COVID-19. Around 4.3% of the students do not believe the same (Fig. 1B). 3.3 Students and Learning Management System Many learning management systems are available for the student to learn continuously without any type of boundaries. It was found that only 20.4% of the students know about learning management systems and the remaining 79.6% of students never heard about this term (Fig. 1C). Figure 1: Students’ Perspectives: knowledge about Government steps (A), faith in this scheme (B), and knowledge of learning management systems(C). 3.4 Need of Awareness Campaigns It is found that the majority of the students lack true knowledge of these initiatives. Therefore, 95.4% of the students think the government should publicize more about its online learning initiatives or efforts. Same time 4.6% of students does not require any further advertisement (Fig. 2A). 3.5 Students and Various Initiatives: There are several initiatives of GoI to make online education smooth and hurdle-free. These initiatives include SWAYAM, National Digital Library, Shodhganga, e-Yantra, Virtual Labs, Swayam Prabha, Diksha portal, VIDWAN, e-PG Pathshala, and Spoken Tutorial. Apart from their important role in modern-day education ways, more than 75% of the students do not know about any such initiatives (Fig. 2B). Figure 2: Attitudes towards Initiatives: the need for more advertisement (A) and Knowledge of various GoI initiatives (B). 4. Discussion: Governments have taken various systematic steps to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the major challenges was to continue the education in the period of lockdown. The various online tools like SWAYAM, National Digital Library, Shodhganga, e-Yantra, Virtual Labs, Swayam Prabha, Diksha portal, VIDWAN, e-PG Pathshala, and Spoken Tutorial have shown their usefulness during this closure. Apart from these various platforms are available for MOOCs so that anyone from anywhere can continue or upgrades its learning. More than 94% of the surveyed students have supported these efforts as it is required for their benefits. Not only do they support, but more than 95% of the students also have faith in this scheme. But at the same point, the knowledge of students for learning management systems (LMS) is a disappointing and major challenge for implementing online education during or after the pandemic. More than 79% of students never heard about the LMS. Similarly, more than 75% of the students do not know about SWAYAM, National Digital Library, Shodhganga, e-Yantra, Virtual Labs, Swayam Prabha, Diksha portal, VIDWAN, e-PG Pathshala, and Spoken Tutorial. And therefore it is advisable and around 96% of the students think that the government should advertise more about its online learning initiatives including LMS. This study is an attempt to understand the complete picture of online education through students’ lenses. It was found that although the majority of the students are with the decisions of the regulating bodies at the same time they need various learning opportunities so that they can continue their learning. Acknowledgment The author acknowledges the Department of Higher Education, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, Principal, and IQAC head, Govt. College Manawar. Conflict of interest statement None. References: BALASUBRAMANI, J., THANGAVEL, R. & ANBALAGAN, M. 2018. An Analysis of econtent modules: with special reference to e-PG Pathshala. An Analysis of E-Content Modules: with Special Reference to e-PG Pathshala, 5, 1 to 6. BORDOLOI, R., DAS, P. & DAS, K. 2020. Lifelong learning opportunities through MOOCs in India. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 15, 83-95. MONDAL, G. & MAJUMDER, P. 2019. IMPACT OF 'SWAYAM' TOWARDS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT. 6, 592-599. QADRI, B. 2020. Use of DikshaTechnology. 33, 07. Chapter -2 Prospects about Epigenetic Modification and its Disruption By : Arpita Samanta1 , Rebanta Roy2 1 2 Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata 700124 Department of Zoology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata 700124 ABSTRACT Epigenetics is a study in which everything surrounding us i.e. our environment affects your genes and proteins, and directs the way they would work. This epigenetic can also help to recognise the specific regulatory protein binding sites. To be specific epigenome is a broader modified version of the genome, the whole set of genes in an individual organism, with some different entities playing vital part here. In this review we have focused on what are prospects of epigenetic modifications, its types, how it is involved in processes like aging and cancer and we also have tried to put up few unique aspects which will drive the future researches on this topic. This review has holistically tried to penetrate into the world of epigenetic modifications. Key Words: epigenetic, regulatory protein, epigenome, aging, cancer, epigenetic modification INTRODUCTION Epigenetic modification is such a term that means changes in genetic expression and not in genetic sequence. This kind of changes in gene expression acts as a switch, which can turn genes on or off and inherited from one cell generation to the next both mitotically and meiotically (Lacal, 2018). Epigenetic regulation is a process which acts during somatic as well as germline differentiation (Lind, 2018). We all know that all cells of our body have the same DNA but the type of cells and their functions are quite different. The cells are genetically homogeneous, but are heterogeneous in structural and functional state. Main reasons behind this difference are turning on and turning off of some specific genes in particular cells, tissues and organs (Simmons, 2008). Epigenetic process can involve some modifications to DNA, RNA and also to some proteins associated with DNA (viz. histone protein). Epigenetic silencing have also contribution in several gene expression like in X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals. The silencing of a gene also explain the reason of phenotypically different although being genetic twins. Such epigenetic modifications, which occur during development and are maintained during cell division, are DNA methylation, DNA hydroxymethylation, histone modification, RNA-associated silencing, SUMOylation and farnesylation of proteins and so on. And one most important thing is in primordial germ cells (PGCs), these epigenetic modifications are reset, the precursors of sperm and oocytes, preparing them for development in future generations. Figure 1: The different multibranch pattern of epigenetic modifications, involving acetylation, methylation, farnesylation, summoylation, phosphorylation and action of non-coding RNA. METHYLATION OF DNA TO REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION DNA methylation is actually a reversible covalent modification of DNA, which is key regulatory mechanism during development, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. A methyl group is added to the fifth carbon of those cytosine nucleotides, which are located next to guanine nucleotide i.e. linked by a phosphate, known as CpG site (Egger et al., 2004; Jones & Baylin, 2002; Robertson, 2002). This methylation is occurred by one of three enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) (Egger et al., 2004; Robertson, 2002), leading to the formation of 5methylcytosin (5mC). One of most the applicable field of DNA methylation is to differentiate those genes, which one is inherited from the father and which one from the mother, known as imprinting method. POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATION ON HISTONE PROTEIN Histones are such proteins that constitute chromosomes, around which DNA can wind. There are some post-translation modification on histone protein that can determine the chromatin arrangement pattern and transcription of associated DNA. This modification mainly occurs at the histone N-terminal tail by acetylation and methylation. Acetyl and methyl groups are transferred to the amino group of lysine, located in the histone by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) and lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) enzymes respectively that indicate the activation of chromatin. Deacetylation and demethylation of lysine are also occurred by and histone deacetylases (HDACs) and lysine demethylases (KDMs; e.g., LSD1) respectively that indicate the inactivation of chromatin mainly in heterochromatin portion (Bannister A.J., Kouzarides T.2011). Even methylation on same histone protein can be marker for identifying the active and inactive region of chromatin as they present in different lysine amino acids, i.e. methylation of a particular lysine (K9) on H3 histone protein marks silent DNA located on heterochromatin, while methylation of a different lysine (K4) on the same histone (H3) is a marker for active genes located on euchromatin portion (Egger et al., 2004). ABUNDANCE OF THE MODIFICATION PHOSPHORYLATION METHYLATION H4 H3 H2B H2A Figure 2 : Comparison of the various epigenetic changes, that occur in histone tails, guiding the specific DNA segments to turn off or on THE KEY MODIFICATION - “SUMOylation” SUMOylation is a post translational modification found in almost all eukaryotes (Wasik et al., 2014). It was in the spectra of research since its discovery in 1995-1996, of the Small Ubiquitin like Modifier or SUMO, it has been found that it has been involved in cancer, flower initiation, plant growth, root architecture and responses under stress. It has been found to play role in cellular processes like maintenance of genomic integrity, mitochondrial division, and regulation of signal transduction, cell cycle progression and regulation of DNA damage responses (Mendler et al, 2019). SUMO peptides are 11kD in size and resemble structure of Ubiquitin. Human genome comprises of 4 distinct SUMO proteins. They form isopeptide bonds with amino acid groups of Lysine residues in hundreds of target proteins. (Friedlander and Melchior, 2007). SUMO modifications are bulkier than other modifications (Cobb et al., 2016). EPIGENETICS AND ROLE IN AGING To be precise aging is a multi-factorial process involving various factors (Vaughan et al., 2017). Various regulatory factors including proteins and genes are involved in this process of these TORC1 or Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 protein in yeast reserves its spot. TORC1 inhibition in yeast has been found to reduce aging process (Rallis et al., 2020). Studies have mostly been based on proteins like Torin-1, but in this case epigenetical inhibitions might play an important role, where inhibitory signals might be effective in slowing down aging. RELATIONSHIP WITH CANCER In 1983, the first human disease that was linked to epigenetics was cancer. Actually we can say that cancer is an interplay between genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Normally in mammals maximum CpG cytosines remain methylated but in the promoter region of DNA there are a huge amount of CpG sites, which are non-methylated in normal cells, that promoter region is known as ‘CpG island’ (less than 10% of total CpGs). If excessive methylation occurs in that CpG island it would be carcinogenic. Because hypermethylation can inactive tumour suppressor gene that resulting the development of cancer (Egger et al., 2004; Robertson, 2002; Jones & Baylin, 2002). On the other hand during tumorigenesis, the epigenome goes through another alterations, like loss of DNA methylation, global changes in histone modification marks (Hosseini A, Minucci S., 2018) and deregulation in the networks in which ncRNAs engage (Esteller M., 2011; Kanwal R, & Gupta S.,2012). FUTURE SUGGESTIVE ASPECTS As we have seen in this review that there are wide variety of scopes which awaits the proper nurture, we have seen that in molecular biology there are two forms of mutations which regulate cell divisions as well as they act as defining areas of cancer biology, they are the loss of function mutations and gain of function mutations. In this regards proteins like the p53 which are activated when it detects a dsDNA damage and activates downstream signalling cascades involving proteins like p21, and thus halts the cell cycle, taking the cell for either repair or if the damage is severe then it takes the cell towards cell death, this process may involve various epigenetic modifications such as phosphorylation, which acts as a common phenomenon, where phosphate group transfers activate or deactivate several proteins. Here modification of various sites via inhibitory phosphorylation may sound equivalent to loss of function mutation, and thus applying brakes to these tumor suppressor genes like p53, would lead to devastating effects, which may include cancer. Again various genes whose expression is necessary to be activated by activating modifications, may be over activated via other forms of epigenetic modifications and thus mane sound equivalent to gain of function mutations which again would lead to over-expression of a certain class of genes. As various of these epigenetic modifications do regulate the activity of wide variety of proteins, their activation and deactivation, there are possibilities that these epigenetic changes would surely cause the reversibility of gain of function as well a loss of function mutations by turning off and on sequences of genes and proteins respectively and thus preventing the protooncogenes to get converted into oncogenes and resulting in carcinogenic changes in the body. CONCLUSION In the conclusion of this detailed review, we can say that epigenetics has redesigned the earth, it is a revolutionary foundation that how it regulates the activity of the actual “genome”, thus prioritizing itself before mutations and any other form of genetic regulation, like changes in the nucleotides and changes in the protein coding codons. Epigenetic modifications with the multi active areas, have proven to deliver future prospects in the fields of both cancer and aging which may sound synonymous but are substantially different aspects regulated by epigenetics. REFERENCES 1. Bannister A.J., Kouzarides T. (2011). ‘Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications’. Cell Res.21:381–395. 2. Egger, G., et al. (2004). ‘Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy’. Nature 429, 457–463 3. Eisenhardt N. et al. (2019). ‘Biochemical characterization of SUMO-conjugating enzymes by in vitro summoylation assays’. Methods in Enzymology, 618: 167-185. 4. Esteller M. (2011). ‘Non-coding RNAs in human disease’. Nat Rev Genet.; 12 (12):861– 74. 5. Feil R, Fraga MF. (2012). ‘Epigenetics and the environment: emerging patterns and implications’. Nat Rev Genet: 13(2):97–109. 6. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Villar-Garea A, Boix-Chornet M, Espada J, Schotta G, Bonaldi T, Haydon C, Ropero S, Petrie K, et al. (2005). ‘Loss of acetylation at Lys16 and trimethylation at Lys20 of histone H4 is a common hallmark of human cancer’. Nat Genet.; 37(4):391–400. 7. Greenberg M.V.C., Bourc’his D. (2019). ‘The diverse roles of DNA methylation in mammalian development and disease’. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.; 20:590–607. 8. Hosseini A, Minucci S. (2018). ‘Alterations of histone modifications in cancer’. Epigenetics in Human Disease, vol. 6. 2nd ed; 141–217. 9. Jin B., Li Y., Robertson K.D. (2011). ‘DNA methylation: Superior or subordinate in the epigenetic hierarchy?’ Genes Cancer. ; 2:607–617. 10. Jones, P. A., & Baylin, S. B. (2002). ‘The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer’. Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 415–428 11. Kanwal R, & Gupta S. (2012). ‘Epigenetic modifications in cancer’. Clin Genet.; 81(4):303–11. 12. Khan S., Singer B., Vaughan D. (2017). ‘Molecular and physiological manifestations and measurement of aging in humans’. 624-633. 13. Kunz K., Muller S., Mendler L. (2019). ‘Assays of SUMO protease / isopeptidase activity and function in mammalian cells and tissues’, Methods in Enzymology. 389-410 14. Liz J, Esteller M. (2015). ‘lncRNAs and microRNAs with a role in cancer development’. Biochim Biophys Acta.; 1859(1):169–76. 15. Rallis et al. (2020). ‘The GATA Transcription Factor Gaf 1 repressses tRNAs, inhibits growth, and extends chronological lifespan downstream of Fission Yeasr TORC1’. 32403249. 16. Robertson, K. D. (2002). ‘DNA methylation and chromatin: Unraveling the tangled web’. Oncogene 21, 5361–5379 17. Wasik U. (2014). ‘Non-nuclear function of summoylated proteins’. Biochim Biophys Acta Molecular Cell Research. 2878-2885. 18. Young M., Riabowol K., Cobb J. (2016). ‘Chromatin Modification in DNA Repair and Cancer’. Genome Stability From Virus to Human Application. Chapter 28: 487-509 Chapter -3 An Analysis On E- Learning Behaviour And Usage Of The Early Greatest Generation By : N. HARIHARAN DDTP, DOA BCOM CS, SECOND YEAR, PARVATHY’S ARTS AND SCIECNE COLLEGE, WISDOMCITY, DI NDIGUL - 624 001, TAMIL NADU, INDIA. ABSTRACT Current digital advances move instructive practice and approaches toward collective and pc upheld learning. From one viewpoint, the mentality and approach of understudies in advanced education brings up the issues whether the early age completely acknowledges advances, utilizes completely self-coordinated web based learning, or requires the mixed learning approach. Then again, instructive philosophies are going through changes and spotlights on the joining of advanced advances accessible in the digital. This paper initially explores the pc utilization, the digital learning conduct and propensities for the early age among Hungarian understudies. Past the e-learning courses offered in Hungary by colleges either as independent courses or part of mixed learning, it should be viewed as how early age understudies, inverse to prior ages, who utilized for the most part proficient writing and libraries, assemble and acquire data and information from the web. Also, this paper analysis whether the individuals from the early age structure a temporary age between the y and the early. Age being somewhat digital settlers and not advanced locals. KEYWORDS E-learning, generation, learning, cultural and social factor, digital natives, digital learning, digital immigrants, transitional generation, Behavior. INTRODUCTION The digital increase in the statistics society in the first decade of the twenty first century resulted in a shift in academic practices in tertiary as properly as in secondary education. The integration of the vast-scale possibilities of the international web, the proliferation of the cell and mobile digital gadgets such as smartphones or capsules as properly as setting up huge on line academic systems set off that college students as nicely as adults will, to a terrific extent, flip to these online platforms, will make use of self-directed mastering the use of their personal clever and cellular devices. On the different hand, a new generation, the digital natives, step into greater education, whose strategy and mindset towards the utilization of on-line and social systems are completely special from beforehand generations, even already from their parents. Higher academic institutes in Hungary have additionally became to amplify its academic practices and are focusing on imposing on-line e-learning structures that supply college students with on-line get admission to and content material (such as Moodle, Coo space, and KMOOC). In parallel, the usual techniques like face-to-face lectures, seminars and mentoring nevertheless continue to be dominant in greater education, maintaining blended studying a transitional methodology in greater education. Hungary’s e-learning readiness was once ranked thirtieth having a rating of 6.09 out of 10 in the world primarily based on a file of the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2003 (EIU) [1], following the Czech Republic, and at the identical previous most Eastern-Central European countries. [1] Meanwhile Hungary stands the thirty first in the schooling class having a rating of 5.42 out of 10 in the report, in which class the equal net get right of entry to be measured in city and rural areas in faculties ranging from major to tertiary education. The find out about states that a lot of international locations extraordinary in e-readiness additionally excel in Elearning, even though e-learning has its very own necessities and “demands a focused response by way of authorities and industry” [1]. In response to the digital and e-readiness traits in all fields of professions and enterprise EIU modified its principles in the methodology of rating with the aid of readiness and e-learning and at existing it ranks international locations via digital economic system which includes each e-learning and education. Seven years later in 2010 the Digital Economy Ranking positioned Hungary thirty fifth in the world having an general rating of 6.06 [2], whilst social and cultural surroundings which includes training and Internet literacy too reached a 6.27 rating out of 10. This rating places Hungary 6 locations in the back of Slovenia and four locations in the back of the Czech Republic. This implies that even tertiary schooling in Hungary nonetheless desires to put greater effort in increasing digital and e-learning facilities, enhance on the net and net literacy and therefore fostering digital and e-learning motivation and usage, which can be performed extra effectively if scholar wishes are higher and in extra small print explored. Still there are many universities and faculties who face difficulties in reaching success in turning in these kinds of guides partly due to some inexperience on the lecturers’ side, or lack of environment friendly enterprise techniques or purely failing to obtain the profitable delivery, effectiveness and acceptance of such publications [3]. The universities in Hungary are additionally below strain to combine on-line e-learning probabilities for their college students and to arrange superior guides and education for their personal lecturers to come to be professionals and be worried in creating direction substances and redefine the techniques and buildings of the educational getting to know surroundings [3]. The evaluation and contrast of the digital and e-learning behavior and utilization of today’s lively college scholar society, the Z technology is justified with the aid of the above referred to facts, and that tertiary training is continually moving its training programmers to some structure of E-learning to a large and large extent, both as completely self standing e-learning publications or in the framework of blended learning. Lecturers and direction builders want to apprehend extra how these college students become aware of and react to the factors of e-learning, what can restrict or decorate the studying process. Therefore, it is of excessive value to analyses the computer-, and on line e-learning- utilization of this stratum of the adolescence in order to understand, discover and to familiarize with their data and understanding gaining and getting to know processes. Furthermore character variations can't be ignored. As cited by using [4] “based on the experiences of the remaining years inside the frames of mass education, deviation is implicitly greater involving the quantity of awesome and lagging students, however the cause for this is no longer solely the multiplied variety of college students [and] the distinction is regularly brought on through that brought fee which is the end result of the high quality way of know-how administration application”. It implies that environment friendly e-learning method at a college can lead to the success of the college students in information and records gaining at universities and later in the labor market. The survey carried out with approx. 600 college students analyzing quite a number majors at two one of a kind Hungarian universities strives to discover the relationships of the pc utilization and gaining knowledge of habits of today’s college college students with the assist of mathematical and statistical methods. TH E SURVEY 1. STUDY GOALS AND DESIRES The major intention of this learn about was once to analysis and discover the relationship of the early Z era Hungarian college students’ e-learning and digital gaining knowledge of behavior and usage, to see how exceptional this era is from the before ones who have been no longer born in the digital era. Regarding these college students the speculation arises whether or not they instead find out about the use of digital tools, on line e-learning courses, MOOC guides or they are nevertheless have a tendency to learn about in the extra ordinary way consequently forming a transitional era between the Y and the greatest generation These college students had been born after the net increase in the middle of the remaining decade of the twentieth century however beforehand than the digital growth in the center of the first decade of the twenty first century. A 2nd speculation has additionally arisen namely, if the first one is to be rejected then a transitional approach of education, specifically blended mastering is nevertheless the preferable academic methodology for the participants of the early latest generation. 2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY The primary, exploratory and empirical survey used to be performed the use of non-probability, comfort kind sampling, which sampling allowed us to attain college college students of the two chosen universities. Convenience kind survey is time-honored in the subject of social science [5], a low-priced and much less time-consuming kind of sampling method. Consequently, the pattern can't be regarded representative, however due to the massive wide variety of applicants, the survey consequences can be every day for the goal group, and conclusions and responses can be given as a substitute to the conduct of the particular sample. The utilization of this kind sampling is additionally justified by means of the truth that the researcher desired to analyses the conduct of Hungarian college students due to the fact such exterior elements as cultural and countrywide elements (here social factor) have additionally been proved to have an effect on the choice of e-learning, common or blended learning. Social norm (here social factor) is “defined as the person’s grasp that most humans who are essential to him or her assume he or she have to or must no longer operate the conduct in question” [6], [7], [8]. The rational to use the cultural and social element in case of Hungarian college students is based totally on the cultural index proposed via [9], which appears to be controversial as referred to via [9] (Fig.1). Reference [9] states that “there are cultural variations of age agencies everywhere, however this is specifically vital in Central and Eastern Europe considering that the political and monetary adjustments in 1989 [and] that Hungarian cultural traits replicate our twin cultural personality – Japanese and western points have constantly been current in Hungarian subculture all through the country’s history”. A. Hungary’s cultural index S. NO Category Hofstadter’s Findings Vargas’s Findings 1 Power distance 46 19 2 Individualism 80 11 3 Masculinity 88 17 4 Uncertainty Avoidance 82 83 5 Long-term orientation 58 Nil 6 Indulgence 31 Nil A. Hungary’s cultural index Indulgance 31 longterm- orient 58 83 82 Uncertanity avoid 17 Masculanity 88 11 individualsim 80 19 Power distance 0 20 46 40 60 80 100 Figure 1. Hungary’s traditional index by method of Hofstadter [10] and verge [11] The survey covered on-line and paper questionnaires allotted at two universities of utilized sciences (Buda University – a technical university, Budapest Business School (BBS) – a college in Economics) at one of a kind colleges and to college students of distinctive majors reading at bachelor or master courses. The full survey was once cut up into three principal parts, the first phase which includes questions for mastering preferences, utilization of unique e-learning structures and statements about eLearning studying. The responses given to these questions are below scrutiny in this paper. The questions related to eLearning and regular kind of getting to know required solutions on the Liker scale of 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). 3. DATA MANAGEMENT The gathered statistics wished some cleaning and modifications, in the direction of which the hardest mission used to be to locate these replies that did now not provide applicable answers. In case of responses the place greater than 6 questions had been now not answered or the identical reply used to be marked for all the questions had been eradicated as nicely as responses in which case the respondent had no longer used any e-learning gadget earlier than however at the identical time answered the questions about the utilization of e-learning systems. In case of lacking information with the Liker scale answers, the lacking records had been changed by way of their Median [12]. There have been no extraordinarily peaked distributions so no questionnaire wished to be excluded for this reason. After facts administration no longer extra than 30 questionnaires had to be excluded leaving approx. 578 questionnaires to analyses and evaluate. 4. SURVEY RESULTS In the direction of the assessment the researcher located that college students who answered the questions had been at the opening of their research so conclusions can be drawn about their digital and e-learning behaviour and habits (Table I.). TABLE I. AGE AND LEVEL OF STUDY DISTRIBUTION OF STUDENTS S.NO 1 2 3 4 5 Education BSC / BA FSZ MSC/MA PhD Total Age (AVG) 21 20 25 26 21 No. of Students (N) 510 3 39 1 553 Column 92.2 % 0.5 % 7.1 % 0.2 % 100 % FSZ is a vocational education in tertiary education it is (universities and colleges) Considering the gender distribution, one 0.33 (36.51% ) of the respondents had been ladies whilst two-thirds (63.49%) had been males. This ratio shifted similarly to the male aspect toward greater stage of studies, which may want to be defined by using the reality that in technical majors male college students have a tendency to end their research in greater semesters than prescribed in the curriculum (Fig. 2, Table II). 1. age and level of study 600 510 500 400 AGE 300 STUDENTS COLUMN 200 92.2 100 25 21 3 0.5 26 39 7.1 21 1 0.2 0 BSC FSZ (VC) MSC/MA PhD Figure 2 Distribution of respondents through stage of study, wide variety of semesters and gender TABLE – 2 LEVEL OF STUDY NUMBER OF SEMESTER AND GENDER S. Level of study No 1 BSC / Male BA Female 2 FSZ Male 3 MSC/M Male A Female 4 PhD Male 5 Total Male In which semester are you studying in? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 173 4 44 5 46 5 27 155 3 20 2 13 1 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 2 15 0 0 0 0 6 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 187 6 59 5 46 5 27 2 level of study number of semester and gender 334 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 197 Male Female 3 Bsc/ Ba Fsz 0 28 13 Msc/ma 1 PhD 0 8 30 1 0 0 0 1 31 Total 334 197 3 28 13 1 366 A UNIVERSITY E-LEARNING MACHINE UTILIZATION RESULTS The subsequent massive crew of questions involving the utilization of e-learning structures and the questions about the desire of e-learning, regular or blended mastering systems. 96% of these college students have broadband net get admission to at home. Most of the college students (79%) attain the e-learning machine on their laptops whilst nearly 70% use the e-learning structures on clever telephones (Fig. 3), and incredibly solely 17% of the college students use drugs for on-line learning. Students may want to mark extra than one device. The consequences suggest that e-learning device software program builders or on line direction builders have to center of attention on cellular app developments, because there is a great shift from computers and capsules to clever telephone usages in case of such publications amongst the Hungarian students. The 30% of college pc get admission to is applicable due to the fact that college students work on assignments, projects, duties in pairs or organizations so they come to the college to work together. ON WHAT TYPE OF DEVICE YOU USE THE E- LEARNING SYSTEM? DISTRIBUTION IN % S. No 1 2 3 4 5 Device Mobile phone Tablet Own laptop Own desktop University computer Distribution 68.98 16.58 78.53 30.19 29.32 E- learning devices 80 78.53 68.98 60 30.19 40 29.32 16.58 20 0 Mobile phone Tablet Own laptop Own desktop University computer Figure 3. Device usage for e-learning platforms The solutions to the questions about e-learning, usual and blended mastering gave a bit stunning effects opposing the expectations, because the researcher would have predicted the early Z technology college students to decide upon man or woman learning, besides mentoring. Independently from university, stage of learn about and major, 87.9% of the respondents select blended learning, that is, they assume e-learning and character mastering in parallel with common kind studying (Table III.). Only 5.7% of them reject e-learning that is integrating any sort of elearning is a should in tertiary education. Which teaching/learning approach would you prioritize? Freq. (n) Distribution (%) Traditional kind of learning: instructing in the common way (lecturer, besides multimedia and e-learning). TABLE -3 TEACHING AND LEARNING FROM PREFERANCE S. No Which teaching/learning method would you prioritize? 1 Traditional type of learning: teaching in the traditional way (lecturer, without multimedia and e-learning) 2 Blended learning: teaching in the Traditional way, supplemented with multimedia and elearning material. Self-studying form: multimedia and elearning / teaching without a teacher Total 3 4 Freq. (n) 33 Distribution (%) 5.7 507 87.9 37 6.4 577 100 79% of college students nevertheless require trainer help and 57.6% of them would be extra inspired if they acquired help from the lecturers thru e-learning structures (Table IV. and V.). These solutions justify the existence of blended mastering in tertiary education, instructor guide offers self-assurance and motivation to Hungarian college students. TABLE – 4 NECESSITY OF TEACHER ASSISTANCE POPULAR COURSE OF ELEARNING S. No 1 2 3 4 Dou you feel the need of teacher's help and assistance when learning multimedia /e-learning material? Did not answer Yes No Total Freq. (n) 15 456 107 578 Distribution (%) 2.6 78.9 18.5 100 4.necessity of assistance in e- learning 90 80 78.9 70 60 50 40 30 18.5 20 10 2.6 0 yes no not ans TABLE – 5 ONLINE TEACHER ASSISTANCE AND SELF – STUDY MOTIVATION S. No Would your self-paced learning be motivated if you got teacher assistance through the e-learning system? Freq. (n) Distribution (%) 1 2 3 4 5 Did not answer Yes No Partly Total: 3 333 31 211 578 0.5 57.6 5.4 36.5 100 5.Self study motivation 70 57.6 60 50 36.5 40 30 20 10 5.4 0.5 0 Did not answer Yes No Series 1 Partly The above solutions help that channeling these college students of the early Z era to entirely selfdirected elearning guides would possibly stop up with failure considering the fact that trainer guide can provide high-quality remarks and motivation to students. The universities blanketed in the survey use distinctive elearning structures (Coospace at BBS, KMOOC at Óbuda University [13]), whilst Moodle is used at each institutions. Ref. [14] outlines some new and modern educating techniques consisting of complicated e-learning as nicely as experimental topics for the Z era that prepares college students for actual companies and at the equal time fulfill the modern-day industrial needs. From the survey it grew to become out that college students who had already used an e-learning device used and would use the gadget in the future, in every case there used to be a relationship between formerly and existing usage. Table VI. suggests the vast relationships between until now and gives utilization of the distinct e-learning systems, whilst Fig.4 provides the utilization of the Moodle gadget due to the fact this machine is used at each universities. The excessive quantity of 0-0 pair in Fig. four is due to the reality that at BBS two e-learning structures run parallel, so the non-usage of one gadget does now not knock out the utilization of some other system. TABLE – 6 PRESENT AND EARLIER USAGE OF E- LEARNING SYSTEMS S. No 1 2 3 4 Elearning system Moodle Coospace KMOOC Other Pearson CHISquare 224.53 208.96 169.83 193.03 Kendall’ s tau-b Gamma Cramer’s Pearson’s P value V r 0.473 0.354 0.401 0.409 0.640 0.622 0.861 0.679 0.323 0.317 0.307 0.304 0.519 0.372 0.449 0.417 On how many courses did you use the mobile E- learning system earlier? 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Mobile E- learning in course 5 130 4 80 3 60 2 67 1 240 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Figure 4. Relationship between present and earlier usage of Moodle e learning system. B. TRADITIONAL VS DIGITAL LEARNING Students who spoke back in the survey nonetheless decide upon usual kind gaining knowledge of as it can be considered in Fig. 5 57% of the college students pick fixing duties from easy to greater complicated in order, 54% of them pick school room session and 53% of them want private session and even more, particularly 60% of them p prefer face-to-face learning. PREFERENCE OF TRADITIONAL LEARNING S. No Traditional learning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I like when tasks and problems are successive I always solve the tasks in order in cause of in elearning course I need classroom consultation I need personal consultation during the course I prefer face – to face education I rather study fro, books I prefer printing out the electronic learning material Non typical 24.59% 37.25% Indiffe Typical rent 17.54% 57.87% 24.23% 38.52% 28.57% 26.22% 16.46% 37.43% 28.57% 16.46% 20.43% 22.78% 25.68% 18.08% 54.97% 53.35% 60.76% 36.89% 53.35% Traditional learning I prefer printing out the electronic learning material 28.57% I rather study fro, books I prefer face – to face education 18.08% 37.43% 16.46% 53.35% 25.68% 22.78% 36.89% 60.76% I need personal consultation during the course 26.22% 20.43% 53.35% I need classroom consultation 28.57% 16.46% 54.97% I always solve the tasks in order in cause of in elearning course I like when tasks and problems are successive 37.25% 24.59% 24.23% 17.54% 38.52% 57.87% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% non typical indifferent typical Figure 5. Preference of traditional learning It is a bit controversial that solely 37% of the surveyed select reading from books but, at the equal time, 54% of them like printing out the digital studying material. It capacity that these college students flip hypertext into books that additionally guide sequential kind learning, as a result fixing troubles one after the other, successively. It is vital to observe that college students of the early latest generation, who are referred to as digital natives and are predicted to pick digital kind studying and who are accustomed to clever devices, browsing, the use of hyperlinks, nonetheless return to normal kind of getting to know and behave as digital immigrants. It is additionally essential to notice that altering students’ mindset towards mastering methods, specifically typical vs digital ought to begin at fundamental college education, and it is hard to exchange the way how these college students have been taught to learn about in their childhood. Hopefully, the digital natives coming into tertiary training in the subsequent couple of years will convey their digital attitude, for that reason the utilization of entirely e-learning guides will emerge as greater frequent and effective. In parallel, the responses to the questions on e-learning additionally guide the choice of the typical kind getting to know (Fig. 6), 73% of the surveyed college students had no longer completed solely e-learning publications yet, 53% of them nevertheless do no longer like doing self-study e-learning courses, 66% of them do no longer whole greater e-learning publications associated to the theme learnt and solely 33% of them suppose that self-paced, man or woman gaining knowledge of is extra environment friendly (Fig. 6). On the different hand, the responses of these college students in the survey exhibit the traits of digital learning, specifically they like brief movies and rapidly solvable tasks, which are usual facets of digital mastering – the simple attribute of MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) guides - and at the identical time traits of the early latest generation. According to [15] the contributors of the digital natives come to be shallow-brained, their talent plasticity, cogitation and attention change. Their intelligence will become as fragmented as the portions of facts on the Net. The lengthy and deep attention on one subject matter ceased and students’ center of attention skips from one bit of data to every other inside a few seconds. These elements show up in the path of e-learning, lengthy videos, lengthy texts and sequential duties can't engross the students’ interest [16]. Their way of reading and studying is continually getting scattered, padded with hyperlinks. FEATURES OF E- LEARNING OR DIGITAL LEARNING S. No Traditional learning Non typical Indiffe rent 1 2 3 38.70% 38.16% 65.64% 17.00 44.30% 29.11% 32.73% 19.53% 14.83% 52.62% 22.60% 24.77% 36.53% 22.60% 40.87% 73.42% 9.76% 16.82% 58.95% 41.05% 41.95% 24.77% 21.52% 26.22% 16.64% 23.15% 19.53% 32.73% 41.41% 52.08% 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I use E- learning more often on my smart device I think that self-studying is more efficient I complement extra E- learning course related to the topic learnt I like doing E- learning course individually (selfstudy) In the E-learning system I finish solely the task given as homework in the home I have already completed solely E- learning based courses I liked E- learning based education I always do the E- learning tasks related to the course I don’t like watching videos longer than 3-5 minutes I prefer only the short and quickly solved tasks Typical features of e learning I prefer only the short and quickly solved tasks I don’t like watching videos longer than 3-5 minutes 41.95% I always do the E- learning tasks related to the course 41.05% I liked E- learning based education 41.41% 16.64% 32.73% 26.22% 9.76% 16.82% 73.42% In the E-learning system I finish solely the task given as… I like doing E- learning course individually (self- study) 19.53% 65.64% I think that self-studying is more efficient 29.11% 38.16% I use E- learning more often on my smart device 38.70% 0% 24.77% 22.60% 52.62% I complement extra E- learning course related to the topic… 40.87% 22.60% 36.53% 19.53% 21.52% 58.95% I have already completed solely E- learning based courses non typical 52.08% 23.15% 24.77% 17 14.83% 32.73% 44.30% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% indifferent typical Figure 6. Features of e-learning type learning However, this characteristic of the early Z technology does now not knock out that they nonetheless decide upon analyzing collectively with peer college students and select face-to-face lecture room education. All in all, these college students belong to a “transitional generation” between the Y and the Z era when you consider that they undergo the traits of college students preferring typical mastering however the traits of digital natives can additionally be identified. V. CLONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION After evaluating and examining the survey outcomes the researcher can kingdom that the contributors of the early Z technology at these Hungarian universities nonetheless like the common kind of gaining knowledge of mixed with e-learning probabilities that is they like lecture room activities, face-toface schooling however at the equal time doing e-learning guides on their clever phones. It can be referred to that for the Hungarian universities the utility of blended mastering is a feasible transition in today’s academic shift, tertiary schooling need to and have to make investments in presenting e-learning courses, both presenting them as supplementary publications to current guides or as self-standing guides for self-paced and self-timed studies. Leaving these college students to completely self-paced and selfdirected mastering may now not supply the anticipated success at tertiary education. Moreover, for these Hungarian college students “it is vital to notice that in spite of perceptions of college students being digital natives, pretty regularly they (together with lecturers) are in truth digital immigrants with various levels of laptop literacy” [17]. The college students taking part in the lookup confirmed that they have been in favour of digital learning, they endure the traits of digital learners, liking brief academic videos, quick exercises, that they can reap with their “scattered brain”. All in all, it is to observe that in a couple of years, the actual digital natives enter tertiary training and will demand a extra effective shift in the direction of digital mastering both which means e-learning publications or MOOC guides however the charisma of a lecturer, the enchantment of a full lecture corridor and a captivating and fun face-to face lecture or seminar can't be replaced. Throughout the twentieth century the radio, television, cinemas, tapes, video tapes, DVDs, Blue-rays, internet, the international internet and clever telephones emerged with its fascination, and allow the anytime, somewhere conversation and get entry to to creative performances, and nevertheless the theatres are full and ought to maintain their raison d’étre. REFERENCES [1] Economist Intelligence Unit, “The 2003 e-learning readiness ranking”, New York, NY: EIU, 2003, pp.5. https://immagic.com/eLibrary/ARCHIVES/GENERAL/GENPRE SS/E031117I.pdf, retrieved: 16.03.2018. [2] Economist Intelligence Unit, “Digital financial system rankings 2010, Beyond e-readiness, A document from the Economist Intelligence Unit”, New York, NY: EIU, IBM, 2010, pp.4. http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/eiu_digital_economy_rankings_20 10_final_web.pdf, retrieved: 16.03.218. [3] R.G. Saadé, “Web-based training facts gadget for more advantageous learning, EISL.: Student assessment”, in Journal of Information Technology education, Vol.2, pp.267-277. 2003. [4] F. Farkas, Á. Király, “What makes greater training knowledgecompatible?”iIn Acta Polytechnica Hungarica. Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 93-104. 2009. [5] Web Center for Social Research methods, Nonprobability Sampling, https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampnon.php, retrieved: 04.03.2018. [6] A. Tarhini, K. Hone, X. Liu, “Factors affecting students’ acceptance of e-learning environments in growing countries: A Structural Equation Modeling approach”, in International Journal of Information and Educational Technology, Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 54-59. February 2013. [7] V. Venkantesh, F. D. Davis, “A theoretical extension of the technological know-how acceptance model: Four longitudinal area studies”, in Management Science, Vol. forty six Pp. 186-204. 2000. [8] I. Ajzen, M. Fishbein, Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior, Prentice-Hall, Vol.278, 1980. [9] K. Falk-Bánó, “Identifying Hungarian cultural traits in Europe’s cultural variety in the twenty first century: a controversial issue” in Alkalmazott tudományok I. fóruma: Konferenciakötet. BGF, 2014, pp. 17-28. [10] Hofstede, Insight, https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country/ hungary/, Retrieved: 20.01.2018. [11] K. Varga, “Hofstede és a magyar szociológia”, in Hofstede, G. – Hofstede, G. J.: Kultúrák és szervezetek. Az elme szoftvere. Pécs, VHE Kft., 2008, pp.11–28. 000037 [12] E. Acuna, C. Rodriguez, “The cure of lacking values and its impact on classifier accuracy”, in Banks D., McMorris F.R., Arabie P., Gaul W. (eds) Classification, Clustering, and Data Mining Applications. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organisation. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2004, pp.639-647. [13] F. Hegyesi, Gy. Kártyás,“Mooc in greater education” in the Proceedings of 2013 IEEE eleventh International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA), pp. 119 – 122. October 2013, [14] F. Hegyesi, Gy. Kártyás, J. Gáti, “Answers to the twenty first century challenges at a college with technical training” in the Proseedings of 2017 IEEE fifteenth International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), pp. 365-368. September 2017. [15] N. Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet is Doing to our Brains, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 2011 [16] P. Luka, “Nicolas Carr’s The Shallows. What the net is Doing to Our Brain” and some implications for Net primarily based learning” in elearningeuropa.info, pp.1-4, March 2011. https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/sites/default/files/asset/the% 20shallows.pdf, retrieved: 12.03.2018. [17] J. Olivier, ‘Blended studying in a first-year language class: Evaluating the acceptance of an interactive getting to know environment’, in Literator-Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies Vol.37. No.2, pp.1-12. October 2016. a1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v37i2.1288 Chapter – 4 Fostering Significant Role of General Educators in Implementing Mid-day Meal Scheme for Students with Intellectual Disabilities in an Inclusive Classroom Settings in the Wayanad District of Kerala By : Fr. Baiju Thomas1, Dr. S. Logesh Kumar2 Research Scholar 1, Assistant Professor2 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute,Faculty of Disability Management and Special Education, Vidyalaya Campus, SRKV Post, Coimbatore – 20 Abstract The study was intended on fostering the significant role of general educators in implementing a mid-day meal scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual disabilities (SwIDs) in inclusive classroom settings in the Wayanad district of Kerala. This study aims to see how MDMS influences children's participation, enrolment, and drop-out rates in primary schools in Kerala's Wayanad district. Hunger, nutrition, education, gender inequity, and greater progress concerns can all be covered with school meals. General educators play a vital role in the successful implementation of the school-based MDMS. They pass much-needed assets to food-insecure families. Children who are healthier live longer, healthier lives and do better in school. Education is the backbone of social progress. MDMS influences not only each child's excellently, but also on a family's lead to valuable. As an outcome, a family effects study of India's MDMS system will help determine the program's directions for the future. The sample size comprised 60 general educators selected randomly from the primary schools of distinct. The investigator used a descriptive study method of survey was used. The investigator has done a primary study was conducted for this study; however, this study mainly focused on related data on MDMS associated with child nutrition and learning. By enhancing the nutrient intake of SwIDs in inclusive classroom environments, the MDMS may also lead to better academic performance. The Government of India has initiated the Mid-Day Meal scheme intending to boost primary education universalization and increasing enrolment, especially among children from poor and disadvantaged contexts. This study findings show that the MDMS initiative has led to significant rises in elementary school participation. It is also imagined that such a meal would foster solidarity and a sense of belonging between children of diverse castes, races, and creeds. The study's findings indicate that the MDMS has a significant effect on the overall registration, participation, and dropout rates, but the system faces a range of bottlenecks during implementation. Keywords: General Educators, Med-day Meal scheme, Fostering, Role, and SwIDs. Introduction Education is the most key component in bringing about societal, financial, and progressive action. In the twenty-first century, a more well population with the necessary knowledge, attitudes, and skills is critical for economic and social growth. Education is the most powerful tool for achieving social mobility and a critical component of establishing a just and equal society. The scheme was highly lauded, and even the World Bank admired it. The Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, initiated the National Program of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (Mid-Day Meal Scheme) as a centrally funded scheme on August 15th, 1995, after acknowledging its benefits. MDMS is important in encouraging school attendance, especially among girls: in most studies, girls' enrolment rates have increased by a far higher percentage than boys' enrolments. Besides that, as children from various classes and castes, MDMS encourages and strengthens social interaction by seeking to erode caste prejudices and fostering a culture of social equality. MDMS is now the nation's biggest school feeding network, covering over 10.03 crore children in over 11.50 lakh schools throughout India (MHRD, 2017a). One of MDM's goals is to counter educational hunger and ensure that children receive adequate nutrition. Many students arrive at school hungry and unable to focus on their studies; thus, MDMS provides nutrition and assists them in concentrating on classroom activities. Also when MDM students are not present, they go to their home for dinner but never back (Dreze and Goyal, 2003). The MDM, i.e. veggie trays, often avoid "school hunger," which might not be the case with dry supplies or packaged meals. Eventually, as previously said, MDMS finds a range of "socialization" functions that cannot be fulfilled by dry supplies (Dreze, 2005). Enrolment is required for MDMS access. MDMS acts as a motivator to have more children in school to keep them somewhere for extended periods, affecting their academic achievement (Viswanathan, 2006). It is assumed that understanding the difficulties general educators face when implementing the MDMS will assist planners and administrators in reflecting on the procedures and methods used in preparing, executing, and monitoring the scheme's existing MDMS to achieve the scheme's goals. The issues that the general educators are having with the scheme's execution must be completely resolved. The research also aimed to recommend solutions to challenges and approaches to achieve the goals of the MDMS. Utilizing an assenting feature comparing estimation method, this study a specific MDM scheme in Kerala's Wayanad district, determining its effect on both primary and secondary school student enrolment. The MDM scheme not only had a significant, favourable effect on overall involvement rates, but it was also more noticeable for those with the least qualified educators and the highest socioeconomic factors. History of Mid-day Meals Since August 15, 1995, India has promoted the Mid-Day Meal Program as part of the National Program of Nutritional Support to Primary Education. It was launched in India to increase admissions, retention, and attendance while also enhancing children's nutritional levels. The history of the MDMS scheme goes back to 1925 when the Madras government introduced the mid-day meal program in Madras Municipal Corporation especially for disadvantaged children (James, 2013). Besides receiving huge protests the then chief minister continued to provide free meals to the school-going children in the state. On August 15, 1995, the Department of Elementary Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development through the Government of India launched this scheme as nationwide scale (Deodhar, et al., 2010); however, it started being universalized only after the Supreme Court order against a PIL in 2001. One of the objectives of MDMS is to address classroom hunger and provide sufficient nutrition to the children. Many students go empty stomach to school and could not concentrate on study thus MDMS provide them nutrition and help them to concentrate on classroom activities. Even in absence of MDM students go to their homes for lunch and never return (Dreze and Goyal, 2003). Improving primary education and provide nutritious support to the children by the scheme is most important. And it lessens the dropout rate and avoids classroom hunger. Because of its relevance, an evaluation of the program is necessary and to analyze the satisfaction response from beneficiaries. The study also examines whether India is equipped for a post-pandemic situation and offers additional guidance to the government and stakeholders on how to adequately incorporate the scheme throughout the nation's various areas. The schools in our district are taking part in this scheme, offering MDMS to students to increase the number of students enrolled. The scheme's primary goal is to enhance primary education as well as provide nutritious assistance to children. The MDMS is India’s second-largest food security program. Location – Wayanad Kerala is a coastline state in South India. There are 14 distinct divisions within the region. Wayanad is a district in Kerala's northeast region, with Kalpetta as its capital. The district was made on November 1, 1980, when parts of the Kozhikode and Kannur districts were united to form Kerala's 12th district. Wayanad district has a populace density of 369 people per square kilometer and covers 2,132 square kilometers. The populace density of the district is 780,619 populations (2001census). Forestry covers approximately 885.92 square kilometers of the district. The community of Wayanad is predominantly tribal. Wayanad's culture is mostly tribal. Despite its reputation as a rundown district, it produces cash crops such as pepper, allspice, coffee, tea, spices, and other condiments, making it one of the state's highest foreign exchange-earners. There are a lot of settlers in Wayanad. A tiny Jain population in Wayanad is made up of Gowders from Karnataka. They have designed beautiful temples in the district. Every other Christian denomination has been well. Christians make up one amongst Wayanad's population. Muslims make up a quarter of the population, with Hindus accounting for the remainder. Wayanad district currently has 266 schools (126 lower primaries, 77 upper primaries, and 53 high schools). Under the Department of Education, there are five vocational higher secondary schools, two higher secondary schools, and three teacher training institutes. Statement of the Problem The Mid-Day Meal Scheme was first implemented for children aged between 6-11 years to maximize enrolment and decrease school dropout rates, which were significant from the perspective of universalization of essential education as well as reaching higher literacy rates in the nation. However, since nutrition is a complex issue, MDMS also has low nutritional value in comparison to everyday necessities and is much lower in nutrients such as protein, fats, iron, and iodine about meal quantity in particular. To achieve this aim, the study will focus on several outcomes related to the role of general educators in the successful implementation of the MDMS in Kerala's Wayanad district. Therefore, the study entitled: “Fostering significant role of general educators in implementing mid-day meal scheme for students with intellectual disabilities in an inclusive classroom setting in Wayanad district of Kerala”. Objectives of the study 1. To find out the awareness on Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual among General educators working in an inclusive setting in Wayanad district of Kerala. 2. To find out the advantages of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) from the General Educators responsible for providing inclusive education for students with intellectual disability in the Wayanad district of Kerala. Research Questions 1. What is the awareness on the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual disability among general educators working in an inclusive setting in the Wayanad district of Kerala? 2. What are the advantages of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual disability from the viewpoint of general educators, working in an inclusive setting in the Wayanad district of Kerala? Methodology This method will refer to a set of techniques or procedures, or to the foundation and the philosophical expectations that motivate this specific study. For the study and evaluation of MDMS in Wayanad district of Kerala., five governments, five government-aided, and ten private schools are selected among these twelve Lower Primary and Eight Upper Primary schools. The study was designed on descriptive research methodology. A survey method was used for the study. Table No. 1 Distribution of general educators based on age, qualification, experience, salary, locality and types of schools Variables Groups Category N % 1 Below 30 years 8 13.3 2 31- 40years 17 28.3 Age 3 Above 40 years 35 58.3 Total 60 100.0 1 Post Graduate 23 38.3 2 Graduate 30 50.0 3 Diploma 7 11.7 Total 60 100.0 1 Below five years 15 25.0 2 5-10 years 16 26.7 3 Above 10 years 29 48.3 Total 60 100.0 1 Below 10,000 11 18.3 2 11,000 to 20,000 10 16.7 3 21,000 to 30,000 39 65.0 Total 60 100.0 1 Urban 25 41.7 2 Semi Urban 8 13.3 3 Rural 27 45.0 Total 60 100.0 1 Government Aided 29 48.3 2 Government 7 11.7 3 Private 24 40.0 Total 60 100.0 1 Male 9 15.0 2 Female 51 85.0 Total 60 100.0 Qualification Experience Salary Locality of School Types of School Gender Sampling technique A total of 60 general educators were chosen for the analysis of respondents to the approval of MDMS. Two schools in each district were taken as a sample to follow up with the supply chain of food grains along with other required food items for the MDM scheme. The selection of schools was taken on a random basis whereas, after the schools, the snowball sampling technique was used to follow up with the chain associated with the supply chain. Tool development The investigator will establish a tool in the form of a Rating Scale for General Educators Working in Inclusive Classrooms in the Wayanad district of Kerala to assess the importance of general educators' participation in implementing the mid-day meal scheme for SwIDs in inclusive classroom settings in the following domains. 1. Awareness level 2. Advantage level Data collecting procedure   In Kerala's Wayanad district, general educators concerned about the inclusion of SwIDs in inclusive schools have been recognized. The school authorities were given the questionnaire to distribute to general educators. Variables of study The age, gender, educational qualification, experience, types of service, residence, and salary have been used as independent variables by the investigator. Data Analysis To assist with sufficient data processing, the statistical program for the social sciences (SPSS 20.0) was used. The Major Finding of the Study 1. What is the awareness of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual disability among general educators working in an inclusive setting in the Wayanad district of Kerala? To find the level of awareness on the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual among General educators working in an inclusive setting in Wayanad district of Kerala, the respondents are asked 10 questions on a five-point Likert scale. The responses are scored as 1 for ‘Strongly disagree’, 2 for ‘Disagree’, 0 for ‘Uncertain’, 3 for ‘Agree’, and 4 for ‘Strongly agree’. The total score of the 40 questions for all 60 respondents is found out, based on which we calculate the mean % score of level of awareness on Mid-day Meal Scheme[𝑀𝑃𝑆 = 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒×100 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 ] were calculated. This score is classified into one of the four groups: 1. Poor or low if the mean % score is less than 35%, 2. Average if the mean % score is between 35 to 50 percent, 3. Good or medium if the mean % score lies in the interval 50 to 75% and 4. Excellent or high if the mean % score is above 75%. A one-sample Z test is carried out to test the significance. The following table gives the Mean, SD, Mean % Score and Z value of the variable considered. (Loyd, B. H., & R. R. Abidin. R. R. (1985). Revision of the Parent Stress Index. Journal of Pediatric Psychiatry, 10(2), 169). Table 2: Mean, Standard deviation and z value for awareness on Med-day Meal Scheme Variable N Mean Standard Deviation Mean % score CV z p value Awareness 60 24.63 5.80 49.27 23.53 -0.490 0.626 Interpretation The mean percentage score level of awareness on the Mid-day Meal Scheme implemented for students with intellectual disability in Wayanad district of Kerala is 49.27% which indicates that the level of awareness on Mid-day Meal Scheme is average. The CV indicates that this score is not stable as the value is more than 20%. To test whether the sample information that we observe exists in the population or to verify that the level of awareness on the Mid-day Meal Scheme is average. To test the above hypothesis we use a one-sample Z test and the result is exhibited in Table No. 2. From the table, the p-value is more than 0.05 which indicates that the test is not significant. So we conclude that the level of awareness on the Mid-day Meal Scheme among General educators working in an inclusive setting in the Wayanad district of Kerala is only average. 2. What are the advantages of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) for students with intellectual disability in the viewpoint of general educators, working in an inclusive setting in the Wayanad district of Kerala? To find the level of advantages of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) from the General Educators responsible for providing inclusive education for students with intellectual disability in Wayanad district of Kerala, the respondents are asked 10 questions on five points Likert scale. The responses are scored as 1 for ‘Strongly disagree’, 2 for ‘Disagree’, 3 for ‘Uncertain’, 4 for ‘Agree’, and 5 for ‘Strongly agree’. The total score of the 10 questions for all 60 respondents is found out, based on which we calculate the mean % score of level of advantages of Mid-day Meal Scheme. Table 3: Mean, Standard deviation and z value for advantages of Mid-day Meal Scheme Variable N Mean Standard Deviation Mean % score CV z p value Advantage 60 22.10 5.21 44.20 23.57 -4.312 <0.001 Interpretation The mean percentage score level of advantages of the Mid-day Meal Scheme (MDMS) from the General Educators responsible for providing inclusive education for students with intellectual disability in Wayanad district is 44.20% which indicates that the level of advantages on Med-day Meal Scheme is average. The CV indicates that this score is not stable as the value is more than 20%. To test whether the sample information that we observe exists in the population or to verify that the level of advantage on the Mid-day Meal Scheme is average. To test the above hypothesis we use a one-sample Z test and the result is exhibited in Table No. 3. From the table, the p-value is less than 0.05 and the Z value is negative which indicates that the level is average. Recommendations 1. The study recommends that increased awareness needs to be created among the general educators regarding the implementation of MDMS in Inclusive classroom settings. 2. The study recommends that government should have a budget to run a comprehensive nutrition education program in all the schools in the Wayanad district of Kerala. 3. The study recommends that there should be a common understanding among general educators regarding the implementation of MDMS in the schools. 4. The study recommends that general educators should know, understand and work collaboratively with special educators in the execution of MDMS in inclusive settings. 5. The study recommends that educational attainment was found to be influenced by physical development; school health programs should be reinforced. Suggestions for further research 1. The study has been focused only on the Wayanad district of Kerala; the initiative can be taken up in other districts of the state. 2. Parallel studies can be replaced in other areas of disability. 3. Similar studies can be conducted on more samples\ larger areas. 4. Further research should be initiated to find out the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies and implementation of measures to tackle them through MDMS. 5. The study had been conducted among the general educators; the initiative can be taken up into other groups of special educators, paraprofessionals, and parents. Delimitations of the study 1. The research study was restricted to the Wayanad district of Kerala. 2. The present study covers general educators working in inclusive settings for students of intellectual disability in the Wayanad district of Kerala. 3. The sample size is limited to 60. Conclusion In Kerala's Wayanad district, the MDMS, which is one of the world's biggest school feeding initiatives, has increased school children's enrolment and attendance, as well as their nutritional position by reducing the malnutrition rate. General educators play a key role in the execution of MDMS in school, to make sure clearness and honesty in all features of scheme implementation. MDMS was also revealed to be more common in rural areas of the Wayanad district of Kerala. The current disparity in MDMS access is predominantly due to a lack of space. As an outcome, "where you live totals." This is because governance difficulties play a significant role in the success or failure of MDMS in any state or area. The current study findings indicate that MDMs have a significant influence on enrolment, retention, and drop-out rates, but the program faces a range of problems during implementation in the district of Wayanad. Reference 1. Deodhar, S. Y., Mahandiratta, S., Ramani, K. V., Mavalankar, D., Ghosh, S., & Braganza, V. (2010). An evaluation of mid-day meal scheme. Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, 22(1-4), 33-49. 2. Devi, A. A. (2016). NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF MIDDAY MEAL IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF KAMRUP METRTO URBAN DISTRICT, ASSAM. 3. Drèze, J. (2004). Democracy and right to food. Economic and Political Weekly, 17231731. 4. Dreze, J., & Goyal, A. (2003). Future of mid-day meals. Economic and political weekly, 4673-4683. 5. George, J., & Krishnaprasad, P. (2006). Agrarian distress and Farmers' suicides in the tribal District of Wayanad. Social scientist, 70-85. 6. James, G. (2013). Fighting “Classroom Hunger”—Achievements of “Mid Day Meal Scheme”. Yojana. 7. Khera, R. (2006). Mid-day meals in primary schools: Achievements and challenges. Economic and political weekly, 4742-4750. 8. Loyd, B. H., & Abidin, R. R. (1985). Revision of the parenting stress index. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 10(2), 169-177. 9. Poddar, Rakesh (2007). Perspectives on tourism & biodiversity. Cyber Tech Publications. ISBN 9788178842967. 10. "Topography, Western Ghats, Wayanad, Green Paradise, District, Kerala, India | Kerala Tourism". www.keralatourism.org. Retrieved 7 January 2020. 11. Viswanathan, B. (2006). Access to nutritious meal programmes: Evidence from 1999-2000 NSS Data. Economic and Political Weekly, 497-506. Chapter -5 The Economic Impact Of India's Covid-19 From The Perspective Of The World Economy By : Prasanta Mujrai Department Of Geography , Research Scholar Of Shri Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University,Vidyanagari, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan-33001 ABSTRACT: The coronavirus epidemic, according to the World Bank, has thrown India's economy into turmoil. Pre-existing conditions, they claim, are becoming increasingly widespread. According to the World Bank, the impact of the corona pandemic on the economy in South Asia will push India's GDP up to 5% by 2020. They expect 2.7 percent growth in fiscal year 2021. According to the survey, India's economy was already in a state of crisis due to financial concerns across the board. This time, the situation is deteriorating due to the outbreak of corona. The country is under a 21day lockdown to prevent corona illness. As a result, efficient transportation and human movement have come to a halt. According to accounts, this campaign has caused disruptions in domestic demand and supply. The situation in India, according to Hans Timmer, the World Bank's head economist, is not good. According to the World Bank, the economic crisis will deteriorate if the lockout is extended any further. The first step, he believes, is to reduce corona infections. At the same time, we need to make sure that everyone has food. "It's vital to start the repatriation process," he stated. And, in order to do so, we must maintain a close check on temporary employment creation, particularly at the local level. Backups of such programmes are required. He added, "It's also critical to protect small and disadvantaged enterprises from bankruptcy." "Not just economically, but also socially, this is an opportunity for the Indian economy to be stable in the long run." "The World Bank had previously announced a one-billion-dollar loan to India," according to the World Bank, "India will be provided with one billion US dollars to combat the coronavirus, estimated at more than Rs 6,000 crore in Indian rupees." To avoid this, a lockdown has been declared, resulting in many migrant workers' lives once again becoming bleak. Keywords: migrant; epidemic; financial problems; precaution; shutdown INTRODUCTION: The spread of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) is wreaking havoc on businesses around the world, according to a recent report from the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): It forecasts 2.4 percent growth in 2020, down from 2.9 percent in November, and a "longer lasting and more intense" outbreak could halve growth to 1.5 percent. IMPACT ON THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY  AUTOMOBILE: Automobile dealers in the United States and the United Kingdom have warned that a parts scarcity is imminent, while car manufacturing companies in South Korea have halted production due to a shortfall of automobile parts supplied by their Chinese subsidiaries.  ELECTRONICS: China is a major supplier of auto parts, electronic items, mobile phones, and accessories, and it is also a major supplier of parts for many global companies; for example, China accounts for 9% of global TV production, and more than 290 of Apple's 800 suppliers are based in China. The downstream industries that rely on China-made chips would also be harmed.  EDUCATION: Wuhan, the epicentre of the Coronavirus outbreak and China's third-largest education and scientific hub, is currently under lockdown, with universities shut down to prevent the virus from spreading further.  SECTOR OF TRAVEL AND TOURISM: The Coronavirus has had a significant impact on the travel and tourism industry in China, with almost all international airlines cancelling flights and international hotel chains issuing refunds. Because most Chinese citizens are avid travellers, tourism in other countries may be affected. A similar situation exists in many countries, including India.  INDUSTRIES INVOLVED IN SHIPPING: Container volumes have plummeted, and the Import-Export balance has dipped to a low point in the last three months, according to shipping companies.  BEVERAGES AND FOOD: China also has a large domestic market for retail and food and beverages, with roughly 4000 Starbucks locations, half of which were shuttered due to the outbreak.  THE EFFECT ON AIR TRAVEL: The airline industry has also been affected by the outbreak, with the International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimating that the outbreak will cost airlines $113 billion in lost revenue as fewer people fly.  COMMERCIAL IMPACT: The pharmaceutical industry is also bracing for worldwide economic disruptions due to disruptions in the supply of products and parts from China, as factories delayed opening after the Lunar New Year and workers stayed home to help reduce the spread of the virus.  IMPACT ON SPORTING ACTIVITIES: Many cultural and sporting events have been cancelled or postponed around the world, and the outbreak has already caused economic damage in the travel and tourism industries, as well as endangering the Tokyo Olympics, which will be hosted this year in Japan. INDIA'S IMPACT:  IMPORTS: In various sectors, India relies heavily on imports from around the world, particularly from China, as evidenced by the top 20 products imported by India from around the world, where China accounts for a significant share of most of these products. For example, around one-third of machinery and two-fifths of organic chemicals imported by India come from China. Around 65 to 70% of active pharmaceutical ingredients are imported from China.  EXPORTS: Organic Chemicals, Plastics, Fish Products, Ores, and other sectors have been hit by the slowing demand and supply chain disruption caused by China, which is India's third largest export partner with a 5% stake.  IMPACT ON SECTOR: Automobile Sector: The impact on this sector varies depending on the volume of commerce with China; while China's current inventory appears to be sufficient for Indian industry, this may alter if the slowdown in China persists. Pharmaceutical Sector: India's pharmaceutical industry is significantly reliant on imports; for example, more than 70% of APIs are imported. Textile Sector: The closure of textile/garment plants in China and a few other Southeast Asian countries has had a negative influence on India's raw material exports to these countries, such as yarn and fabric. The shipping industry has had a significant impact on cargo moving service providers, with data indicating a decrease of more than 70% in dry bulk trade. Solar Power Sectors: Imported Raw Materials in Solar Cells/Panels are in short supply. Electronic Industry: India's electronic industry may face supply disruptions because most parts and final products are imported. CONCLUSION: According to the United Nations, India's trade impact from the coronavirus epidemic is estimated to be around $348 million, and the country is among the top 15 economies most affected as China's manufacturing slowdown disrupts global trade; in a moderate scenario, with travel bans and precautionary behaviour abating after three months, India's hit will be $640 million. REFERENCES: 1. Suri, G. (2018) ‘Impact of Demonetisation on Indian Economy’, MERI-Journal of Management & IT, 12(1), p. 27. doi: 10.25089/meri/2018/v12/i1/180117. 2. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/coronavirus-economic-effects-global-economytrade-travel/ 3. https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/feb/10/will-the-coronavirus-outbreak-derailthe-global-economy 4. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-impact-of-coronavirus-onindian-economy-1582870052-1 5. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-outbreak-in-india-could-cost-theeconomy-29-9-billion-adb-11583480504316.html 6. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-outbreak-in-india-could-cost-theeconomy-29-9-billion-adb-11583480504316.html Chapter – 6 Artificial Intelligence in Sports: A brilliant way to triumph By : Ashutosh Sharma PhD Scholar, SGB Amravati University, Maharashtra, India IntroductionThe term Artificial Intelligence blows emotions. On the one hand, we are in love with intelligence, which seems to present a special place among us humans among life forms. Questions arise such as "What is intelligence? How to measure intelligence? Or "How does the brain work?" All of these questions make sense when trying to understand Artificial Intelligence. However, the central question for the engineer, and in particular for the computer scientist, is whether the intelligent machine behaves like a human, exhibiting intelligent behavior. We seem to be living in the age of AI. Everywhere you look, companies are touting their latest advancements in AI, machine learning, and deep learning, even if they lack everything that could be called disruptive including "Block chain" and "Crypto" are the buzzwords of today. “Personalization”- The process of using mobile data, social media, geolocation, web morphing, context, and even emotional computing to tailor messages and experiences to a similar individual. Partner with them - becomes the ultimate word in a whole new customer intelligence environment. AI will change the way business is done and while its influence is already significant in a number of industries, the sports sector is a newcomer and very welcome as well. From football / soccer to Formula 1, artificial intelligence is used in sports for strategy, training, advertising and more. In short, AI has a significant impact on the way sports content is viewed and consumed. AI is creating a smarter world for athletes, coaches, advertisers and broadcasters with real-time statistics. Roland Garros 2019 enabled IT giant Infosys to generate a global Csuite audience, providing real-time statistics with a 16% engagement increase impact. How is AI improving sportsThe sporting industry has been using statistics and data analytics since time immemorial. Everything that can be quantified is already measured in sports, making it a fertile ground for the application of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence is impacting us every day and its impact on sports is rather persistent. Here are a few places AI are influencing the Sports industry: Maintaining Health, Fitness and SafetyEveryone knows that the beginning of AI is changing the healthcare industry in different ways. AI's extraordinary predictive and diagnostic capabilities can also be applied in the field of sports, where physical and mental health is paramount. Since the nature of sport is to maintain optimal physical condition, sports teams invest a lot in the physical and mental well being of their players. To ensure the health and fitness of their players, they increasingly integrate technology tools into the health of their players. AI has become the ultimate tool in these teams' medical kits. Players regularly undergo physical tests that use AI to analyze various health parameters and player movements to gauge their fitness and possibly even detect the first signs of fatigue or stressinduced injury. This can help sports organizations' medical teams keep their players fit and protect them from injury by taking prompt action. Many of the top teams use wearable technology to track player movements and fitness parameters during practice to help them monitor the overall health of their players. The AI system can be used to continuously analyze the stream of data collected by these mobile devices to identify signs that a player is developing musculoskeletal or cardiovascular problems. This will allow sports teams to keep their most valuable assets in pristine condition for the long haul. The NBA launched a Connexion kiosk, which uses AI to analyze a player's health data to notify teams of injuries and other setbacks. Arccos Caddy, the literal power of artificial intelligence, is the virtual caddy of a single player, giving information on the direction of the wind, which club to choose? Typing direction and other important information like position, etc. Artificial intelligence has a huge impact on pre-match and during-match strategies. Squad decisions before and during the game are now influenced by computer analysis. Artificial intelligence can be used even more to improve athletic performance by understanding various metrics like rotation, speed and serve position, or even the position and movement of the shuttlecock. player. In this regard, AI helps managers/coaches improve decision making for various important matches and tournaments. Coaching the CoachesAI has a big impact on the strategic decisions coaches make, both before and during the match. Baseball is a classic example. Alignment decisions against opposing teams are now heavily influenced by the IT analysis of the main office as well as the manager's experience. Using a combination of wearable sensors and high-speed cameras, AI platforms can now measure the speed, spin and position of tennis serve, a bent ball, a pass in forward, with a free kick and dozens of other similar actions, not to mention the movement and spatial positioning of the player performing them. All of this data helps coaches better prepare players for competition. Equally important, AI can predict the odds of success of different game tactics. For example, some football coaches are now turning to AI to help them take the right turn in a match. As mentioned above, use general metrics like passes made, goals scored etc. is not the best way to accurately assess performance, both individually and collectively. To assess performance in any sport, analysts and coaches must analyze countless data points related to individual players and collective performance. This helps them identify areas where players excel and where they fall behind. Depending on the role of each player on a team, the metrics to measure their contribution vary. For example, in football, the Key Performance Indicators (KPI) of attacking or attacking players is different from the KPIs of midfielders (creative players) and defenders (defensive players). While not all aspects of performance can be quantified (as of now), an increasing portion of a player's game becomes quantifiable and thus can be measurable. This is made possible by using artificial intelligence to determine the correlation between qualitative characteristics and quantitative variables, and then measuring these variables to predict the corresponding qualitative value of the player. The world's only motion tracking sensor for squash "Racketwear" is used to track squash racquet movement and detect strengths and weaknesses, improving stats, shots perfection as well as personal achievement and analysis. AI can also be used to identify your opponent's tactical patterns, strengths and weaknesses when preparing for a match. This helps coaches design detailed gamelans based on their assessment of their opponents and maximize their chances of winning. AI used for streaming and broadcasting: With the help of AI platforms and match cameras, broadcasters can choose which highlights they want to broadcast, completely disrupting monetization of sporting events. It can also provide subtitles for live events depending on the location's language. Artificial intelligence in sports marketing will be used to determine the best camera angles during the match as well as during highlights/replays. AI can also provide stats insights for commenter’s, helping live commenter’s to comment better. Grabyo and Opta sports have signed a partnership agreement to create manage and publish real-time video clips for fans at specific events using AI. With this capability, the Associated Press office has increased its reporting capabilities and is now able to cover 13 minor leagues with 142 teams via AI. Artificial intelligence can also be used to identify the most relevant ad exposure opportunities based on audience demographics. Brands can get better advertising opportunities based on the best play times defined by AI. Learning algorithms automatically track player actions, audience emotions, and phrases to identify the most exciting moments in the game. AI in refereeing: The referee is one of the first examples of artificial intelligence in sport. In cricket, Hawkeye technology was used to indicate if Batman is Batman or is not in LBW. The technology creates around the game fair. National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) uses the camera to identify the race wave to simplify the office process to simplify the office process to adopt AI. The use of electronic goal line technology in football determines whether the goal is scored or not used to help the referee or during the match. ConclusionArtificial Intelligence is making wave in sports. AI will increase sports competitiveness with a large margin. A better sensor will make a better forecast for the consequences of the Convention. Ai affects advertisers, sports companies, franchise owners, coaches and game strategists. With a wide range of these implementations, the entire sports industry is likely to adopt a competitive advantage than that of competitors. There is little in the world that cannot be quantified. All that can be quantified can be accurately predicted using data analysis and artificial intelligence. The world of sport is rich in these quantitative elements. Ideal for the use of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence applications in sports have been a current view for recent years. Given the positive impact on the positive impact, they will continue to enter the sports zone when they consider positive impacts imported by the growing capacity. REFERENCES 1. Stuart J. Rusell and Peter Norving. “Artificial Intelligence A modern approach”, 3rd Edition, Pearson education Inc., New jersey, 2010. 2. John Paul muellu and Luca massaron. “Artificial Intelligence for dummies”, John wiley & sons Inc., 2018. 3. https://www.cio.com/article/3400877/artificial-intelligence-in-sports-asmarter-path-to-victory. Retrieved on 20 June 2021. Chapter -7 Learning Disablity And Technology By : Vidyalakshmi1 , Rijumol k.c2 1 2 Asst. Prof In Kannada, KUTEC, Kasaragod Course director KUTEC, Kasaragod INTRODUCTION The term "learning disability" describes a neurobiological disorder in which a person's brain works or is structured differently. These differences in brain structure affect a person's ability to speak, listen, read, write, spell, reason, recall, organize information and do mathematics. According to the National Institutes of Health, one in seven children has a learning disability. Most children with learning disabilities (80%) have difficulty with language skills, including reading, writing and spelling. Even though these children are as smart as their peers, they need additional time and tools to help them read, write and spell.We can give children that extra time to develop their skills if we identify learning disabilities early. disability is a neurological disorder. In simple terms, a learning disabily results from a difference in the way a person's brain is "wired." Children with learning disabilities are a young child, he or she has more time to learn to read and write with less difficulty.as smart or smarter than their peers. But they may have difficulty reading, writing, spelling, reasoning, recalling and/or organizing information if left to figure things out by themselves or if taught in conventional ways.A learning disability can't be cured or fixed; it is a lifelong issue. With the right support and intervention, however, children with learning disabilities can succeed in school and go on to successful, often distinguished careers later in life.Parents can help children with learning disabilities achieve such success by encouraging their strengths, knowing their weaknesses, understanding the educational system, working with professionals and learning about strategies for dealing with specific difficulties. Learning disability: A childhood disorder characterized by difficulty with certain skills such as reading or writing in individuals with normal intelligence. Learning disability affect the ability to interpret what one sees and hears or the ability to link information from different parts of the brain. These limitations can show up in many ways -as specific difficulties with spoken and written language, coordination, self-control, or attention. Such difficulties extend to schoolwork and can impede learning to read or write, or to do maths.learning disabilities can be lifelong conditions that, in some cases, affect many parts of a person's life: school or work, daily routines, family life, and sometimes even friendships and play. In some people, many overlapping learning disabilities may be apparent. Other people may have a single, isolated learning problem that has little impact on other areas of their lives.A learning disability is often called a learning problem.The term learning disability is used to describe the seeming unexplained difficulty a person of at least average intelligence has in acquiring basic academic skills.Academic skills are essential for success at school and work, and for coping with life in general. The term learning disorder is generally used to encompass a group of disorders and not a single disorder. The main feature of a learning disability is the distinct gap between the level of achievement (intellectual ability) that is expected and what is actually being achieved (academic performance) “Learning disabilities” is a relatively new term. Coined by Samuel Kirk in 1963, the term has come to function as a label for individuals of normal intelligence, physical intactness, emotional health, adequate instruction, and sufficient motivation who are somehow unable to master basic skills related to school success. Discovery of the learning-disabled population began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with studies of adults with documented brain injuries who had speech and language difficulties. In the first half of the 20th century, related literature appeared in the areas of vision abnormalities, hyperactivity, postencephalitic behavior, and perceptual abnormalities of children with cerebral palsy. Parallel to this, researchers began differentiating among the formerly uncategorized group of “retarded” students. From efforts at differentiating among the retarded came remedial programs for the learning disabled. Definition of “Learning Disabilities” Despite the lack of a universal definition of “learning disabilities, ” the definition exists in the law. In Public Law 94-142, a learning disability is defined as “a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to 1isten, think, speak, read, write, spell or do mathematical calculations” (167). Problems of taxonomy and semantics have impeded defining “learning disabilities” a precise, comprehensive way. In 1968, the National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children offered a definition of the term that is now widely used. This definition significantly influenced the one that the U.S. Congress used in 1969 in Title VI of Public Law 91-230 and in Public Law 94-142. LEARNING DISABLITY AND TECHNOLOGY learning disabilities refer to a set of disorders that affect reading, handwriting, spelling, mathematics, listening, expressive language, and social skills. By definition, learning disabilities are not caused by a lack of intelligence, sensory impairment (like deafness), primary emotional disturbance, or environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage. This definition thus excludes all commonly accepted impediments to learning except neurological impairment. The theories, treatments, and investigations of the learning disabilities field frequently reflect the exclusionary approach of the definition. Learning disabilities are recognized primarily as schoolrelated problems. In the last decade, however, a growing number of experts in the field have come to see learning disabilities as arising from an interaction of neurophysiological with psychological, educational, and social factors. The neurophysiological factors are seen as necessary but perhaps not sufficient to explain the nature and prevalence of learning disabilities. Although the precise nature of these neurophysiological factors is yet elusive, the concept of learning disabilities seems to require a neurophysiological component as a sine qua non, setting learning disabilities apart as a group of disorders that merit legislative attention and support. A systems approach is applied here to learning disabilities This approach is a comprehensive rather than an exclusionary approach. Thus, .3 learning disability is seen not simply as a problem in academic learning but as a particular style of thought, performance, and expression that can affect one’s entire life. A learning disability is seen not as specific to school settings but as involving the family, the community, the immediate environment, and progressively farther-reaching environments. Rather than being seen as having a single cause, a learning disability is seen as the outcome of a network of forces that include the neurophysiological, emotional, familial, organizational, political, social, historical, and technological. Options for research and development are based on this integrative view. In this case study, both “hard” and “soft” technologies relevant to the learning disabled are discussed. “Hard” technology refers to concrete discoveries and inventions such as facts about the brain and microcomputers. “Hard” technology is the what. “Soft” technology refers to how the technology is used and who uses it. The complex of legislation, private and public organizations, programs, theories, and research are all “soft” technologies. These “soft” inventions provide the social context for “hard” technologies. This case study argues that unless this social context is addressed, the promise that advanced “hard” technology holds for Iearning-handicapped people migt be seriously comporomised. What kinds of assistive technology tools are available? Assistive technology (AT) is available to help individuals with many types of disabilities — from cognitive problems to physical impairment. This article will focus specifically on AT for individuals with learning disabilities (LD). The use of technology to enhance learning is an effective approach for many children. Additionally, students with LD often experience greater success when they are allowed to use their abilities (strengths) to work around their disabilities (challenges). AT tools combine the best of both of these practices What types of learning problems does assistive technology address? AT can address many types of learning difficulties. A student who has difficulty writing can compose a school report by dictating it and having it converted to text by special software. A child who struggles with math can use a hand-held calculator to keep score while playing a game with a friend. And a teenager with dyslexia may benefit from AT that will read aloud his employer's online training manual. There are AT tools to help students who struggle with: Listening Certain assistive technology (AT) tools can help people who have difficulty processing and remembering spoken language. Such devices can be used in various settings (e.g., a class lecture, or a meeting with multiple speakers). Math Assistive technology (AT) down on paper. With the help of visual and/or audio support, users can better set up and calculate basic math problems Organization and memory Assistive technology (AT) tools can help a person plan, organize, and keep track of his calendar, schedule, task list, contact information, and miscellaneous notes. These tools allow him to manage, store, and retrieve such information with the help of special software and hand-held devices. Reading There is a wide range of assistive technology (AT) tools available to help individuals who struggle with reading. While each type of tool works a little differently, all of these tools help by presenting text as speech. These tools help facilitate decoding, reading fluency, and comprehension. Writing There is a wide range of assistive technology (AT) tools available to help students who struggle with writing. Some of these tools help students circumvent the actual physical task of writing, while others facilitate proper spelling, punctuation, grammar, word usage, and organization. The term "assistive technology" has usually been applied to computer hardware and software and electronic devices. However, many AT tools are now available on the Internet. AT tools that support kids with LD include: Abbreviation expanders Used with word processing, these software programs allow a user to create, store, and re-use abbreviations for frequently-used words or phrases. This can save the user keystrokes and ensure proper spelling of words and phrases he has coded as abbreviations. Alternative keyboards These programmable keyboards have special overlays that customize the appearance and function of a standard keyboard. Students who have LD or have trouble typing may benefit from customization that reduces input choices, groups keys by color/location, and adds graphics to aid comprehension. Audio books and publications Recorded books allow users to listen to text and are available in a variety of formats, such as audiocassettes, CDs, and MP3 downloads. Special playback units allow users to and search and bookmark pages and chapters. Subscription services offer extensive electronic library collections. Electronic math work sheets Electronic math worksheets are software programs that can help a user organize, align, and work through math problems on a computer screen. Numbers that appear onscreen can also be read aloud via a speech synthesizer. This may be helpful to people who have trouble aligning math problems with pencil and paper. Freeform database software Used in conjunction with word processing or other software, this tool allows the user to create and store electronic notes by "jotting down" relevant information of any length and on any subject. He can later retrieve the information by typing any fragment of the original note. Graphic organizers and outlining Graphic organizers and outlining programs help users who have trouble organizing and outlining information as they begin a writing project. This type of program lets a user "dump" information in an unstructured manner and later helps him organize the information into appropriate categories and order. Information/data managers This type of tool helps a person plan, organize, store, and retrieve his calendar, task list, contact data, and other information in electronic form. Personal data managers may be portable, hand-held devices, computer software, or a combination of those tools working together by "sharing" data. Optical character recognition This technology allows a user to scan printed material into a computer or handheld unit. The scanned text is then read aloud via a speech synthesis/screen reading system. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is available as stand-alone units, computer software, and as portable, pocketsized devices. Personal FM listening systems A personal FM listening system transmits a speaker's voice directly to the user's ear. This may help the listener focus on what the speaker is saying. The unit consists of a wireless transmitter (with microphone) worn by the speaker and a receiver (with earphone) worn by the listener. Portable word processors A portable word processor is lightweight device that is easy to transport (e.g., from classroom to home). It can be helpful to kids who may have trouble writing by hand and prefer to use a keyboard. Word processing allows the user to edit and correct his written work more efficiently than doing so by hand. Proofreading programs Students who struggle with writing (e.g., spelling, grammar, punctuation, word usage, and sentence structure) may benefit from software programs (included in many word processing systems) that scan word processing documents and alert the user to possible errors. Speech-recognition programs A speech recognition program works in conjunction with a word processor. The user "dictates" into a microphone, and his spoken words appear on the computer screen as text. This can help a user whose oral language ability is better than his writing skills. Speech synthesizers/screen readers These systems can display and read aloud text on a computer screen, including text that has been typed by the user, scanned in from printed pages (e.g., books, letters), or text appearing on the Internet. Talking calculators A talking calculator has a built-in speech synthesizer that reads aloud each number, symbol, or operation key a user presses; it also vocalizes the answer to the problem. This auditory feedback may help him check the accuracy of the keys he presses and verify the answer before he transfers it to paper. Talking spell checkers and electronic dictionaries Talking spell checkers and electronic dictionaries can help a poor speller select or identify appropriate words and correct spelling errors during the process of writing and proofreading. Talking devices "read aloud" and display the selected words onscreen, so the user can see and hear the words. Variable-speed tape recorders Tape recorders/players allow a user to listen to pre-recorded text or to capture spoken information (e.g., a classroom lecture) and play it back later. Variable speed control (VSC) tape recorders speed up or slow down the playback rate without distorting the "speaker's" voice. Word-prediction programs Word prediction software can help a user during word processing by "predicting" a word the user intends to type. Predictions are based on spelling, syntax, and frequent/recent use. This prompts kids who struggle with writing to use proper spelling, grammar, and word choices, with fewer keystrokes. According to the National Education Association (NEA), the number of U.S. student enrolled in special education programs has risen 30 percent over the past 10 years. Additionally, the NEA reports that nearly every general education classroom in the country includes students with disabilities, as three out of every four students with disabilities spend part or all of their school day in a general education classroom. One tool to help students with disabilities even in the face of a special education teacher shortage is assistive technology. Today, assistive technology tools can help students with certain disabilities learn more effectively. Ranging in sophistication from ‘low’ technologies such as a graphic organizer worksheet to ‘high’ technologies including cutting-edge software and smartphone apps, assistive technology is a growing and dynamic field. Several areas of assistive technology and sample products may be found in any given ways to expand students’ access to it in the classroom Assistive Technology Act (AT Act) A summary of the Assistive Technology Act and its consequences for educators.A resource that, for example, helps teachers “think about whether the student 1) can gain information from printbased educational materials used across the curriculum by all students, 2) needs materials in a specialized format, or 3) needs modified content or alternative materials.” Text-To-Speech Assistive Tools As an assistive technology, text-to-speech (TTS) software is designed to help childre have difficulties reading standard print. Common print disabilities can include blindness, dyslexia or any type of visual impairment, learning disability or other physical condition that impedes the ability to read. However, other students can benefit from TTS technology, such as children that have autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or an intellectual disability. The technology works by scanning and then reading the words to the student in a synthesized voice, using a large number of speech sounds that make up words in any given context. With the advances in speech synthesis, TTS technology is more accurate and lifelike than ever. Tech Matrix Search a database of nearly 400 products using extensive criteria tailored to assistive and educational technologies. Kurzweil 3000 The Kurzweil 3000 is a leader in TTS software for individuals that struggle with literacy. In addition to a range of TTS features, the full-featured software program integrates abilities that can help students in other areas, potentially appealing to those who may have a non-print disability or those who may not typically consider a TTS program. Some of the features include: • Multiple TTS voices • Support for 18 languages and dialects • Talking spell-checker • Picture dictionary graphics for more than 40,000 words • Text magnification • Tools for test taking, essay writing, note-taking, reference and more The Kurzweil 3000 strives to provide students with a multi-sensory approach to literacy learning. It is available for Windows and Macintosh. Graphic organizers can be effective in helping students to organize their thoughts during the writing process. As an assistive technology, graphic organizers can be a strong choice for students with dysgraphia or disorders of written expressions — particularly the conceptual aspects of writing. Graphic organizers work by helping the student map out a course of action. Depending on the type of writing, the graphic organizer can prompt the writer to describe an object, chart out a course of events or perform some other task that can help in planning the piece. Graphic organizers vary by type and technological sophistication. Low-Tech Handouts Graphic organizers do not need to be technologically advanced; in fact, they can exist in simple handout form. Sample handouts can be found at the Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company. The sandwich chart can assist students with paragraph writing. The sequence chart can help with narrative writing and the ordering of events. The sense chart is designed for descriptive writing, where writers are prompted for terms that characterize and express an item. Dozens of other sample charts exist and can help students with virtually any type of writing. Draft:Builder Draft:Builder is a writing tool that integrates outlining, note taking and draft writing functions to break down the writing process into three steps. Using a graphical organizer, the program helps the student visualize the project and insert information into the appropriate place without having to conceptualize the whole process. It then automates the process of creating the paper, where the student can drag and drop what is written in each note to the rough draft. Other features include a talking spell checker that uses TTS technology, a bibliography tool, a dictionary and the ability for teachers to add locked text into the program for further guidance. Draft:Builder is available for Windows and Macintosh. Assistive Listening Systems A variety of assistive listening systems, or hearing assistive technology, can help students who are deaf or hard of hearing, as well as those with other auditory and learning problems. According to the National Association for the Deaf, assistive listening systems can be used to enhance the reach and effectiveness of hearing aids and cochlear implants, or by children who do not need those tools but still need help hearing. Assistive listening systems use a microphone, a type of transmission technology and a device for capturing and bringing the sound to the ear. The specific transmission technology used in the system is typically what contrasts one type of assistive listening system from another. FM Systems According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), FM systems are the best choice for children with sensorineural hearing loss. The most common type of hearing loss for all ages, sensorineural hearing loss occurs when the inner ear (cochlea) or nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain are damaged. FM systems work using radio broadcast technology. With a transmitter microphone and a receiver, the teacher and student can maintain a consistent sound level regardless of distance and background noise. Additionally, ASHA notes that the hearing aid microphone can be turned off, so the student can concentrate on the teacher alone. Sound-Field Systems Sound-field systems are a strong choice for classrooms that need to assist listening for all children in the class. ASHA notes that these systems benefit not only children that have hearing loss, but those that have other auditory and learning problems, such as language delays, central auditory processing disorder, articulation disorders and development delays. Additionally, sound-field systems can be used for students who are learning English as a second language. Sound-field systems use a microphone that projects sound through mounted speakers around the classroom. In classrooms that have good acoustics, sound is able to travel evenly throughout space, eliminating problems of distance between the speaker and each listener. Sip-and-Puff Systems Sip-and-puff systems are used by students who have mobility challenges, such as paralysis and fine motor skill disabilities. These systems allow for control of a computer, mobile device or some other technological application by the child moving the . the device with his or her mouth. Similar to a joystick, the child can move the controller in any direction and click on various navigational tools using either a sip or a puff. An on-screen keyboard allows the child to type using the same movements. Sip-and-puff systems are a type of switch device, which refers to the technology used to replace a computer keyboard or mouse. Other switch devices include buttons or other objects that a student can touch, push, pull, kick or perform some other simple action that can then control the device. Jouse3 The Jouse3 is a sip-and-puff system that allows children to control a device using any part of the mouth, cheek, chin or tongue. Due to its accuracy and quick response, home users can use it for drawing or computer games. It can mount to the desktop, a bedframe or any other type of structure; it does not require a headpiece or placement on the body of the user. The product supports Windows, Macintosh, Linux and Unix based computers, in addition to Android and iOS mobile devices. It can support one or two external switches, and has two types of mouthpieces. Sip-and-Puff Systems From Origin Instruments Origin Instruments offers a range of sip-and-puff products that students can use to control an electronic device. Using a head mounted or gooseneck user interface, or available tubing for a custom solution, the child can control a mouse, joystick or keyboard with ease. The primary system is powered using USB technology. The product supports Windows, Macintosh and Linux based computers. Two pressure switches connect the system to the user interface solution for use on electronic devices. Proofreading Software Proofreading software is a branch of assistive technology that goes above and beyond the typical proofreading features found in a word processing system, such as correcting words frequently misspelled by students with dyslexia. A number of other features offered within this category can help students work on his or her English skill set to become a more effective and accurate writer.Although primarily geared towards individuals with dyslexia, proofreading software can be helpful to those with any type of learning disorder that makes writing and reading challenging. Ginger Ginger offers several features that can help students with dyslexia and other learning disorders with writing. It is also designed for speakers of languages other than English. Some of the features include: • Grammar checker that analyzes context to determine any errors or misspellings. For instance, Ginger can recognize whether ‘there,’ ‘their’ or ‘they’re’ should be used in a sentence, which is a common mistake in writing. • Word prediction and sentence rephrasing tools that can be helpful for students learning how to construct sentences properly. • TTS functionality so students can hear what they’ve written. • A personal trainer that provides practice sessions based on past mistakes made by the student. Ginger is available for Windows and Mac, as well as iOS and Android mobile devices. Ghotit Ghotit is specifically designed for students with dyslexia and other learning disorders who have difficulties with writing. The name is inspired by the word “Ghoti,” which is a constructed term that illustrates irregularities in the English language. And since many spellings are counterintuitive — especially for those with dyslexia — Ghotit dedicates itself to assisting children and adults who struggle with writing accurately. It features the ability to learn from the user’s past mistakes, personalizing suggestions for spelling and grammatical errors. Ghotit can predict words, check passages of text contextually, read text aloud using TTS technology and recognize split and merged words. It also includes an integrated dictionary for students to quickly look up a word. Math Tools A range of technology and tools can help students that have trouble with math, most commonly found in a learning disability called dyscalculia. Dyscalculia makes it difficult to grasp numbers and it is characterized by a general lack of understanding in the field of math. Assistive technology in math is not just for those with dyscalculia. It can also help students with blindness, fine motor skill disabilities or some other type of disability that makes it difficult to perform math-related work. MathTalk MathTalk is a speech recognition software program for math that can help students with a range of disabilities. From prealgebra to Ph.D. level mathematics, students can perform math problems by speaking into a microphone on their computer. The program works with Dragon NaturallySpeaking programs for voice-to-text functionality, making it ideal for students who have fine motor skill disabilities. Students with blindness or vision disabilities can use the integrated braille translator. In addition to these audiences, MathTalk also appeals to students with dyscalculia. The program functions as an electronic math worksheet, allowing the child to organize, align and work through problems on the screen, making it helpful for students who have difficulties performing math problems on paper. Math Simulations Math simulations can help students with dyscalculia visualize math problems and concepts. As a result, students can better understand the application of a particular type of problem, since many students struggle with the conceptual aspects of math. Examples can be found at the NASA website. From video to animated simulations, teachers and students can visually see how a math concept or problem would work. And with some math simulations, students can work through the problem and then see the result play out in the simultion Conclusion With the rapid advances in assistive technology tools, students, parents, and teachers have a seemingly limitless number of tools at their disposal.As these tools start to appear in the home and in the classroom, parents and teachers can utilize them for students’ academic and personal growth. But technology alone is not enough – to successfully use these tools, it’s critical to develop a plan for their use and have regular check-ins to ensure the student is gaining the most value possible and not becoming overly reliant on these tools.But while assistive tools have become plentiful, the same cannot be said for special education instructors. As previously mentioned, the vast majority of states have reported a need for teachers in special education. And many general education classrooms instruct children with special needs. Overall, more teachers are needed in this area. Although the advancement of technology in special education is promising, the same increase is needed for the number of special education instructors. Certification offers one solution to quickly meet this need. Learn more about Alvernia’s program today. References 1.Developmental academic disorder (Concept Id: C1330966) - MedGen". NCBI. 2019-12-20. Retrieved 2019-12-20 2.Kate Adams (September 30, 2012). "October Is Learning Disabilities Awareness Month in Canada!" 3. Assistive technology for Kids with Learning Disabilities: An Overview By: Kristin stanberry, Marshall H. Raskind 5. "Learning technologies for people with disabilities" - Mohamed jemni, Hejer Ben Brahim 6. 15 Assistive Technology Tools & Resources For Students With Disabilities -by TeachThought Staff Chapter – 8 Role Of Education In Economic Growth By : Nikhita Dhawan South Asian University (SAU) Introduction Education is absolutely essential for economic development. No economic development is possible without good education. Hence, a balanced education system promotes not only economic development, but also productivity, thereby contributing to the economy growthofa nation. No country has achieved economic growth without considerable investment in humancapital. Previous studies have shown great returns to various forms of human capital accumulation in the form of basic education, research, training, learning-by-doing andaptitude building etc. The first models to include education as an important component for growth were the models of 1960s. However, in these models economic growth was not really endogenous, but also depended upon exogenous factors. This was basically because the differential equation that governs the accumulation of education shows diminishing returns. So keeping this in mind, Mario Pomini tried to explain the role of education in economicgrowth by considering the presence of human capital as educational expenditure. So, in the first section, I’ll be reviewing this model by Mario Pomini. Following this my discussion in the second part will mould towards the theoretical arguments of our topic. Third section will be a review of the case study for Asian countries to understand the topicbetter. The Fourth section talks about the challenges to education (majorly faced by poor countries) and finally, then I'll talk about the conclusion and way forward for the topic. 1. Review of the model This endogenous growth model addressed to the problem of analyzing the role of educational sector in order to avoid the difficulties encountered in the 1960s. This was possible majorly due to the following two differences. First, education was considered to be an autonomous production factor and not a parameter that increases labor force productivity. Second, this endogenous growth was made by the absence of diminishing returns in the true factor accumulated; i.e. expenditure on schooling is the element that offsets the negative effect on economic growth of diminishing returns to physical capital. Thus, the model showed the influence of schooling expenditure on long-run growth as input in the production function. Now, let us theoretically view the role of Education in growth. 2. Role of education in growth: A theoretical approach. Ozturk, Ilhan showed how education is a vital part of growth by taking it through various economical factors. They stated that developing country’s labor force, through their education and skill; influence the nature of its factor endowment and consequently the composition of its trade.It has been argued that even ‘unskilled’ workers in a modern factory normally need the literacy, numeracy, and discipline, which are acquired in primary and lower secondary school (Wood, 1994). They even showed the effect of education on the per capita income growth by stating the example of fourteen African countries and showed that when people are more educated, there is reduction in the fertility rate and hence, the per capita income growth. The three success countries in terms of reduced fertility, Kenya, Botswana, and Zimbabwe, had the highest levels of female schooling as well as the lowest child mortality rates (Ainsworth, 1995). 3. Case study for major Asian countries Keeping the theories and evidences of education’s contribution to growth, the dilemma for public policy makers in major developing countries lie in the treatment of education, i.e. if education is primary consumption, then public funds for education should be cut in difficult times. But if it is primarily investment, then any cuts could have serious future repercussions. From theories till now it is clear that education is the primary determinant of economic growth, then in poor countries particularly, expenditures on education should be increasedeven in difficult times. If we talk about the Asian countries specifically, then Malicket.al showed in their study that there exists a long run relationship between expenditure on education and economic growth amongst all the countries (the 14 Asian countries that they took). They witnessed that the various heads of expenditure of the governments in different Asian countries can be an important factor for economic growth. The spending on education can create better human capital which can in return accommodate the use of modern technology in the production process by minimizing huge adoption costs. So, the nation’s policies haveto be prioritized on the improvements of various institutions to have economicgrowth. The countries should make such policies which could boost high-quality education for all. Hence, these very high macro-marginal returns to education make it possible for poor countries to grow very rapidly if they make a major public commitment to raising the average level of schooling of the masses. Therefore, it is very important that we concentrate on quantity and quality of education, it’s accessibility etc. This takes us to the next section of the challenges that the education might face in a country. 4. Challenges to education (mainly in poor countries) In a poor country, it is difficult for the parents to finance private education for their children,thus there is a problem of accessibility there. Even if private financing were feasible, the parents’ incentives to finance their child’s schooling are weak or even negative for several reasons like such expenditures will directly reduce their family income or if the parents switch to the borrowing to finance education, then the period for which this borrowing is to be made will be quite prolonged etc. Due to these reasons, the education accessibility is only confined in the hands of rich only. Not only this, there is discrimination between educating a boy and educating a girl which is also noticed in various poor countries. All this give rise to the issue of equity. Also, if there is delay in the reforms, then also people of a country will not be able to keep pace with fast growing economies. These are the few challenges that an economy, particularly a poor country could face, when investing in education. Conclusion and way forward I conclude with a note that education is the foundation for development, thebase on which much of our economic growth is dependent as elucidated through various endogenous growth model by many economists. Human capital accumulation is possible through the expansion of education (Lucas, 1967). Ithas a positive impact on labor productivity. Thus, education is the key to increase economic efficiency and social consistency, by increasing the marginal productivity and efficiency of the labor; it helps to raise the poor from poverty. It increases the overall productivity and intellectual flexibility of the labor force. It helps to ensure that a country is competitive in world markets now characterized bychanging technologies and production methods; hence helping in an economy’s overall growth. Education alone cannot transform an economy. The quantity and quality of investment, it’s accessibility, it’s equitable distribution, along with the overall policy environment, form the other important determinants of economic performance. Given the inapplicability of private financing in addressing the challenges that educationmight face, state support are definitely required to achieve an optimal national level of education that would help an economy to grow. References/ Citations 1. Journal of Rural Development and Administration, Volume XXXIII, No. 1, Winter2001, pp. 39-47. 2. Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume XXIII (2016), No. 2(607), Summer, pp.173-186. 3. Mario Pomini1, Endogenous growth and the role of the educational sector :Department of Economics, University of Padua, Italy 4. Theodore R. Breton (2013) The role of education in economic growth: theory, history and current returns, Educational DOI:10.1080/00131881.2013.801241 Research, 55:2, 121-138, Chapter - 9 The constitutional edifice of media role in democracy By : Dr. Pooja Gupta Ph.D. (Law) , Assistant Professor in Madhav Law College, Gwalior. Abstract In the present era, the word media is used by the general public in all the spectrums of life. It is not a surprise because no industry has grown, expanded and flourished as that of the media. Not only has the media become so powerful that it can make or break the government by influencing the people. The public also heavily depends on the media to secure information. Freedom of the media is indeed an integral part of the freedom of expression and is an essential requisite of a democratic set up. The Indian Constitution has granted this freedom by of way Fundamental Rights. As it plays an important role in everyone’s life, it is important to grant some fundamental recognition by the constitution to protect the media industry from being trampled on by political parties. The media is regarded as the foundation stone of democracy. This is because it gives the people a requisite channel to express one’s own thoughts. Democracy is founded on the principle that the public has a say in the governance of the state, and the press gives them a forum to say what they want. That is why it is often said that the media plays a crucial role in the effective functioning of democracy. Introduction The media plays an important role in imparting information to the public. In the absence of the media one cannot imagine the mess caused by lack of information leading to ignorance. In such a situation the public will be unable to know what the government is doing and what they are to do; in which case the society will be in a complete chaos. Realising this situation the media is granted the freedom of speech and expression through which information regarding almost all the aspects of human life should be imparted to the public at large. The term freedom of press means, the press has the freedom to express its opinion, to inform, to disseminate the information etc. But the freedom of press does not mean that the press has got no limitation. Justice Hidayatullah said, “Freedom of speech and expression is that cherished right on which our democracy rests and is meant for the expression of free opinions. Freedom of speech and expression also includes the freedom of press, it is considered as the backbone of the democratic society. The extent of the freedom press enjoyed by the press is regarded as the parameter or credentials of democracy of a state. The Press plays an important role because it provides comprehensive and objective information on all aspects of the country’s Economic, Political, Social, and Cultural aspects. For democracy to be meaningful and function effectively, then a free press is inevitable. The freedom of press is described as the oxygen of democracy; and without which a democratic society cannot survive. It is very visible, especially since independence a free and vigilant Press has acted as an agency to control and expose corruption and injustice. In addition, the press plays an important role in formulating the public opinion which helps on one hand providing knowledge to the society and on the other hand keeping check on the arbitrary actions of the government. Media freedom is fundamental to the life of an individual in a democratic polity; the media is one of the vital pillars of a free society and is an instrument of social and political change. Right of freedom of speech and expression is incorporated in Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. It states that everyone has a right to hold an opinion without interference. This right of freedom of expression includes the right to hold opinions to receive and impart information either orally or in writing or in any other form through any of the agencies of the media. The Constitution states that the citizen has the liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship. The liberty of thought and expression includes the right of free press. The right to free press is impliedly included in the ambit of liberty of thought and expression. The aspect of human liberty is regarded as the cardinal principle of human life, hence liberty occupies a special place in the Indian Constitution. In India there is no separate law relating to the press prevails, and the same is protected under Article 19(1) (a) of the Constitution of India. This freedom encompasses the right to freely express one's convictions or opinions by speaking, writing, printing pictures, or in any other manner. Freedom of speech and expression is the foundation of democracy, because without free public discussion, public education, which is so essential for the proper functioning of a popular government. Article 19(1) (a) guarantees six freedoms in all, which are as follows (a) to freedom of speech and expression; (b) to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) to form associations or unions; (d) to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and (f) Right to property (deleted) now incorporated in Article 300A. (g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. One of the fundamental principles of jurisprudence states that for any right to be effective has to be bridled with limitations, and so is the case with six freedoms. So Article 19(1) confers six freedoms on the citizens, and from Article 19(2) to 19(6) limitations are imposed on the six freedoms mentioned in Article 19(1). But article 19(2) was amended twice - first in 1951 and again in 1963 in order to widen its scope and give greater powers to the state to curb freedom of expression- The first amendment resulted from three successive decisions of the Supreme Court that had defined liberally the freedom of the press: the Cross Road Newspaper, Organiser Newspaper and Bharati Press. Freedom of speech and expression is an essential aspect of liberty as held in Maneka Gandhi v Union of India. The founding fathers of the Indian Constitution have laid much importance on the fact that freedom of speech and expression should be one of the fundamental rights of an individual. So they have placed the freedom of speech and expression in the Article 19(1)(a) which is a constituent part of the chapter on fundamental rights incorporated in the Indian Constitution. The freedom of speech and expression is ranked first among the six freedoms incorporated in the said Article of the constitution. To express oneself, is an inborn instinct of every human being, and it would not be wrong to say that deprived of freedom of speech and expression a human being would not be a human being. Speech and expression is not only the liberty of an individual but it is one of the basic necessities of the human being. It is because of speech and expression that human beings can not only be developed but also are capable of expressing other emotions and feelings. The freedom of press is one of the most important agencies of communicating one’s speech and expression. Newspapers constitute a major part of the term press. Newspaper is sometimes used as a synonym for press. The tussle between the freedom of press and the restrictions imposed by the state is due to this newspaper which is considered as a vital ingredient of press. The term ‘Newspaper’ includes “any printed periodical work. It includes the following; (i) Public news (ii) Criticism, comments or analysis of public news (iii) Statements of facts or the interpretation of facts (iv) Opinions of various people or opinion through editorials (v) Advertisements Newspaper performs extremely important functions in the society such as (i) Imparting and circulating news (ii) Creating and moulding of public opinion (iii) Imparting education and is considered to be a source of enlightenment. (iv) It is source of entertainment (v) It is considered as a medium of advertisement and publication. Since the newspaper performs these vital functions it is considered as the life of the society. As the newspaper creates and moulds the public opinion, it is considered to be a very powerful instrument in the hands of the editor or the publisher. So the first aspect of the press is occupied by the newspapers. It is true that there is no separate freedom for press in the Indian constitution. But it is not the case that the press and media do not get any rights. On the contrary, various rights of press are not only recognized, but also protected. It is the judiciary who protects the rights of the press and media through its various thoughtful judgments. The judiciary has time and again upheld the freedom of expression of media from the arbitrary actions of the state who has tried to curtail the freedom of press by taking various defences. Restrictions on freedom of press and media The right to freedom of speech and expression is limited by the restrictions imposed by that right, and the restriction imposed by the state is also curtailed by the factor of reasonability. So even if the state is empowered to restrain the freedom, this restraintment is not absolute and is subject to the limitation of reasonability. So every restriction has to be a reasonable restriction to be valid under the constitution. The Supreme Court in Papanasam Labour Union v. Madura coats Ltd has laid down the reasonability of the restrictions under Articles 19(2) to 19(6). (i) The restriction in order to be reasonable must not be excessive, that is, it should not go beyond the need to avoid mischief or injustice. It should not be arbitrary. (ii) The restriction should have a direct or proximate or reasonable connection or link between itself and the object sought to be achieved. (iii) The restriction to be reasonable should not be abstract. But no fixed principles can be laid down and the standards of reasonability would vary from case to case and time to time. (iv) While interpreting the term reasonable, the court should keep in mind the complex issues of the society and the intention of the legislature of the statute in question. (v) The term reasonable is of dynamic nature and hence the judiciary should keep an elastic and practical approach while interpreting the term. (vi) It is imperative for the court to analyse social control before any restrictions can be imposed on the fundamental rights. The restrictions mentioned under Article 19(2) are as follows: (i) Sovereignty and integrity of the state. (ii) Security of the state. (iii) Public Order. (iv) Defamation. (v) Contempt of Court. (vi) Friendly relations with Foreign states. (vii) Incitement to an offence. These seven grounds of reasonable restrictions act as a line of demarcation of the right to freedom of speech and expression inclusive of the right to free press. So one can say that, the right to free press prevails within the four corners of reasonable restrictions mentioned in Article 19(2) of the Indian Constitution . Today the media is feared because it not only publicises any unethical, corrupt or any illegal activities, but also provides almost each and every detail of the procedure evoked to commit such an unethical, corrupt or any illegal activity. So also all the people involved in such activities are also named and nailed down and are exposed in front of the society. The list of the instances where the media has exposed the people of corrupt and mal practises is endless. Nitish Katara murder case In the instant case a lower caste boy, and an upper class girl from Uttar Pradesh were in love with each other. The parents of the girl were from high class and influential political parties. The boy was murdered. The accused were acquitted in the lower courts, however the media persuaded the case, and the case had to be reopened. The ultimate result was that the guilty people were punished. Jessica Lal caseThe bartender, Jessica Lal, was murdered by son of a politician Manu Sharma, Most of the witnesses turned hostile, and he was acquitted, again the media highlighted the issues and kept it in the limelight, which worked as an catalyst while delivering the justice, and punishing the guilty persons. Priyadarshini Mattoo caseThe accused was in love of the victim, and had proposed her. The victim rejected his proposal. Then the accused made a false complaint that the victim was taking two degrees simultaneously. Not satisfied by that he raped and murdered the victim. The accused also tried to exploit the influential position and escape the clutches of the law. The trial court had given him the benefit of doubt. The media took the matter. Here the media used the tool of investigative journalism, and found the servant working in the Priyadarshani’s house, who had supposedly allowed the accused to enter in her house. The servant was missing since the crime was committed. The media put the pressure, and did not allow the people to forget. As a result the matter was taken to the High Court, which delivered its Judgement in 42 days, reversing the judgement of the lower court. Nirbhaya case- In 2012 when the unfortunate Nirbhaya was raped in the moving bus, and thrown out of the bus, the victim then went to lodge the FIR, the police were refusing to lodge the FIR, the media harped on the issue, not only resulting in the lodging the FIR, but also the conviction of the culprits. Many times these mal practises were brought to the notice of the people, only because of the strong organised, and vigilant media. In some of the cases mentioned above justice was done simply because the media pursued and projected the facts and the issues related to the corrupt or illegal activity. The media no doubt has helped in doing justice by bringing the culprits into the clutches of the law. Apart from the above quoted incidents, there are many more instances, where the media has performed the duty of the vigilant policeman. One can say that the media has played a supplementary role to the judicial function of dispensing justice. No one can deny the contribution of the media in the development of the society at large, but the media sometimes oversteps its powers because of which the focus of the welfare is lost and is replaced by the media's selfish interest. The media should bring out the wrong happenings and ensure that the prosecution against such wrongs is commenced. Democracy thrives upon the people’s participation in the governmental activities. People can participate in governmental activities only if they are aware of the government's actions and policies, and the government is aware of the people’s aspirations and needs. It is the media which acts as a linkage to communicate the thoughts of the public and government to each other, and hence it is stated that the media is the backbone of the democratic setup or the fourth estate of democracy. As the media enjoys an indispensible fundamental place in the democracy it is flooded with the liberties and powers. The media has to use these liberties and the powers in an objective, neutral and impartial manner to promote and strengthen the principles of democracy . It can be said that the journey of the media has travelled from the north pole to the south pole because, a few years ago the focus was on how to curtail or minimise the restrictions on the media, but today the focus is on how to control or make the media more accountable. Today the media is so powerful and almost omnipotent that one has got the apprehension that the rule of law and the role of the media might be replaced by the rule of media and the role of law. References- Ahuja, B.N. (1996). “History of the Indian Press, Growth of Newspapers in India.” New Delhi: Surjeet Publications. -A.V Dicey Introduction to the Study of Law of Constitution (2008) Universal Law Publishing Company. - Bell, D.V.J. (1975). “Power, Influence and Authority”. London: Oxford University Press. -Bhattacharjee, Arun (1972) : “The Indian Press Profession to Industry”, Noida (New Delhi) : Vikas Publications. - Burton, G. (2005). “Media and Society: Critical perspectives,” 2nd e.d. Berkshire: Open University Press. -Padhy, K.S. (1991). Battle For Freedom of Press In India. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. -Sen, I. (1973). A Short Note on the Freedom of the Press, in V. Purohit, (ed.). The Press and the People. Madras: The Chrishtan Literature Society. - Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948, Art. 29(2). Chapter - 10 Role of the witches and various scenes from Macbeth by William Shakespeare By : Ramen Goswami Scholar , Magadh University, Bodh Gaya (English Department) Abstract: Shakespeare Macbeth is the courageous hero of the play, and again to the audiences, he is also the desperado. His honest transformation from courageous to contemptible, his moral vacillation and torturing conscience are all rudiments that criticize Macbeth but at the same time suggest the audience’s sympathy. We first meet “Brave Macbeth” as a thane defending his king from rebels and Norwegian invaders. “Valour’s minion…ne’er shook hands, nor bad farewell to him till he unseamed him from the nave to th’chaps”—delivered by an wounded officer to Duncan. “Cannons overcharged with double cracks…memorise another Golgotha”, establishes that Macbeth is familiarized to killing and death, on the battlefield, but he is not a slaughterer. Keywords: witches , assassin , discovery ,murder , banquet , dagger Witches are most important element of Macbeth: It is normally thought that Shakespeare wrote Macbeth around 1606, to celebrate the attainment, after the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, of King James VI of Scotland to the throne of England, as King James I. James prided himself on his scholarship, particularly on witchcraft, the subject of his 1597 book, Daemonologie. He undertook this study of witches from Reginald Scot’s The Discoverie of Witchcraft. Shakespeare's handling of the three witches or "weird sisters" of Macbeth is unparallel. Macbeth assigns the witches in Act I Sc.i, the first dozen lines of the play for their proclamation that "fair is foul, and foul is fair", which sets the tone for the horrid events in the shadowy atmosphere of the play. The witches act as mere sisters of ‘wyrd’ or fate. In their hand, Macbeth is mere a puppet from beginning to the end. They first hint us about a battle, the battle between Scotland with Norway. ‘Thunder’, ‘lightning’ and ‘rain’ are basic symbols for their appearance. Actually, they are the symbols of supernatural ‘psylozm’. They also appeared in Act I Sc.iii, to foretell prophesy about Macbeth and Banquo. They greet Macbeth as ‘Thane of Glamis’, ‘Thane of Cawdor’, and’King hereafter’. In the part of Macbeth, he has already had the title of ‘Thane of Glamis’ after his father’s death, but how he can achieve the other two? The title of ‘Thane of Cawdor’ comes true almost instantaneously by Rosse. In this way the play's plot are set; Macbeth will become king of Scotland and this will require the elimination of Duncan and his sons. They greet Banquo as ‘more greaterer’, ‘happier’ than Macbeth and ‘the father of kings’. Here, Banquo wonders about: "Were such things here as we do speak about?/Or have we eaten on the insane root/That takes the reason prisoner?" It is not Macbeth, but Banquo, who first notices the witches on the heath, asking Macbeth: "What are these/So withered and so wild in their attire/That look not like th' inhabitants of the earth/And yet are on't." But Banquo ultimately concludes that the witches are not an hallucination, nor are they of substance, explaining to Macbeth that, "the earth hath bubbles, as the water has/And these are of them". Macbeth first assumes a neutral stance toward acting upon the prediction that he will become king, asserting that "This supernatural soliciting/Cannot be ill, cannot be good". Macbeth presumes that even though his encounter with the witches incites terror in him, it cannot be "ill" because it augured his success in becoming Thane of Cawdor. The witches are also appear in Act IV sc.i , where they are invoking their goddess ‘Hecate’. They made there a soup consisting of the bodily elements of ‘toe of frog’, ‘adder’s fork’, ‘lizard’s leg’ etc, by which they strengthen their eerie or supernatural power. In this scene Macbeth met with them for his security. Macbeth has seen there ‘three apparitions’, and the warnings about his murder; ‘beware the Thane of Fife’ and ‘…for none of woman’s born shall harm Macbeth’. Prophecy sets Macbeth’s plot in motion—namely, the witches’ prophecy that Macbeth will become first thane of Cawdor and then king. The weird sisters make a number of other prophecies: they tell us that Banquo’s heirs will be kings, that Macbeth should beware Macduff, that Macbeth is safe till Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, and that no man born of woman can harm Macbeth. Save for the prophecy about Banquo’s heirs, all of these predictions are fulfilled within the course of the play. Still, it is left deliberately ambiguous whether some of them are self-fulfilling—for example, whether Macbeth wills himself to be king or is fated to be king. Additionally, as the Birnam Wood and “born of woman” prophecies make clear, the prophecies must be interpreted as riddles, since they do not always mean what they seem to mean. Dagger Scene from Macbeth/ Dramatic significance of Act-II Sc-i The dagger scene or Act-II Sc-i is one of the most impressive scenes in the whole play. It is, Boas opines, “written with a pen of fire, of death”. The dagger passage comprising only thirty two lines. While Macbeth is alone prior to the commission of his crime, he sees before his eyes a blood stained dagger and addresses his words to it. Macbeth is shocked to see before him a dagger with ‘the handle toward my hand’. He tries to cluth it, but it ignores his grasp ‘Art thou not, fatal vision/To feeling, as to sight?’ He can not conclude whether it is a real dagger, or ‘a dagger of the mind’, ‘a false creation preceding from the heat-oppressed brain’, ‘a figment of his imagination’. A little reflection leaves no doubt in his mind. He sees that it has a visible form or ‘palpable existence’.. It is like a dagger which he wishes to use in order to murder Duncan. The dagger is guiding him in the way he is to follow. Macbeth again doubts if his eyes are not deceiving him. He sees the ‘handle of the dagger and drops of blood’ in the dagger itself. Ultimately he concludes that it is merely hallucination, symbolizing the bloody business that he is going to do. He feels that at this ‘dead of night’, ‘wicked dreams’ disturb the ‘curtained sleep’ of persons. Evil spirits are a foot and ritual necromancy is celebrated so that their avowed aims are fulfilled. The eeriness of the hour is, as it were, intensified by the howl of the wolf, the sentinel of murder. Macbeth is appalled by what he is going to accomplish and implores the earth not to hear his footsteps. Murderers, like him, require silence so that they can pounce on their preys and slaughter then suddenly. The fit of vision abruptly shatters. Macbeth becomes practical and realizes the futility of words. He grows conscious of the fact that while he wastes time Duncan lives. The signal bell now sounds like a knell to summon Duncan to ‘heaven or hell’. The vision of the dagger indicates the ‘moral agitation’ of Macbeth who is only accidentally a criminal. But, here the defeat of Macbeth’s moral will seems to be certain. While in Act-I Sc-iv, Macbeth asks his eyes ‘to wink at the hand’, here the eyes seem to misreport. No less important is the symbolism of darkness in the scene. Here is a vivid evocation of darkness: Both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth invoke the spirit of the night and darkness to execute their plans. “Now over the one half world Nature seems dead and wicked dream abuse/ The curtained sleep”. The flashy brilliance of the dagger hanging in front of Macbeth’s eyes is bound to break –the monotony and creepy horror of darkness. Macbeth here compared himself with Tarquin, on his way to the bedroom of Lucrece, who he forcibly dishonoured or raped. According to Dover Wilson, this is a sleepwalking scene of Macbeth. The dagger which Macbeth sees is the mere figment of his heated brain. The presence of it is dramatically appropriate as indicative of the psychology of murderer. Prof. Percival opines, “the dagger is called up by the witch craft of Macbeth’s own heated imagination, which thus becomes an infernal wizard with in his breast, spurring him on the deed, to which the other witch craft, that outside him has all along been luring him”. Grierson and Smith think, “The fearless warrior is unmannered by the evocation of a shaken conscience, and crosses the Rubicon of crime trembling at every sky”. Wayne Booth rightly observes, “We judge Macbeth as Shakespeare intends not merely for his actions but in the light of the total impression of the play”. The dominance of the supernatural, recurrent soliloquies, the swiftness of movement of action, the complex pattern of imagery, and the ironic contrasts, all contribute to a distinctive atmosphere in Macbeth. Discovery scene in Macbeth Macduff and Lennox were appointed to awaken the king. They met the porter who was in a drunken state and had been admitting various people like farmer, an equivocator and tailor into hell. He ironically says: ‘I ’ll devil porter it no further’ where he symbolically turns the castle into hell and compares Macbeth to the devil.On entry of Macbeth, we notice a dramatic change in his personality as he seems to be in control of the situation. It is to be noted that it is initial foretaste of Macbeth’s ruthlessness in scenes to follow. After the exchange of pleasantries, when Macduff goes on to awaken the king, the interval is used by Shakespeare to describe the stormy night. Lennox describes the night of the regicide as unruly, with chimneys blown down; lamenting heard, owl shrieking and earth shaking. Macbeth admits: ‘ ’Twas a rough night’. On Macduff’s returns the horrid news of regicide was announced, ‘Confusion now hath made his masterpiece most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope . The lord’s anointed temple, and stole thence/ The life of the building’. Macbeth tried to teriporise by saying ‘what is’t you say the life’. They were advised by Macbeth to approach the chamber themselves and destroy their sight with a new Gorgon while alarum bell was ring to awaken others. It is at this point that Lady Macbeth makes here grand appearance, being in full control as she had intended to ‘Show (her) grief and clamors roar upon his death';. It is ironic that Macduff tried to hide the news from Lady Macbeth for he believed that the news was not meant for a woman’s ears. He simply stated to Banquo : ‘O Banquo, Banquo, our royal master’s murdered’ Hearing this Lady Macbeth exclaimed. ‘Woe, alas! What, in our house’ to which Banquo sincerely replied: ‘Too cruel anywhere’. On re-entering, Macbeth began with a rousing eulogy for a man he had just murdered for he says : ‘Had I died an hour before this chance/ I had lived a blessed live’ and that ‘The wine of life is drawn, and the mere less/ Is left the vault to brag of’. Such, a response proves Malcolm’s later statement to be correct: 'To show unfelt sorrow is an office that a false man does easy’. The discovery was followed by news of Macbeth killing the kings’ alleged assassins – the chamberlains. Macbeth’s justification was that ‘The expedition of my violent love outrun the pauser reason’.This was a new development in the plot of which even Lady Macbeth, the chief architect of the plan was unware of seeing the transparency of Macbeth’s actions, Lady Macbeth fainted as she gave in to her femine nature. However, her fainting served the purpose for Banquo took the charge to break the meeting and meet later to ‘question this most bloody piece of work to know it further’. At last, Malcolm and Donalbain were left on the stage who decided to flee to England and Ireland respectively for they understood discretion is the better part of valour. The scene ended with their galloping away in the view of their safety. It is to be noted that nobles of Scottand were genuine in their expression of horror; Macbeth on other hand had a false response. However, Macbeth’s expression of grief is dramatically ironic: ‘Had I died an hour before this chance/ I had lived a blessed time’ For it is not only expressed in conventional terms but also accounts for Macbeth’s overwhelming consciousness of the sin. This scene differs from the angels of animosity of Shakespeare. Here , Macbeth proves himself totally innocent but he is actually played the role of ‘serpent under flower’. The cat here pretends that he is not testing the fish, although the plate is clean. Sleep-walking scene from Macbeth The Sleepwalking scene opens in the ante room in the Dunsiane where a gentlewoman is seen in a conversation with a doctor of physic discussing the unnaturalness of the disease of Lady Macbeth. She seems to be walking in her sleep and ‘in the slumbery agitation, performing various acts of wakefulness’, which as per the doctor is ‘a great perturbation in nature’. Lady Macbeth’s sonambulism is perhaps the outcome of her revolting conscience. Once an apparently strong woman who had called upon ‘thick night’ to hide her deeds has now ordered for a taper by her side constantly; for she needs to dispel the darkness of fear as well as the darkness of hell. Therefore, ‘She has light by her continuously;’ is her command’ even when she would be asleep. Moreover, in this state of sleepy wakefulness she would rub her hands constantly. The gentlewoman claims that she had known her ‘continue in this a quarter of an hour’. Obviously, Lady Macbeth seems to be recoiling from the revolting effort and the physical horrors of the scenes of that night in the sleepwalking scene. Lady Macbeth says, ‘Out damned spot! Out, I say ! – One, two; do’t — hell is murky ! - fie, my lord, fie ! a soldier, and afeard ?’. Such disjointed and incoherent mutterings project the pathetic and traumatic state that she is in. “Her psychological (problems) disorders corrode her psyche. Hence, three main reasons of Lady Macbeth’s delirium in the sleepwalking scene can be characterized as the more reproduction of the scenes that she has passed through; the struggle to keep her husband from betraying himself; and the uprising of her feminine nature against the foulness of the deed. Furthermore, we may add to this her fear of after death, ‘“Hell is murky’ and her realization of absolute moral deterioration of Macbeth for she has heard that ‘The thane of Fife had a wife, where is she now’. The sleepwalking scene is highly dramatic in its revelation of those very crimes which she had sought to suppress. She unknowingly reveals not only the murder of Duncan but also that of Banquo. How ironic is it that once she claimed, ‘A little water clears us of this deed’ and now she continually washes her hands, a futile attempt to divest herself of the oppressive guilt and painfully acknowledges, ’all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand’. The doctor true to the practice of his age admits, ‘This disease is beyond my practice’ and says, ‘She needs the divine more than the physician.’ The statement of doctor carries high dramatic irony and acts as a subtle reminder of the power of king Edward, the confessor to heal diseases beyond the scope of science. To conclude, nemesis seems to have overtaken her. The Sleepwalking scene is only scene in prose except the doctor’s concluding lines which act as choric commentary and brings the scene to effective conclusion. The doctor even forsees that she would try to bring her life to an end for he instructs to ‘remove from her means of all annoyance’. By the end of the Sleepwalking Scene, we no longer consider Lady Macbeth to be an awful instigator. The scene projects her feminine nature and wins our sympathy over her piteous state. Her concluding words remind us of Macduff’s knocking and that Macbeth cannot sleep in bed and she cannot find true rest in her sleep. To conclude, we can only repeat with the doctor ‘God, God forgive us all’. Now the reference to the knocking seems to be clear: she is suffering from the fear of damnation in hell. As she understands that the past actions cannot be recovered, she meekly surrenders to her fate: “What’s done cannot be undone.” The only solution she can look for is facing her punishment helplessly. That goes to bed after her speeches, is perfectly in accord with the final symptom of somnambulism, but this can be seen as a metaphorical statement of facing death. Porter Scene from Macbeth/ Dramatic significance of Act-II Sc-iii Act-II Sc-iii from Macbeth is highly dramatic and known as Porter scene. Macbeth after committing the murder of Duncan hers voices and sees visions. He hears a knocking at the ‘south entry’ .The porter who has to answer the knocking is in a drunken state. He fancies that he is the ‘porter of hell gate’. A porter of hell gate has the task of plentiful turning of the key because he has to admit sinners to hell. He fancies that he admits three men to hell. These three are a farmer, a Jesuit equivocator and an English tailor. The farmer was greedy and hoarded the corn on the expectation of the scarcity of corn, and of the ‘consequent plenty of profit’. He expected the ‘price to rise and fetch him a huge profit’. The thought of ‘good harvest’ frustrated his hopes. In despair, he hanged himself. Suicide is a sin and therefore the farmer is in hell. This is a contemporary allusion. In 1606, there was plenty of crop and consequent fall in price; this fixes the date of the composition of the play. The second man to enter hell was a Jesuit. Jesuits were accused of encouraging ‘equivocation upon the oath of swearing and foreswearing’. The passage has a topical reference. Henry Gernet, superior of the order of the Jesuits in England was tried on the 20th March, 1606 for complicity in the Gunpowder plot. The third candidate for admission to the porter’s hell is an English tailor who cut cloth out of a ‘French hose’ which is traditionally close-fitting. It referred to the round hose which the English man borrowed from France. The porter says all these under the influence of wine. His speech is a relief to the tragic tension. It is a convention of Elizabethan tragedy to introduce a comic relief. He is indeed a porter of hell-gate. Macbeth’s castle being a hell and Macbeth is seen as the Devil. Instead of providing mere comic relief, it increases the horror of the situation. It is the gate of hell because Lady Macbeth has called on the ‘murdering ministers’. His speech is proleptic as well as prophetic. The unnaturalness of the gaudy farmer is contrasted with the natural growth and harvest which are scattered throughout the play. Even the tailor has his place in the scheme of the play because of the clothing imagery which is so abundant in the play. Macduff seems suspicious of these new deaths, which Macbeth explains by saying that his fury at Duncan’s death was so powerful that he could not restrain himself. Lady Macbeth suddenly faints, and both Macduff and Banquo call for someone to attend to her. Malcolm and Donalbain whisper to each other that they are not safe, since whoever killed their father will probably try to kill them next. Lady Macbeth is taken away, while Banquo and Macbeth rally the lords to meet and discuss the murder. Duncan’s sons resolve to flee the court. Malcolm declares that he will go south to England, and Donalbain will hasten to Ireland. Very few critics would now agree with Coleridge that the soliloquy of porter was, apart from one obviously Shakespearean phrase interpolated by the players. From the stage angle itself, the porter scene is necessary. Capell opines “with out this scene Macbeth’s dress can not be shifted nor his hands washed”. Prof. Hales points five reasons in support of introducing the porter1, that porter’s speech is an integral part of the play. 2, that it is necessary as a relief to the surrounding horror. 3, that it is necessary according to the law of contrast. 4, that the speech is dramatically relevant because the whole speech is a powerful piece of irony. 5, that its style and language is Shakespearean. Banquet scene in Macbeth At Forres, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth welcome the thanes of Scotland to the banquet. Immediately prior to the feast, one of the murderers appears at a side door and reveals to Macbeth the truth about the mission: their success in the killing of Banquo and their failure to murder Fleance. Macbeth recomposes himself and returns to the table. As he raises a toast to his absent friend, he imagines he sees the ghost of Banquo. Macbeth's words and phrases to the thanes, such as "You know your own degrees" and "Both sides are even: here I'll sit i'th'midst" suggest a renewal of order and symmetry in Scotland. Degree, or rank order, has been effectively perverted by Macbeth by his killing of the king and his usurpation of the throne. At first, Macbeth is pleased with the murderer, telling him he is "the best," "the nonpareil"; moreover, Macbeth's own supposed invincibility is shown when he says that he feels "as broad and general as the casing air," but on hearing the unwelcome news that Fleance escaped his treachery, Macbeth's language abruptly changes: "But now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confin'd, bound in / To saucy doubts and fears”. The imagery of confinement and constraint plays an increasing part in his language from now on. The rich banquet, a symbol of great orderliness and generosity, now becomes a hellish parody of itself. Instead of Macbeth sitting "in the midst," dispensing his largesse as he would wish, his throne has been usurped by the bloody apparition of his former friend. Macbeth's language reflects this change. The ghost, so hideous that it would "appall the devil," appears to have risen from a grave or a "charnel-house." Macbeth cannot understand why what is dead should "be alive again," when its bones should "be marrowless" and its blood "cold." Finally, he challenges the all-too-real apparition to "dare me to the desert with thy sword." In contrast to the urgent horror of Macbeth's addresses to the gruesome apparition are moments of comparative calm. Each time the ghost vanishes, Macbeth's relief is recorded in softer, more lyrical expression: "Can such things be / And overcome us like a summer's cloud, / Without our special wonder?". Indeed, the entire structure of this scene shows a man swinging from one state of mind to another, recalling the structure of the earlier dagger speech. Three times Macbeth sees the ghost, and three times he appears to recover his senses. This irregular structure adds strongly to the impression of Macbeth's loss of control. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, remains constant in her judgment. Unlike Macbeth, she cannot see the ghost, and her tone is typically pragmatic and down-to-earth: "When all's done, / You look but on a stool." She appears to want to calm his rages, but anger simmers beneath her conciliatory words. Once more she upbraids her husband for his apparent lack of manhood. With the departure of the guests, Macbeth appears to regain some of his earlier self-confidence. He announces his decision to visit the Weird Sisters once more, this time of his own accord. His language in this coda to the banquet scene is mysterious and prophetic: The short scene is dominated by the repeated word "blood" and by the idea that a tide of murder has now been initiated which Macbeth is powerless to stop. References: Naina Dey : Macbeth Critical analysis:Books way published 2009 Kenneth Muir: The Arden Shakespeare: Metheun co& ltd published 1965 Chapter -11 Role Of Artificial Intelligence In Education By : Suhail Rashid Department of Zoology , University of Kashmir “Our intelligence is what makes us human, and AI is an extension of that quality”. Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) helps computers to learn from experience, adapt to new stimuli, and perform tasks that are human-like. Taking these cues, it is also possible to apply AI to learning. Introduction Artificial Intelligence is an area of science that develops and studies devices designed to stimulate the processes of human intelligence. The main goal of AI is to maximize and increase the speed and reliability of routine processes (provided it has been implemented and supported properly). As a consequence, worldwide, the number of companies implementing AI continues to increase. The digital, interactive design of AI often provides student interaction possibilities that cannot be found in often obsolete documents or in the fixed environment. AI has the ability to drive and stimulate the exploration of new learning frontiers and the development of groundbreaking technologies in a synergistic way. Global technological adoption in education is changing the way we teach and learn. One of the disruptive strategies for customizing the experience of multiple learning classes, students, and tutors is Artificial Intelligence. A recent study by e-School News found that by 2021, the use of AI in the education industry would rise by 47.5 percent. The influence of technology can occur anywhere from kindergarten through higher education to corporate training, providing the ability to develop adaptive learning features with tailored resources to enhance the experience of learners. How Artificial Intelligence is changing the education industry Artificial Intelligence is part of our daily lives now. This technology, including automated parking systems, smart sensors for stunning images and personal assistance, surrounds us. Similarly, Artificial Intelligence is being felt in education, and conventional approaches are evolving dramatically. Thanks to the various implementations of AI for education, the academic world is becoming more convenient and individualized. As educational materials are becoming accessible to everyone via smart devices and computers, this has changed the way people learn. Today, as long as they have computers and internet access, students do not need to attend physical classes to learn. AI also allows administrative activities to be automated, allowing institutions to minimize the time needed to complete challenging tasks in order to allow educators to spend more time with students. Now is the time to speak about the changes brought about by AI in education. Artificial Intelligence may help in following ways to improve education: 1. Personalize Education Artificial Intelligence helps to find out what a student does and does not know, creating a customized study schedule considering the knowledge gaps for each learner. In this way, AI customizes studies according to the particular needs of the student, increasing their effectiveness. To do this, many businesses are training their AIs, armed with the Knowledge Space Theory, to identify and represent knowledge gaps, taking into account the complexity of relationships of scientific concepts between each other (one can stimulate the learning of another or become a basis for filling in the gap). The conventional structures are meant to adhere to the middle, but do not properly support pupils. By targeting 80 percent of the center, the program is structured to suit as many students as possible. However, when in the top 10 percent, students fail to reach their full potential. Even, they have problems following along while they are in the bottom 10 percent. But teachers are not generally replaced when AI is implemented, but they are in a position to perform even better by giving and pupil customized recommendations. In-class tasks as well as final exams are personalized by AI, ensuring students get the best possible assistance. Research suggests that one of the keys to good tutoring is instant feedback. Students get targeted and tailored responses from their teachers through AI-powered applications. Teachers will condense lessons into flashcards and smart study guides. Depending on the difficulties they experience in learning class content, they may also instruct students. Unlike in the past, college students now have access to a wider window of time to communicate with teachers. Smart tutoring programs, such as Carnegie Learning, can give quick feedback and work directly with students thanks to AI. While these approaches are still in their early stages, to assist students with any instructional needs, they will soon become fully-fledged interactive teachers. 2. Produce Smart Content As AI can produce digital content with the same degree of grammatical prowess as its human doppelganger, the idea of smart content is a fashionable theme now. At all stages, from elementary to post-secondary to corporate environments, smart learning content development is being implemented, from digitized textbook guides to personalized learning digital interfaces. One of the ways to use this in an organization is when with troubleshooting steps description, flashcards, and smart simulations, AI can condense the material in burdening troubleshooting guides into more digestible study guides. Smart learning content, including video, audio, and an online assistant, can also be used to design a digital curriculum and content across a range of devices. 3. Contribute to task automation Simplification of administrative tasks: student grading, reviewing, and reacting is a timeconsuming activity that could be streamlined by the instructor using AI. Teachers will make room for something more important by entrusting a series of repetitive tasks to AI: focusing on grading tasks that are difficult to assign to Artificial Intelligence, self-education, enhancing the consistency of the lessons. 4. Intelligent Tutoring Systems AI can do more than condense a lecture into flashcards and smart study guides, as a learner can even be tutored depending on the challenges they have. This includes something known as "Mastery Learning" Mastery teaching is a collection of concepts primarily related to the work of Benjamin Bloom, an educational psychologist, in the 1970s. This encourages the usefulness in the classroom of individualized tutoring and training. There are now smart tutoring systems that use data from specific learners to give them the feedback and work with them directly. For instance, an Intelligent Tutoring system called "SHERLOCK" is being used to teach Air force technicians to diagnose electrical system problems in aircraft. Another advanced version of Intelligent Tutoring Systems is avatar-based training modules which were developed by the University of Southern California to train military personnel being sent on international posts. Although this AI framework is still in its early stages, it will soon be able to act as a full-fledged digital platform that helps students in just about every field of need with their educational needs. In addition, to support every instructor and learner, these tools will soon be able to adapt to a wide range of learning styles. 5. Global Learning There are no barriers to education, and AI will help to remove boundaries. By enabling the learning of any course from anywhere in the globe and at any time, technology brings dramatic changes. Education powered by AI equips students with basic IT skills. There will be a broader variety of courses accessible online with more innovations, and students will learn from wherever they are with the aid of AI. 6. New Efficiencies AI strengthens processes in IT and unleashes new efficiencies. For example, it could be used by town planners to minimize traffic jams and improve the safety of pedestrians. Similarly, as they move in halls, schools will decide the necessary methods to prevent learners from being lost in crowds. In the modeling of complex data, AI can also be used to allow the operations department to construct data-driven forecasts. In exchange, this facilitates adequate future planning, such as assigning seats at school events or ordering food from nearby cafeterias. In other words, schools will eliminate a lot of waste caused by over-ordering, thus saving costs. Artificial Intelligence in education can pay for itself through new efficiencies. The reality is that emerging innovations come with upfront implementation and training expenses. But these costs gradually become insignificant. Over time, technology gets cheaper and so does the hardware and software. A study released by e-School News predicts that the use of AI in education and learning will increase by 47.5 percent by 2021. From the lowest levels of education to higher learning institutions, the effect of this technology will be felt. This will create adaptive strategies for learning and personalized resources to improve learning experiences. Depending on their objectives, Artificial Intelligence may inform students how their career paths look like, thereby helping them beyond academics. Only time will say about the ultimate effect of AI in the field of education. 7. Virtual Facilitators and Learning Environments With AI, a robot can soon replace an actual lecturer. Ok, not absolutely! But virtual human mentors and facilitators are already there who can think and behave like humans. But, how does a virtual facilitator, like a person, think or act? A new trending technology is known as the "touch less technology" or "gesture recognition technology" gives virtual facilitators the ability to respond or act like humans in a natural way, responding both verbal and nonverbal cues. Smart learning environments and platforms use AI, 3-D gaming, and computer animation to create realistic virtual characters and social interactions. This initiative includes more than virtual facilitators as Augmented Reality may soon be a part of the training. 8. Content Analytics Content analytics refers to AI platforms that optimize learning modules (specifically machine learning). Content taught to learners can be evaluated for optimal impact through AI and tailored to take care of the needs of learners. In addition to designing and maintaining their eLearning content, content analytics helps educators and content providers to gain valuable insights into learner advancement and comprehension through a powerful collection of analytics. Artificial intelligence Paving New Learning Pathways in Coming Decade Learning is a domain primarily dominated by human-to-human touch. AI assimilation has been slower in developing the requisite attributes of receptivity, flexibility, and comprehension that are human-like. Nevertheless, there are many places where the intrinsic strengths of AI help fill high-need "gaps" in learning and teaching. The ability of AI to analyze large quantities of data in real-time and provide new content or defined learning parameters immediately helps meet the need for continuous, tailored practice and feedback for learners. This enables teachers or trainers to better understand the success of the learner and coordinate customized learning plans that are more effective. Conclusion There is an evident concern that in the coming decade, human educators could or will be replaced by AI technologies. As AI advances in education and training, there continues to be more data to support the idea that the management of various aspects of the academic and social competencies of learners involves both intelligent systems and humans. It is felt that AI is not likely to replace the human expert, but will act as a support device! References www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/10-roles-for-artificial-intelligence-ineducation/# www.rev.com/blog/the-role-of-artificial. elearningindustry.com/5-main-roles-artificial. Jellyfish.tech/artificial-intelligence-in-education. educlouds.co.in/educlouds-blog/role-of. www.teachthought.com/the-future-of-learning/10. www.aiobjectives.com/2020/05/06/artificial-intelligence. www.e-pspl.com/blog/role-of-artificial. www.thetechedvocate.org/7-roles-for-artificial. Chapter -12 Environmental Degradation: Causes, Effect And Preventions. By: Manash Protim Neog Research scholar , education department , Gauhati university AbstractEnvironmental problems, which cause environmental degradation, are multidisciplinary in nature and the scale of problems varies (Sankar, 2009). Environmental degradation means overall lowering of environmental qualities because of adverse change brought in by human activities in the basic structure of the components of the environment to such an extent that these adverse changes affect adversely all biological communities in general and human society. Environmental and ecological changes are the results of development processes of the economic and technological man. With the socio-economic, scientific and technological development has emerged the serious problem of environmental degradation. Environmental degradations one of the most urgent of environmental issues. Depending upon the damage. Some environments may never recover. The plants and animals that inhabited these places will be lost forever. The objectives of this study are to discuss the various causes and effect of environmental Degradation. In this study, we used descriptive method. Key words- Environmental, Human, Degradation, Plant, Cause etc. IntroductionEnvironmental problems, which cause environmental degradation, are multidisciplinary in nature and the scale of problems varies (Sankar, 2009). Environmental degradation is deterioration of the environmental through depletion of resources which includes all the biotic and abiotic element that form our surrounding that is air, water, soil, plant, animals and all other living and non-living element of the plant of earth (Bourque et al., 2005;Malcolm and Pitelka, 2000).Environmental degradation means overall lowering of environmental qualities because of adverse change brought in by human activities in the basic structure of the components of the environment to such an extent that these adverse changes affect adversely all biological communities in general and human society. Environmental degradation is a wide concept than environmental pollution. It includes both natural processes and human activities while pollution is limited to lowering the quality of environment by human activities only. The natural processes bring immediate adverse changes in the environment or damage and loss to the quality of environment and living organisms and man is called Hazards or Events. Maurya, Ahamad& Castro. (2020, p.1-20).Highlighted that the primary causes of environmental degradation in India are attributed to the rapid growth of population in combination with economic development and over use of natural resources. Choudhary, & Chauhan. (2015,p.1-5). Highlighted that the primary causes of environment degradation is human disturbance. The degree of the environmental impact varies with the cause, the habitat and the plants and animals that inhabit it. Raven et al. (1998, p.471-475). Highlighted that the ozone layer could be thought of as the Earths sunglasses, protecting life on the surface from the harmful glare of the suns strongest ultraviolet rays, which can cause skin cancer and other maladies. The stratospheric ozone layer filters ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. As the ozone layer is depleted, more ultraviolet radiation reaches the earth’s surface. OBJECTIVES of the study:The objectives of this study are1. To discuss the various causes of environmental Degradation. 2. To study the effect of environmental Degradation in our environment. Methodology of the study:The method used in this study is descriptive method. The study is mainly reviewed based. It is purely based on secondary and tertiary source of data that is book, journals, papers, articles and internet. Analysis and discussion of the study:Causes of environmental degradationEnvironmental and ecological changes are the results of development processes of the economic and technological man. With the socio-economic, scientific and technological development has emerged the serious problem of environmental degradation. Some significant causes of environmental degradation are discussed bellow1. Global warming- It is one of the most important causes of environment degradation. Global warming leads to other environmental issues like changes in temperature, soil erosion and abnormal rainfall. Global warming has several adverse effect on human health, and agricultural production. 2. Human disturbance- the primary causes of environment degradation is human disturbance. The degree of the environmental impact varies with the cause, the habitat and the plants and animals that inhabit it. 3. Modernization of Agriculture- consequent upon modernization of agriculture, effect of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased very much. It has also effect on environmental degradation. 4. Pollution- pollution is one of another most important cause of environmental degradation. When the environment becomes polluted, it means that toxic substances have rendered it unhealthy. Pollution can come from a variety of sources, including vehicle emissions, agricultural runoff, and accidental chemical release from factories and poorly managed harvesting of natural resources. 5. Landfills- landfills pollute the environment and destroy the beauty of the city. Landfills pose a great risk to the health of the environment and the people who live there. It produces a foul smell when burned and cause substantial environmental degradation. 6. overpopulation- rapid population growth puts strain on natural resources, which results in the degradation of our environment. More population means more demand for food, cloths and shelter. Which also hamper our environment. 7. Deforestation- It means cutting down of trees to make way for more homes and industries. Deforestation contributes to global warming as decreased forest size puts carbon back into the environment. 8. Urban Development- Urban development is one of the primary causes of environmental degradation. As populations increased, so did the need for land for homes and farms. 9. Transportation- Increase in transportation is required whenever there is an expansion in industry and population. Effect of environmental degradation:Continued environmental degradation can destroy the various aspects of the environment such as eco-system, natural resources, biodiversity etc. It comes about due to erosion and decline of the quality of the natural environment. 1. Impact of human health- Human health is heavily impacted by environmental degradation. It leads to increase in heat-related diseases and deaths. Besides, it also indirectly affects human health due to higher incidence of malaria, yellow fever etc. 2. Scarcity of natural resources- Environmental degradation through aspects such as over exploitation of natural resources, pollution and deforestation. Can contribute to the scarcity of resources particularly arable land, water, genetic resources and food crops. 3. Loss of biodiversity- Biodiversity is important for maintaining the balance of the ecosystem in the form of combating pollution, protecting water sources. Global warming, deforestation are a few of the major causes of loss of biodiversity. 4. Economic impact- The huge cost that a country may how to borne due to environmental degradation can have a significant economic impact in terms of restoration of green cover, cleaning up of landfills and protection of endangered species. 5. Ozone layer depletion- Ozone layer is responsible for protecting the earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. The presence of hydrochlorofluoro carbons and chlorofluoro carbons in the atmosphere is causing the ozone layer to deplete. As a result it will be deplete it will emit harmful radiation back to the earth. 6. Loss for the tourism industry- It also affects the tourism industry that relies on tourist for their daily livelihood. Environmental damage in the form of loss of biodiversity, huge landfills, increased air and water pollution can be a big turn off for most of the tourists. Preventive measuresSome preventive measures are discuss bellow1. Appropriate policies related to protection of environment degradation must be framed. 2. Renewable sources of energy must be used instead of non-renewable sources. 3. Energy saving plan must be framed so that people can use them in appropriate order. 4. Water resources must be protected from the materials and chemicals, which are released from industries, factories. 5. The species must be protected from their extinction. 6. Avoid cutting down trees. We can plant tress in agriculture areas. 7. To avoiding plastic materials because plastic waste is a big environmental problem, which leads to significant plastic pollution and the degradation of our plant. 8. Control by vehicle rules the design of vehicle should be such that complete combustion of fuel takes place in the engine. ConclusionEnvironmental degradations one of the most urgent of environmental issues. Depending upon the damage. Some environments may never recover. The plants and animals that inhabited these places will be lost forever. In this we can also see, that there are a lots of things that can have an effect on the environment. If we are not careful, than environmental degradation is occurring all around the world. Therefore, we can take necessary steps to stop it and providing environmental education to the people, which help them to know about the causes and effect of environmental degradation. References1. Sharma, R.A.(2008) Environmental Education. Meerut: Vinayrakheja Publisher. 2. Sharma, P.C.(2000).Introduction to environment. Guwahati: Rohini prakashan,Barnachal. 3. Johnson, D.L. Et al. (1997) ‘Meanings of Environmental Terms’, Journal of environmental quality, vol. 26,pp. 581-589. 4. Arora, N.K. (2018). Environmental sustainability-necessary for survival. Environmental sustainability, vol.1,pp.1-2. 5. Thakur, B.K., Rout, H.S.,& Chakraborty, T. (2014). Environmental degradation, sustainable development and human wellbing: Evidence from India. MANTHAN: Journal of commerce and management, vol.1, pp.101-120. 6. Gwangndi, M.I., Muhammad, Y.A.,& Tagi, S.M.(2016).The impact of environmental degradation human health and its relevance to the right to health under international law. European scientific journal, vol.12, no.10, pp.485-503. 7. Choudhary, M.P.& Chauhan, G.S. (2015). Environmental Degradation: Causes, Impacts and Mitigation. Research Gate, vol.1, pp.1-5. 8. Singh, K. 2009. Environmental Degradation and Measures for its Mitigation with special reference to India’s Agricultural sectors. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol.64, no.1, pp.40-61. Chapter -13 Hermeneutics – a Theory and Methodology of Interpretation By : Dr. S. VIDHYA, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, , Avinashilingam Institute of Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Ayya Avinashilingam Nagar, Varapalayam, Coimbatore – 641 108. Abstract Education, as formation, involves more than the acquisition of expertise, knowledge, or information; it concerns the enlargement of a person through widespread and versatile experience. Hermeneutics plays a role in a number of disciplines whose subject matter demands interpretative approaches. Hermeneutics concerned with examining the relationship between two realms, the realms of text or a work of art on the one hand, and the people who wish to understand it on the other. It is the study of interpretation. This study aims at understanding about Hermeneutical Phenomenology, basic themes of Hermeneutical Phenomenology, various thinkers of Hermeneutics, realities about Hermeneutics, philosophical and modern Hermeneutics, Hermeneutic phenomenology in research and Hermeneutic circle. Key words Hermeneutical Phenomenology, philosophical and modern Hermeneutics and Hermeneutic circle Introduction Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. Modern Hermeneutics includes both verbal and non-verbal communication. The word ‘hermeneutics’ comes from the ancient Greek language. Hermeneutic means ‘to utter, to explain, and to translate’ and was first used by thinkers who discussed how divine messages or mental ideas are expressed in human language. Hermeneutics is the art of understanding and of making oneself understood. Basic Themes of Hermeneutical Phenomenology Basic themes of Hermeneutical Phenomenology are “Interpretation”, “Textual Meaning”, “Dialogue”, “Pre-understanding”, and “Tradition”. Every form of human awareness is interpretive. Thinkers of Hermeneutics The ancient Greek philosopher Plato (427–347 BCE), used the word hermeneutics in dealing with poets as ‘hermeneutist of the divine’, and his student Aristotle (384–322 BCE) wrote the first extant treatise on hermeneutics, in which he showed how spoken and written words were expressions of inner thoughts. In the book of ‘Truth and Method”, Hans-George Gadamer explores the role of language, the nature of questioning, the phenomenology of human conversation, and the significance of prejudice, historicity, and tradition in the project of human understanding. Paul Ricoeur’s Hermeneutic Phenomenology examines how human meanings are deposited and mediated through myth, religion, art and language. He elaborates especially on the narrative function of language, on the various uses of language such as storytelling, and how narrativity and temporality interact and ultimately return to the question of the meaning of being, the self and self-identity. Realities about Hermeneutics  Hermeneutics is all about interpretation in fields of study, such as interpreting plays or novels, but also in day-to-day life, when we interpret actions of our friends or try to figure out what a job termination, for example, means in the context of our life story.  Hermeneutics is the art of understanding and of making oneself understood. It goes beyond mere logical analysis and general interpretive principles.  Hermeneutics is also the name for the philosophical discipline concerned with analyzing the conditions for understanding. Hermeneutic philosophers examine, for example, how our cultural traditions, our language, and our nature as historical beings make understanding possible.  Hermeneutic thinkers argue that understanding is the interpretive act of integrating particular things such as words, signs, and events into a meaningful whole. We only really understand an object, word, or fact when it makes sense within our own life context and thus speaks to us meaningfully. Philosophical Hermeneutics Philosophical hermeneutics refers to the detailed and systematic examination of human understanding that began with the German philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900-2002). He argued that our perception of the world is not primarily theoretical but practical. We don’t assess objects neutrally from a distance, but they disclose themselves to us as we move around in an already existing totality of meaningful relations. Modern Hermeneutics Modern hermeneutic has to ask how the digital revolution changes the conditions for understanding texts. For example, text encodings are already an interpretation and different search parameters represent texts through a particular, pre-selected focus. Hermeneutic thinkers claim that our modern consciousness has been shaped in such a way that we imagine ourselves as ‘islands of awareness’ floating in the grand ocean of life, disconnected from other selves. The Canadian philosopher and hermeneutic thinker Charles Taylor labeled this specious self-contained consciousness as a ‘disengaged self’. Hermeneutic Phenomenology in Research Hermeneutic Phenomenology is a qualitative research methodology that arose out of and remains closely tied up to phenomenological philosophy, a strand of continental philosophy. The purpose of hermeneutic phenomenological research is to bring to light and reflect upon the lived meaning of basic experience. Hermeneutic Circle St. Augustine of Hippo was the first philosopher and theologian to have introduced the hermeneutic cycle of faith and reason. The Hermeneutic Circle describes the process of understanding a text hermeneutically. It refers to the idea that one understands of the text as a whole is established by reference to the individual parts and one understands of each individual part by reference to the whole. Conclusion Recent research in hermeneutics has seen a rise of interest in the role played in interpretive experience by a number of normative matters. This study helps to know about the basic concepts related to Hermeneutics. References 1. Hermeneutics retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics#:~:text=Hermeneutics%20(%2F%CB%8Ch%C9 %9C%CB%90rm,wisdom%20literature%2C%20and%20philosophical%20texts.&text=Herm eneutics%20is%20a%20wider%20discipline,%2C%20and%20non%2Dverbal%20communic ation. 2. 9 facts about Hermeneutics retrieved from https://blog.oup.com/2017/06/9-facts-abouthermeneutics/ 3. Phenomenology online, A resource for Phenomenological Inquiry, retrieved from https://www.phenomenologyonline.com/inquiry/orientations-inphenomenology/hermeneutical-phenomenology/ 4. Introduction to hermeneutic Phenomenology: A research methodology best learned by doing it retrieved from https://iiqm.wordpress.com/2014/10/16/introduction-to-hermeneuticphenomenology-a-research-methodology-best-learned-by-doing-it/ 5. The purpose of Hermeneutics retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9781-349-09597-1_1 Chapter -14 Domestic Violence In India Against Woman With Special Reference To Covid19 Pandemic: A Critical Study By : Saswati Samanta Student, (Ll.M, 4th Semester) , Department Of Law, Bankura University ABSTRACT Every year on 8th March we are celebrating International Women’s Day for the achievements of women in social, economic, political sectors. In spite of their contribution in every part of society, it’s shameful to say that women are also a prime subject to heinous crimes like Harassment, molestation, dowry demand, cruelty by husbands and his relatives etc. Domestic violence being one of the most common forms of gender-based violence that might be inflicted by either member of family, household or partners with intimate interest. During 2020’s Covid-19 pandemic situation, a tagline was famous, “Stay Home, Stay Safe” but unfortunately during this juncture atrocities against women reached at its peak across the world. Women being in their home, were trapped with their abusers as a result of lockdown. We are having a fair number of legislations that safeguard women and their interests but, pandemic, made it hard to put those into practice. Men and women both are integral parts of society. The absence of one and the existence of the other cannot be conceived. Therefore, if we ignore the dignified position of women in society, the society will break like a house of cards with the passage of time Hence, the objective of this study is to examine and evaluate the issues of atrocities against women within the context of dynamic power-relationships between men and women in society and to remove hurdles and obstacles in preventing violence as well as to provide suggestions for removing the legal challenges thereof. Keywords – Violence, Domestic violence, Intimate partner violence, Legal Scenario. 1. INTRODUCTION Crime against women is not a new phenomenon in this contemporary society, but it is the need of the hour to think about it as the crimes are increasing day by day as a result our mothers, sisters, daughters are losing their safety and security. They are not safe in anywhere; it is the surprising truth that in maximum cases they are abused by their closest relatives so they are not safe in their home also. During 2020’s Covid-19 pandemic situation, atrocities against women reached at its peak across the world and unfortunately in this pandemic situation their own house become a hell for them. During this juncture, women being in their homes, were trapped with their abusers as a result of lockdown. It is really a shameful and unpleasant behaviour against women in this contemporary society. Hence it can’t be overlooked, it should be prohibited in a strict manner. 2. CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVE Women are portrayed as a vulnerable section of the society where their rights and freedoms are becoming suppressed by the patriarchal structure of the society but as the society developed gradually women are becoming aware about their rights, they realised that they are only primarily or exclusively targeted for their feminine gender and those activities / maltreatment or ill-treatment against them by a man considering as ‘violence against women’ in this modern scenario. ‘Violence’ is an act of aggression, usually an interpersonal interaction of relation (it can be visible /Invisible, external/internal, physical/Non-physical), ‘Domestic Violence’ is a genderbased act or crime that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, which includes domestic abuse, spousal abuse or intimate partner abuse, and child abuse (it can be physically, mentally, sexually or economically), and ‘Intimate partner violence’ occurred when both the partners are in an intimate relationship (marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation). 3. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE VIS-À-VIS INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE Domestic violence is a violent act or behaviour that takes place within a household between two people like parent-children or siblings but intimate partner violence can only occur between two persons who are married, dating each other, family, friends, or cohabitation, it does not matter they’re sharing the same household or not. 4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In the Vedic period women are addressed as ‘Shakti’ they are participated in all sphere along with the men but after the post Vedic period the position of women in the society drastically changed several restrictions put on them and in the Medieval period the social evils like Sati, Child Marriage, Girl Infanticide, Dowry, Polygamy and Devdasi arose. Women rights are suppressed by the patriarchal structure of the society and they thought such social evils are natural but after the 19th century’s social reform movement and 20th century’s nationalist movement improve the position of women. Nationalist leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Aurobindo & ors. all raised their voice to eradicate such social evils, and aftermath a bunch of laws was enacted. 5. PROVISIONS RELATING TO DOMESTIC VIOLENCE A woman may be a victim of general crimes such as murder, robbery, cheating etc. but there are some special crimes where only women are targeted. Time and again, new legislations have been introduced and existing ones have been amended to combat offences against women; and effective mechanism has also been introduced. The legal provisions affecting women are being reviewed periodically and amendments carried out to protect her according to the emerging requirements. (Malik, 2016) 5.1. INDIAN PERSPECTIVES 5.1.1. Constitutional Provisions Indian constitution is considered as supreme law of the land and gives a special benefit to women in its preamble, fundamental rights, fundamental duties and DPSP under Art.14, Art.15(1), Art.15(3), Art.16, Art. 21, Art.23 Art.39(a), Art. 39(d), Art. 39(e), Art.42, Art.51(c), Art.51(A)(e) etc.  Article 14 to 18 guarantees equality for every citizen of India and under Art. 15 (3) says that the state can make special provisions for women and children for their benefit.  Article 21 protects the right to life and personal liberty.  Article 51-A(e) ‘promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women’ (51A(e), n.d.) 5.1.2.  INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860 DOWRY DEATH Dowry deaths are the death of young brides who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husband and in-laws in an effort to extent an increased dowry (Viswakarma, 2015). Section 304B of Indian Penal Code deals with the ‘dowry death’ where it says that if the death of a woman is caused by any burns or bodily injury or occurs otherwise than under normal circumstances within seven years of marriage, shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life.  CRUELTY BY HUSBAND AND HIS RELATIVE Section 498A was introduced to combat against the increasing number of dowry death in society and it is defined the term ‘cruelty’ which includes physical and mental threat, torture and harassment by husband and his relatives, if guilty proved then perpetrator shall be punished with imprisonment for three years with fine.  ASSAULT OR CRIMINAL FORCE TO WOMAN WITH INTENT TO OUTRAGE HER MODESTY Section 354 says that ‘Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman, intending to outrage or knowing it to be likely that he will thereby outrage her modesty, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both.’ (Mannual, 2013)  INSULT TO MODESTY Section 509 says that ‘Whoever, intending to insult the modesty of any woman, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture, or exhibits any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or that such gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman, or intrudes upon the privacy of such woman, shall be punished with simple imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both’. (Mannual, 2013) 5.1.3. THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005 In the year 2005 Parliament passed the act to protect women against domestic violence and provide remedies to them. Section 2 (e) of this act defines domestic incident reports, section 2(f) defines domestic relationship, section 3 discussed about the definition of domestic violation, Section 4 to 11 deals with powers and duties of protection officers, service providers etc. and section 12 to 29 discuss about the procedure for obtaining orders for relief. 5.1.4. DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT, 1961 To prohibit ‘Dowry’ like evil system in the society Government passed Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961. Section 2 of this act defines ‘Dowry’, Section 3 defines penalty for giving and taking dowry, Section 9 and 10 discussed about the Central Govt. and State Govt. power to make rules under this act. 5.2. INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ARENA 5.2.1. UNITED NATIONS CHARTER, 1945 It was the first and most important document that was promoting equal rights between men and women. In the beginning years the main focus of this charter was to uplift women’s right throughout the world. 5.2.2. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, 1948 (UDHR) On 10th December 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted UDHR at its 3rd session. The objective of it was to establish the right to equality and freedom in an equal way without any kind of discrimination. 5.2.3. Convention on Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979 (CEDAW) It is described as an International Bill of rights for women, The Indian Government ratified the CEDAW in 1993. It mainly helps to recognizing those aspects of abuse and neglect which were not given recognition thus far as gender violence including sexual violence, violence in the family etc. 5.2.4. VIENA DECLARATION AND PROGRAMME OF ACTION, 1993 On 25 June 1993, representatives of 171 States adopted the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action of the World Conference on Human Rights (BBC, 1993). The declaration of world conference concentrated on gender-based violations and wants to eradicate all forms of discrimination against women and girlchild. 5.2.5. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY DECLARATION ON THE ELIMINATION OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN 1993 It recognised the universal application of women’s rights, equality, liberty, and the integrity of all human beings. 5.2.6. UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DECLARATION,2000 On 8th September 2000 UN General Assembly adopted it. The main objectives of this declaration were to promote empowerment of women, gender equality etc. 6. COVI19 PANDEMIC AND IT’S EFFECT ON WOMEN Domestic violence involves a pattern of psychological, physical, sexual, financial and emotional abuse. Acts of assaults, threats, humiliation and intimidation are also considered acts of violence. During the pandemic situation it becomes a crucial issue all over the nation. It has been reported that since the lockdown in France on 17th March 2020, domestic violence cases rose by 30%. In Argentina, the lockdown was imposed on 20th March 2020, and since then emergency calls from domestic violence cases had risen by 25%. In Cyprus and Singapore, helplines have registered a rise in calls of 30% and 33%, respectively. Finally, there were increased domestic violence cases and a demand for emergency accommodation in Canada, Germany, Spain, the UK and the USA (Anna Sri, 2021), Paris. In India on 24th March 2020 Government declared nationwide lockdown but as the lockdown extended time to time, the violence against women also increased day by day. Lockdown works as fuel to the fire. According to “The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2019 reports that a majority (30.9%) of all the 4.05 lakh cases under crimes against women are registered under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC)” (Seth, 2021). but on 22nd September, 2020 GOI released a NCW report where it is shown that from the month of March to September total of 13,410 (Delhi, 2020) complaints were registered of which 4350 were on domestic violence only. In this report it is shown that during the month of May-August violence against women has been reached its peak. India currently ranks 131 among 189 countries in Human Development (measure nation’s health, safety, education and standard of living), two points down relative to the previous year. While India’s ranking is a disappointment, the most shocking takeaway from the Human Development Report (HDR) 2020 is related to intimate partner violence (IPV). (Seth, 2021) The covid19 pandemic has resulted in a great crisis all over the world, but in this period, women are suffering the most, it may be physically, mentally or sexually. We are saying ‘Stay home, Stay Safe’ but unfortunately during this juncture atrocities against women reached at its peak across the world. Women being in their home, were trapped with their abusers as a result of lockdown, they are not only unsafe outside of their domestic walls but also they are becoming unsafe within their own domestic walls. 6.1. ELEMENTARY CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE DURING LOCKDOWN  Patriarchal structure The basic reason behind all types of violence against women lies in our society’s patriarchal structure whereby male always thinks himself superior to woman in every aspect of life. This superiority complex manifests itself in various kinds of discriminatory practices against women.  Stress and frustration On 24th March, 2020 Government declared lockdown all over the nation to control the transmission of COVID-19 virus and several restrictions have been imposed over freely movements and everyone were trapped 24*7 in the house which leads to stress, boredom and frustration.  Job insecurity Job insecurity also brings anxiety between the perpetrators.  Financial crisis During the lockdown period a large no of people lost their jobs which can lead to chronic stress, financial crisis and as a result different types of violence have occurred.  Alcoholism In many research it is shown that consuming alcohol also plays a role in it. 7. ROLE OF JUDICIARY CONCERNING THE ISSUE: INDIAN PERSPECTIVES ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’ so to providing justice judiciary plays a vital role in the society. The main intention of the judiciary is to uplift the position of women in society. The Protection of women from Domestic violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA) given special privilege to women (married women as well as the woman who are coming under live-in relationship) such as ‘Shared household’, ‘Residence Order’, ‘Protection Order’, ‘Custody Order’ etc. 7.1. Landmark Judgements on ‘Shared Household’ and ‘Right to Reside’ In S.R. Batra V. Smt. Taruna Batra (S.R. Batra V. Smt. Taruna Batra, 2007) Sc interpreted term ‘shared household’ and ‘right to reside in a shared household’ where court says that a wife can only claim for alternative accommodation only against her husband not the property of her in laws but after 13years later Sc has overruled it’s past decision in ‘Satish Ch. Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja’ (Satish Ch.Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja’, 2021) Sc says that term ‘shared household’ and ‘right to reside’ would be the border concept it includes the places where women lives or any domestic relationship either single or along with her husband it may be owned or tenanted house which 0means that woman can claim on the property of her father/mother in-laws and in ‘Sabita Mark. Burgles v. Marklionel Burges’ (Sabita Mark. Burgles v. Marklionel Burges’, 2013), court says that Magistrate is empowered to pass an order directing the respondent to remove himself from the shared household. 7.2. Landmark Judgements on live-in relationship In D. veluswamy v. Patchaimmal (D. veluswamy v. Patchaimmal, 2010) Sc, has clarified the expression ‘a relationship in nature of marriage’ where ‘Live in relationship’ is not covered but in Indra Sharma v. V.K.V. Sharma (Indra Sharma v. V.K.V. Sharma, 2013), Sc. clarified the concept of ‘Live-in Relationship’ and stated that a victim can avail relief under this Act. 7.3. Landmark judgement on Aggrieved Person In Sou Sandhya Manoj Wankhade v. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade (Sou Sandhya Manoj Wankhade v. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade, 2011) Sc laid down the expression ‘female’ has not been used and it exclude females from ambit of the complaints, (S.2(q)) so, complaint can be lodged only against the male partner or male relatives of husband. In Kusumlata Sharma V. State (Kusumlata Sharma V. State, 2011) court defined the meaning of ‘Aggrieved Person’ and widened the concept of ‘respondent’ it says that a women can file a case against another woman by whom she is ill-treated or abused. In Hiral P. Harsora & ors. v. Kusum Narottam Harsora (Hiral P. Harsora & ors. v. Kusum Narottam Harsora, 2017) case includes women as a perpetrator after that a women can file a case against women. 7.4. Landmark judgements on misuse The act mainly safeguards women and provides remedies against domestic violence but in some cases, it is misused by women in malafide intention. In Ashish Dixit v. State of UP (Ashish Dixit v. State of UP, 2013), court held that wife can’t implicate one and all in the family them whom she does not know. In Arnesh kumr v state of Bihar (Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar, 2014) it is considered a safeguard for the innocent husband and his innocent relatives In recent case, Shyamlal Devda vs Parimala (Shyamlal Devda vs Parimala, 2020) court held that , if wife filed a case against husband and relatives then court shall inquiry the whole matter ,if the facts are not fabricated or false then a notice ‘ll be sent to the husband and his relatives (it must be proved relatives are resides permanently or temporarily with victims) and if the case is fabricated then husband can file a case against his wife for misuse of Act. 8. CRITICAL ANALYSIS Domestic violence in India spreading like an infectious disease in society. Each and every day in newspapers we read about the inhumane treatment against women and it’s becoming a common phenomenon in this contemporary society. Even Govt. have passed several legislations to protect women but still in this 20’s century women are afraid to leave their abusive partner.  The victims are hesitant to raise their voice against their abusive husband or his relatives because they thought it ‘ll bringing embarrassment to the family,  Traditional orthodox mindset of women that they are physically weaker than man they can’t survive alone without a man.  Lack of economic resources is another reason to stay in a abusive relationship.  Lack of support from victim’s family, friends, relatives which also be a barrier for them to leaving their abusive partner. 9. SUGGESITION  REPORT It is very important to report the violence in the beginning otherwise it will become a never-ending cycle.  COME UP WITH AN ACTION PLAN It is high time to raise our voice against such heinous crime and wants to come up with an action plan and to aware women about their rights which are secured by law.  CREATE SELF SPACES TO DISCUSS VIOLENCE We need to create a self-space where we can openly discuss about violence and to aware each and everyone about their rights.  BE SUPPORTIVE TO ONE ANOTHER It is very important to support the decision of women without being a judgemental. 10. CONCLUSION In the modern era, society wants to protect individuals and provide benefits to women’s but the saddest truth is that the maximum women are not aware about their rights, they’re hesitant to file a complaint against the perpetrators, they thought it’ll put a blot on their character or family. Hence, social change is required to change the thought process of human mind, so that women are treated with respectful behaviour in every part of the society & to ensure that the human right to just and favourable condition of work. Moreover, women need to reject those myths which degrade their status in the society. References 51A(e), C. O. I., n.d. Indiankanoon. [Online] Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1431035/ [Accessed 25 June 2021]. Anna Sri, P. D. S. G. A. P., 2021. COVID-19 and the violence against women and girls: ‘The shadow pandemic’. International Journal of Social Psychiatry,, 17 February. Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar (2014) 8 SCC 273. Ashish Dixit v. State of UP (2013) 4 SCC 176. BBC, W., 1993. World Conference and the Vienna Declaration. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/people/features/ihavearightto/four_b/treaties_vienna.shtml [Accessed 2021 June 22]. D. veluswamy v. Patchaimmal (2010) SCC 469. Delhi, P., 2020. [Online] Available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1657678 [Accessed 25 June 2021]. Hiral P. Harsora & ors. v. Kusum Narottam Harsora (2017) Cri L.J. 509 (SC). Indra Sharma v. V.K.V. Sharma (2013) JT 2013(15)SC 70. Kusumlata Sharma V. State (2011) (8)LRC198(Del). Malik, K. P. &. R. K., 2016. LAW &SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN INDIA. 4 ed. Haryana: Allahabad Law Agency. Mannual, C., 2013. Criminal Law Mannual. New Delhi : Universal Law Publishing co pvt. ltd.. Mannual, C., 2013. Criminal Mannual. New Delhi: Universal law publishing co. pvt. ltd.. S.R. Batra V. Smt. Taruna Batra (2007) 3SCC169. Sabita Mark. Burgles v. Marklionel Burges’ (2013) SCC OnLine Bom 631. Satish Ch.Ahuja v. Sneha Ahuja’ (2021) 1 SCC 414. Seth, P., 2021. The Wire. [Online] Available at: https://thewire.in/women/domestic-violence-india-underreported [Accessed 26 June 2021]. Seth, P., 2021. The Wire. [Online] Available at: https://thewire.in/women/covid-19-domestic-violence-hdr-2020 [Accessed 26 06 2021]. Shyamlal Devda vs Parimala (2020) AIR 2020 SC 762. Sou Sandhya Manoj Wankhade v. Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade (2011) 3 SCC 650. sunil Batra v. (2007) (2007)3SCC169. Viswakarma, d. M., 2015. law and social transformation. 1 ed. Jaipur: University Book House. Chapter -15 Comorbidity and its Impact on COVID-19 Patients in West Bengal: a systematic review By : Debkanta Ghosh Assistant Professor , Department of Zoology , Vidyasagar College for Women , 39 Sankar Ghosh lane, Kolkata-06, WB ABSTRACT Since November 2019, the fast outburst of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which appeared from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has recently become a public health emergency . COVID-19 has given an enormous global affect over 180 countries. According to the current reports, the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 are heterogeneous .Corona virus 2 has infected humans in all age groups, of all races , both females and males while spreading through communities at shocking rate. The nature of this virus, there is little to be learned; however, the clinical symptoms range from a common cold to severe diseases viz. pneumonia, bronchitis, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),kidney disease, multi-organ failure diseases , and even death. The COVID19 patients with comorbidities or underlying health conditions has an increasingly deteriorate their health conditions, often leading to death. This paper studied the comorbid conditions, the severity of the disease, and mortality rates in patients, infected with the COVID-19 disease. By the data annlysis of West Bengal Health Department, patients with COVID-19 disease who have hypertension or diabetes mellitus, are more likely to develop a severe condition , often leading to death. Older patients, those 65 years old and who have comorbidities and are infected, have a high admission rate into the ICU and mortality from the COVID-19 disease. As of 19 June 2021 there have been 14.8 lakhs laboratory confirmed cases and 17295 deaths in West Bengal. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, Comorbidity , Diabetes, Hypertension INTRODUCTION COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a universal pandemic that at first started in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly throughout the world. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2( severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which invades cells through the ACE-2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) receptor. Aged people and people who have comorbidity , such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease Renal disease, COPD Malignancy, have shown worse diagnosis. People with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are at higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 . The severity of COVID-19 patients with COPD is found to be 4-fold higher than patients without COPD . Patients with diabetes have increased morbidity and mortality rates and needed more hospitalization and ICU( intensive care unit) admissions . COVID-19 Patients, there is a high prevasiveness of the cardiovascular disease. A review study of middle-aged and old-aged patients with COVID-19 found that the old-aged patients is more susceptible to this disease and needed the ICU admission with a higher mortality rate . This is because the lung condition is worse in old- aged patients than young people. The aim of my study was to evaluate, on a large cohort of consecutive patients admitted to the Emergency Room and diagnosed with COVID-19, the prevasiveness of comorbidities and their possible association with a more severe form of COVID-19 outbreak. The clinical results and length of stay directly connect with the comorbidities and age of the COVID19 patient. A study in China showed 344 patients in the intensive care unit with COVID-19. Out of the 344 patients, 133 died on the 28th day with a average survival of 25 days . There were many with different underlying medical conditions with 141 patients having hypertension . In survivors, average duration of hospitalization for a negative test result was 12 days . It has been showed that the aged the patients are, more likely they are to die to the COVID-19 . The aim of the paper is to review these underlying medical conditions, provide that maximum patients with severe COVID-19 disease had comorbidity. I would like to study specific comorbidities in connection to the COVID-19 progression and results based on the literature review since the COVID19 outbreak. METHODOLOGY This was a review case study that collected data from COVID-19 patients throughout West Bengal, under the coordination of the Centre Health Ministry which mandated the reporting of COVID19 related information from individual hospital that admitted COVID-19 patients . A literature search was executed using Google, Google Scholar, PubMed. West Bengal Government Health Department COVID19 patients data has been studied since COVID19 onset. Clinical symptoms The reported cases of COVID-19 have a varied range of clinical symptoms from mild case, such as fever and cough, to more critical conditions associated with probmel in breathing. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, chills, shortness of breath, sore throat,muscle aches, loss of taste or smell, headache and diarrhea . Clinical symptoms started as mild and transfer to more intense over 5 to 7 days. Averagely, 1 out of 6 infected people become badly ill and appear difficulty in breathing, specially in the aged with comorbidities. Clinical Symptoms of COVID-19 may develop anytime from 2 to 14 days after exposure; therefore, 14-day quarantine is suggested . The median incubation period for COVID-19 disease is approximately 5.3 days. Some people who are infected do not develop any symptoms and about 80% of positive patients recover without any treatment . A data analysis of COVID-19 patients in West Bengal showed fever (84.8%) as the most common symptom, followed by fatigue (29%) and dry cough (61%) . Other symptoms reported were shortness of breath (15%), sore throat (10.4%), muscle pain (12.4%), and headache (10.2%) . The least appeared symptoms were diarrhea (3.4%), nausea and vomiting (3.1). ( Table 1) Comorbidities Due to COVID-19 disease being a new and understudied , availability of data is limited. However, from the report that emerged, it was noticed that underlying medical conditions or comorbidities increase the probability of infection. Based on recent information , the aged, specially those in long-term care facilities and people of any age with serious comorbidities are at a more risk of getting COVID-19 disease. Patients with comorbidities such as hypertension diabetes, cardiovascular disease, COPD, liver, kidney disease and cancer are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), defned as the sum of the weighted scores of various Comorbidity, was calculated for each patient to grade their comorbid conditions. Components and relative weights of the Charlson Comorbidity Index Weight Comorbidities 1× 2× 3× 6× Myocardial infarction Congestive heart failure Peripheral vascular disease Cerebrovascular disease Dementia Connective tissue disease Ulcer disease Mild liver disease Diabetes mellitus Hemiplegia Moderate/severe renal disease Diabetes with end-stage organ damage Any tumor Leukemia Lymphoma Moderate/severe liver disease Metastatic solid tumor AIDS In most of the Covid-19 deaths in West Bengal comorbidities like hypertension, diabetes, cardiac problems, nephrotic syndrome and COPD were found to be fatal, a study conducted by the state health department . Hypertension was found in 30 per cent of the females who died of Covid-19, while the same was found in 28 per cent of the males who succumbed to the disease till the last week of November’2020. At least 24.5 per cent of the women who succumbed to Covid-19 were found to be diabetic, while among the men it was 24.2 per cent. Other comorbidities like cardiac problems were found in 10.6 per cent men while it was prevalent among 8.3 per cent of women. Nephrotic syndrome was found higher among males with 10.2 per cent while among females it was 9.7 per cent. The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) had also affected around 5.5 per cent men and 3.9 per cent females, the study conducted across all the districts of West Bengal. According to the study, Covid-19 had been more fatal in women than in men diagnosed with cancer and on dialysis. 2.5 % in female and 2% in male patients. (Table2) It also revealed that since the first Covid-19 death registered in West Bengal in March’2020, the male case fatality rate (CFR) has dropped below the 2 per cent-mark while that of the female is below 1.5 per cent. West Bengal’s Health Department, which is coming out with the daily update on COVID-19 infections and fatalities, has indicated that over 66% of those who have died of the infection had co-morbidities. The Health Department has also come out with the age-wise fatality rate. It was 20.48% among those aged over 75, 15.38% among those aged 61-75, and 6.83% among those aged 46-60. Table 1: Clinical symptoms showed in the percentage of patients in West Bengal Clinical symptoms showed Clinical Symptoms in the percentage of patients Fever 84.8% Dry Cough 61% Fatigue 29% Shortness of Breath 15% Sore Throat 10.4% Headache 10.2% Muscle Pain 12.4% Diarrhea 3.4% Nausea And Vomiting 3.1% Table2: Percentage of COVID19 death due to Comorbidities in West Bengal Comorbidities Percentage of COVID19 death due to Comorbidities Hypertension 29% Diabeties 24.35% Cardiovascular disease 9.45% Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 4.7% (COPD) Renal disease 9.95% Malignancy 2.25% RESULTS: COVID-19 can cause most severe disease leading to hospitalization in intensive care unit and death, especially in the aged people with comorbidities. According to West Bengal Government Health Department report , 7 out of 10 deaths occurred in adults 60 years old and above. Approximately 80% of COVID-19-positive patients result in absolutely recovery from the illness without any hospitalizations . As observed in the CDC’s mortality and morbidity weekly report in case mortality increased as the patient’s age increased . Among the age group ≤ 19 years, no ICU or mortality was noted . COVID-19 disease has been observed in children, but the disease took a more moderate when compared with adults. A reports that over 86% of COVID-19 patient’s deaths include at least one comorbidity, according to the New York State Department of Health. DISCUSSION More than one comorbidities are related with the severity of COVID-19 progression. Many of the lesser outcomes for COVID-19 disease have been associated to cardiovascular comorbid . Patients with diabetes were more likely to have increased severity of COVID-19 disease. It was noticed that those with lesser blood glucose control had an increased mortality rate than those with better blood glucose control. Among other comorbidities, COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) has been related with poor disease progression. A data-analysis of multiple studies in West Bengal found that there was a 4-fold increase in mortality in patients with preexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that were diagnosed with COVID-19 disease . A study was found to have an relation with smoking and severe case of COVID-19 . General comorbidities such as COPD, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease were noticed to be the more important risk factors in patients when compared with other underlying medical conditions . The study was met with barriers due to the small sample size and some patients having more than one comorbidities. In earlier research and literature, comorbidities increase the mortality rate in patients who acquired COVID-19 with diabetes and cardiovascular disease and being the most important risk factors. REFERENCES 1. Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A. Diabetes in COVID-19: prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis, and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(4):303–10 [Accessed April 18, 2020.] 2. Zhao Q, Meng M, Kumar R, Wu Y, Huang J, et al. The impact of COPD and smoking history on the severity of COVID-19: a systemic review and meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2020. 3. Wang Y, Lu X, Chen H, Chen T, Su N, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of 344 intensive care patients with COVID-19. AJRCCM. 2020;201:1430–4 [Accessed April 20, 2020.] 4. CDC. Coronavirus (COVID-19): symptoms of coronavirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. [Accessed April 18, 2020.] 5. Maragakis LL. Coronavirus symptoms: frequently asked questions. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2020; [Accessed April 18, 2020.] 6. WHO. Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19). World Health Organization. 2020. [Accessed April 18, 2020] 7. West Bengal Government Health Department report on COVID-19. [https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/] 8. Indian Government Health Ministry report on COVID-19. [https://www.mohfw.gov.in/] 9. Paudel SS. A meta-analysis of 2019 novel coronavirus patient clinical characteristics and comorbidities. Research Square. 2020. 10. CDC. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) — United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: MMWR. 2020;69(12):343–6 [Accessed April 18, 2020] 11. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou Z, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020:e200994. 12. Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109:1088–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270. [Accessed April 20, 2020] 13. West Bengal Government Health Department report on COVID-19. 14. Indian Government Health Ministry report on COVID-19. 15. Wang J, Hajizadeh N, Moore EE, McIntyre RC, Moore PK, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a case series. J Thromb Haemost. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14828 [Accessed May 30, 2020, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/ 10.1111/jth.14828]. 16. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: Evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(7):6049–57. https://doi.org/10.18632/ aging.103000 [Accessed May 30, 2020, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/32267833/]. 17. Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109:531–8 [Accessed May 30, 2020, https://link. springer.com/article/10.1007/s00392-02001626-9]. Chapter -16 Technology—A Lifesaver During Covid Era By : Amrita Panja, PhD Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India. Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The disease results in respiratory trouble with symptoms like cough and fever and, in more severe cases, causes difficulty while breathing. COVID-19 spreads primarily through contact with an infected person when they sneeze or cough or by touching a surface that has that virus on it and then touching our mouth, nose, or eyes. The novel coronavirus is already reforming our lifestyle, but the crisis moments help us to realise the importance of technology. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is not diminishing without vaccine, but it interrupts the human safety. The economy can be minimized by adopting smart technology to combat pandemic situation. The implementation of new innovations and novel tactics has proven to be effective in reducing the risk of COVID-19. The present study enlightens the role of smart technology in preventing the spread of COVID-19 with specific focus on advancement in the field of drone, robotics, artifcial intelligence (AI), mask, and sensor technology. Keywords COVID-19, Robot, Drone, Artifcial intelligence, Mobile apps, Sensor Introduction “If future generations are to remember us more with gratitude than sorrow, we must achieve more than just the miracles of technology. We must also leave them a glimpse of the world as it was created, not just as it looked when we got through with it.” ----------Lyndon B. Johnson, Former President of the United States of America There is a current worldwide outburst of a new type of coronavirus (COVID-19), which originated from Wuhan, China and has now spread to approximately 140 other countries throughout the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that COVID-19 has become a global health concern, causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans (Zhu et al., 2020; Lu et al., 2020). This pandemic situation is one of the widely spread diseases in recent anthropological history. A total of 18.2 crores total cases have been reported and 39.3 lakhs people have been died in COVID-19 throughout the world at the time of writing the paper (30th June, 2021) (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/). To halt the epidemic, many countries have endorsed lockdown strategies to ensure social distancing and reduce the burden on health institutions. Even after lockdowns, social distancing shall remain the norms for several months until herd immunity is built. COVID-19 has tremendously affected our day-to-day life, businesses, interrupted the world trade and activities. Different industries and trades including pharmaceuticals industry, solar power sector, tourism, Information and electronics are severely exaggerated by this pandemic situation. As the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic spreads rapidly, technological innovations and initiatives are multiplying in an attempt to control the pandemic situation. Technological intervention helps to treat patients in an effective way and facilitate the efforts of overworked healthcare workers, while developing new, effective vaccines (Elavarasan and Pugazhendhi, 2020; Javaid et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020). Technology has played a crucial role in proper respondence to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). There has been a considerable advancement in the field of digital technological applications including ebanking, online orders, online transactions and online health services. In the modern era of digitilation, people are more accustomed with Digital Health (DH), mobile based technologies (mTech). Here, in this review paper we have focused on technological approach to defend the adverse situation resulted by pandemic situation. Technologies to combat the Coronavirus Artificial intelligence (AI) Scientists have been using artificial intelligence (AI) to track the epidemic in real time and able to predict where the virus might appear next. With the help of AI, affected people can be diagnosed properly through computerised tomography (CT) lung scans, changes in body temperature through the use of wearable sensors; and to provide an open-source data platform to track the spread of the disease. The number of new cases and the population at risk zone can be detected by AI. Consequently, it helps to evaluate the optimised strategy for controlling spread of this pandemic. AI helps to discover drones which are useful to disinfect the patient rooms and can supply medical supplies. Fake news regarding the pandemic situation can be checked by certain AI applications. Machine learning techniques helps in tracking the sensational or alarming news. Different social media like Facebook, Google and Twitter have partnered with WHO to reveal the correct information regarding COVID-19 so that people can aware of this disease (Khan et al., 2021) Synthetic Biology Scientists take a multidisciplinary approach using biology, engineering, genetics and computational science to elucidate the genotype of viruses. It combines molecular biology and lab automation with in silico design techniques with the help of biological data. During the pandemic situation, advancement in technology in the field of synthetic biology can be helpful in drug and vaccine development. The National Institute of Health in the USA also recognised synthetic biology as a potential way in vaccine development. Synthetic biology labs actively started applying their technologies to innovate solutions for the COVID-19 pandemic (Kritikos 2020). A number of companies in the field of synthetic biology have been evolving experimental vaccines containing synthetic strands of RNA or DNA that code for protein molecules on the surface of the virus. DNA- and mRNA-based vaccine technologies can facilitate the progression of vaccine development. These vaccines contain different synthetic nucleotide strands and the availability of viral sequence data can be rapidly translated into vaccine candidates. Thus, Moderna and Inovio move into clinical progression in just a few months following the genetic code of the virus (Thanh Le et al. 2020). Drones and robots Drones are regarded as the safe technical approach to spray disinfectant, deliver the medical supplies, conduct aerial thermal sensing and facilitate aerial broadcasting. Recently, drone software is being edited for performing multitude of functions. The use of drones and other aerial surveillance technologies in the Covid-19 pandemic can simplify the tasks of enforcing containment as well as reducing face-to-face contact with infected persons, thus reducing the chances of contamination. Drones could also be used to transfer the blood samples of the patients and play an important role for providing health kits to the infected persons. On other hand, such technological improvement will reduce the disease to the front liner worrier including doctors and nurses (Yang et al., 2020). The application of robots in healthcare systems has shown preventive solution for the rapid spreading of COVID-19. With the help of machine learning algorithm and AI, robots are found to be effective in treatment and proper diagnosis of Covid-19. On the basis on the effective level of communication between robots and humans they can be classified in five categories including telerobots, collaborative robot, autonomous robot, social robot, wearable robot. Telerobots can be operated from distance using wireless communication network. Collaborative robots are aimed to supplement the human operated process and work in close proximity to physically interact with humans. On other hand, autonomous robots are sufficient enough to make decisions intellectually as well as independently. It will accordingly take actions without any human intervention. Social robots can measure the infection stress, symptoms and other signs via sensors. They have the ability to communicate with persons and their surrounding environment. Pandemic tackling mobile applications Several smartphone Apps have been developed either with the collaboration with some private companies or through public authorities. These apps assist the general people regarding their self-assessment, monitor quarantine of people, give health care services and provide corona virus information. These can be grouped as informational apps, self assessment apps, contact tracing apps (Khan et al., 2021). COVID-19 self-assessment Apps for mobile phone helps people to generate awareness on COVID-19 and evaluate their health. It also acts as a device to educate people on how this disease spreads and guides them by providing preventive measures. Contact tracing apps are also very useful during the time of crisis. It assists to recognise the infection suspected person and asked them for self-quarantine. The Indian authorities have launched a smartphone App known as ‘Aarogya Setu’ to support the infected patients and helps to generate a statistical data (Google Play 2020). Likewise, Australian Government has introduced ‘Covid Safe’ App which favours the fitness of the users and gathers data to confirm whether they have come in contact with an infected person (Australian Government Department of Health 2020). Technology-based X-ray and CT image analysis Artificial intelligence is now used robustly for emerging solution to fasten the medical treatment. As a part of COVID-19 treatment strategy, a large number of X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images are taken, and manually analyzing these images requires huge effort and time. COVID19 detection neural network (COVNet) is a deep learning algorithm-based AI module that helps in analysing the CT images for rapid diagnosis of the COVID-19 patients (Li et al. 2020). Alibaba is an an e-commerce company which has launched an AI-enabled analysis machine that can figure out the virus infected person (Technology Org 2020). Mask Technology The use of face mask by COVID-19 affected patient is a popular way to control the spreading of this disease. Although the asymptomatic patients are unaware of this transmission and become active carriers of the infection. Masks act as the simple barrier for preventing the spreading of respiratory droplets from reaching others. Surgical masks are effective in preventing from spray and inhalation of droplets in the range above 5 μm, but it is unable to filter submicron (<5 μm) sized droplets. The European standard FFP2 and American standard N95 mask are generally recommended for health workers who have direct contact with COVID-19 patients. Recently, hydrogen peroxide vapor exposure as a method to decontaminate N95 mask (Schwartz et al. 2020). Consequently, a smart UVC treatment-based hygiene product is launched by ‘Cleanbox Technology’(Clean Box 2020). It is capable to eliminate nearly 99.99% microbes and viruses. Washable mask that would have the capacity to destroy 99% of bacteria and bacteria has come to the market. Scientists have discovered a special self-disinfecting mask that can give enhanced protection against the virus (The National 2020). Sensors Worldwide different organizations are doing a large number of tests to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and isolate infected persons. Therefore, there is a huge importance of testing corona virus by qRT-PCR and serologic antibody tests, etc. (Udugama et al. 2020). Although these diagnostic methods are very costly and need considerable amount of time. Moreover, these tests require laboratory set up and are limited in numbers on daily basis. Therefore, researchers are now working toward developing smart sensors for rapid and prompt detection of the infection. A field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor for instant detection of COVID-19 has been introduced which uses human nasopharyngeal swab sample (Seo et al 2020). Recently, a new handheld gas sensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection within a few seconds through exhaled breath fnger printing is anticipated by Nian Sun et al (North Eastern University 2020). Discussion Knowledge, compassion, harmony, collaboration and unity are the notable factors to long-term survival and prosperous of humankind. Sometimes, there is requirement for understanding the role of ‘crisis’ as it helps to make us know about what is truly important and what is wrong. The ‘crisis’generated by the pandemic situation helps us to rethink our political, economy systems, health-care system, psychocultures, social and religious norms (Panwar et al., 2020). The Covid-19 shows us that cumulative efforts from national, international and global aspect can make zero sum games to positive sum games (Jakovljevic et al., 2020). COVID-19 is a wakeup call for making trust between general people, rising voice for good scientific education, improvement in technological field and better global cooperation. This critical situation of COVID-19 requires unity of people. Every people should abide by some basic regulations like social distancing and hand sanitization as a probable solution to fight against this pandemic. Therefore, people should be aware of these upcoming trending technologies, which could help them shortly, so that they can take the maximum benefit out of them for themselves and their families. These technologies could be better applicable for public health improvement by proper education. Therefore, technological innovations become truly act as life saver for the human society during corona pandemic situation. The emergence of COVID-19 has accelerated innovations in every field of technology. The contribution of technology in managing the pandemic situation is incredible. With the introduction of AI, robotics and modifications in already existing technological methods is useful for combating pandemic situation. Technology has been used widely for supporting teaching, work and social communication in an extraordinary way. During the pandemic situation, social distancing has been maintained strictly in many containment zones. Messaging and/or video conferencing and/or social network tools are different ways of social communication. Technology plays major role in generating awareness among the common people. The adoption of technology in healthcare sector provides better diagnosis and treatment of patients. Out of the different benefited sectors, health services probably play most important role. Consequently, it helps in improving the quality of life over time and it has saved many lives. The review gives deep knowledge about the positive sides of the innovations in masks, sanitisers, mobile-apps and sensor technology during the course of pandemic. The finding helps in understanding the positive impact of technology- based skills for the welfare of human society. Such technologies quite have the capacity to alter the delivery of healthcare systems around the world and serve cost-effective health services and narrow the path of well-being gap, but this definitely requires deeper knowledge. Compliance with ethical standards Conflict of interest The corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest. References 1. Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., et al. (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med, 382 (8):727– 33 . 2. Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., et al. (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 395(10224):565–74. 3. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ [Accessed on 30th June, 2021]. 4. Elavarasan, R.M., Pugazhendhi, R. (2020) Restructured society and environment: a review on potential technological strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Total Environ, 725:138858–138875. 5. Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Vaishya, R., Bahl, S., Suman, R., Vaish, A. (2020) Industry 4.0 technologies and their applications in fighting COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr 14(4):419–422 6. Kumar, A., Gupta, P.K., Srivastava, A. (2020) A review of modern technologies for tackling COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(4):569–573. 7. Singh, R.P., Javaid, M., Haleem, A., Suman, R. (2020) Internet of things (IoT) applications to fight against COVID-19 pandemic. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 14(4):521– 524. 8. Khan, H., Kushwah, K.K., Singh, S., Urkude, H., Maurya, M.R., Sadasivuni, K.K. (2021) Smart technologies driven approaches to tackle COVID-19 pandemic: a review. 3 Biotech. 11(2):50. 9. Kritikos, M. (2020) Ten technologies to fight coronavirus. Brussels: European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS) - Scientifc Foresight Unit STOA 10. Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Román, R. G., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. (2020) The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nature Reviews - Drug Discovery, 19(5): 305–306 11. Yang, G.Z., Nelson, B.J., Murphy, R.R., Choset, H., Christensen, H., Collins, S.H., et al.(2020) Combating COVID-19—the role of robotics in managing public health and infectious diseases. Sci. Robot. 5(40): eabb5589. 12. Google Play (2020) Aarogya Setu. https://play.google.com/store/apps/ details?id=nic.goi.aarogyasetu&hl=en. Accessed 30 June 2021 13. Australian Government Department of Health (2020) COVID Safe app. https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/covid safe-app. Accessed 30 june 2021 14. Li, L., Qin, L., Xu, Z. et al (2020) Using artifcial intelligence to detect COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia based on pulmonary CT: evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy. Radiology 296:E65–E71. 15. Technology Org (2020) AI algorithm detects coronavirus infections in patients from CT scans with 96% accuracy. https://www.techn ology.org/2020/03/01/ai-algorithmdetects-coronavirus-infec tions-in-patients-from-ct-scans-with-96-accuracy/. Accessed 27 June 2020. 16. Schwartz A, Stiegel M, Greeson N et al (2020) Decontamination and reuse of N95 respirators with hydrogen peroxide vapor to address worldwide personal protective equipment shortages during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Appl Biosaf 25(2):67–70 17. The National (2020) Coronavirus: reusable face masks to ease UAE eco concerns. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/health/coron avirus-reusable-face-masks-to-ease-uaeeco-concerns-1.10243 00. Accessed 4 July 2020 18. Udugama, B., Kadhiresan, P., Kozlowski, H.N. et al (2020) Diagnosing COVID-19: the disease and tools for detection. ACS Nano 14(4):3822–3835. 19. Seo, G., Lee, G., Kim, M.J. et al (2020) Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistorbased biosensor. ACS Nano 14(4):5135–5142. 20. Jakovljevic, M., Bjedov, S., Nenad Jaksic, N., Ivan Jakovljevic I. (2020) COVID-19 Pandemia and public and global mental health from the perspective of global health security. Psychiatria Danubina, 32, (1):6-14 21. North Eastern University (2020) Sensors to detect COVID-19 diagnosis instantly. https://coe.northeastern.edu/news/sensors-to-detec Accessed 2nd July, 2020 t-covid-19-diagnosis-instantly/. Chapter-17 Indus Valley Civilisation and Trade in 21st Century By : Kanika1 , Harwinder Goyal2 1 Independent Research Scholar Punjabi University Patiala Contact No. 8054893686 Email id :- [email protected] 2 Assistant Professor The Royal Group of Colleges Borawal Contact No. 6239534568 Email id :- [email protected] Abstract History is as vast as the depthless of the ocean. We study the unknown facts in the history to learn more about our previous culture and traditions. History is just like travelling in time as it is impossible to live those times in the present era so it is a privilege to study some past figures to relive the history through this paper. This paper is a little effort to study the undiscovered areas of Indus Valley civilization and present some unknown facts of those times. Keywords : Civilization, business, system, rejuvenation, impact, life and living, impact. Introduction Civilizations are the part of life. For one's survival we need to know how to live or what are the Requirement for living. in the past era, many civilizations arise which had a great impact on the present situations or the living style of the present people. in this particular study, I would like to draw your kind attention towards the Indus Valley civilization, a highly urbanised people living their lives with utmost decency and trust among them. the aim behind the study is to know about the origin of civilization, deep insight about their ways of living, impact on present scenario and Rejuvenation and the fall of civilization. Purpose Every civilization has a deep impact on the generation and generations to come. The purpose behind this is to commence the business in the present era by using the methods inculcate by those people on the same land with modern techniques. The main objective is to determine that how far we are able to cope with the ideology of the people of Indus Valley civilization. It will be of great use that to know how much we are capable of implementing the techniques in the present scenario and benefitting the nation. Knowing about the people of Indus Valley civilization is a privilege because these people are deeply connected with the present era. Research methodology In this study, efforts are being made to discover some unknown facts about the Indus Valley civilization and to relive those olden days. This research study is completely based on the readings and the secondary data available on the different websites of the Indian government. There are lots of sites which are being excavated in Ropar, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh to discover more about Indus Valley civilization. we went through these sites with the help of Google Earth map as it is not possible to visit this site physically Due to present situation. Readings of the Article related to Indus Valley civilization published on the website of centre for culture, research and training help me to begin in this research paper. Range of Indus valley civilization North to South: - Present day Jammu and Kashmir (Chenab River) to Maharashtra (Godavari River) East to West: - Present day Meerut (Hindon river) to Baluchistan Pakistan border(Daast river) History Indus Valley civilization originates on the banks of River Indus popularly known as “Sindhu“ river. In the earlier times every town or city was established near the river because water is main source of survival. Indus Valley civilization includes many towns namely Harappa, mohenjodaro, Rupad, lothal(Presently in Gujarat), chanhudaru. The remains of great granary, great bath, ,pashupati seal, Bull seal, Terracotta toys, Dancing girl, dockyard, fire altar were excavated Who forced us to believe that such type of civilization exists 4500-5000 years ago. 1. From past to future 1. People of that era used waterways in the form of ship and roadways in the form of Bullock cart as the medium of transport. 2. They made terracotta toys to uplift the mood of their children and have the sense of playing 3. The drainage system was so powerful that all the waste water was thrown out of the town which shows that these people believed in cleanliness which nowadays somewhere eliminated. 4. Import and export of goods is possible with the help of establishment of dockyard’s or Which shows they have deep knowledge of trade and business. 5. Everybody lives in a highly well-maintained houses of double story which showed that these people are highly urbanised and leaves the systematic life. 6. The crops for production mainly include Wheat, Jhawar, bajra which they grow themselves in the fields showing that they are self-sufficient in terms of food production. 2. Towards future From these civilizations there is a lot of things we need to understand to make our future bright and successful because these people actually showed us the meaning of living. now let us see what important things we should kept in mind while moving towards our future from these people: 1. We can use the various techniques of growing crops on their lands which could help us to become self-sufficient and self-reliance in terms of food production as we know that food is life. 2. In the present days, many means of transport are being used namely roadways, railways, waterways and Airways Which will be of great help to make our businesses flourish all over the world. it has been increasing the richness is of the culture. 3. Rural areas are uplifted by using the techniques followed by the Indus people which made their lives better. We could follow their drainage system to adopt the cleanliness as Priority. 4. Import of raw material and export of finished goods across the world helps us in increasing the base for the foreign exchange. Sites of Indus valley civilization There are various sites which are being excavated to know the facts about the Indus valley civilization. Here are some of the excavated sites which helps in knowing about Indus valley civilization more clearly. Now, let us read about some of these sites: 1) Harrappa • Location: - Punjab (Pakistan) • River: -Raavi • Year: -1921 • Excavator: - Dayaram Sahni • Findings: - Granaries, Coffin burial, first town which was excavated in indus valley civilization. 2) Mohenjodaro • Location: - Sindh, Pakistan • River: - Sindhu • Year: - 1922 • Excavator:- Rakhal Das Banerjee • Findings:- The Great Bath, Great Granary, Bronze dancing girl, Beard man, Terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, Woven cloth, wells in house, Cylindrical seals of Mesopotamia, Most urban area of indus valley civilization. 3) Chanhudaro • Location:- Sindh, Pakistan • River:- Sindhu • Year:-1934 • Excavator:- Gopaal Mazumdaar • Findings:- Bead making Factory, use of lipstick, comb( wooden and ivory) 4) Ropad • Location:- Punjab • River:- Satluj • Year:- 1953-55 • Excavator:- Yagyadutta Sharma • Findings:- Burried dog with man 5) Lothal • Location:- Ahmedabad, Gujarat • River:- Bhogwa • Year:-1955-62 • Excavator:- Ranganath Rao • Findings:- Bead making Factory, Dockyard, Button seal, Fire altars, Painted jars, set of elephant teeth, earliest cultivation of Rice. 6) Kalibanga • Location:- Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan • River:- Ghaggar • Year:- 1961 • Excavator:-Brij Basi Lal, Bal Krishna Thappar • Findings:- Baked and burnt bangles, Fire altars, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, Bones of camels, Shiva Lingam. 7) Dholavira • Location:- Ran of kutch, Gujarat • River :- Ghaggar • Year:-1960 • Excavator:- J.P. Joshi • Findings:- Bullock carts, Water harvesting, Reservoirs of Water, Use of bricks for construction of houses and use of big rocks for constructing big conference halls outside the towns. 8) Banawali • Location:- Fatehabad, Haryana • Year:- 1975/1983-84 • Excavator:- Dr. R.S. Bisht • Findings:- Terracotta figure of Plough. 9) Larkana • Location:- Larkana District, West Punjab • River:- Sindhu • Year:- 1922 • Excavator:- R. D. Banerjee • Findings:- Barley 10) Rakhigarhi • Location:- Hisar, Haryana • Year:- 1997-2000, Till date • Excavator:- Amarendra Nath • Findings:- Terracotta Wheels, Toys, Figurines, Pottery, Largest site excavating till date. 11) Alamgirpur • Location:- Meerut, Uttar Pradesh • River:- Hindon • Year:-1958 • Excavator:- Y. D. Sharma • Findings:- Impression of cloth by digging deep inside the earth. 12) Sutkagendor • Location:- Balochistan, Pakistan Border • River:- Daast • Year:- 1927 • Excavator:- R. L. Stein • Findings:- Dockyard, Biggest and oldest Trade point between Harappa and Mesopotamian people. Trade and Commerce As the people of Indus Valley civilization are highly urbanised, intelligent and brilliant, they are depending on their own soil for the survival. Agriculture is the main occupation. Moreover, Import and export of goods is majorly done with Mesopotamian civilization. It was carried on by the batter system and mainly they export agricultural products which include cotton, Nile, Jute. Nile is the most important agricultural produce of the Indus Valley civilization. Trade is basically dependant on this product only. People of Indus Valley civilization are self-sufficient and do not depend upon old nomadic ways. The presence of water near the agricultural land increases the soil fertility and efficiency for doing the agricultural activities. People of Indus Valley civilization took advantage of this for doing trade not just domestically but internationally also. Agricultural goods like wheat, barley, rice are grown in summers and are majorly traded which is the only way to boost the Indus Valley economy. Major exports • Gold jewellery • Ivory seals and boxes • Timber • Cotton textiles • Copper and bronze fish hooks • Carnelian and precious stone beads Conclusion In the nutshell, this study reveals the various facts regarding the people of the past era but living the life of the present era. By reading about various sites, we came to know about rich culture of people of indus valley civilization and are excited about many more hidden facts of indus valley civilization. History is always about knowing some hidden facts and increasing the knowledge of unknown. Nowadays, where the world is crying for the healthy lifestyle and big opportunities, we need to learn something new and innovative from these people to achieve great new Heights with humanity in our hearts. Reference 1. https://www.britannica.com 2. https://www.indiatoday.in 3. https://www.nationalgeographic.com 4. Indian history by B. B. Tayal (ICSE) The Harappa Civilization. 5. https://ccrtindia.gov.in 6. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com 7. https://asi.nic.in 8. https://en.m.wikipedia.org 9. https://www.livehistoryindia.com 10. https://www.india.gov.in 11. https://indianculture.gov.in 12. https://www.indianstudies.org 13. https://artsandculture.google.com 14. Themes of Indian history Party(NCERT) Beads, Bricks and Bones The Harappa civilization.(classXii) 15. Indus civilization article published on ccrt website. 16. http://indus-valley-civ.weebly.com 17. https://www.historydiscussion.net/history-of-india/indus-valley-civilisation/earlyindiscivilization-and-its-trade-relations-india-history/7058 18. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-did-the-indus-valley-people-trade Chapter – 18 Detecting the Jungian Quest for Wholeness in Sue Grafton’s Novels By : Sruthi S. Kakkattil Research scholar , Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, Kalady Abstract This study aims to analyse Sue Grafton, the famous writer of hardboiled detective fiction featuring the stubborn, savvy and the doggedly independent detective Kinsey Millhone in relation to the Jungian concept of individuation aided by the sacred union of the id and the ego. As Jung states “I use the term ‘individuation’ to denote the process by which a person becomes a psychological ‘in-dividual’, that is, a separate, indivisible unity or “whole” ( 1980, p. 275). Kinsey as an individual exhibits trauma and father fixation which leads her to hide away from family drama owing to her troubled childhood loomed with parental abandonment, having lost them in an auto accident. However the effects manifest often leading to multiple sexual escapades which ends in a constant reversal of their identities often clashing with the perpetrators wherein she fails to realise that they are garbed serial killers or rapists. This stands true especially in the case of Ned Lowe, the series final villain. Nevertheless, this character who is identified as the shadow of Kinsey Millhone also aids her in carving out a psychically whole self as Ned corresponds to the id or unconscious of the detective which is hidden by the over active and demanding ego. In spite of following a linear concept of time which the seriality indicates, Kinsey comes in full circle like a mandala wherein with passing time and introduction of new cases, aspects of her personal life and past are unveiled to her just as to the readers. It’s Ned Lowe, the villain who bridges the gap between the final two novels which points to the ever pervading powers of the id that is only unleashed towards the end to complete the feminine sense of the passage of time. The psychic pain that Kinsey suffers as a result of the traumatic past which constitutes her personal unconscious finds an outlet in the male villains who question her ego all the while ending up as her boyfriends. This study revolves around the “sacred coniunction” (Rowland 1999, p. 87) of the id and the ego through the ritual of detection which is sort of an individuation or a quest for knowledge wherein it ends with a total psychic healing of the protagonist. Keywords – Jungian studies, Detective fiction, Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis subsumes detective fiction on the terms that both are “knowledge of crisis” (Rowland 2001, p. 86) that uses narration as a tool to extract metaphysical knowledge of death and the unconscious unavailable under ordinary circumstances. However adversarial to any form of knowledge, in both the discourses more questions are raised than answers or solutions. In Sue Grafton’s novels, we find an array of questions raised pertaining to the author’s character’s traumatic past and the nature of desire fixed in the novels especially the final two. As Rebecca E. Martin states: Kinsey Millhone, the detective herself, consistently draws attention to the way she has been shaped by her past; the characterization of Kinsey that develops over the course of twentyfive novels is informed and deepened by repetitions of the story of her parents’ deaths, the changing depiction of her relationship to her past, the way her memories have been shaped and shape her sense of self, and the attitudes she holds towards relationships and families. (2020, p.174) The seriality which is a defining feature of Grafton’s novels maintain the feature of disapproving closure thereby hinting at the uncertainty of the unconscious in promoting secure knowledge which is also exhibited by the serial killer through sharing methods and strategies in a desperate effort to ward off closure necessitating the female sense of time in circular mode. For Kinsey, the past is a changing aspect that is unfrozen by the forward thrust of the novel resulting in the unveiling of the shadow. As Rowland states “the shadow is the opposite of how the conscious ego tries to define itself, so it is often imaged as darkness, evil or death” (1999, p.92). Here this is identified with Ned Lowe, the character through maintaining an erotic relationship with Kinsey in the first part of the novel establishes transference that makes her relate with the villain on the psychic level. For the detective, it’s the transference between the id and the ego that makes the union possible which ultimately results in reclaiming a past and along with that her wholeness. In the beginning of every novel, Kinsey offers an introduction of her career and professional bona fides that gives a sense of her depersonalised approach to life lacking feminine sensitivity: A typical introduction covers where she works (Santa Teresa, a small city north of Los Angeles), a job description (background checks, missing persons, arson and fraud investigation, process serving, and so on), her age (anywhere from 32 to 39 over the time of the series), marital status (twice divorced; single and (usually) loving it), and she frequently offers a variation on ‘I like being alone and I suspect my independence suits me better than it should’. (Martin 2020, p. 175) The alienation as being portrayed as pleasurable focuses on the contact maintained by the ego with the id as it tries to unfreeze the past. Both psychic coniunction and self-reflection are processes initiated by the id to let us know that it is part of the existence. Id that is static or non- dynamic poses a problem due to its unavailability thereby resulting in the disruption of the integration of various parts of the psyche without which human development becomes impossible. Thus the novels initiate a Jungian romance within the detective over the narrative as a mechanism to reveal facts about her troubled childhood to nullify family romance only to prove death as inevitable and irretrievable thereby leaving the novels shrouded in tragedy and trauma. As Susan Rowland states: Instead of a murder investigation operating as a fantasy to close off this death from society and history so making it (and metonymically death itself), solvable, Millhone opens up the murder through the investigating process to narratives of social breakdown, conservative theologies of intrinsic evil, and historical atrocity along with a focus on disintegration of families sped by greed and dirty secrets from the past. (2001, p. 88) Kinsey lacks a proper therapist other than the reader and Aunt Gin, both as detached, un-maternal, fragmented figures are immobile and mute especially with the novels taking off after the death of the Aunt, who was her stand in for lost childhood. The founding myth of Kinsey Millhone as someone abandoned by her mother’s family as was orally passed down by Aunt Gin was what she believed and built her life around. However in M for Malice, she stumbles upon the truth as one of her cousins reaches out to her and tries to bring her into the folds of the newfound family. As resentment with a sedative mix of wonder and calm unfolds, Kiney finds it difficult to re-centre her life and emotions pertaining to the past away from the pain and anguish, she was taught to experience. In one of the instances she says “I was taking a good hard look at myself. Who was I, really, in the scheme of things, and what did it all add up to?’ (2015, p. 2). The case that stumbles upon Kinsey right after this exacerbates her condition while it also enables her to chart into the unconscious thereby resulting in a union with the ego. As Antoon Geels states, in order to establish homeostasis or psychic stability, it is important that a fruitful union between the id and the ego exists as it not only fosters ones participation in spiritual matters but also enhances creativity ( 2006, p.225). For a detective, to establish order in a world of chaos, she must achieve wholeness, gather fragments of her own past, identity or id to complete the quest of upending all metaphysical dualisms – matter/spirit, man/woman, self/other. The divine union shapes the conflict and solves it as an analysand unravelling dreams or as a detective cleaving mysteries. The daily routine Kinsey engages in, their repetitions often pull her into a trance making her initiate the unconscious and its dark entrails. Moreover, characters like Guy Malek besides Nick Lowe act as dark shadows or tricksters that entice her for a séance atleast metaphorically. “The case of Guy Malek, whose youthful mistakes alienated him from his family and, despite turning his life around, result in further destruction within his family and in his own death” ( Grafton 2015, p.10) only to later aver that ‘the past rises up and declares itself’(Grafton 2015, p.1). Another case of Miss Ann Fowler reveals the father fixation, she seems to suffer from stemming from an early abandonment which is reflected in the path one of the culprits take in F is For Fugitive. The father’s favouritism of Anne’s brother scars her psyche to a great extent that violence is deemed as the only way to counter the abandonment. This reminds Kinsey about her own fatherless state as she says “None of us had survived the wounds our fathers inflicted all those years ago. Did he love us? How would we ever know? He was gone and he’d never again be what he was to us in all his haunting perfection. If love is what injures us, how can we heal?’(Grafton 2013, p.304). It is as substitution for the absent father, Kinsey feels attracted to the authority, affection and security aired by other men starting with Charlie Scorsoni ending in Ned Lowe who are often propped up as symbols of patriarchy with seemingly coherent psychic identity only to wither and fail in the later part of the respective novels. In D is For Deadbeat, Tony Gahan, the culprit is identified and venerated by Miss Millhone on a psychic level as she sees him as an innocent victim of similar childhood trauma, while losing his family and solely surviving the same accident. However after realising the accident was premeditated he goes on a killing spree. Feelings of resentment and revenge that drive Tony soon finds resonance in Kinsey as she identifies it to be the effects of a psychic lash out , she says “I realized how much I’d identified with Tony’s kicking my car windows out. The rage and defiance were hypnotic and touched off deep feelings of my own” (2012, p. 34). This transference as a result of doubling problematizes the engendered roles of detective and the culprit thereby upending the “binary structure of the detective as a promoter of law and the criminal as a harbinger of chaos” (Rowland 2001,p. 96) rightly pointing to the postmodern post-structural leanings of hardboiled detective fiction since some of the detective characters also seem to believe that each case initiate a sleuthing into the deepest darkest secrets of the human mind especially their own innate desires and past trauma often “linking the suspect’s intuitive processes to their own unconscious processes” ( 2001, p.87). Detection as a mode of knowing is deeply gendered based on the method a male or female detective resorts to while solving the case. This includes collecting material evidence, filling paper work and holding interrogations as predominantly masculine while deriving information through informal means largely based on a set of intuitive processes as feminine. However in hardboiled detective fiction, we see a rare merging of both these methods as the detective embodies an age old hero set to embark upon a quest of spiritual regeneration in bringing together the feminine and masculine consciousness. Intuitive knowledge which is characterised as holistic knowledge is linked to our emotional and bodily states. This bridges our consciousness to id, the reservoir of repressed memories, personal and collective unconscious. According to Antoon Geels, when a detective is directed by intuitive and semantic knowledge wherein the former is characterised as feminine and the latter masculine, she/he achieves oneness or wholeness (2006, p. 227). “It proceeds from a state of relative globality and lack of differentiation to a state of increasing differentiation, articulation, and hierarchic integration” (2006, p.226) only through re -establishing the feminine in the symbolic. Contrary to the hardboiled female detective, who is on a quest to attain wholeness through restoring the lost balance between the feminine and masculine consciousness or narratives, we have villains like Ned Lowe, a serial killer who is also a stand in for the other, the id, the shadow, as a wronged child of patriarchy who looks back to the past, “a past which his murderous, repetitious, sociopathic behaviour is also shown to be rooted in a history that leaves a trail of women who are either traumatized or dead”(Martin 2020, p. 182). Like a male analysand who needs a female medium to interact with his unconscious, we find Ned completely lost and forsaken at the Jungian ritual of Individuation. A victim of parental abandonment, brought up by an abusive and psychotic mother who herself was fragmented left Ned with psychic scars before finally abandoning him. In an ultimate attempt to correct the wrongs of his past, a believer of violent misogyny he exacts revenge on “for anything that smacks to him of disobedience, doubt or abandonment. This scenario of fear and rage plays out in his intimate relationships with women, but also manifests itself in the unfeeling taking of the lives of young women who encounter him as he pursues his hobby of photography” (2020, p. 180 ) Ned Lowe, the murderer in a desperate attempt to attain wholeness comes in contact with the feminine unconscious or the anima to straighten up his tumultuous past “by violently combining a circular perception (in the sense of owing a death for a past rescue from a childhood trauma) with the linearity of killing in time and history” (Rowland 2001, p. 96). Lowe as an overarching figure expanding over two novels of the series acts as the ultimate quest even though it fails to impart closure to the journey undertaken by the detective while proving to be helpful in initiating a ritual of Jungian romance wherein the mortal, rational id combines with the ever pervading, omnipresent, irrational id ultimately aiding Kinsey in achieving catharsis thereby successfully completing the quest, resulting in a psychic rebirth. However Ned having failed this process thinks he can only gain such a union by appeasing the id through sacrifice which explains the long trail of murdered women whose bodies are then revitalised through the act of discovery by the detective. As she engages in an act of becoming a symbol or a larger archetype through emulating and relating her aunt, an archetype of ‘Heteira’, a career driven, un-maternal spinster (Rowland 1999, p.123), she achieves oneness with her psychic identity. Lacking an archetype to relate, Ned Lowe loses his quest to finally being written out of the semantic space thereby proving that Kinsey has successfully initiated the ritual only to draw the feminine symbol into the psychic equation. The masculine psychic identity as the deemed creator of all meaning is rewritten in a Jungian romance where the sacred union, psychic wholeness and the Jungian shadow is animated. “Even the least Jungian novels, operates on desire as deviant, erotically murderous and Gothic unlike in Freudian novels, where it’s portrayed as a container of desire” (1999, p. 106). Jung wrote: “through our unconscious we live naturally and unconsciously in a world of werewolves, demons, magician” (1999, p.134) thereby effecting detective fiction as a portal to the most sacred space where the meaning of even the most dubious creation lies. Works Consulted Geels, A., 2006. The Marriage between Ego and Id: Cognitive Integration and its Relation to Mystical Experience. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 28(1), pp.219-252. Grafton, S., 2012. D is for deadbeat. New York: St. Martin’s Griffin. Grafton, S., 2013. F is for fugitive. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. Grafton, S., 2015. M is for Malice. Thorndike Press. Grafton, S., 2016. S is for silence. G.P Putnam’s Sons Grafton, S., 2016. X is for .... New York: Putnam. Grafton, S., 2018. Y Is For Yesterday. United States: Thorndike Press. Jung, C., 1980. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Martin, R., 2020. Tales of Trauma: The Return of the Past in Sue Grafton's Novels. Crime Fiction Studies, 1(2), pp.173-188. Rowland, Susan., 1999. C.J Jung and Literary Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Rowland, Susan., 2001. From Agatha Christie to Ruth Rendell: British Women Writers in Detective and Crime Fiction. Palgrave. Chapter-19 Status, Prospects and Challenges faced by Internal Migrants in India- Need for Social Inclusion. By : Priya Mishra. Junior Research Fellow., Dept of Commerce and Business Management. , Ranchi University, Ranchi. ABSTRACT This article aims to throw light on the status and prospects of internal migrants in India, their contribution to the society and the need for social inclusion. Internal migrants constitute 30% of the total population of our country. Despite this significant number, they are excluded from the economic and social aspects of the society. This paper argues that the integration of this ‘floating’ population, into mainstream benefits and practical policy formation to respect their basic human rights, is of utmost importance. It underscores the appalling conditions that the internal migrants have to live in, in order to earn remuneration for their families. The migrants are also the first to bear the repercussions of any disaster outbreaks. The uneducated and unskilled migrants reside in unhygienic situations and work at unsafe places. They do the 3-D jobs i.e. Dirty, Dangerous and Degrading. Internal migrants, alone, contribute 10% to the country’s GDP. They bring back financial as well as social remittances to the source. Due to the varied cultural exposure received from the destination, they challenge the conservative practices of their orthodox society and bring about a change in their source. Due to unequal distribution of resources and inadequate opportunities, thousands of people from rural India, migrate every year to urban cities in search of alternate livelihood options with a hope to upgrade their life. They face various kinds of discrimination and xenophobic behaviors still continue to work due to poverty. This article proposes, through review of data from NSSO survey and Census of India survey of 2001 and 2011, to regard social inclusion of migrants as a top priority concern. Without the contribution of these migrant workers, development of our country, shall be highly impossible. Keywords:- Internal migration, social inclusion INTRODUCTION Article 19 (1)(d) and Article 19 (1)(e) in The Constitution Of India, 1950 provides its citizens the rights to ‘reside’, ‘settle’ and ‘move freely’ from one place to another within the geographical boundaries of the country. Human migration is a pragmatic decision made by people who move from a lesser privileged place to a more fortunate one, with an intent of temporary or permanent settlement. Data on internal migration in India is primarily sought from the decennial census survey or the quinquennial migration surveys conducted by the NSSO. As per the latest census records of 2011 internal migrants were 450 million in India, which shows an increment of 45% over the previous census record of 2001 which was 309 million. A report of the World Economic Forum titled “Migration And Cities”, suggests that India’s internal migration has been growing annually at a rate of 4.5%. Migrants constitute a heterogeneous group, with each one carrying an identity different from another on the basis of gender, ethnic background, language, class and religious faith. Internal migrants constitute 100 million people living in India, which makes up one fifth of India’s labor market force as per the India’s 2017 Economic Survey, which is approximately 4 times larger than the obviously more recognized and more prosperous Indian exodus, residing in other countries. In a book authored by Jane Jacobs titled “The Death And Life Of Great American Cities”, he says that “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” First published in 1961, he explained the true essence of social integration and social inclusion of every single contributor to the development a nation. It is an undebated fact, that cities create a new middle class society by uplifting the poor section to a comparatively prosperous one. Migration brings in diversity which creates an attitude of xenophobia among the local residents and the migrants have to face threats such as intolerance, racism and discrimination. This paper aims to throw light on migration in India and the importance of social inclusion. There is an urgent need to promote acceptance and tolerance towards migrants to bring about nondiscrimination, better opportunities, language-learning, political engagement and more thoughtful and more inclusive policy formulation. LITERATURE REVIEW Manas Ranjan Behera(2018) in his article titled “Health and Policy Environment of Internal Labour Migrants in India- A Literature Review and Future Direction” states that the existing policies and laws don’t specifically mention legal and social protection of the migrant workers in India. Anandkumar Pal and Dr. Saraswatirajuiyer (2016) in their paper “Innovative Strategies and Initiatives for the Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India” states that despite the presumption that 'exclusion is detrimental and Inclusion is for good', but it is far from being practical. They mention that there lies a strong correlation between being indigenous or tribal and being poor or extremely poor, as per Conventional Poverty Indicators. Kar Suparna Majumdar and Dasgupta Pritha (2015) in their paper “Migration in India: Questions of Social Exclusion” put forward that the outcomes of migration process generally comprise of integration, exclusion and multiculturalism. Migration contributes to the socio cultural fabric of diversity that is an integral characteristic of India. C. Annie Jane (2016) in her research paper “A Study on the Internal Migrant Labour- Issues and Policies” concluded that upon analysing the patterns of Migration, it is made clear that though migrant labourers contribute greatly to India’s economy, they are not in a protective and prosperous zone. OBJECTIVES : To highlight the challenges faces by internal migrants in India  To study the various reasons for Migration  To highlight the importance of acceptance and Inclusion of Internal Migrants. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  This study was a Descriptive Research hence conditioned upon Secondary Data. Data from various reports, journals and official websites was collected in order to compile this paper. NEED OF MIGRATION Humans in general, are often sentimentally attached to the place of birth. Despite this attachment, they feel the “need” to leave the place of origin and travel to a distant and unknown place. The need to migrate can be easily associated with the unequally scattered opportunities and resources. A place of greater opportunity tends to attract people belonging to areas of low opportunities. Consequently, millions of people migrate every year in search of jobs to provide them with a better quality of life. India has witnessed an increase in the percentage of rural to urban migration According to the Census of 2011, approximately 450 million citizens migrated from one place to another within the country’s geographical boundaries, out of which 15.6% of the internal migrants or 78 million people relocated themselves from rural to urban areas. There are various reasons which compel the migrant class to leave the place of birth. Poverty is one of the most eminent push factors. As per the poverty estimates of 2011-2012 by the Planning Commission, 25.7% of rural population in India is below the poverty line. 70% of rural households in India depend upon agriculture for a source of income with 82% of them being small and marginalized farmers. The small land holdings and insufficient incomes compel them to look for alternate sources of income. The land is divided and there exists a population pressure on it. Rural India still lags behind when it comes to infrastructural facilities like proper healthcare, sanitation, educational institution or even frequent and unpredictable natural calamities like floods, droughts, cyclones, tsunamis, pest attacks, earthquakes and outbreak of diseases, which often slap the already poor farmers with another year of poverty and the vicious cycle of poverty keeps them engaged in small scale jobs forever. Considerable development in roadways, railways, transportation and telecommunication has potentially reduced the unavailability of means of transportation and information and has reduced costs and increased the frequency of migration, thereby inspiring more and more people to avail better opportunities. Since 1991 the migration of people belonging to the impoverished and underdeveloped states of North and East to the developed states of South and West accelerated aggressively as a result of elevated incentives due to economic liberalization. The poor migrants dream of a better future and want to come out of the vicious poverty cycle for which they are pulled by factors like consistent work and employment opportunities, a possible availability of work throughout the year and anticipation of higher wages. They migrate with the hope to achieve proper education, healthcare facilities, sanitation and drainage facilities which is rarely available to them in villages. The more independent mindset of urban areas allows women to work freely thereby enabling them to contribute to the income of their family. Irrespective of the pull and push factors the male and female rural population have different reasons for migration which can be seen in the table attached below. The dominant reason for female rural to urban migration has been given as marriage while 24% men migrated for work and employment. Data : Census of India, 2011 CHALLENGES FACED BY INTERNAL MIGRANTS In spite of the positive impacts of migration and migrant workers, they continue to face challenges on a daily basis. Most of the migrants are illiterate and unskilled and lack basic education and life skills hence millions of people relocate to the cities to take up odd jobs to support their family. The migrant group of workers is the most vulnerable to social exploitation and ill treatment. Anti-migrant sentiments and xenophobic behavior, has also been on a major rise since the last few years in the host cities and they have to face degrading, demeaning and ill treatment. Migrants contribute greatly to the economy but their contributions are overlooked and they are often accused of stealing jobs and opportunities and referred to as being a burden on the resources, that create a feeling of hatred towards them. Lack of support and official recognition, force the migrants to live and work in poor and appalling conditions. The precarious, unhygienic conditions of living, results in deteriorating health of the workers due to respiratory and gastrointestinal ailments, psychosomatic issues and mental health conditions due to the undignified standards. Lack of proper sanitation, overcrowding, absence of safe water, congestion, unhygienic conditions are other implications of the appalling living conditions. Lack of proper housing facilities also imposes serious threat to women’s safety exposing them to the risk of violence and sexual abuse. Bad living standards and failing to provide for the family, makes the male members drink and they take out their frustrations on the women and children, by abusing them physically and mentally, thereby increasing the cases of domestic violence. Severe shortage of basic amenities discourage and demotivate them, but they continue to live and work in those conditions due to lack of opportunities and a lack of urban policies and schemes make them feel more disassociated and insecure. SOCIAL INCLUSION In the context of internal migration, inclusion can be understood as the integration of everyone into the economical and political segment giving each one equal opportunity and treating one and all with dignity. There are reports which show that three-tenth of every Indian is an internal migrant yet they fail to receive the attention and priority of the government. The prevalent policies and programs fail to provide this vulnerable segment, the legal, social and financial protection. 1. Most of the migrants do not turn up to vote during the elections in their hometowns due to fear of losing the jobs. Hence the basic essence of democracy is lost, as they are reduced to mere wage earning workers with no voting rights to express the satisfaction or dissatisfaction for the ruling government. They simply have to make a choice between the right to exercise their voting rights and employment which shall feed their needs. Provisions should be made to give them leaves during the elections and arrangements should be made to take them to the source and bring them back so that they do not feel excluded. Every vote counts and voting is a right of every adult. Political inclusion gives them a sense of recognition and gives them a brisk of empowerment. 2. Migrants are mainly engaged in the unorganized sector. Due to low rate of literacy and skills, they work in challenging and hazardous situations which may threaten their life, at extremely low wages and face constant discrimination where the employers take no responsibility for the safety and security of the workers. In order to increase inclusion in the labor market, attention should be given to develop their skills through skill building programs. This shall help them to compete in the labor market. Job fairs must be encouraged. This shall help in providing a space, where both the job seekers and job givers meet and negotiate the terms and conditions of employment. 3. The uneducated migrants are more vulnerable to exploitation as they are unaware of basic human and legal rights. Absence of unbiased grievance redressal system further amplifies the situation. Efforts must be made to provide basic education about the legal rights, human rights and labor rights so that they can be aware of the extent of exploitation and seek proper redressal. Proper grievance handling cell should also be set up by the Labor Department, so that they can address their issues. Due to discrimination at workplace male and female migrants have to go through malpractices relating to their job and wages. They should have access to legal help to guard them from such exploitations. 4. India has the largest Public Distribution System. Yet it has major areas of improvement, i.e., the benefits of PDS is still restricted to the place of origin. This major flaw has inordinately affected the target groups as a major portion of them is mobile and represents a ‘floating’ population. The Supreme Court of India, during the Covid-19 crisis, had made various discussions and dialogues advising the Centre, to adopt such provisions in its National Food Security Act and PDS policies, to consider One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) scheme to empower the migrants dispersed in cities other than the place of origin, which would allow themselves to collect food supplies from the nearest ration shops. 5. Due to high poverty rate in rural India, migrants generally relocate themselves along with their wives and children, to earn additional income. The children of temporary, seasonal and circular migrants grow up to be unskilled and the pattern of life continues. They start working as child laborers, so as to support their family’s financial needs, at construction and manufacturing sites even after the mandating of Child Labor Act, 1986 and its strict punishments. Flexible provisions need to be adopted in schemes such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in order to improve student retention. 6. Basic human rights to safe and proper housing, healthcare and sanitation facilities are too vital to be overlooked. Migrants generally reside in the overpopulated slum areas were living conditions are so gross that it exposes the residents to risk of communicable diseases. The private healthcare facilities are too expensive and are therefore alienated from access to any medical help. Interventions in proper housing, sanitation and healthcare facilities are urgent in order to secure the target of social integration. 7. Internal migrants are vital for the development of any country. One cannot exclude or ignore them while designing disaster management plans. Covid-19 has been one such disaster that showed how unprepared, careless and thoughtless our policy-makers have been while drafting provisions. Floods, earthquakes, tsunamis or a disease outbreak, breaks the spine of our internal migrants, who don’t have a physical place in the outside cities to call their own. Lack of social security schemes further terrify their existence amidst such disasters. Hence, proper disaster management programs and more inclusive and thoughtful rehabilitation programs must be formed, so that whenever such a disaster takes place, the migrants are protected and shielded and they don’t have to face the direct repercussions. CONCLUSION The plight of internal migrants and the “social exclusion” faced by them, despite the massive contribution to the GDP and development of our country, shows the dark side of urbanization and globalization. They are rightfully called the 'builders of a nation' as they provide such integral services, without which the development of our country would stand still. Despite their invariable contribution to the development of a country, they face great hardships, hatred, disgust and xenophobic behaviors. More intelligent provision needs to be adopted in Rural Development Plans to tap the rural talent. Schemes already in action are MGNREGA, IAY, NSAP, National Rural Livelihood Mission, etc. which are crucial yet insufficient to prevent migration to the urban areas. This article reflects on United Nation Sustainable Development Goals' 2030 Agenda for sustainable development and gives due recognition to the contribution of migration in development. The target 10.7 under goal 10 reads, “To facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of planned and well managed migration policies”. The journey of social exclusion to social inclusion of migrants and integration of policies and programs to suit the needs of all, may seem ambiguous and ghastly, but the urgency of situations demands addressing the rights of the contributors of development of our nation. References: Bala, A. (2017). Migration in India : Causes and Consequences. IJAER, 2(4).  Allman, D. (2013). The Sociology of Social Inclusion. Sage.  Behera, M.(2018). Health and Policy Environment of Institutional Labor Migrants in India- A Literature Review & Future Direction. International Journal of Current Research and Review. 10(19).  Pal, A. & Saraswatirajuiyer. (2016). Innovative Strategies and Initiatives For The Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India. Global Journal of Advanced Research. 3(6), 533-540.  Majumdar, K. & Dasgupta, P. (2015). Migration in India: Question of Social Exclusion. International Research Journal of Social Science. 4(4), 87-91.  Mukherjea, S. (2019). ‘India’s Real Economic Dynamo : A Silent Force that brings in 2% GDP'. The Economic Times.  Faetanini, M. (June 2013), “Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India” https://ruralindiaonline.org/library/resource/social-inclusion-of-internal-migrants-inindia/  Government of India Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation Central Statistics Office www.mospi.gov.in Chapter -20 Treatment Of Industrial Effluents In A Bioreactor By : Ramshankar Varma MSc. B.Ed. MA Education Diploma in School Management, MSACIT , Assistant Teacher, Chemistry Departments, S K Somaiya Junior College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Vidyavihar, Mumbai 400077 Abstract: The sources of occurrence of various pollutants from chemical process industries and there harmful effects have been highlighted. Typical composition of wastewater from various sources presented. The methods of treatment of wastewater briefly discussed. Special attention has been paid to the biological treatment mentioning the drawbacks of the traditional methods. The relative advantages of various modern bioreactors working on immobilization technique have been projected. A comparative picture with respect to various modern bioreactors has been presented and the uniqueness of the activated sludge and the fluidized bioreactors in the treatment of wastewater has been emphasized. Effluent was collected from Rourkela Steel Plant. BOD and COD were then done to measure the oxygen requirement of the effluent. It was then subjected to batch culturing at pH 6.5 to 7.5 and temperature 28 to 30ºC. COD was done on each day of batch culture. The gradual decrease of COD determines the viability of the microorganisms in the batch. After some days of batch culturing plastic beads were inserted so that adsorption over the plastic beads can occur and immobilization can take place. Then SEM was used to know the thickness of the microbes coated over the surface of the beads. Phenol is one of the most common contaminant, the methods of treatment of phenolic wastewater discussed emphasis given on the aerobic biological treatment. Special attention has been paid to the biological treatment. The relative advantages of various modern bioreactors working on immobilization technique have been projected. Keywords: Biological treatment, BOD, COD, Phenol, Cell Immobilization Introduction: Fresh Water Crisis Water is, literally, the source of life on earth. About 70 percent of the earth is water, but only one percent is accessible surface freshwater. The one percent surface fresh water is regularly renewed by rainfall and other means and thus available on a sustainable basis and easily considered accessible for human use. Water is the biggest crisis facing the world today. In India the crisis in terms spread and severity affects one in three people. As per an estimate in 2000, there were 7,800 cubic meters of fresh water available per person annually. It will be 5,100 cubic meters (51,00,000 liters) by 2025. Even this amount is sufficient for human needs, if it were properly distributed. But, equitable distribution is not possible India, which has 16 percent of world’s population, 2.45 percent of world’s land area and 4 percent of the world’s water resources, has already faced with grave drinking water crisis. Water is the single largest problem facing India today. Years of rapid population growth and increasing water consumption for agriculture, industry and municipalities and other areas have strained Indian fresh water resources. In many parts of our country chronic water shortages, loss of arable land, destruction of natural habitats, degradation of environment, and widespread pollution undermine public health and threaten economic and social progress. By 2050 more than 50 percent of population is expected to shift to the cities and the drinking water scarcity will be acute. In the developed world, for example, the United Kingdom must spend close to $60 billion building wastewater treatment plants over the next decade to meet the new European water quality standards. The World Bank has estimated that over the next decade between US $ 600 to 800 billion will be required to meet the total demand for fresh water, including that for sanitation, irrigation and power generation. A water short world is inherently unstable world. Now the world needs another revolution, i.e., a Blue Revolution for conservation and proper maintenance of freshwater. Environmental pollution Environmental pollution is an emerging threat and of great concern in today’s context pertaining to its effect on the ecosystem. Water pollution is one of the greatest concerns now a day. In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to industrial wastes discharged to land and surface water. Industrial effluents often contain various toxic metals, harmful dissolved gases, and several organic and inorganic compounds. These may accumulate in soil in excessive quantities in long-term use, ultimately physiologically adverse effects on crop productivity. The worldwide rise in population and the industrialization during the last few decades have resulted in ecological unbalance and degradation of the natural resources. One of the most essential natural resources, which have been the worst victim of population explosion and growing industrialization, is water. Huge quantity of wastewater generated from human settlement and industrial Sectors accompany the disposal system either as municipal wastewater or industrial wastewater. This wastewater is enriched with varied pollutants and harmful both for human being and the aquatic flora and fauna, finds it way out into the nearly flowing or stationary water bodies and thus makes natural sources of water seriously contaminated. It has been estimated that over 5 million chemical substances produced by industries have been identified and about 12000 of these are marketed which amount to around half of the total production. Due to discharge of toxic effluents long-term consequence of exposure can cause cancer, delayed nervous damage, malformation in urban children, mutagenic changes, neurological disorders etc. Various acid manufacturing industries discharge acidic effluent, which not only make the land infertile. But make the water of the river acidic also. The high acidity causes stomach diseases and skin ailments in human beings. Treatment and recycle Thus it is imperative to purify and recycle wastewater in view of reduced availability and deteriorating water quality. Phenol along with other xenobiotic compounds is one of the most common contaminants present in effluents from chemical process industries. Even at lower concentration these compounds adversely affect aquatic as well as human life . Also these compounds form complexes with metal ions discharged from other industries, which are carcinogenic in nature. It is water soluble and highly mobile. This imparts medicinal taste and odour even at much lower concentration of 2 µg/l and it is lethal to fish at concentrations of 525 mg/l [10]. The maximum permitted concentration level of phenol being 0.5-1 mg/l for industrial wastewater and 1µg/l for drinking water .So it is highly essential to save the water resources and aquatic life by removing these compounds from wastewater before disposal. The main sources of phenolic wastewater are coal chemical plants, oil refineries, petrochemical industries, fibre glass units, explosive manufacture, phenol-based polymerization process, pharmaceuticals, plastic, paints and varnish producing units, textile units making use of organic dyes, anticeptics, antirust products, biocides, photographic chemicals and smelting and related metallurgical operations, etc . Treatment Methods The conventional methods of treatment of phenolic and nitrate-nitrogen wastewater are largely physical and chemical processes but these processes led to secondary effluent problems due to formation of toxic materials such as cyanates, chlorinated phenols, hydrocarbons, etc. These methods are mainly chlorination, ozonation, solvent extraction, incineration, chemical oxidation, membrane process, coagulation, flocculation, adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrolysis, etc . In solvent extraction there is a danger of contamination of treated water by the solvent. The solvents used for phenol recovery are benzene, isopropyl ethyl and butyl acetate. In addition to the presence of solvent in treated water, the high cost of solvent is another disadvantage. In adsorption commonly activated carbon is used which is disposed by incineration. The process of incineration generates many new compounds such as dioxins and furans have very severe consequences on human health. Chemical oxidation requires a reactor, which operates at high temperature and high pressure, ultimately huge energy. Aerobic and anaerobic biochemical treatment techniques are replacing these methods because of their inherent advantages. Biodegradation Biodegradation is a biological treatment method and is attractive due to the potential to almost degrade phenol and overcomes the disadvantages posed by other processes .It produces producing innocuous end products, reduced capital and operating costs, maintain phenol concentrations below the toxic limit.  Advantages: • It is the most potential method to degrade phenol below the toxic limits • No harmful byproducts • Simple to install • Low capital and operating cost • Self regulating  Disadvantage: • Degradation mechanism hardly known • difficult to control • slow response time  Features: • Removes hydrocarbons and BOD/COD in contaminated water through an attached growth biological treatment technology. • Uses oxygen transfer with a large protected biofilm attachment area to achieve high removal rates. • Incorporates neutrally-buoyant Media Pac.  Benefits: • Increases the efficiency of the biological treatment process by increasing the amount of surface area. • Capable of treating a variety of flow rates and contaminants. • Minimal maintenance compared to other biological treatment systems. • The FBBR Media Pac incorporates high surface area and large void spaces that are aggressively sloughed to eliminate biofilm growth and fouling. The most efficient Pseudomonas Putida is capable of using phenol as the sole source of carbon and energy for cell growth and metabolism degrade phenol via metapathway. That is the benzene ring of phenol is dehydroxylated to form catechol derivative and the ring is then opened through meta-oxidation. The final products are molecules that can enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The most common Bio-reactors are (1) Aerated lagoon, (2) Oxidation Ditch, (3) Activated sludge system, (4) Anaerobic digestion system, (5) Oxidation pond, (6) Trickling filters, (7) Rotating discs biological reactors, (8) Basket type bioreactors, (9) Hollow fiber membrane bioreactor, and (10) Fluidized bed bioreactors . Aerobic processes have several advantages, including a large range of wastewater that can be treated, high degree of BOD removal, acceptability of toxic conditions, simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorous removal, better chlorinated organic contaminants degradation, low solids retention time, and feasible small plants. Aerobic Degradation Aerobic treatment of waste is the degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environments break down and digest the waste. The mixed aerobic microbial consortium uses the organic carbon present in the effluent as their carbon and energy source. The complex organics finally get converted to microbial biomass (sludge) and carbon dioxide. Digestion Pathway During this oxidation process, contaminants and pollutants are broken down into end products such as carbon dioxide, water, nitrates, sulphates and biomass (microorganisms). In the conventional aerobic system, the substrate is used as a source of carbon and energy. It serves as an electron donor, resulting in bacterial growth. The extent of degradation is correlated with the rate of oxygen consumption in the same substrate. Two enzymes primarily involved in the process are di and mono-oxygenases. The latter enzyme can act both aromatic and aliphatic compounds, while the former can act only on aromatic compounds. Another class of enzymes involved in aerobic condition is peroxidases, which are receiving attention recently for their ability to degrade lignin. Characteristics of aerobic bioreactors A large range of waste water can be treated. Purification and resettling required. Can handle low to high CODs. Suitable for both cold and warm effluent. Acceptable to toxic presence of toxic materials to certain extent. Neutralization of alkaline wastewater required. Operated in continuous mode with less stability and control. High oxygen requirement. Degree of BOD removal is also high. Simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorous(nutrients) removal is possible. Posses high degradation rate to Chlorinated organic contaminants. When carrier material is used leads to clogging danger. Volumetric loading rates and solids retention time is low. Maintenance required for aeration systems, sludge treatment. Has odour problems if open systems used. Sludge production is high. Investment cost low to medium. High costs for aeration (power), nutrients, sludge disposal. Small plants are possible. In dye wastewater treatment azo dyes are cleaved to aromatic amines. These amines mineralized by means of aerobic treatment by nonspecific enzymes through hydroxylation and ring opening giving rise to CO2, H2O and NH3 under aerobic conditions. For treatment of tannery water aerobic bioreactors superior in terms of loading and presence of toxic chemicals and sludge produced contaminated only to a small fraction with chromium. Studies carried out with wastewater from a poultry slaughterhouse showed that COD removal ratio was generally higher in the aerobic bioreactor. Successfully treats the Ploychlorinated Dibenzo Dioxin (PCDD) and Ploychlorinated Dibenzofuran (PCDF). A large number microorganisms that includes Pseudomonas sp., degrade alkanes; mono and poly aromatics, benzene, toluene etc. a part of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution. The drawbacks are huge amounts of sludge and carbon dioxide production, less stability and control of process, maintenance of aeration and sludge disposal systems, high costs for aeration and sludge disposal, clogging danger when carrer material is used and odour problem in open system. Advancement of Aerobic Bioreactors in Wastewater Treatment Over the conventional type free-culture bio-reactors the immobilization cell bioreactors like CSTR, PFR, fluidized bed, air lift type, etc. has the following advantages like continuous reactor operation at any desired liquid throughput without risk of cell washout, protection of cells from toxic substrates, higher growth rate gives high concentration of cells in the reactor, easy cell treated water separation, enhanced gasliquid mass transfer rate, plug flow operation by maintaining the immobilized cells as a stationary phase. The fluidized bed bioreactors are superior in performance due to immobilization of cells on solid particles reduce the time of treatment, volume of reactor is extremely small, lack of clogging of bio-mass and removal of phenol even at lower concentrations Fluidized Bed Bioreactor Fluidized-bed bioreactors (FBR) have been receiving considerable interest in wastewater treatment. A fluidizedbed bioreactor consists of microorganism coated particles suspended in wastewater which is sufficiently aerated to keep the gas, liquid and the solid particles thoroughly mixed. An FBB, on the other hand, is capable of achieving treatment in low retention time because of the high biomass concentrations that can be achieved .A bioreactor has been successfully applied to an aerobic biological treatment of industrial and domestic wastewaters. Biological fixed films exhibit properties that make them preferable to suspendedcell systems for a wide variety of wastewater treatment applications. These properties include high cell concentrations, enhanced cell retention due to cell immobilisation and an increased resistance to the detriment effects of toxic shock loadings. Activated sludge Activated sludge is a process dealing with the treatment of sewage and industrial wastewaters. Atmospheric air or pure oxygen is bubbled through primary treated sewage (or industrial wastewater) combined with organisms to develop a biological floc which reduces the organic content of the sewage. Activated sludge is also the name given to the active biological material produced by activated sludge plants and which affects all the purification processes. CONCLUSION Immobilized cell bioreactors are better than free culture bioreactors. Among the immobilized cell bioreactors, no doubt the semi-fluidized bed bioreactor is a novel and efficient one, which can be adopted for the treatment of industrial wastewater containing phenolic compounds and other pollutants even at lower concentration. A proper choice of immobilized culture, careful consideration of various design parameters for semifluidized bed bioreactors will make treatment process cost effective in the long run. The operation of the bench scale activated sludge reactors was studied, under increased concentration of phenol and cyanides. The SBR system showed almost complete phenol degradation for influent concentrations up to 1200 mg/l, while removal of organic matter in terms of COD and BOD5 and of ammonia nitrogen indicated no significant inhibition due to the increased phenol loading. REFERENCES 1. B. C. Meikap, G. K. roy, Recent advances in biochemical reactors for treatment of waste water, IJEP, vol-15 (1), Jan-1995, 44-49. A. V. Vinod, G. V. Reddy, Dynamic behaviour of a fluidised bed bioreactor treating waste water, Indian Chem. Engr., Section A, Vol.45, No.1, Jan-Mar 2003, 20-27. 2. T. K. Ghose, Environment and Biotechnology, Indian Chem. Engr., Section B,Vol.43, No.2, Apr-Jun 2001, 118-122. 3. K. A. Onysko, C. W. Robinson, H. M. 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Pena, Biodegradation of phenol in a continuous process: comparative study of stirred tank and fluidized-bed bioreactors, Bioresource Technology 76 (2001) 245-251. EDITORS / AUTHORS BIOGRAPHY Mr. Ramshankar Varma Ramshankar Varma is currently working as Assistant Teacher at Shri S K Somaiya Vinay Mandir and Junior College of Arts, Science and Commerce Vidyavihar Mumbai . He is a Double Graduate in Chemistry and Biotechnology then obtained Masters in Chemistry from prestigious The Institute of Science Mumbai . Later on completed B.Ed and MA Education from University of Mumbai . Currently he is pursuing MA Sociology from University of Mumbai . Dr.A.Paulmakesh Dr.A.Paulmakesh is currently working as an Associate Professor,college of engineering in civil engineering at wolaita Sodo University,Ethiopia He has teaching experience of over 12 years. He has published more than 40 research article papers containing Scopus indexed journals, peer-reviewed journals, conferences, and Indian patents. His research interests cover several areas, including structural steel, constitutive modelling of construction materials, structural stability., He is a fellow member of the International Institute of Organization Research. He has been selected for the most prestigious International Research Award 2020-21, Instituted by the International Institute of Organization Research (I20R) WE WOULD LIKE TO HEAR FROM YOU !!!!! HIGH RISE BOOKS, We don’t just publish books, we fulfil dreams of authors. We have helped many young authors and believe in guiding them towards writing and publishing their papers & articles. We create success stories. We strongly believe in the youth of the nation who would be the future Leaders. Wishing all the Authors, academicians, young researchers best of luck with all your future endeavours. 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