Russian Foreign Policy

Russia, Central Asia and the Caucasia Editors Prof.Dr. Yaşar SARI Assoc.Prof.Dr. Seyit Ali AVCU Authors CHAPTER 1 Prof.Dr. Yaşar SARI Assoc.Prof.Dr. Marina LAPENKO CHAPTER 2 Prof.Dr. Yaşar SARI Assoc.Prof.Dr. Özgür TÜFEKÇİ 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER Ebru BİRİNCİ Asst.Prof.Dr. Beishenbek TOKTOGULOV Assoc.Prof.Dr. Akbota ZHOLDASBEKOVA Assoc.Prof.Dr. Seyit Ali AVCU Dr.Lecturer Marziye MEMMEDLİ Prof.Dr. Kamer KASIM Assoc.Prof.Dr. Özgür TÜFEKÇİ Contents Geography and History of Eurasia CHAPTER 1 (Russia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus) CHAPTER 2 Introduction .................................................. 3 Defining Geography and History in Eurasia .. 3 Geography of Eurasia ................................... 5 Geography of Russia ............................ 5 Geography of Central Asia .................. 6 Geography of Caucasus ....................... 7 History of Eurasia ......................................... 7 History of the Russian Tsarist Empire 7 History of Central Asia ........................ 11 History of Caucasus ............................. 15 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .... 17 Introduction .................................................. Russian Political Culture and Identity ....... Russian Political Institutions ....................... Constitution .......................................... Branches of Government .................... Political Parties and Civil Society Organizations ....................................... Federalism in the Russian Federation ........ Russian Economy ......................................... Political History ............................................ Vladimir Putin-First Two Terms ......... (2000-2008) ........................................ Dimitry Medvedev (2008-2012) ......... Vladimir Putin-Second Two Terms (2012- ) .................................................. 33 33 35 36 36 39 42 44 47 50 50 51 52 Contemporary CHAPTER 4 Politics in Central Asia Russian Foreign CHAPTER 3 Policy Introduction ................................................. Theoretical Approaches .............................. Russian Foreign Policy Schools ................... Resources of Russian Foreign Policy .......... Material Resources .............................. Non-material Resources ...................... Russian Foreign Policy Directions ............... The United States ................................. China and the Asia Pacific ................... Europe ................................................... The CIS .................................................. The MENA ............................................ The Arctic .............................................. International Organizations in Russian Foreign Policy ............................................... The UN .................................................. The Group of 20 ................................... The BRICS ............................................. The SCO ................................................. The RIC .................................................. Contemporary Russian Politics 61 61 63 64 64 67 68 68 70 72 73 75 76 Introduction .................................................. Political Transformations and Regimes ......................................................... Political Systems – Forms of Government .................................................. Parliaments ................................................... Political Parties ............................................. Elites and Elite Transformation .................. Cultural and Language Policies ................... 91 91 93 94 95 97 98 78 78 78 79 79 80 iii Contemporary CHAPTER 6 Domestic Politics of South Caucasus Foreign Policies of CHAPTER 5 the Central Asian States Introduction .................................................. History ........................................................... The Emergence of Central Asian States into the Modern State System After the Independence ....................... Alliances and Regionalism in Central Asia ........................................................ Great Powers and the Central Asian States ............................................................. United States of America ................... Russia .................................................... China ..................................................... European Union ................................... Foreign Policy of Cas .................................... Kazakhstan ........................................... Kyrgyzstan ............................................ Tajikistan ............................................... Turkmenistan ...................................... Uzbekistan ............................................ Conclusion ..................................................... 109 110 110 112 115 115 116 117 119 121 121 121 124 125 127 128 130 iv 139 139 141 144 144 144 145 147 149 152 152 153 153 154 155 155 156 161 161 162 Turkey’s Relations with Russia, Central CHAPTER 8 Asian and the Caucasus States Foreign Policies CHAPTER 7 of the Caucasus Republics Introduction .................................................. Foreign Policy of Azerbaijan ....................... The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and Azerbaijan’s Foreign Policy ................. Azerbaijan-US Relations ...................... Azerbaijan-Russia Relations ................ Azerbaijan-Turkey Relations ............... Azerbaijan-Iran Relations .................... Transportation of Caspian Energy Resources .............................................. Foreign Policy of Armenia ........................... Armenia-US Relations ......................... Armenia-Russia Relations ................... Armenia-Turkey Relations .................. Armenia-Iran Relations ....................... Foreign Policy of Georgia ............................ Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Adjara Problems Abkhazia .............................. South Ossetia ....................................... Adjara .................................................... Russia-Georgia Conflict ....................... Georgia-US Relations ........................... Georgia-Turkey Relations .................... Georgia- Iran Relations ........................ Introduction .................................................. Azerbaijan ..................................................... Political History .................................... Political Structure ................................ Economy ............................................... Religion ................................................. Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict ............... Georgia .......................................................... Political History .................................... State Structure ..................................... Economy ............................................... Religion ................................................. South Ossetia Problem ....................... Abkhazia Problem ................................ Adjara Problem ..................................... Armenia ......................................................... Political History ................................... State Structure .................................... Economy ............................................... Religion ................................................. 173 174 175 178 179 180 181 181 182 185 186 186 188 188 189 190 190 191 191 192 193 Introduction ................................................. 207 The Relationships with Russia .................... 207 Bilateral Relationships ......................... 208 Multidimensional Partnership ............ 209 Enhanced Multidimensional Partnership ... 210 Aspects of the Multidimensionality in the 2000s .................................................. 211 Turkey-Russia Economic Relations .... 211 The Relatıonshıps wıth Central Asıan and the Caucasus States .............................. 219 The Relationships with the Turkic States .. 219 Chapter 3 Russian Foreign Policy Learning Outcomes After completing this chapter, you will be able to; 1 3 Gain insight into the theoretical approaches to Russian foreign policy 2 Explain the resources of Russian foreign policy Grasp the aims and the priorities of the Russian Federation in different regions Key Terms Chapter Outline Introduction Theoretical Approaches Russian Foreign Polıcy Schools Resources of Russian Foreign Policy Russian Foreign Policy Directions International Organizations in Russian Foreign Policy 60 The National Interests National Identity Foreign Policy Multipolarity New Political Thinking Doctrine Expansion of Democracy Hybrid Warfare Unipolar Moment Great Power Status Color Revolutions Russian Foreign Policy 3 References Bellacqua, J. 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