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Border Disputes in Africa is a common trend in todays world and continues to impede on African unity and integration. This is because most African boundaries created by the Europeans were artificial and arbitrary in nature. In fact, these boundaries were not clearly demarcated nor delineated. The process of creating these boundaries was at best artificial as Lord Salisbury stated we have been drawing lines upon maps where no white man foot ever trod. The implication of these is that the Europeans never knew exactly where these boundaries were. More alarming is the fact that groups with the same cultural affinities as a result of partition were separated from their brothers and lumped together with different cultures. These ill defined, poorly demarcated boundaries of many African States became borders that have generated disputes and conflicts in Africa. This Paper using Sudan-South Sudan border dispute as a case study highlights the nature and causes of the boundary dispute in Sudan. It traces the evolution of these boundary problems back to the colonial period when Sudan was first partitioned. This paper concludes with the measures put in place at resolving the dispute as well as proposes appropriate recommendations.
Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 2015
ABSTRACT Ethiopia and Sudan share a common boundary of over 1600 km which was drawn through a series of treaties between Ethiopia and the colonial powers of Britain and Italy. To date, this boundary has not been clearly demarcated. In 2007, the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, the current ruling government, entered into a secret agreement with the Sudan to make adjustments on the border. This paper identifies the major factors that have frustrated efforts to address the Ethio-Sudan boundary problem and also proposes solutions on how Ethiopia and Sudan could resolve their differences. The analysis reveals that political, social and cultural factors; the decision to adopt the western concept of the boundary; and the failure to recognise the historic and cultural constructs have contributed to the frustration of negotiations on the border. The paper proposes that Ethiopia and Sudan embrace the African Union Border Program, which encourages mutual cooperation, regional integration and the building of communities with strong economic and cultural ties.
Acta Humana Human Right, 2021
This paper explores the major causes, processes and consequences of natural resource conflicts between tribes across the Sudan – South Sudan border region, with the main emphasis on the Abyei territory. Data for the study have been gathered from primary and secondary sources. The research revealed that the conflict over ownership of Abyei’s renewable and non-renewable resources has evolved as a contentious issue between Sudan and South Sudan. The situation was complicated by the relationship of the Humr Misseriya and Ngok Dinka and their governments, respectively. Moreover, lack of agreement about who should be considered a resident of Abyei derailed a referendum on the territory’s status. The government of Sudan and Humr Misseriya have not yet accepted all proposals and agreements for resolving the conflict. Despite the fact that there are new and positive political developments between the two countries, mainly in 2019–2020, these have not been extended to the settlement of the fi...
Land was one of the central issues contributing to the recent civil wars in the Sudan, and it is an underestimated and overlooked factor determining the success or failure of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in 2005. Land has been central to the Sudan’s colonial and post-colonial development policies, and land access and land rights legislation changed as development policy changed. The systematic erosion of customary rights to land and access to land were powerful factors which drew different peoples on both sides of the North-South divide into the wider conflict, so that by the time the North-South war ended in 2005 what the ‘marginalized’ peoples of the South, East and West had in common was dispossession from their land through government encroachment. Land was ethnicized during the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, was progressively de-ethnicized immediately prior to and during the conflicts, and is now being selectively re-ethnicized along parts of the North-South border. There is a direct conflict between customary land regimes and the development policies of the central government that has yet to be resolved, or even directly addressed, by either the Government of National Unity or the Government of South Sudan created by the CPA.
Briefing Paper Prepared for the Social …, 2007
Land Tenure Dynamics in East Africa: Changing Practices and Rights to Land, 2019
This chapter examines how contestation over land ownership and belonging to the land have shaped lines of conflict in the world’s newest state, South Sudan. He argues that the South Sudanese government has actively, if unwittingly, worsened the situation by enacting community-based land legislation that pushes people to exclude others from their group and what they claim as their soil. This has ignited a debate over federalism and decentralisation with severe overtones of ethnic cleansing. At the same time, land has become an increasingly valuable asset both for the state in its attempt to diversify away from oil revenues, and for individuals and groups eager to cash in. He further contends that the alleged foreign grab is a chimera that may change once the ongoing fighting in the country subsides. Therefore, highlighting and understanding how much and in what way land matters will not only be of academic interest but will lay out a map of sources of potential future conflicts in the country.
The origin of border conflicts in the Horn of Africa to a large extent dated back to the European colonial experience in the region, even though most of the conflicts' root causes predate this experience. The issue of borders has become a recurrent source of conflicts and disputes on the continent also. This is because the national territorial boundaries presently in existence in Africa were drawn up during the scramble and partition of Africa by rival European colonizers. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to examine the role played by African Union in managing the current interstate border conflict between Ethiopia and Sudan. To address the problem stated the study employed the qualitative research approach of exploratory nature. From the finding the study also discussed causes of border conflicts, AU's involvement role, the mechanisms adopted by AU in settlement of border conflicts and key challenges of the AU in settlement of border conflicts like; the presence of colonial boundary treaty, difficult environment of border governance, lack of availability of funds, lack of expertise/manpower and lack of political commitment among member states. By considering those challenges on the role of African Union in management of current border conflict between Ethiopia and Sudan, the study concluded that both countries must solve their dispute by negotiation rather than accusing or claiming each other to settle or de-escalate the current border conflict between the two countries/ AU's involvement is important. This study will hopefully be important either to academicians as a source of reference for their further studies in specific areas, for policy makers in their decision making or for AU it self.
Peace and Conflict Studies, 2016
This paper examines state land policy and conflict in four different areas in Sudan; South Kordofan, Darfur, the Blue Nile and Khartoum's countryside. Drawing on the literature on customary land tenure, state and conflict in Africa, and using secondary and some primary material plus the researcher's own field experience, the paper examines how state land policies have impacted differently by causing different forms of conflict in different parts of rural Sudan when effectively put in practice. The paper argues that state legislation has created land tenure dualism simultaneously incorporating both the practice of customary tenure pursued by farming and pastoralist communities and the legal status of these communal lands as state-owned; i.e., considered vacant or un-owned. In this dualism the state sometimes invoked state legal ownership rights to establish effective state control over communal land used and occupied by local communities, (for local and foreign business investment). In South Kordofan, the Blue Nile, Darfur and around Khartoum, state denial of customary land rights resulted, in displacement, impoverishment and different forms of violent conflicts. Current state tendency to put state legal ownership over communal lands into effect for large scale sale or lease to investors amounts to denying Sudanese pastoralists and farming communities of their land use rights established for generations. This is bound to create more severe and fierce conflicts, unless the dualism in land tenure is resolved by the recognition and legalization of customary land ownership, access and use rights.
IJSES, 2024
The process of demarcating and defining international and State borders helps prevent international and internal conflicts and wars and enables smooth economic exchanges, traffic, and movement between neighboring countries. Many of the world's conflicts now stem from disputes over borders and the right to own land. The paper presents the terms and methods of border demarcation and its legal status, and processes, as well as how the international delimitation model is implemented with its five principal stages, which are allocation, demarcation, identification, installation, and documentation, and border maintenance with the implementation of modern geomatics techniques and processes. The methodology for demarcating the Sudanese border was discussed and the demarcation of the border between Sudan and Chad in 1994 was presented as a case study.
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