Nominalization and its various functions in Liangmai

This article describes verb-based nominalization strategies in Harakmbut, an endangered language spoken in the Peruvian Amazon. Earlier studies and my own fieldnotes suggest that verb-based nominalization falls into two formal types, which can be distinguished on the basis of the prefix used. Both formal subtypes can be used for participant nominalization as well as event nominalization, with the latter function encompassing the coding of relative, complement and adverbial relations. Further generalizations that can be made pertain to the internal and external syntax of the nominalized forms. While all types of participant nominalization show NP-like external syntax, only one type shows some internal syntax, which turned out to be NP-like. By contrast, event nominalizations are found to combine NP-like external syntax with verb-like internal syntax, irrespective of their formal subtype.

In Roberto Zariquiey, Masayoshi Shibatani & David W. Fleck (eds.), Nominalization in the Languages of the Americas [Typological Studies in Language 124], 455-490. Amsterdam: John Benjamins., 2019

This paper focusses on verb-based nominalization in Harakmbut (isolate, Peru), which falls into two formal types on the basis of the prefix used. The first type, using the nominalizing prefix wa(ʔ)-, is restricted to participant nominalization and is predominantly used to produce nouns for NP-use. The second type, using the nominalizing prefix e(ʔ)-, is mainly used for event nominalization and typically produces multi-word nominalizations. Depending on the constructions they occur in and additional suffixation they take, nominalizations with e(ʔ)-can serve complementation as well as adverbial functions. Across the two formal types, multi-word nominalizations combine NP-like external syntax with verb-like internal syntax. The two nominalizing prefixes also serve a basic function in noun-based nominalization, lending independent status to obligatorily bound nouns.

The goal of this paper is to describe some of the syntactic structures that are created through nominalization processes in Himalayan Tibeto-Burman languages and the relationships between those structures. These include both structures involving the nominalization of clauses (e.g. complement clauses, relative clauses) and structures involving the nominalization of verbs and predicates (e.g. the derivation of nouns and adjectives). We will argue that, synchronically, clausal nominalization, structurally represented as [clause] NP , is the basic structure underlying many of the nominalizing constructions in these languages, even though individual constructions embed and alter this structure in interesting ways. In addition to clausal nominalization, we will illustrate the presence of derivational nominalization, represented as [V-NOM] N and [V-NOM] ADJ , although some nominal derivations target the predicate, not the verb root as their domain. We will also demonstrate that derivational nominalization can be seen as having developed from clausal nominalization, at least for some forms in some languages, and that the opposite direction of development, from derivational to clausal structures, is also attested. We will conclude with some syntactic observations pertinent to recent claims made on the historical relationship between nominalization and relativization, demonstrating that there are various ways that these structures can be related. This study is based on data from five Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayan area: Manange, Dolakha Newar, Mongsen Ao, Dongwang Tibetan, and Zhuokeji rGyalrong.

The goal of this paper is to describe some of the syntactic structures that are created through nominalization processes in Himalayan Tibeto-Burman languages and the relationships between those structures. These include both structures involving the nominalization of clauses (e.g. complement clauses, relative clauses) and structures involving the nominalization of verbs and predicates (e.g. the derivation of nouns and adjectives). We will argue that, synchronically, clausal nominalization, structurally represented as [clause] NP , is the basic structure underlying many of the nominalizing constructions in these languages, even though individual constructions embed and alter this structure in interesting ways. In addition to clausal nominalization, we will illustrate the presence of derivational nominalization, represented as [V-NOM] N and [V-NOM] ADJ , although some nominal derivations target the predicate, not the verb root as their domain. We will also demonstrate that derivational nominalization can be seen as having developed from clausal nominalization, at least for some forms in some languages, and that the opposite direction of development, from derivational to clausal structures, is also attested. We will conclude with some syntactic observations pertinent to recent claims made on the historical relationship between nominalization and relativization, demonstrating that there are various ways that these structures can be related. This study is based on data from five Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayan area: Manange, Dolakha Newar, Mongsen Ao, Dongwang Tibetan, and Zhuokeji rGyalrong.

Alutor has a rich set of deverbal nominalizers, which are often followed by the absolutive case marker. Following the classification of Comrie and Thompson, Alutor nominalizers and the corresponding nominalized form can be divided into four groups: (i) action/state nominalizations; (ii) instrumental nominali-zations; (iii) locative nominalizations; and (iv) agentive/objective nominaliza-tions. In this paper, I will introduce these various types of nominalization. As will be seen, in Alutor the same nominalizer is used for both transitive and intransitive verbs, while in Chukchi, a language related to Alutor, different nominalizers are used for transitives and intransitives.

Linguistics of the …, 2008

… languages: Diachronic and typological perspectives, 2011

Tibeto-Burman languages exhibit an interesting composite of behavior in nominalized structures. In particular, these languages make extensive use of clausal nominalization (found in attributive phrases, complementation, relative clauses, and independent utterances), as well as derivational nominalization. This paper describes the syntactic and functional dimensions of nominalization in five distantly-related Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayan area. It demonstrates that the same affixes are used to derive lexical nouns and lexical adjectives and that this bifunctionality is a natural consequence of clausal nominalization. While clausal and derivational nominalizations are distinct structures synchronically, each can give rise to the other. The center of these historical developments is relativization, which instantiates clausal syntax but is ultimately a referential device.

En el prologo hace relación a la pobreza habla que América latina se empobreció desde sus principios, desde su descubrimiento. Cuando uno gana hay otros que pierden, y América latina es en la que se especializo, hasta perdió el derecho de ser América, ya que para el mundo América hace referencia a Estados Unidos. Gana menos produciendo que lo que ganas los otros países consumiendo nuestras producciones. El problema es que hay muchísima gente de la cual es pobre, analfabeta o desnutrida. Dos tercios del mundo es pobre y un tercio es rico. La explosión demográfica es lo que constituye el mayor obstáculo para América latina. Sin embargo e la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, la gente no sobra, falta. Faltan capitales en países donde los capitales sobran pero se desprecian y son mal utilizados.

The present book is an English translation from my book with the same title in Arabic language which are based on my lectures given to students of various colleges studying mathematics. In designing this course, the author tried to select the most important mathematical facts and present them so that the reader could acquire the necessary mathematical conception and apply mathematics to other branches. Therefore, in most cases we did not give rigorous formal proofs of the theorem. The rigorousness of a proof often fails to be fruitful and therefore it is usually ignored in practical applications. The book can be of use to readers of various professions dealing with applications of mathematics in their current work. The subject matter is presented in a very systematic and logical manner. It contains material which you will find of great use, not only in the technical courses you have yet to take, but also in your profession after graduation, as long as you deal with the analytical aspects of your field. In designing this book the author tried to select the most important mathematical facts and present them so that the reader could acquire the necessary mathematical conception and apply mathematics to other branches. This book consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1, "Sets-Relations-Functions" in abstract algebra, Chapter 2 contains the "Groups" as one of the main subjects. In Chapter 3 , we will discuss "Permutation Group" as a practical part and very useful in Linear Algebra. Chapter 4 presents "Isomorphism" which a fundamental part, and has many applications. Chapter 5, contains "The Natural Numbers" and how to extend the natural numbers up to real filed. Chapter 6 contains " Rings-Fields" as the second main subjects to abstract algebra. Chapter 7, which deal with "Continuation on Groups".