International Organization

Here are some definitions: By C. Archer: "An international organization can be defined as a formal, continuous structure established by agreement between members (governmental and/or non-governmental) from two or more sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the common interests of the membership."

This paper uses history, various organizations and a test case to show how International organizations like Intergovernmental Organizations and Non-Governmental Organizations work in the international system and help form international law. The question discussed is where these institutions are of a value or a detraction to the international system and if they are a help or a detracting factor in International Law. Using the history of these organizations and the history of international law in regards to institutions and how institutions have developed over time in reaction to various world events. Institutional qualities and failures are noted as well. IGO’s limited effectiveness and the private agenda based policies of the NGOs are also discussed and how that affects international law.

MPIL Research Paper No. 27, 2020

The chapter outlines the legal concept of international organization. We map the debates on the traditional defining elements and the broader theoretical paradigms where the concept has been traditionally embedded. We argue that relatively well-established theoretical frameworks no longer match reality. Therefore we need a legal concept of international organization that is both sufficiently specific to have an analytical value for legal examination and sufficiently broad for not missing out entities which are apt to shape the normative situation of individuals or to deploy substantial direct or indirect legal effects for the fate of nations and for the integrity of our planet. We conceive of “international organization” as a cluster concept which does not depend on a set of fixed criteria. Some entities are in the core of the concept, others are more on the fringes. Besides actors which are inter-state in form, other entities with multiple legal bases (public and private, international and domestic) and with a hybrid membership (states, civil society, even commercial) may be qualified as international organizations if they are entrusted with competences to fulfil tasks in the global public interest and feature a certain degree of autonomy. The concept should also encompass actors devoid of legal personality when they are sufficiently structured and stable to distinguish them from mere networks and ad hoc cooperation. Ultimately and more radically, international law as part and parcel of a global legal landscape necessitates the concept of a global organization.

The second chapter reviews the main theories and academic perspectives applied to the study of international organizations. We start by explaining the different meanings associated with the term international organization. Then we focus on how the role of the international organizations has been conceptualized across the different academic disciplines to highlight the current literature gaps and future research trajectories.

International organisations play a central part in the international system as in most cases of we find international organisations in one form or another at the heart of all most all of the political and economic challenges of the 21 st century. The presence of these international organisations has shaped the international relations between different actors both state and non state actors. Their presence is vital as they are often the vessel through which states interact and exert their interest with the international system. These different organisations all so set the rules within the international system and how states are supposed to behave within the international system. International organisations can be understood from two points as intergovernmental organisation such as the UN and also as international non governmental organisation such as Amnesty international. Hurd (2014) is of the view that international organisations are constituted by international law as being independent entities which are separate from states. They also have legal standing with certain rights and obligations and can sue and also be sued in a court of justice. Thus their behavior is also regulated by the international law. International organisations are also composed of states which have voluntarily come up together and formed an organisation consisting of three or more countries. The importance of international organisations can be understood from analyzing three theories which are idealism, realism and institutionalists point of view. Institutionalisms understands international organisations as completely rational. On the other hand realist believe that since power of international organisations are limited, it is impossible for any international organisation to be able to change the anarchical structure of the international system as states can easily withdraw their membership if their interest are threatened. On the contrary the the proponents of idealism understand international organisations as a representative of commonly accepted values by the different states and no state actors within the international system and believe that cooperation leads to an order in the international system. International relations can e understood as the interactions of states and non state actors within the international system for the common good through diplomacy under the regulation of international law.

Without the international agencies, the world would be chaotic and a lot of conflicts would be worsened and get out of control. Although the role of the UN was criticized by many organizations by its failure of certain late developments especially in the case of Gulf war, we must look at the whole picture to see that the UN is facing a huge problem because of lack of funds, non-respect of the commitment of certain member states, and the mechanism of veto rights that give certain nations more power than the others, the UN and its agencies are fundamental in regulating the world as it is and have created a huge difference in protecting human rights, nation rights, and maintaining peace for most countries. The series of negotiations for better trade exchanges, international conference on world issues, regional forum between member states, world federations of professional bodies are all signs for a better harmonization of rules conducting to the maintenance of peace though a sustainable policy which is profitable to all nations.

Περιοδικό Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, εκδόσεις Γκοβόστη, τεύχος 324, Αύγουστος, 2024

Το ιστορικό του κάστρου από τους βυζαντινούς χρόνους έως την τουρκική εισβολή στην Κύπρο το 1974.

Microbiology Research, 2024

The leaves of Gouania longispicata Engl. (GLE) have been traditionally used to treat more than forty ailments in Uganda, including stomachache, lung and skin cancers, syphilis, toothache, and allergies. In this study, pure compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of GLE leaves and their structures elucidated using ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography, and 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the compounds were assessed using the broth dilution and DPPH assays, respectively. Two known flavonoid glycosides (kaempferol-3-O-α-rhamnopyranoside and rutin), a phenolic glycoside (4,6-dihydroxy-3-methylacetophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside), and flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin) were characterized. This is the first time that the kaempferol derivative, the acetophenone as well as free forms of quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, are being reported in GLE and the Gouania genus. The compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 16 µg/mL and 125 µg/mL. The radical scavenging activities recorded half-minimum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) ranging from 18.6 ± 1.30 µg/mL to 28.1 ± 0.09 µg/mL. The IC50 of kaempferol and quercetin were not significantly different from that of ascorbic acid (p > 0.05), highlighting their potential as natural antioxidant agents. These results lend credence to the use of GLE leaves in herbal treatment of microbial infections and oxidative stress-mediated ailments.