Tronchetti Modelli nuraghe

McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS Gardening time Monuments and landscape from Sardinia, Scotland and Central Europe in the very long Iron Age Edited by Simon Stoddart, Ethan D. Aines & Caroline Malone Gardening time McDONALD INSTITUTE CONVERSATIONS Gardening time Monuments and landscape from Sardinia, Scotland and Central Europe in the very long Iron Age Edited by Simon Stoddart, Ethan D. Aines & Caroline Malone with contributions from Ian Armit, John Barber, Lindsey Büster, Louisa Campbell, Giandaniele Castangia, Graeme Cavers, Anna Depalmas, Matthew Fitzjohn, Mary-Cate Garden, Andy Heald, Luca Lai, Robert Lenfert, Mary MacLeod Rivett, Hannah Malone, Phil Mason, Megan Meredith-Lobay, Mauro Perra, Ian Ralston, John Raven, David Redhouse, Tanja Romankiewicz, Niall Sharples, Alfonso Stiglitz, Dimitris Theodossopoulos, Carlo Tronchetti, Alessandro Usai, Alessandro Vanzetti, Peter Wells & Rebecca Younger This book, and the conference upon which it was based, were funded by The ACE Foundation, The Fondazione Banco di Sardegna and the McDonald Institute. We are grateful to the British School at Rome and Magdalene College, Cambridge for their support. Published by: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge, UK CB2 3ER (0)(1223) 339327 [email protected] www.mcdonald.cam.ac.uk McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2021 © 2021 McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. Gardening time is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (International) Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ISBN: 978-1-913344-04-7 On the cover: Cut out reconstruction of a broch flanked by two reconstructed Nuraghi, reconsidered by Lottie Stoddart. Cover design by Dora Kemp, Lottie Stoddart and Ben Plumridge. Typesetting and layout by Ben Plumridge and Ethan D. Aines. Contents Contributors Figures Tables Acknowledgements A tribute in honour of Giovanni Lilliu (1914–2012) Tributes to Dr David Trump, FSA, UOM (1931–2016), and Dr Euan MacKie, FSA (1936–2020) xi xiii xiv xv xvii xxi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Part I Chapter 2 Built time Memory in practice and the practice of memory in Caithness, northeast Scotland, and in Sardinia 5 Simon Stoddart, Ethan D. Aines & Caroline Malone John Barber, Graeme Cavers, Andy Heald & Dimitris Theodossopoulos Concepts and meanings: architecture and engineering Dry stone building technologies Canonicity and mutability: canonicity Mutability Scales of desired social change and of corresponding physical changes The monuments: brochs Nuraghi Post-construction biographies of brochs Post-construction biographies of Nuraghi Conclusion Chapter 3 8 8 10 10 10 11 12 14 14 14 Monuments and memory in the Iron Age of Caithness Graeme Cavers, Andrew Heald & John Barber The broch ‘icon’: a creation of archaeological historiography or the reality of Iron Age political geography? Surveying the foundations in Caithness Nybster: a study in Iron Age settlement development The defences Nybster: discussion Thrumster broch The Thrumster sequence Thrumster: discussion Whitegate: a warning Discussion Conclusion: brochs and the architecture of society Monuments and memory: brochs as physical and conceptual raw material Chapter 4 7 17 17 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 25 26 Materializing memories: inheritance, performance and practice at Broxmouth hillfort, southeast Scotland Lindsey Büster & Ian Armit Broxmouth hillfort The Late Iron Age settlement Household identity Structured deposition House 4: a brief biography Discussion Conclusion 27 27 29 29 30 32 34 36 Edited for the Institute by Cyprian Broodbank (Acting Series Editor). v Chapter 5 Memories, monumentality and materiality in Iron Age Scotland Louisa Campbell Social landscapes and memories Northern landscapes in the Roman Iron Age The lowland brochs Lowland broch depositional trends Wider settlement depositional trends Discussion Conclusion Chapter 6 37 39 39 41 43 43 45 Rooted in water: the Scottish island-dwelling tradition Robert Lenfert Presence in the landscape A ‘wide-angle view’ of islet use in Scotland Living on water – revisited Deconstructing defence Crannogs, prehistoric belief systems: ceramic and metalwork deposition Island dwellings and the concept of monumentality Island dwelling use and reuse in the archaeological record Loch Olabhat, North Uist, Western Isles Dun an Sticer, North Uist, Western Isles Eilean na Comhairle, Islay: a prehistoric crannog fit for a medieval king Buiston Ederline and Loch Awe Returning to (un)familiar places Chapter 7 Alfonso Stiglitz Examples of reuse of Nuraghi The archaeology of reuse Who reused the Nuraghi? Conclusion Rebecca K. Younger Monuments, memory and archaeology Henge monuments in Scotland Commemoration Forteviot Heterotopias and imagined landscapes Conclusion 97 65 67 70 72 73 Chapter 13 Memory as a social force: transformation, innovation and refoundation in protohistoric Sardinia Anna Depalmas The funerary context The religious and ceremonial context Iconographic information Conclusion 107 110 113 114 117 Luca Lai 14 C-based evidence for the use of natural caves for burial Short outline of Bronze Age burial site types by phase Power, memory and burial locations Conclusion Chapter 15 Memory and movement in the Bronze Age and Iron Age landscape of central and southeastern Slovenia 75 99 99 101 105 Philip Mason Memory and movement in the Late Bronze Age Memory and movement in the Early Iron Age landscape Conclusion Part III Multiple time Chapter 16 The reuse of monuments in Atlantic Scotland: variation between practices in the Hebrides and Orkney Niall Sharples Twentieth-century encounters with monuments Landscape in the Western Isles Northern landscapes Conclusion vi 89 89 90 91 92 94 95 Chapter 14 Burial locations, memory and power in Bronze Age Sardinia 65 76 79 81 82 83 84 88 Giandaniele Castangia Bronze Age evidence in the Sinis region GIS analysis Concluding remarks 59 Beyond the Nuraghe: perception and reuse in Punic and Roman Sardinia 83 Carlo Tronchetti The changed use of Nuraghi in the Iron Age The Nuraghe as a symbol of memory Conclusion Part II Landscape time Chapter 12 Walking across the land of the Nuraghi: politics of memory and movement in central-western Sardinia during the Bronze Age 59 60 61 61 64 Tanja Romankiewicz & Ian Ralston Curle’s excavations The archaeological evidence for post holes within brochs reconsidered Timber sources in deforested landscapes – the environmental record Alternative reconstructions From timber sources to models of social organization Chapter 9 47 48 49 49 50 52 53 53 54 54 56 56 57 Revisiting Glenelg a century after Alexander O Curle: reconstructing brochs in treeless landscapes Chapter 10 The Nuraghe’s life in the Iron Age Chapter 11 Monumentality and commemoration at a Late Neolithic henge site in Scotland 47 Remembering Nuraghi: memory and domestication of the past in nuragic Sardinia Mauro Perra The archaeological data Models of Nuraghi Other votives The votive context Conclusion Chapter 8 37 119 121 124 125 128 131 131 134 136 139 141 142 145 149 150 vii Chapter 17 The nuragic adventure: monuments, settlements and landscapes Alessandro Usai Nuraghi and nuragic societies Nuraghi and landscapes: colonization, exploitation and the first nuragic crisis Nuragic settlements and landscapes: reorganization and consumption of resources Degeneration and dissolution of the nuragic civilization Conclusion Chapter 18 Changing media in shaping memories: monuments, landscapes and ritual performance in Iron Age Europe Peter Wells Memory Memory, monuments and the performance of ritual Patterns of change – Early Iron Age burial: ritual performances for individuals and their monuments in the landscape (800–450 bc) Patterns of change – community rituals and new kinds of memory: Early and Middle La Tène (450–150 bc) Patterns of change – increasing engagement with the wider world: Late La Tène (150–25 bc) Interpretation Conclusion Chapter 19 Cultivated and constructed memory at the nineteenth-century cemetery of Cagliari Hannah Malone The Bonaria cemetery of Cagliari The collective memory A stratigraphy of memory The cemetery as expression of social change Conclusion 151 152 153 155 157 158 159 159 159 Chapter 23 Endnote: gardening time in broader perspective Ethan D. Aines & Simon Stoddart Theoretical approaches to memory The impact of literacy? A hard-wired time depth to memory? The importance of context for memory Memory in archaeological studies The materiality of monuments The afterlife of monuments Conclusion: monuments for memory 202 203 203 203 205 206 207 207 References Index 209 239 160 162 163 164 165 167 167 168 169 172 173 Chapter 20 morentur in Domino libere et in pace: cultural identity and the remembered past in the medieval Outer Hebrides John Raven & Mary MacLeod Rivett The background The archaeology Discussion Questions Conclusion 175 175 177 180 181 183 Chapter 21 Memory and material representation in the Lismore landscape Simon Stoddart, Caroline Malone, David Redhouse, Mary-Cate Garden, Matthew Fitzjohn & Megan Meredith-Lobay Cycles of time Interrogating the third cycle The fourth cycle The fifth cycle Conclusion Chapter 22 Nuragic memories: a deep-seated pervasive attitude Alessandro Vanzetti Gardening time is not without counterpoints Sardinia seen by a non-Sardinian anthropologist Sardinian archaeology seen by a non-Sardinian archaeologist Memory of ancient places of Sardinia: major medieval break First millennium bc breaks Modern ‘museification’ and ‘memorification’ of the Sardinian heritage Conclusion viii 201 185 186 187 188 189 189 191 191 192 193 193 194 195 198 ix Contributors Andy Heald AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, Scotland, EH20 9SY, UK [email protected] Ethan Aines Cambridge Zero, Centre for Science and Policy, University of Cambridge, UK Email: [email protected] Ian Armit Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King's Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK Email: [email protected] Luca Lai Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Barnard 225, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223-0001, USA Email: [email protected] John Barber AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, EH20 9SY, UK Email: [email protected] Robert Lenfert Robert Lenfert Archaeology, 40A Allardice St, Stonehaven, AB39 2BU, UK Email: [email protected] Lindsey Büster Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King's Manor, York, YO1 7EP, UK Email: [email protected] Mary Macleod Rivett Historic Environment Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1SH, UK Email: [email protected] Louisa Campbell University of Glasgow, Molema Building, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK Email: [email protected] Caroline Malone School of Natural and Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK Email: [email protected] Giandaniele Castangia Independent Scholar Email: [email protected] Hannah Malone Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in ‘t Jatstraat 26, 9712 EK Groningen, Netherlands Email: [email protected] Graeme Cavers AOC Archaeology Group, Edgefield Road Industrial Estate, Loanhead, Midlothian, EH20 9SY, UK Email: [email protected] Phil Mason Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia Email: [email protected] Anna Depalmas Department of Humanities and Social Sciences (DUMAS), University of Sassari, Piazza Conte di Moriana 8, 07100 Sassari – Italy Email: [email protected] Megan Meredith-Lobay University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada. Email: [email protected] Matthew Fitzjohn, Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, 12–14 Abercromby Square, University of Liverpool, L69 7WZ, UK Email: [email protected] Mauro Perra Via Filippo Corridoni, 1 - 09045, Quartu S. Elena, Cagliari Email: [email protected] Mary-Catherine Garden The Anglican Diocese of Ottawa (St Martin’s Anglican Church), 2120 Prince Charles Rd, Ottawa, K2A 3L3, Canada Email: [email protected] xi Ian Ralston School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK Email: [email protected] Dimitris Theodossopoulos ESALA, Edinburgh College of Art, University of Edinburgh, Minto House, 20 Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JZ, UK Email: [email protected] John Raven Historic Environment Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1SH, UK Email: [email protected] Carlo Tronchetti Director emeritus of the National Archeological Museum of Cagliari, via Paolo Veronese 4, Cagliari, 09121, Italy Email: [email protected] David Redhouse Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK Email: [email protected] Alessandro Usai Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per la città metropolitana di Cagliari e le province di Oristano e Sud Sardegna, Piazza Indipendenza, 7, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy Email: [email protected] Tanja Romankiewicz School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, William Robertson Wing, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK Email: [email protected] Alessandro Vanzetti Scienze dell'Antichità, Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia, V. Sciarra, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy Email: [email protected] Niall Sharples School of History, Archaeology and Religion, Cardiff University, John Percival Building, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU, UK Email: [email protected] Peter Wells Department of Anthropology, 395 HHH Center, University of Minnesota, 301 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA Email: [email protected] Alfonso Stiglitz Independent Scholar Email: [email protected] Rebecca Younger School of Humanities, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK Email: [email protected] Simon Stoddart Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DZ, UK Email: [email protected] xii Figures 0.1 0.2 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.3 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 13.1 David Trump. Euan MacKie. The two principal areas covered in the text and the location of the two other articles. Dry stone building techniques. Thrumster broch skeletal chronology. Broch terminology. Location of Caithness and distribution of broch sites. Survey of Nybster broch ‘village’. Aerial view of the broch at Nybster, Auckengill, Caithness. General view of the cellular building, OB2, at Nybster, during excavation. General view of the Nybster rampart during excavation. View of the galleries at Thrumster broch, during excavation. Excavation of human and animal remains in the Whitegate mural cells. The Late Iron Age settlement (Phase 6) at Broxmouth. House 2, showing the (Phase 1) burial adjacent to the northern entrance post hole. House 4, through its five major structural stages. Paired artefactual deposits. The orthostat and slab. Lowland brochs with Roman material culture. Querns integrated into Broxmouth hillfort. The submerged causeway leading to Dun Ban, Grimsay. Largely intact prehistoric pottery from the lochbed surrounding Hebridean crannogs. Examples of prominent ‘monumental’ islet architecture. Dun an Sticer, North Uist. Alghero, Nuraghe Palmavera. Sorradile, Su Monte. Villasor, hoard of Su Scusorgiu. San Vero Milis, Serra Is Araus: Nuraghe model. Mont’e Prama, Cabras: warrior. Map of Scotland showing location of Glenelg. Stratigraphy of the accumulated ‘mass in the interior’. Profile of the interior of Dun Troddan. Curle’s photograph from 1920 compared to the situation as extant in September 2012. Reconstructions of Culswick, Shetland, and Ness broch, Caithness. Archaeology of reuse: map of Sardinia. S’Urachi, San Vero Milis. S’Urachi, clay statue of Bes. S’Urachi, clay statue of a black man. Discovery sites of Nuraghe models. Nuraghe models. Nuraghe models. Nuraghe models. Reconstruction of the necropolis of Cabras, Mont’e Prama. Transcription of cropmarks of prehistoric monument complex at Forteviot. Plan of Forteviot Henge 1. Schematic diagram showing henge monuments as temporal heterotopias. Nuraghe Losa of Abbasanta. Sinis landscape, Sardinia. Nuragic sites in Sinis. Cumulative viewshed analysis results. Cost-path analysis results. Single tower tholos Nuraghi. xiii xxi xxii 2 9 11 13 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 28 30 31 33 34 41 44 50 51 52 55 60 60 61 62 63 66 68 69 70 72 76 78 78 79 84 85 86 87 88 93 94 95 100 100 102 103 104 108 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 14.1 14.2 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 18.1 18.2 18.3 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Plan of Su Nuraxi di Barumini, and the Nuragic village huts of Serra Orrios-Dorgali. Nuragic tombs. Nuragic springs, wells and models. Nuragic statuary and models. Map of natural caves in Sardinia yielding MBA-EIA AMS dates. Chart of calibrated range of dates for Sardinian MBA-EIA cave burial contexts. Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age settlements and cemeteries in central Slovenia. The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age centre at Novo mesto. The Iron Age centre at Vinji vrh. The Late Bronze Age and Iron Age centre at Kučar near Podzemelj. Chambered tomb and monumental roundhouse at Pierowall Quarry, Westray, Orkney. Chambered tomb at Skelpick, Strathnaver, Sutherland. Plan of the The Howe. Chambered tomb and wheelhouse at Clettraval, North Uist. Chambered tomb at Unival, North Uist. Chambered tomb at Loch a’Bharp, South Uist. A view of Loch Olibhat, North Uist. The location of brochs and settlements on South Uist. A simple Nuraghe: Zuras (Abbasanta). A complex Nuraghe: Orolo (Bortigali). An unfinished Nuraghe: Codina ‘e s’Ispreddosu (Norbello). A compact nuragic settlement with the Nuraghe in the middle: Pìdighi (Solarussa). A nuragic settlement made up of isolated blocks with the Nuraghe on its edge: Bruncu Màduli (Gèsturi). Map of principal sites mentioned in the text. Schematic plan of the Hochdorf burial chamber. Schematic sketches of sites of memory-generating performances. Cagliari, Bonaria cemetery, monument to Antonietta Todde Pera. Map of Cagliari marking the location of ancient tombs. Cagliari, Bonaria cemetery, main chapel. Cagliari, Bonaria cemetery, monument to Enrico Serpieri. Cagliari, Bonaria cemetery, monument to Giuseppe Todde. Location map. ‘Borg’ and ‘bara’ place names.. Dun Mhulan and Loch na Beirghe. Dun Carlabhagh (Carloway). Reconstruction of Dun an Sticer. Lismore: viewsheds from Neolithic cairns. Aerial view of Tirefuir (Tirefour) under excavation. Lismore: views from brochs. Lismore: location of medieval castles. Lismore: modern identity and monuments. Trends in number of visitors of the main archaeological museums and sites in Sardinia. Demographic trend Sardinia compared to Sassari, Macomer and the Valle dei Nuraghi municipalities. Average GDP per person of Sardinia and of selected Italian regions. Sardinia: municipalities with the highest and lowest average income per person. 157 160 161 163 167 169 170 171 172 176 177 178 179 180 185 186 187 187 189 196 196 197 198 Southern brochs and souterrains – depositional contexts. Cumulative viewshed analysis results. Cost-path analysis results. AMS dates from Sardinian MBA-EIA cave burial contexts. Chronological table comparing Perra (1997) and Tykot (1994) schemes. 42 101 105 120 121 109 111 112 115 122 123 132 133 134 135 142 143 144 145 146 147 147 149 152 153 154 156 Acknowledgements This volume is drawn from the conference Gardening Time held in Magdalene College on 21–23 September 2012. I am very grateful to the authors for their resilience! I am also grateful to Giandaniele Castangia for his initial advice, to Isabelle Vella Gregory for support during the conference itself, and to Ethan Aines for carrying the publication through to its penultimate stage. We thank the Fondazione Banco di Sardegna, the McDonald Institute and the ACE Foundation (Stapleford, Cambridgeshire) for their important support in holding the conference. We thank the McDonald Institute for financing a major part of the publication. We also thank the British School at Rome for allowing us to associate the conference and publication with the institution's name. Simon Stoddart Tables 5.1 12.1 12.2 14.1 14.2 xiv xv Chapter 9 Chapter 10 The Nuraghe’s life in the Iron Age Carlo Tronchetti The best data nevertheless come from the recent excavations and publications of some Nuraghi, villages and sanctuaries (Fig. 10.1). We find some common elements in Nuraghi, sanctuaries, and in the capanne delle riunioni (meeting-huts), namely large huts distinguished by long benches along the walls. In almost all these buildings and in most sites we notice the presence of a stone model of a Nuraghe. In Nuraghe Su Mulinu (Villanovafranca) (Ugas 1989–90), there is a big and elaborate stone altar, with a large basin and a high model of a nuragic tower. The upper part is shaped in the form of the enclosure of the Nuraghe terrace. The cult place, or small shrine, in Sorradile, Su Monte, has a very similar altar (Santoni & Bacco 2008) (Fig. 10.2a). The excavators dated both altars to the Iron Age, to be precise, to the eighth century bc. It is no surprise to see such an increase of places of worship places at this time. A recent study of nuragic sanctuaries by Nicola Ialongo (Ialongo 2010) has clearly and convincingly proved that the floruit of the most important, as well as the smaller, sanctuaries began in the early Iron age. These sanctuaries were always linked to the cult of water, shown by the pit-temples in their precinct. The altars from Villanovafranca and Sorradile are actually large water basins with a model of a nuragic tower, once again demonstrating the presence of a cult of water. A big hut in the sanctuary of S. Anastasia in Sardara has a stone altar of nuragic tower shape (Fig. 10.2b), another model comes from the district of San Sperate near Cagliari (Fig. 10.3b), and the sanctuary of Serra Niedda has several models of stone and one of bronze. The late sanctuary of Santa Vittoria di Serri has another stone model. The meeting huts of Nuraghe Palmavera (Alghero) and Su Nuraxi di Barumini (Fig. 10.2b) have stone models. Many others were found in other sites, but the precise context is rarely recorded. Paulilongo, San Sperate has two amazing models: the It is not the intention of this chapter to discuss the function of Nuraghi in the Bronze Age, a topic that has been well covered by others (Depalmas 2009a, b, c). Coverage will be restricted to the Iron age, that is from 900 bc onwards. Excavations, mainly those carried out in the past ten/fifteen years, and the research that has emerged from them, have pointed out clearly that Sardinian society was going through a critical stage during this span of time (Perra 2012; Usai 2012a). The abandonment of many Nuraghi, and the change in function of some others, displayed a shift in territorial organization, most probably, that is almost certainly, in response to social and economic changes (Tronchetti 2014). The changed use of Nuraghi in the Iron Age New Nuraghi were not built in the Iron Age and their original function was no longer relevant. The defensive role became redundant. In some cases, the large perimeter revetments, constructed from larger stones were overthrown. The ruins were superimposed by new smaller dwelling places, sometimes of rectangular shape; sometimes new huts had their walls of small stones placed on the remains of the massive defensive walls. However, the Nuraghe, even if of changed function, retained its role as a focus of aggregation, continuing to play an important role in the life of the community. Where we can observe continuity of use, in most cases, the main structure of the Nuraghe became a place of worship. Unfortunately, many excavations occurred in the first decades of the twentieth century ad, and many data were lost. Thus we can only base our observations clearly on the finds of more recent excavations, and from this evidence we are able to link some pottery shapes to cult practice. By inference, we can reasonably also identify some old excavated Nuraghi as places of worship. 82 83 Chapter 10 first model is said to come from Nuraghe Cann’e Vadosu (Cabras), but is actually from Mont’e Prama (Fig. 10.3a); the second model came from Serra ‘e is Araus (San Vero Milis). Both are notable for the link between the architecture and the human figure. The figures on the last two are clearly linked to ritual action: in the first, we recognize a worshipper raising his arms; in the second a man is leading an unidentifiable animal to sacrifice. Furthermore, we have a few bronze models, showing a high tower presiding over a wall with four smaller towers (Fig. 10.3d). Finally small models are recognized in bronze ‘buttons’ and in the mast of some bronze small ships (navicelle) (Fig. 10.3c). Recently, Campus and Leonelli (2012) edited a book on Nuraghe models, where it is possible to find the full bibliographical references to all the models discussed. However, whereas the catalogue is comprehensive, they make the claim that most activity ended with the Final Bronze Age. For them, Iron age Sardinia is a land without creativity. This is most emphatically shown by their chronological table which shows a gap between 900 and 720 bc, when Phoenician culture is presented as predominant and the only force on the island. This view contrasts with the archaeological data from the most recent excavations and studies, and with the well-grounded chronological data obtained from the contexts with Sardinian objects found outside Sardinia. The book is really useful as a data source but must be read with this fundamental correction. 4 5 3 6 2 1 7 8 9 10 11 14 12 15 16 18 17 13 19 20 21 24 23 22 26 25 27 30 28 29 The Nuraghe’s life in the Iron Age a The Nuraghe as a symbol of memory Stone models Read in its proper chronological context, the Nuraghe was now a symbol of memory, a territorial focal point and an object of worship, both as a cultic object and an altar. Following the suggestion of Alessandro Usai, the Nuraghe, regarded as a cult place, is also the place where the properties of the community were collected under divine protection. In the Sardinian Iron age, we can reasonably argue that some large families, let us call them aristocratic families, because of their military power and pre-eminence in the religious hierarchy, played a strong political role in the late nuragic communities. In the site of Mont’e Prama (Cabras) in central west Sardinia, we have amazing remains that support this ideological hypothesis, involving the Nuraghe. Here there is an Iron age necropolis, with pit tombs. The tombs of the later phase (second half of the eighth century bc) are monumentalized with large limestone cover slabs, accompanied by big limestone statues, portraying archers, warriors and boxers covering their head with a shield, most likely people acting out sacred games (Fig. 10.5). Together with the 28 reconstructed statues there are 16 limestone models Bronze models Figure 10.1. Discovery sites of Nuraghe models (except for the masts of small ships and the pottery ones): 1) Alghero, Palmavera; 2) Olmedo, Camposanto; 3) Sorso, Serra Niedda; 4) Perfugas. Predio Canopoli; 5) Nulvi, Irru; 6) Florinas, Punta 'e Onossi – Giorrè; 7) Ittireddu, Località ignota; 8) Torralba, Santu Antine; 9) Cheremule, Località ignota; 10) Oliena, Lanaitho – Sa Sedda 'e sos Carros; 11) Noragugume, Sa Tanca 'e Mesu; 12) Teti, Abini; 13) Villagrande Strisaili, S'Arcu 'e is Forros – Sa Carcaredda; 14) Norbello, Orconale; 15) Abbasanta, Losa; 16) Sorradile, Su Monte; 17) Bauladu, Santa Barbara; 18) S. Vero Milis, Pauli Crechi – Serra 'e is Araus; 19) Nurachi, Sa Manenzia; 20) Cabras, Mont’e Prama – Cann’e Vadosu – Fondo Camedda; 21) Genoni, Santu Antine; 22) Orroli, Arrubiu; 23) Serri, Santa Vittoria; 24) Barumini, Su Nuraxi; 25) Villanovafranca, Su Mulinu – Tuppedili; 26) Sardara, S. Anastasia; 27) Suelli, Piscu; 28) Vallermosa, Matzanni; 29) San Sperate, Sa Bia 'e Decimu – Paulilongo; 30) Monastir, Monte Zara. 84 b c d Figure 10.2. Nuraghe models: a) Sorradile, Su Monte; b) Sardara, S. Anastasia; c) Sorso, Serra Niedda; d) Barumini. 85 Chapter 10 The Nuraghe’s life in the Iron Age b b a a d c c Figure 10.3. Nuraghe models: a) Cabras, Cann’e Vadosu; b) San Sperate, Sa Bia 'e Decimu; c) Vetulonia; d) Furtei. 86 d Figure 10.4. Nuraghe models from Mont’e Prama, Cabras. 87 Chapter 10 Conclusion The Nuraghe models are located in peculiar buildings in the nuragic villages, that is in the so-called meeting huts: larger circular structures than the normal huts, with a bench along the walls and a model of Nuraghe in the centre or a niche, always in a prominent position. This is a clear reference to the symbolic social and political value of the Nuraghe within the community. The models of Nuraghe also find their place within the sanctuaries, where they are sometimes connected to tanks containing water, used in rituals. The water cult is found from the Late and Final Bronze Age in the well temples; in the Iron Age it is located in both the huts with benches and a basin, evidently linked to private and even public cult practices as shown by the structure found at Sa Sedda and sos Carros (Salis 2013). The presence of numerous models of Nuraghe in the monumental necropolis of Mont’e Prama is extremely important for understanding the meaning attributed to the models. Members of undoubtedly elite family groups symbolized in their values are buried in the tombs: political, in the ostentation of the weapons that qualify them as defenders of the community; religious in the attitude of ‘boxers’ engaged in ritual games. The Nuraghe models combine both features, and, with the statues, compose a complex in which the construction of memory takes place, inserting the dead in a chain that links them to the ancestors, real or mythical. The model of Nuraghe, therefore, referred to a still easily perceived past, a symbol of ‘built memory’, whose function was to affirm and strengthen the cohesion of the social body around the elites who guided it (Perra 2017). The life of the Nuraghi in the Iron Age was different from the life in the Bronze Age, but not one of declining value or force. The Nuraghe remained the very ideological, and often materialized, centre of the community, combining religious and political values, and the memory of the past times, deeply linking the current generation to the old mythical ancestors and the descent groups that connected one to the other. Figure 10.5. Reconstruction of the necropolis of Cabras, Mont’e Prama, with statues and models of nuraghe. of Nuraghi, mostly of a high tower surrounded by a containing wall with four smaller towers (Tronchetti 2012a) (Fig. 10.4). Such an outstanding display illustrates this new ideology. The family (anthropological analysis proves that most of the deceased were members of one family group) displayed to the community their core values: military, religious, and consequently political, by means of the models of Nuraghi that combined all these values. In the necropolis, some more ancient betyls have also been found, stylistically linked to the memory of Late Bronze Age Giant’s tombs; another reference to the mythical ancestors who ruled the country and built extraordinary superhuman monuments like the Nuraghi. 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Stuttgart: Verlag Müller & Gräf. 237 Index A Aines, Ethan 1 Alcock, Susan 90 Amenhotep I 203 Anderson, James 10, 13, 207 Antonine Wall 40 Armit, Ian 2–3, 12, 25–6, 53–4 Assmann, Jan 202–3, 207 B Banck, Joanna 161 Barclay, Gordon 94 Barumini, Su Nuraxi di xvii, 59–60, 83–85, 109, 193, 195–6 Basso, William 203–4, 208 Bender, John 160 Benjamin, Walter 168 Bernardini, Paolo 59 Bianchi Bandinelli, Ranuccio xvii Blake, Emma 61, 82 Bloch, Maurice 204 Bohannan, Paul and Laura 203 Boninu, Antonietta 197, 199 Bonu Ighinu xxi Borić, Dušan 90 Bradley, Richard 1, 35, 38, 89–90, 185, 188, 203–6 Brandopferplätze (fire offering sites) 162 Forggensee (Bavaria) 162 Wartau (Switzerland) 162 Brochs vel sim xxii, 1–3, 7–15, 17–26, 39–44, 48, 52, 54, 65–74, 141–50, 175–83, 186–9, 206–7 Interpretation as castles 99, 154 Sites Bow Castle 41 Bu 12 Castle Craig 41–3 Clettraval 143 Clickimin 10 Crosskirk 12, 40 Dun an Oir 176, 180 Dun an Sticer 52, 54–5, 176, 180–1 Dun Ardtreck (Skye) xxii Dun Bharabhat 73, 146 Dun Carloway Dun Carlabhagh 146, 176, 178–9 Dun Mor Vaul (Tiree) xxii, 40, 146 Dunan Ruadh 146 Dun Vulan 146 Edin’s Hall 40 Fairy Knowe 39–41, 44 Gurness 10, 18, 40 Howe of Howe 44 Hurly Hawkin 40–4, 69 Jarlshof 144 Knowe of Taft 44 Leckie (Stirlingshire) xxii, 39–43, 69 Loch a’Bharp 145, 147 Midhowe 10, 18, 20, 44 Mousa xxii, 12, 207 Old Scatness 18, 71, 144, 178 Pierowall Quarry 12, 71, 142–3 Quanterness 12, 143–4 St. Boniface 12 Teroy 39, 41–2 Tirefuir 186–9 Tofts Ness 12 Torwoodlee 40–4 Traigh na Beirgh 176–7 Thrumster 10–11, 14–15, 18, 20, 22–5 Unival 143, 145–6, 148 Villages 22 Caithness 19 Jarlshof 144 Nybster 19 Old Scatness 144 Orkney 17, 144 Shetland 17, 144 Bronze Boats 59–60, 84, 115 Cauldron 161 Couch 161 Dishes 161 Jug 162, 164 Ornaments 162 Vessels 164 Bronze Age 1, 7, 15, 38–9, 48, 59–60, 62–4, 77, 83–4, 88, 89–90, 99, 101, 105, 107, 110, 113–4, 117, 119, 121, 123–5, 128, 131–6, 141, 146, 148–9, 151, 154–8, 194–5, 198, 205 cup-and-ring marked stones 35 Bronzetti nuragici xvii, 59–60, 62–4, 76, 79, 81, 114–6, 157, 195, 197 Brophy, Kenneth 94 C Cambridge xxii, 186 Corpus Clock 201 King’s Parade 201 Pembroke College xxi St. John’s College xxii Campbell, Ewan 177 Campbell, Louisa 96 Carroll, Sean 201 Carthage 59, 79–80 Casey, Edward 91 Castles 180, 182, 187 Achanduin (Lismore) 188 239 Borgh (Benbecula) 176, 182 Caisteal Bheagram 176, 182 Castle Roy (Spey) 188 Castle Sween (Loch Sween) 188 Coeffin (Lismore) 188 Ciosmul (Barra) 176, 182 Duart (Mull) 188–9 Dun Eistean 176, 180 Dun Raoill 182 Duntulm (Skye) 54 Edinburgh 39 Finlaggan 181 Portencross (Ayrshire) 188 Skipness (Kintyre) 188 Stornoway (Barra) 182 Cavers, Graeme 3, 56–7 Cemeteries and burial Bonaria 167–173 Clemency 160, 165 Kleinaspergle 164 Monte Vetrano (Salerno) 59 Ponte Rotto – Cavalupo 115, 117 Waldalgesheim 164 Weiskirchen 164 Welwyn Garden City 160, 165 Caves 119–128 Capo Pecora 120, 122–4 Dana di lu Maccioni/Dana del Maccioni 120–3 Grotta del Marinaio (Orosei) 120, 122–4, 129 Is Aruttas 101, 120, 122–3, 125 McArthur (Oban) 187 Sa ‘ucca de su Tintirriòlu xxi Stampu Erdi 120, 122–3, 125 Seulo 120–5 Tanì (or Su Cungiareddu ‘e Serafini, Carbonia) 119, 122–3 Tueri (Perdasdefogu) 120, 122–4 Chambered (stone) Leaval 145 Skelpick 143 Loch a’Bharp 145, 147 Chambered (wood) Grafenbühl 161, 165 Grosseibstadt 161 Hochdorf 160–5 Hradenín 161 Vix 160–2, 165 Giant’s Tombs 119, 121, 124–8 Iloi 111, 113 Motrox ’e Bois 110 Su Fraigu 110, 127 Rock-cut 101, 110, 121, 124–5, 127, 193 Molafà 111 Tumulus Glauberg 160, 162–3 Index Grafenbühl 161, 165 Hochdorf 160–5 Hradenín 161 Magdalenenberg 159 Mutlow Hill (Cambridgeshire) 205 Narborough (Norfolk) 205 Reinheim 162 Stična 132, 135, 159 Vix 160–2, 165 Celi, Ambrogio 167 Cirese, Alberto Mario 192 City 79, 168–71, 173, 192 Clanranald Clan 181–3 Coast 8, 22, 27, 35, 67, 75, 79–80, 99, 101, 105, 121–4, 145–6, 148–9, 158, 175, 177, 179–80, 182, 188, 192, 194–6 Coins 77, 163, 165 Hoards 205 Connerton, Paul 202-3 Cranmer Webster, Gloria 206 Crannog 7, 47–57, 181 Buiston 56 Cults Loch 51 Dowalton Loch 51 Duddingston Loch 51 Dun An Sticer 52, 54–5, 57, 180–1 Dun Ban 50 Eadarloch 49 Ederline 56 Eilean an Tighe 48, 146 Eilean na Comhairle (Islay) 54-6 Eilean Dòmhnuill (Loch Olabhat, N. Uist) 53–4 Iochdar Complex 51 Llangorse Lake 47 Loch Àirigh na Lic 48 Loch Lomond 49 Loch Awe 56 Loch Finlaggan 54–7 Loch Garry 49 Loch Lundie 49 Melldalloch Island 48 Menteith 49 Milton Loch 51 Oakbank 51 D Damiano, Luigi 170–1 Daniel, Glyn xxii de Coulanges, Fustel 202 Dendrochronology (tree ring) 48, 53, 56 Deir al-Medina 203, 206 de Nicolay. Nicolas 189 Durkheim, Émile 202 E Earldom Orkney 175 East Anglia Grime’s Graves 205 Mutlow Hill 205 Wandlebury 205 Edinburgh Castle 39 Ethnography 203 Apache 203–4 Japan 206 Kraals 157 Maori 27, 35–6 Merina 204, 206 Pacific Northwest 206 Pintupi 38 Rapa Nui 105 Tiv 203 Etruscan Bronze jug 164 People 203 Sanctuaries 59 World 161, 164 F Filiestru, Grotta xxi Fisher, Ian 203 Folklore 192, 207 Fingal 207 Grumal 207 Merdules of Ottana 116 Mamuthones of Mamoiada 116 Corriolos of Neoneli 116 Foucault, Michel 95 Index Hadrian’s Wall 40 Halbwachs, Maurice 168, 202–4 Hegmon, Michelle 203 Helmet 114, 162 Henge 3, 89–92 Cairnpapple 91 Durrington Walls 206 Forteviot 92–5 North Mains 91 Stonehenge 206 Woodhenge 206 Heterotopia 94–5 Hillforts Multivallate 29 Univallate 29 Broxmouth 27–36, 44 Clatchard Craig 44 Eildon Hill North 44 Maiden Castle 142 Wandlebury 205 Hoards 62 Ken Hill 205 Nettleton Top 205 Salisbury 205 Hobsbawm, Eric 2, 202 Hodder, Ian 37, 206 Housley, Rupert 186 Human remains Manipulation 163 G I Gaelic 175, 177, 181, 183 Galavotti, Sisto 171–2 Gardening, gardens Formal 49 Gardening Time conference 36, 74, 96, 141 Horticultural 157 Metaphor 1, 185, 191–2, 105, 201, 208 Monument damage 14, 23 Garibaldi, Giuseppe 172, 196 Genealogy 29, 34, 54, 57, 155, 183, 201, 203 Gibson, Alex 94 Gibson, James 161 GIS 3 Cumulative viewshed analysis 101, 103 Cost path analysis 101, 104–5 Gold 160–2, 164–5 Goody, Jack 203 Greece 159 Great Zimbabwe 192 Greek Letters 163 Pottery 59 Sources (written) 51, 75 Workshop 161 World 75, 161, 164 Gregory the Great 193 240 South Uist 142, 145–9, 176, 178, 180–2, 207 Taransay 176, 180 H Ialongo, Nicola 83, 194, 199 Iberia 59 Ingold, Tim 37 Iron Age xxii, 1–3, 7, 13–14, 17–18, 20–6, 27–9, 32, 34, 37–40, 43, 47–8, 53–6, 59, 63, 67, 70, 71, 74, 77–81, 83–4, 88, 94, 101, 105, 107, 110, 113–14, 117, 121, 125, 131–7, 141–50, 152, 154, 155, 157–8, 159–60, 162–5, 175, 177–83, 193–5, 205, Italic Sanctuaries 59 Islands Barra 176–7, 181–3 Crete 205 Harris 176–7 Lismore 1, 185–9 Lewis 22, 52, 146, 176–8, 180, 182 North Uist 52–5, 73, 144–8, 176, 180 Malta xxi, 3 Mull 186, 188–9 Orkney 10, 12, 14, 17–18, 20, 40, 66, 71, 90, 141–3, 149–50, 175 Sardinia See Sardinia Shetland xxii, 10–11, 17, 21, 47, 69, 71–3, 144, 178, 207 Sicily 197 Milocca 185 J Jackson, Adam 17 Johnson, Samuel 2 K Kingdom Man 175 Medieval Scotland 56 Körber-Grohne, Udelgard 161 L Lacey, Allen 208 Lake 7, 47, 49, 51, 77, 99, 101, 105, 162, 205 La Marmora, Alberto 193, 195 Lamp 77–8, 80–1, 113 Latin Etymology 89 Historians 75 Inscriptions 7, 81, 164, 193 Letters 163 Leopardi, Giacomo 191, 199 Lethbridge, Thomas 187 Life cycles/Life Course 39, 206 Afterlife 90, 207 House 30, 32, 35, 41, 43 Object 45 Settlement 26, 53, 90, 92, 207 Lillios, Katina 203 Lilliu, Giovanni xvii-xix, 2, 12, 81, 107, 110, 114, 119–121, 192, 194, 197–8 Long Kesh/Maze 95 Lowenthal, David 202, 208 M Macinnes, Lesley 40 MacAulay Clan 183 MacDonald clan 56, 183 Chief 54 Hugh 180 Somerled 181 Olaf 177 Ragnaill 177 MacLeod Clan 183 MacKie, Euan xxii MacRuairidh Clan 183 Malinowski, Bronislaw 203 Manning Urquhart, Lela 194 Marrinan, Michael 160 Maxia, Carlo 124 McAtackney, Laura 95 McAnany, Patricia 37 McFadyen, Lesley 96 Mediterranean xviii, xxi, 3, 63, 79, 126, 157, 164–5, 192 Meskell, Lyn 203, 205–6 Minc, Leah 203 Mont ‘e Prama 59, 61–3, 84, 87–8, 114–16, 195 Morrison Clan 183 Mountain 75, 148–9, 151, 192 Sanilo 77 Santa Barbara 77 Santu Antine 76 Serra Orrios-Dorgali 109 San Salvatore, Tortolì 128 Su Mulinu 77-8 Su Nuraxi di Barumini 109, 117 S’Urachi 77 N Napoleon III 172 Neill Clan 183 Neolithic xvii–iii, xxi, 3, 27, 38–9, 48, 50, 53, 57, 89–90, 92, 96, 116, 119, 121, 123, 146, 149–50, 204–5 Ancestors 3 Cup-and-ring marked stones 35 Houses 53 Human remains 123 Material culture 54 Settlement 146–8, 198 Tombs 101, 110, 124–5, 127, 142, 144–5, 185, 188 Noble, Gordon 94 Nuraghi Sala di Riunione (Meeting Room/ meeting hut) 14, 60, 83, 88, 110, 116–17 Models 13–14, 59, 60–4, 83–8, 112–15, 194 Towers Aidu Entos (Bortigali) 75–7, 151, 193–4 Arrubiu 78, 84, 195 Bruncu Màduli (Gèsturi) 128, 156–7 Codina ‘e s’Ispreddosu (Norbello) 154 Crabia – Paulilatino 108 Cuccurada 116 Genna Maria 76–7, 80, 194 Losa of Abbasanta 84, 100, 195–6 Orolo (Bortigali) 153 Palmavera 60, 83–4, 116–17 Pìdighi (Solarussa) 155–6, 158 Santu Antine 76, 80, 84, 113, 193, 195–6 Su Mulinu 60–1, 76–8, 80–1, 83–4, 194 Su Nuraxi di Barumini xvii, 59–60, 83–5, 109, 117, 193, 195, 196 Zuras (Abbasanta). Villages General 13, 83, 88, 107, 110, 127 Bruncu Maduli, Gesturi 128 Genna Maria 77 Iloi 113 Mannu 77 S. Efis 77 241 O Obsidian 110 Olivier, Laurent 201 Oppida 159, 163 Basel- Gasfabrik 163 Breisach-Hochstetten 163 Knovice (Bohemia) 163 Manching 160, 163, 165 Ossandon, Heather 208 P Pandiani, Giovanni 173 Parker Pearson, Mike 25, 183, 206–7 Pattison, Paul 186 Perra, Mauro 2–3, 59, 121, 125, 129 Phoenician xviii, 59, 63–4, 79–81, 84, 158, 194 Pratt, Liz 189 Ptolemy 39 Punic 59, 63, 75-82, 122, 168-70, 193-4 Antas temple dedicated to Sardus Pater 195 Language 81 R Radiocarbon dating 3, 10, 12, 21, 24, 29–30, 36, 40–1, 48, 53, 56, 59, 63, 92, 121–3, 125, 129, 143–4, 146, 188 Ramilisonina 206 Rellini, Ugo xviii Rennell, Rebecca 146 Riegl, Alois 168 Risorgimento 171–2 Ritual 3, 25, 35, 38–9, 42–5, 48, 51–2, 60–4, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90–2, 110, 113– 14, 116–17, 119, 121–2, 125, 127–8, 132–3, 135, 149, 154, 157, 159–65, 169, 194, 202–6, 208 Rites of passage 38, 43–4 Rivers 47, 51, 65, 102, 105, 131–2, 134, 136, 153 Bregana (Slovenia) 133 Earn (Scotland) 92 Krka (Slovenia) 131, 134 Sava (Slovenia) 131 Temo (Sardinia) 77 Tirso (Sardinia) 157 Rockshelter Druimvargie (Oban) 187 Index Roman xvii, 3, 37, 39, 49, 51, 67, 75–82, 99, 131, 133–5, 151–2, 155, 163–4, 168–9, 172, 193–5, 203, 205 Army 40–1, 43 Bath 194 Brooch 188 Conquest 2, 38, 159, 164 Material culture 37–45, 165 Ballista bolt 41 crossbow bolt 41 Ceramics 39, 41–3, 165 Glass 41–3 Inscription 194 Samian 42 Road 43 Prison 194 Sources (written) 51 Tombs 169–71 Villa 76 Rossi, Aldo 168 Romantic Movement 168 Rundkvist, Martin 205 Ruskin, John 8 S St. Moluag 187 Sanctuaries 83 Altars 11, 14, 60–1, 78, 80–1, 83–4, 110, 112–13 Braine 160, 163, 165 Funtana Coberta 113 Gournay 160, 162–3, 165 Gremanu 113 Hera Lacinia (Crotone) 59 S. Anastasia in Sardara 83 Santa Vittoria di Serri 83 Sa Sedda ’e Sos Carros 113 Serra Niedda 83–4 Sardinia Bonnanaro 196 Bonorva 194, 196–7 Sinis 63, 99–102, 105 Thiesi 196 Sarrocchi, Tito 173 Sartorio, Giuseppe 172–3 Schumacher, Patrik 8 Scotland 1–3, 11, 17–18, 22, 25–6, 27, 39–40, 43, 47–9, 53–6, 65–7, 70–2, 90–2, 96, 141–2, 175, 181–3, 185–6, 189, 207 Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments 146 Scott, Lindsay 143–4 Scott, Sir Walter 2 Semple, Sarah 205 Serpieri, Enrico 171–2 Ses Paisses (Majorca) xviii Settlements (Scotland) Boonies 44 Drum Farm 44 St Germains 44 Shanks, Michael 207 Sharples, Niall 2–3, 25–6, 207 Shield 84, 116, 162, 164, 205 Slovenia Dragomelj 131–2, 134 Griblje 131–2, 136 Kučar 132, 135–6 Novo mesto 132–6 Obrežje 131–2, 134 Velike njive 131–2, 136 Vinji vrh 132, 134–6 Souterrains Redcastle 42 Tealing 42 Hurly Hawkin 42 Spano, Giovanni 170, 173 Spears 56, 162, 164 Spring 59, 112–14, 119, 128, 193 Mitza Pidighi 128 Su Lumarzu 193 Stanton Harcourt 143 Statue 59, 62–3, 76–80, 84, 88, 115–16, 155, 195 See Mont‘e Prama Stoddart, Simon 2, 36 Stone 8–14, 26, 29–30, 32, 40–3, 47–8, 52, 153, 193–4, 199, 206–7 Artefacts Crosses 175 Quern 31–5, 42, 53, 56 Whetstone 43 Geology Caithness flagstone 25 Limestone 84, 101, 126, 186 Metamorphic 8 Sandstone 8, 101, 114, 149 Soapstone 113 Volcanic 8 Structure 54 Causeway 50 Drystone 2, 8, 15, 17, 24, 39, 48, 53, 67, 107, 110, 135, 141, 182 Strathern, Marilyn 1 Swords 63, 116, 162–4 Votive 60–2, 64, 78 T Tara 185 Tarxien 185 Thomas, Julian 95 Tilley, Christopher 294 Timber 3, 25, 27, 29–30, 32, 40, 47–8, 53, 55, 57, 67, 69–74, 90–2, 94–5, 133, 141, 150 Todde Pera, Antonietta 167–8 Todde, Giuseppe 172–3 Trauma Sword-cut 33 Traprain Law 39 Trevor-Roper, Hugh 2 Trump, David xxi–ii, 2, 3, 10, 12, 40, 65, 74 242 Turf (as constructional material) 34, 148 Turner, Denis 188 Turner, Joseph Mallord William 189 U Ulster Annals 56, 175 Usai, Alessandro 3, 84 Gardening time Gardening may seem worlds away from Nuraghi and brochs, but tending a garden is a long process involving patience, accretion and memory. Scholars argue that memories are also cultured, developed and regained. The monuments in Scotland and Sardinia are testament to the importance of memory and its role in maintaining social relations. This collection of twenty-one papers addresses the theme of memory anchored to the enduring presence of monuments, mainly from Scotland and Sardinia, but also from Central Europe and the Balkans. V Van Dyke, Ruth 90 Vansina, Jan 203 Villages xvii, 92, 149, 192–4, 196 See Brochs, Nuraghi Egyptian 203, 206 Maori 27 Majorca xviii Neolithic 198 Villasor 61 Vella-Gregory, Isabelle xv, 36, 96 Viking/Norse Age 175 Burial 14 Period 178 People 175, 183 Sites An Udail 176, 178 Barabhas 178 Bornais 176, 178–9, 181 Bostadh 176, 178 Drimore 178 Kilpheder 178, 181 Editors: Simon Stoddart is a Professor in the Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge. Ethan D. Aines is a Policy Assistant at Cambridge Zero, Centre for Science and Policy at the University of Cambridge. Caroline Malone is Professor of Prehistory at Queen’s University, Belfast. W Warner, Richard 94 Water deposit sites La Tène (Switzerland) 160, 162 Hjortspring (Denmark) 160, 162 Well temples 51, 59, 63, 75, 88, 112–14, 128, 155, 193 Cuccuru 113 S. Anastasia in Sardara 60 S. Cristina 195 Santa Vittoria in Serri 60 Welwyn Garden City 165 Wheeler, Mortimer 192 Whitley, James 207 Whittle, Alasdair 90, 204 Woolf, Greg 163 Writing xviii, 64, 163–5, 202–3 X Published by the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3ER, UK. The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research exists to further research by Cambridge archaeologists and their collaborators into all aspects of the human past, across time and space. It supports archaeological fieldwork, archaeological science, material culture studies, and archaeological theory in an interdisciplinary framework. The Institute is committed to supporting new perspectives and ground-breaking research in archaeology and publishes peer-reviewed books of the highest quality across a range of subjects in the form of fieldwork monographs and thematic edited volumes. Cover design by Dora Kemp, Lottie Stoddart and Ben Plumridge. ISBN: 978-1-913344-04-7 ISBN 978-1-913344-04-7 Xunantunich xxii Y Yates, Frances 202 9 781913 344047