A SIMPLE TOOL FOR SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Pavani Anandvisibility
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SCC can be made from any of the constituents that are generally used for structural concrete. In the mix design of SCC, the relative proportions of key components are generally considered by volume rather than by mass. On the basis of these proportions, a simple tool has been designed for self compacting concrete (SCC) mix design. In this paper, this tool has been evaluated with a SCC mix having 28% of coarse aggregate content, 35% replacement of cement with class F fly ash, 0.36 water/cementitious ratio (by weight) and 388 litre/m 3 of paste volume. Crushed granite stones of size 20mm and 10mm are used with a blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate. Detailed steps used in this tool are discussed in this study. This tool can also be used for self compacting mortar (SCM) design. It is practically seen that this simple tool is very much useful for the mix design of SCC with or without blended cement and with or without coarse aggregate blending..
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
A SIMPLE TOOL FOR SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE MIX
DESIGN
J. Guru Jawahar1, C. Sashidhar2, I.V. Ramana Reddy3 and J. Annie Peter4
1
2
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUACE, Anantapur, India
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUACE, Anantapur, India
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVUCE, Tirupati, India
4
Scientist, Advanced Materials Lab, SERC, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
SCC can be made from any of the constituents that are generally used for structural concrete. In the mix design
of SCC, the relative proportions of key components are generally considered by volume rather than by mass. On
the basis of these proportions, a simple tool has been designed for self compacting concrete (SCC) mix design.
In this paper, this tool has been evaluated with a SCC mix having 28% of coarse aggregate content, 35%
replacement of cement with class F fly ash, 0.36 water/cementitious ratio (by weight) and 388 litre/m3 of paste
volume. Crushed granite stones of size 20mm and 10mm are used with a blending 60:40 by percentage weight of
total coarse aggregate. Detailed steps used in this tool are discussed in this study. This tool can also be used for
self compacting mortar (SCM) design. It is practically seen that this simple tool is very much useful for the mix
design of SCC with or without blended cement and with or without coarse aggregate blending..
KEYWORDS: Self compacting concrete, mix design, simple tool, self compacting mortar.
I.
INTRODUCTION
According to ACI 237R-07, self compacting concrete (SCC) is highly flowable, non segregating
concrete that can spread into place, fill the formwork and encapsulate the reinforcement without any
mechanical consolidation [1]. Professor Okamura in Japan proposed a concept for a design of
concrete independent of the need for compaction in 1986. Ozawa and Maekawa produced the first
prototype of SCC at the university of Tokyo in 1988 [14] and [15]. The general purpose mix design
method was first developed by Okamura and Ozawa [12].
Recommendations on the design and applications of SCC in construction have been developed by
many professional societies like American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM), European Federation of National Trade Associations (EFNARC 2002) etc.
Although SCC has passed from research stage to field applications, there are no systematic standards
or specifications to be followed in its mixture proportioning [9].
In reviewing literature on the methods for proportioning SCC, numerous methods exist, most of
which give only general guidelines and ranges of quantities of materials to be used in SCC
proportioning. The emphasis of these methods is on the fresh properties of SCC [8]. From the review
of previous research on SCC, it was found that the EFNARC method for proportioning SCC have
been used extensively.
SCC with low yield stress will be achieved by adding superplasticiser (SP), water, paste or some
additives (fly ash or GGBS) [11]. Viscosity is controlled by changing water content, paste content or
adding some additives (fly ash) or viscosity modifying agent (VMA) [10] and [11].
As SCC requires high cement content that leads to increase in cost and temperature rise during
hydration, additives or mineral admixtures such as fly ash, limestone powder or slag can generally be
used as partial replacement of cement to reduce the cost and heat of hydration [13].
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International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
1.1 Selection of Mix Proportions
In designing the SCC mix, it is most useful to consider the relative proportions of the key components
by volume rather than by mass [7]. The following key proportions for the mixes listed below [12], [7],
[10] and [6]:
1. Air content (by volume)
2. Coarse aggregate content (by volume)
3. Paste content (by volume)
4. Binder (cementitious) content (by weight)
5. Replacement of mineral admixture by percentage binder weight
6. Water/ binder ratio (by weight)
7. Volume of fine aggregate/ volume of mortar
8. SP dosage by percentage cementitious (binder) weight
9. VMA dosage by percentage cementitious (binder) weight
1.2. Research Significance
A simple and user friendly tool has been developed for SCC mix design (“JGJ_SCCMixDesign.xls”)
on the basis of key proportions of the constituents of SCC with or without blended cement and with or
without coarse aggregate blending.
1.3. Outline of This Paper
This paper includes the selection of mix proportions for SCC from the relevant literature, the
experimental program, material properties, design of SCC mix design tool, calculation of key
proportions for a given SCC scenario, evaluation of SCC mix design and conclusions.
II.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
2.1. Experimental Program
Our objective was to develop a simple tool for SCC mix design with the available materials. In this
study, this tool has been used to design a SCC mix having 28% of coarse aggregate content and 388
litre/m3 of paste volume, 35% replacement of cement with class F fly ash and
0.36
water/cementitious ratio (by weight). Crushed granite stones of size 20mm and 10mm are used with
the blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate.
2.2. Material Properties
This section will present the chemical and physical properties of the ingredients. Bureau of Indian
Standards (IS) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) procedures were followed for
determining the properties of the ingredients in this investigation.
2.2.1. Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade was used corresponding to IS-12269(1987) [5]. The specific
gravity of cement is 3.15.
2.2.2. Chemical Admixtures
Sika Viscocrete 10R is used as high range water reducer (HRWR) SP and Sika Stabilizer 4R is used
as VMA. Percentage of dry material in SP and VMA is 40%.
2.2.3. Additive or Mineral Admixture
Class F fly ash produced from Rayalaseema Thermal Power Plant (RTPP), Muddanur, A.P is used as
an additive according to ASTM C 618 [2]. As per IS-456(2000) [3], cement is replaced by 35% of fly
ash by weight of cementitious material. The specific gravity of fly ash is 2.12.
2.2.4. Coarse Aggregate
Crushed granite stones of size 20mm and 10mm are used as coarse aggregate. As per IS: 2386 (Part
III)-1963 [4], the bulk specific gravity in oven dry condition and water absorption of the coarse
aggregate are 2.6 and 0.3% respectively. The dry-rodded unit weight (DRUW) of the coarse aggregate
with the coarse aggregate blending 60:40 (20mm and 10mm) as per IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963 [4] is
1646 kg/m3.
2.2.5. Fine Aggregate
Natural river sand is used as fine aggregate. As per IS: 2386 (Part III)-1963 [4], the bulk specific
gravity in oven dry condition and water absorption of the sand are 2.6 and 1% respectively.
2.2.6. Water
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Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Ordinary tap water is used.
III.
DESIGN OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE MIX DESIGN TOOL
3.1. Material Properties for SCC Mix Design Tool
The following material properties for the SCC mix design tool are to be determined as shown in Table
1.
1. Specific gravity of cement, fly ash, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.
2. Percentage of water absorption of coarse and fine aggregates.
3. Percentage of moisture content in coarse and fine aggregates.
4. Dry-rodded unit weight (DRUW) of coarse aggregate for the particular coarse aggregate
blending.
5. Percentage of dry material in SP and VMA.
Table 1. Material Properties
Material
Cement
Additive – Fly Ash
Coarse aggregate (CA1 20mm)
Coarse aggregate (CA2 10mm)
Fine aggregate (Sand)
Material Data
Specific Gravity
3.15
2.12
2.6
2.6
2.6
% Absorption
N/A
N/A
0.3
0.3
1.0
% Moisture
N/A
N/A
0
0
0
3.2. Detailed Steps for SCC Mix Design Tool
The detailed steps for mix design are described as follows:
1. Assume air content by percentage of concrete volume.
2. Input the coarse aggregate blending by percentage weight of total coarse aggregate.
3. Input the percentage of coarse aggregate in DRUW to calculate the coarse aggregate
volume in the concrete volume.
4. Adjust the percentage of fine aggregate volume in mortar volume.
5. Obtain the required paste volume.
6. Adopt suitable water/ binder ratio by weight.
7. Input the percentage replacement of fly ash by weight of cementitious material.
8. Input the dosage of SP and VMA (if required) by percentage weight of binder.
9. Adjust the binder (cementitious material) content by weight to obtain the required paste.
The coarse aggregate optimization is shown in Table 2. The input parameters section is shown in
Table 3.
Table 2. Coarse Aggregate Optimization or Blending
Coarse aggregate optimization
Material
% by weight
CA1 20mm
60
CA2 10mm
40
Table 3. Input Parameters Section
Input parameters
Dry Rodded Unit Weight(kg/cum)
% of CA in DRUW
% of Sand in Mortar
% of Fly ash
Wt. Water/Binder
Binder (kg/cum)
SP (% wt.of binder)
552
1646
44.3
46.1
35
0.36
495
0.9
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
VMA (% wt. of binder)
% of Air
% of dry material in SP
% of dry material in VMA
0.2
2
40
40
3.3. Output Constituent Materials for SCC
After giving all the necessary data, the tool automatically calculates and shows the required out put.
Concrete mix proportions by volume and total aggregate by weight are shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Concrete Mix Proportions by Volume
Coarse aggregate (kg/cum)
729.178
% of CA in concrete volume
28.04530769
Concrete Mix proprtions by volume (lit/cum)
CA
Mortar
Sand
Paste
280.4531 719.5469 331.7111 387.8357915
Sand (kg/cum)
862.448942
Total aggregates (kg/cum)
1591.626942
Paste composition is shown in Table 5. Constituent materials for SCC are shown in Table 6.
Constituent materials for SCM are shown in Table 7. This tool also displays the constituent materials
for the required volume of SCC or SCM as shown in Table 6 and Table 7. Aggregate proportions by
volume and by weight are shown in Table 8.
Table 5. Paste Composition
Cement
321.75
Vol. Water/Powder
Paste composition
Kg/cum
Fly ash
Water
SP
173.25
178.2
4.455
0.969191695
VMA
0.99
lit/cum
Paste
387.5096
Table 6. Constituent Materials for SCC
Material
(kg/cum)
Cement
Fly Ash
Water
CA1 20mm
CA2 10mm
Sand
SP (lit)
VMA (lit)
Unit Weight
Constituent Materials for Concrete
Required (cum)
Initial
Adjusted
0.0062
321.75
321.75
1.99485
173.25
173.25
1.07415
178.2
185.745
1.151619145
437.5068
437.5068
2.71254216
291.6712
291.6712
1.80836144
862.4489
862.4489
5.34718344
4.455
4.455
0.027621
0.99
0.99
0.006138
2270.272 Total (kg)
14.12246519
Litres
6.12075648
g/ml
1994.85
1074.15
1151.619
2712.542
1808.361
5347.183
27.621
6.138
14122.47
Table 7. Constituent Materials for SCM
Material
(kg/cum)
Cement
Fly Ash
Water
Sand
SP (lit)
553
Constituent Materials for Mortar
Required (cum)
Initial
Adjusted
0.0008
321.75
321.75
0.2574
173.25
173.25
0.1386
178.2
183.5575
0.146845992
862.4489
862.4489
0.689959154
4.455
4.455
0.003564
g/ml
257.4
138.6
146.846
689.9592
3.564
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
VMA (lit)
Unit Weight
0.99
1541.094
0.99
Total (kg)
Litres
0.000792
1.237161145
0.563662541
0.792
1237.161
Table 8. Aggregate Proportions by Volume and by Weight
Aggregate Proportions
% by
Material
Vol
% by Weight
CA1 20mm
27.48802
27.48802426
CA2 10mm
18.32535
18.32534951
Sand
54.18663
54.18662623
Total
100
100
IV.
CALCULATION OF KEY PROPORTIONS
The detailed steps for calculation of key proportions are presented below with an example. The
interface of SCC mix design tool for the mix 28_60:40 is shown in Figure 1.
SCC Mix Scenario: A SCC mix with 28% coarse aggregate content of concrete volume with a paste
volume of 388 litre/m3 have been designed for water/ binder ratio 0.36 (by weight). Cement has been
replaced with 35% of Class F fly ash by percentage weight of cementitious material. Coarse aggregate
of sizes 20mm and 10mm with coarse aggregate blending 60:40 by percentage weight of total
aggregate are used in this mix. SP and VMA are used. All the material properties and input
parameters are shown in Table 1 and Table 3. Air content assumed as 2% of concrete volume.
4.1. Calculation of Coarse Aggregate Content in Concrete Volume
Coarse aggregate blending
Specific gravity of 20mm & 10mm
DRUW of coarse aggregate
% of Coarse aggregate in DRUW
Coarse aggregate weight
Coarse aggregate volume
:
:
:
:
:
:
60:40
2.6
1646 kg/m3
44.3
1646*(44.3/100) = 729.18 kg/m3
[(729.18*(60/100))/2.6] + [(729.18*(60/100))/2.6]
=280.45 litre/m3 or 28.05%
:
:
Concrete volume-coarse aggregate volume
1000-280.45 = 719.55 litre/m3
:
:
46.1
719.55*(46.1/100) = 331.71 litre/m3
:
:
Mortar volume-sand volume
719.55-331.71 = 387.84 litre/m3
4.2. Calculation of Mortar Volume
Mortar Volume
4.3. Calculation of Sand Volume
% of sand in Mortar volume
Sand Volume
4.4. Calculation of Paste Volume
Paste Volume
4.5. Calculation of Paste Composition
Specific gravity of cement
Specific gravity of fly ash
Air content
Water/ binder ratio (by weight)
% of fly ash by weight of binder
% of SP by weight of binder
% of VMA by weight of binder
Binder
Fly ash
Cement
Water
554
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
3.15
2.12
2% = 20 litre/m3
0.36
35
0.9
0.2
495 kg/m3
495*(35/100) = 173.25 kg/m3
495-173.25 = 321.75 kg/m3
495*0.36 = 178.2 litre/m3
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
321.75/3.15 = 102.14 litre/m3
173.25/2.12 = 81.72 litre/m3
495*(0.9/100) = 4.46 litre/m3
495*(0.2/100) = 0.99 litre/m3
Volume of (cement+fly ash+Water+SP+VMA+Air)
102.14+81.72+178.2+4.46+0.99+20=387.51 litre/m3
In the tool, the binder has been adjusted to 495 kg/m3 in order to obtain the required paste volume of
about 387.51 litre/m3 (say 388 litre/m3).
Volume of cement
Volume of fly ash
SP
VMA
Total Paste volume
:
:
:
:
:
4.6. Calculation of Constituent Materials for Concrete
Specific gravity of sand
:
2.6
% of absorption of 20mm
:
0.3
% of absorption of 10mm
:
0.3
% of absorption of sand
:
1.0
% of moisture in 20mm
:
0.0
% of moisture in 10mm
:
0.0
% of moisture in sand
:
0.0
% of dry material in SP
:
40
% of dry material in VMA
:
40
Cement
:
321.75 kg/m3
Fly ash
:
173.25 kg/m3
Initial water content
:
178.2 litre/m3
Coarse aggregate
:
729.18 kg/m3
20mm coarse aggregate (CA1)
:
729.18*(60/100) = 437.51 kg/m3
10mm coarse aggregate (CA2)
:
729.18*(40/100) = 291.67 kg/m3
Sand
:
331.71*2.6 = 862.46 kg/m3
Adjusted water content = Initial water - [CA1*(% of moisture - % of absorption)/100]
- [CA2*(% of moisture - % of absorption)/100]
- [sand*(% of moisture - % of absorption)/100]
- [SP*(100-%of dry material in SP)/100]
- [VMA*(100-%of dry material in VMA)/100]
= 178.2 - [437.51*(0-0.3)/100]-[291.67*(0-0.3)/100]
- [862.46*(0-1)/100]-[4.46*(100-40)/100]-[0.99*(100-40)/100]
= 185.75 litre/m3
Adjusted 20mm coarse aggregate
:
CA1*[1+(% of moisture/100)]
437.51*[1+(0/100)] = 437.51 kg/m3
Adjusted 10mm coarse aggregate
:
Adjusted sand
:
CA2*[1+(% of moisture/100)]
291.67*[1+(0/100)] = 291.67 kg/m3
sand*[1+(% of moisture/100)]
862.46*[1+(0/100)] = 862.46 kg/m3
4.7. Calculation of Constituent Materials for Mortar
Coarse aggregate contribution should not be considered in the adjustment of water. The
remaining constituents are already discussed in the section 4.6.
Initial water content
:
178.2 litre/m3
Adjusted water content = Initial water - [sand*(% of moisture - % of absorption)/100]
- [SP*(100-%of dry material in SP)/100]
- [VMA*(100-%of dry material in VMA)/100]
= 178.2 - [862.46*(0-1)/100]-[4.46*(100-40)/100]-[0.99*(100-40)/100]
= 183.56 litre/m3
4.8. Mix Proportions
Mix types with percentage relative proportions and mix proportions of constituent materials
are shown in Table 9 and Table 10.
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Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Mix Type
28_60:40 a
Table 9. Percentage Relative Proportions of SCC Mix
w/cm – 0.36
Cementitious Material – OPC+35%Fly Ash
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Coarse Aggregate
of
of
of
of
Blending Percentage
Sand in
Coarse
Mortar
Paste
By Weight
aggregate
Mortar
(20 mm and 10 mm)
By Volume
60
40
28.05
71.95
46.1
38.8
a
28_60:40: where 28 is the percentage of coarse aggregate volume in a concrete mix
60:40 is the coarse aggregate blending by percentage weight of 20mm and 10mm resp.
Mix Type
28_60:40
V.
Binder
kg/m3
495
Table 10. Mix Proportions of Constituent Materials
Cement
Fly Ash
Water
20mm
10mm
Kg/m3
Kg/m3
l/m3
Kg/m3
kg/m3
321.75
173.25
178.2
437.51
291.67
Sand
kg/m3
862.46
SP
l/m3
4.46
VMA
l/m3
0.99
EVALUATION OF SCC MIX DESIGN
The SCC mix designed by the SCC mix design tool has been evaluated by conducting the
SCC fresh properties tests on the 28_60:40 SCC mix.
5.1. SCC Fresh Properties
SCC fresh properties i.e., slump flow, T50cm at initial and at 60 minutes, V-Funnel time, V-Funnel time
at 5 minutes (T5min) and L-Box ratio (h2/h1) are presented in the Table11 for the SCC mix 28_60:40.
Table 11. Fresh Properties of SCC
Slump Flow
(mm)
Mix Type
28_60:40
Initial
At
60 min
696
657
T50cm (sec)
V-Funnel Time (sec)
Initial
At
60 min
Initial
T5min
3.12
4.28
6.23
7.59
L-Box Ratio
(h2/h1)
0.81
As it can be seen from the above results, the mix 28_60:40 has met the SCC acceptance
criteria mentioned by EFNARC [7]. Hence, it is practically seen that SCC mix design tool is
very much useful in designing any SCC mix. The only challenge in getting successful SCC
mix is the adjusting the key proportions of the constituents.
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of SCC mix design tool:
Self compacting concrete mix design tool is developed based on the key proportions of the
constituents. This tool is very simple and user friendly for the self compacting concrete mix
design.
This tool can be used for the SCC mix with or without blended cement and coarse aggregate
with or without coarse aggregate blending. This tool can also be enhanced for multi blended
cements with more additives.
This tool is also useful for Self compacting mortar design. It displays all necessary data for
SCC mix design and also displays constituent materials for SCC or SCM for the required
volume.
556
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Figure 1. SCC Mix Design Tool Interface
REFERENCES
[1]. American Concrete Institute. “Self-Consolidating Concrete”, ACI 237R-07.
[2]. American Society for Testing and Materials. “Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined
natural pozzolan for use in concrete”, ASTM C 618 (2003).
[3]. Bureau of Indian Standards. “Plain and reinforced concrete code for practice”, IS-456 (2000), New Delhi.
[4]. Bureau of Indian Standards. “Methods of test for aggregates for concrete. Specific gravity, Density, Voids,
Absorption and Bulking”, IS-2386 (Part III, 1963).
[5]. Bureau of Indian Standards. “Specification for 53 grade ordinary Portland cement”, IS-12269 (1987), New
Delhi.
[6]. Domone PLJ. 2006b. “Self-compacting concrete: An analysis of 11 years of case studies”. Cement and
Concrete Composites 28(2):197-208.
[7]. EFNARC. “Specification and guidelines for self-compacting concrete. European Federation of Producers
and Applicators of Specialist Products for Structures”, 2002.
[8]. Ghazi F Kheder, Rand S Al Jaidiri. 2010. “New Method for Proportioning Self-Consolidating Concrete
Based on Compressive Strength Requirements”. ACI Materials 107(5):490-497.
[9]. Goodier C. 2001. “Self-Compacting Concrete”. European Network of Building Research Institutes
(ENBRI). 17:6
[10].
Khayat KH. 1998. Viscosity-enhancing admixtures for cement-based materials - An overview. Cement
and Concrete Composites, No.20, 2-3: 171-188.
[11].
Newman J, Choo BS. Advanced concrete technology concrete properties. Elsevier Butterworth
Heinemann, 2003.
[12].
Okamura H, Ozawa K. 1995. “Mix design for self-compacting concrete”. Concrete Library of Japanese
Society of Civil Engineers 25(6):107-120.
[13].
Okamura H, Ouchi M. 1999. “Self-compacting concrete development, present use and future”. In: The
1st International RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors,
RILEM Publications. S.A.R.L, France. 3-14.
[14].
Ozawa K, Maekawa K, Kunishima M, Okamura H. 1989. “Development of high performance concrete
based on the durability design of concrete structures”. 445-450.
[15].
RILEM TC 174 SCC. “Self compacting concrete State-of-the-art report of RILEM technical committe
174-SCC”. Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors, RILEM Publications S.A.R.L., France, 2000.
557
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, May 2012.
©IJAET
ISSN: 2231-1963
Authors
J. Guru Jawahar is a research scholar in JNTUA College of Engineering,
Anantapur. He did his M.Tech in JNTUA, Anantapur. He has 12 years of Industry
experience and 2 years of teaching experience. He is Six Sigma Green Belt
Certified.
C. Sashidhar is an Associate Professor and HOD in the department of Civil
Engineering, JNTUA, Anantapur. He received M.Tech and Ph.D from J.N.T.
University, Hyderabad. His research interests include FRC, SIFCON, HPC, Non
Destructive Test Evaluation and Earth Quake Engineering. He has
co –
authored more than 30 scientific and technical publications. He has more than 15
years of teaching experience and guiding research scholars. He was an active
member of AICTE, New Delhi.
I.V. Ramana Reddy is Professor in the department of Civil Engineering,
SVUCE, Tirupati. He received his Ph.D from S.V. University, Tirupati. He has
more than 20 years of teaching experience and guiding research scholars. His
research interests include SCC, HPC, advanced materials. He has more than 30
scientific and technical publications. He is an esteemed Civil and Structural
consultant in Tirupati.
J. Annie Peter is Chief Scientist in Advanced Materials Lab, SERC, Chennai. Her research
interests are Self Compacting Concrete, High Performance Concrete, Advanced Cement
Composites. She is an esteemed advisor for research activities. She acquired Indo-Polish
Fellowship Award in 1993.
558
Vol. 3, Issue 2, pp. 550-558
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