A Framework for TEI-Based Scholarly Text Editions

Digital Humanities in practice, 2012

This chapter gives an introduction to scholarly digital editions and how metamarkup languages like TEI and XML can be used to encode them (or make them machine readable)

CUKUROVA 5th INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES CONFERENCE, 2020

Since the early 90's, the TEI (Textual Encoding Initiative) has been trying to establish standards for encoding transcriptions. TEI uses XML (extensible markup language) as technology which employs tags to represents the elements that define the text. The approach is based on hierarchical, nested and structured representation of elements. TEI header contains the information describing the whole document. Most digital humanists have found that XML is easy to learn, human readable and interoperable. Even though, they are still facing some constraints: the lack of a user friendly editing and publishing environment, open tools limitation, the demand for an easy to learn and human readable language with a small learning curve, the need of a full markup text, the need of a fully searchable text, the flexibility to integrate new features (geospatial, ocr, analysis...), the interoperability, the heterogeneous form of documents, and the need of a validator and a place to store and manage the documents and information. Our proposed solution consists of developing a simple user-friendly environment for editing and publishing the digital scholarly editions and to respond to all those constraints. The platform offers a simple lightweight interface for creating dynamic forms for handling heterogeneous source of text and data. This paper presents the new approach based on a comprehensive analysis of the current practices and technologies related to digital scholarly editions. It is organized as follows: 1-Introduction about digital scholarly editions and digital publishing, and a literature review to define the use of TEI for standardization and exchangeable content, 2-Methodology based on a discussion of the current constraints stated on the Digital Scholarly Editions workshop, in the Orient Institute in Beirut, "Establishing a framework for scholarly editing and publishing in the 21st century Workshop", 3-Presentation of our solution based on the latest technologies and trends in web, followed by the platform prototype, 4-Conclusion with a recommendation for further development.

This thesis will explore and endeavor to understand digital editions and the advancement of translational work for undergraduate students. Medieval manuscripts (rare, in odd writing styles, and old languages with no standardized spelling) are inherently inaccessible to students. Because of this, scholars transcribe, edit, and translate the manuscripts, putting them into familiar forms for modern readers. Scholars have worked diligently to equip critical translations with historical, cultural, textual, and linguistic aids, which all permit the student to understand the text with a level of comprehension closer to that of a scholar. Now, with the advancement of technology and the complexity that a digital object can contain, the undergraduate student is able to take steps toward the original document. Through a digital medium, scholarly, editorial, and translational choices can be made explicit to the student and as he/she encounters the text, he/she can also have access to an understanding of elements of methodology and implications predetermined by the scholar. By making the translational choices of the scholar explicit, the digital edition can enable students to become aware of the translational and editorial process. Exposing portions of the translational and editorial process will enable the student to more fully understand, comprehend, and analyze the text, thus moving forward the student's research and scholarship. This introductory chapter describes and outlines the structure of the following chapters. The second chapter is concerned with digital scholarly editions and discusses the use of digital resources by students. The following chapter takes a close look at Le Fresne, by Marie de France, and considers the workings of translation within and without the text. A model is described in chapter four, which applies the information and research gained from the previous for intellectual property and labor with the goals of achieving open access and reusability. (7-8) Essentially, the MLA-CSE is asking for a detailed explanation of the decisions that went into creating the edition. It will be helpful to have a notion of the standards laid out by the MLA-CSE for discussion in this chapter as well as chapter four. Analysis of Electronic Beowulf Kevin Kiernan, the editor of Electronic Beowulf, received his graduate degrees in medieval studies at Case Western Reserve University. Kiernan's entire career was spent at the University of Kentucky, where he specialized in Old and Middle English language and literature, along with digital humanities. He has several awards, and in 1992 he founded the Collaboratory for Research in Computing for Humanities, "which provides infrastructure and support for faculty undertaking projects in the digital humanities" ("Kevin Kiernan"). Kiernan's initial research was focused on the dating of Beowulf (Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscripts, published in 1981). This research prompted the British Library to request a digital edition of his work, leading to the advent of the Electronic Beowulf project in 1993. The library's program, Initiative for Access, worked with Kiernan and Paul Szarmach (Western Michigan University) to design the edition (Wisdom). The Initiative for Access was one of the first digitization and web development programs at the British Library. The Electronic Beowulf (EB) was first published as a CD-ROM in 1999, though the project began in 1993, and is currently in its fourth edition (published in 2015) (Kiernan et al.; Simpson par 1). Emil Iacob programmed the text with Java and HTML, which, during a time of technological influx and transition, made EB a long-lasting resource. As time went on, the

Textual Cultures, 2019

The increasing dissemination of Digital Scholarly Editions has highlighted not only the great potential of this method of publication, but also a good number of theoretical problems that affect both the DSEs as editorial products, and the impact of tools and methods of computer science on the methodology of textual criticism. On the one hand, the editions published so far are an evolution of the practice of ecdotics and represent not only a collection of interesting experiments, but also innovative and effective research tools. On the other hand, however, the limits within which an author of digital editions is forced to operate and the most appropriate strategies to minimize their impact have not yet been thoroughly investigated. The adoption of IT tools and methods, in fact, provides many answers to the requests of digital philologists, but the very nature of these tools imposes very strict modes of action, sometimes perceived as too rigid by the scholar. This article presents and describes a software tool that comes at the end of the process of creating a digital edition, to be used in that crucial phase when the edition is prepared for publication on the Web. The aim is not to show the more technical aspects of this tool, even if its fundamental characteristics will be introduced to better understand the terms of the issue, but to describe its genesis and development, and to highlight how visualization software represents a crucial element of the whole editorial process. 1. Project home page: http://evt.labcd.unipi.it/. For more details about EVT 1 see Rosselli Del Turco 2015. The reasons leading to the completely new EVT 2 version are discussed in Di Pietro-Rosselli Del Turco 2018. 2. Note that at the moment of writing the present article many more digital editions have been published, see Franzini 2016 and Sahle 2017 for a quite comprehensive list. The available browsing tools are correspondingly more numerous and more powerful: see f.i.

The TEI schemas and guidelines have made it possible for many scholars and researchers to encode texts of all kinds for (almost) all kinds of purposes: from simple publishing of documents in PDF form to sophisticated language analysis by means of computational linguistics tools. It is almost paradoxical, however, that this excellent standard is matched by an astounding diversity of publishing tools, which is particularly true when it comes to digital editions, in particular editions including images of manuscripts. This is in part due to the fact that, while there’s still an ongoing discussion about what exactly constitutes a digital edition, available publications have significantly raised users’ expectations: even a simple digital facsimile of a manuscript is usually accompanied by tools such as a magnifying lens or a zoom in/out tool, and if there is a diplomatic transcription (and/or a critical edition) we expect to have some form of image-text linking, hot-spots, a powerful search engine, and so on. The problem is that all of this comes at a cost, and the different needs of scholars, coupled with the constant search for an effective price/result ratio and the locally available technical skills, have a led to a remarkable fragmentation: publishing solutions range from simple HTML pages produced using the TEI style sheets (or the TEI Boilerplate software) to very complex frameworks based on CMS and SQL search engines. The optimal solution to the long standing visualization problem would be a simple, drop-in tool that would allow to create a digital edition by running one or more style sheets on the TEI document(s). The TEI Boilerplate software takes this approach exactly: you apply an XSLT style sheet to your already marked-up file(s), and you’re presented with a web-ready document. Unfortunately, this project doesn’t cover the case of an image-based digital edition I presented above, which is why I had to look elsewhere for my own research: the Digital Vercelli Book project aims at producing an online edition of this important manuscript, and has been examining several software tools for this purpose. In the end, we decided to build a software, named EVT (for Edition Visualization Technology), that would serve the project needs and possibly more: what started as an experiment has grown well beyond that, to the point of being almost usable as a general TEI publishing tool. EVT is based on the ideal work flow hinted above: you encode your edition, you drop the marked up files in the software directory, and voilà: after applying an XSLT style sheet, your edition is ready to be browsed. At the present moment EVT can be used to create image-based editions with two possible levels: diplomatic and diplomatic-interpretative; this means that a transcription encoded using elements of the TEI transcr module (see chapter 11 Representation of Primary Sources in the Guidelines) should be compatible with EVT, or made compatible with minor changes; on the image side, several features such as a magnifying lens, a general zoom, image-text linking and more are already available. For the future we aim at taking the Critical Apparatus module into consideration, which would imply creating a separate XSLT style sheet to complement the two existing ones, and make it easier to configure the whole system, possibly by means of a GUI tool.

2018

The present volume “Digital Scholarly Editions as Interfaces” is the follow-up publication of the same-titled symposium that was held in 2016 at the University of Graz and the twelfth volume of the publication series of the Institute for Documentology and Scholarly Editing (IDE). It is the result of a successful collaboration between members of the Centre for Information Modelling at the University of Graz, the Digital Scholarly Editions Initial Training Network DiXiT, a EC Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action, and the IDE. All articles have undergone a peer reviewing process and are published in Open Access. They document the current state of research on design, application and implications of both user and machine interfaces in the context of digital scholarly editions. The editors of the volume are grateful to the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions for enabling not only the symposium in 2016 but also the publication of the present volume with their financial support. Special thanks are also...

Nowadays, project management is getting more space at the corporate environment and in the business world because of the increasing competition between the organizations. Investments are made and projects are developed so as to improve earnings. Therefore, enterprises have to develop or implement through projects techniques, methods, systems in order to have a competitive advantage against the other players. So, this work has as theme the importance of Project Management Office in the project management and how it was implemented in an organization. A Project Management Office is a group within an enterprise that defines and maintains policies, processes, methods and standards for project management. The Office may also provide training for the project leaders, get involved in Portfolio Management and report on project activities, problems and requirements to executive management as a strategic tool in keeping implementers and decision makers moving toward business goals and objectives. This work aims to present the implantation process, the critical success factors, the difficulties as well as the archived results and the main benefits of the MRS Logística S.A Project Management Office.

Le commentaire d’Asclépius aux livres A-Γ de la Métaphysique d’Aristote. Textes choisis et commentaires (ISBN 9782870602010), 2023

This chapter deals with a section from Asclepius' commentary on Metaphysics, Bèta. It contains a testimony on Proclus' teaching, in which Proclus is reported to have made an ambivalent comment on Porphyrius' Isagoge. The background of the debate has to do with Plotinus' analysis of essential attributes in Ennead II.6 [17]. Proclus' view is probably that the so-called "essential accidents" are first observed in individuals. Proclus criticises the view that these essential accidents secondarily belong to the Forms. For in the Forms, there are no accidents at all. If they belong to universals, these universals must be universals post rem. Another issue discussed in this passage is about the usefulness of aporiae.

Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2005

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND EPIDEMIOLOGY When the causative organism of plague was discovered in 1894, many of the new scientific concepts were subject to lengthy disputes. Naturally, these historic events are now seen retrospectively in light of concepts that are now considered proven. Because of the complexity of the historic background of the disease, this article can provide only a brief summary of the most important historic events. The oldest account of plague is probably given in the Bible, in the First Book of Samuel. This book recounts that in approximately 1000 BC, the Philistines (people hostile to the Israelites in ancient Palestine), who had stolen the Ark of the Covenant from the Israelites, were afflicted with a dreadful disease. This disease, which probably was an epidemic of bubonic plague, had afflicted the people in the city of Ashdod, presently in Israel. Eventually, being overpowered by the pestilence, the Philistines were obliged to return the Ark of the Covenant with "five golden emerods and five golden mice." The word "emerods" here may denote buboes, and the word "mice" may be translated as rats, both supporting the retrospective diagnosis of bubonic plague. Another report of possible plague is given by Rufus of Ephesus in the first century AD. He describes a plague epidemic in the countries of Libya, Syria, and Egypt. In his account, additional earlier outbreaks of plague are noted, dating back to 300 BC. However, the original records are now lost (4, 5). More recent literature raises doubts about the true nature of these epidemics. Generally, it is very difficult and in some cases even impossible to render a clear diagnosis from the descriptions of ancient authors. Smallpox, typhus, and other infectious diseases could have accounted for some of the symptoms. The final states of some of these diseases are quite similar, making it even more difficult to differentiate them retrospectively based on scarce ancient texts. The first undoubted report of bubonic plague is the "Great Plague of Justinian" (4, 6). The disease originated probably around AD 532 in Egypt and spread through the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin in the following years, reaching Turkey,