Individual Resilience - The Role of Locus of Control (book)

  
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+HOSOHVVQHVV :KLOHWKHQXPEHUVRIH[WHUQDOVLQWKH/RFXVRI&RQWURODQDO\VLVVDPSOHZHUHIHZWKH ODFNRIVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGKDSSLQHVVDWWULEXWHGGLUHFWO\WRWKHH[WHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\LVFOHDUO\VWDWHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV)RUH[DPSOHLQUHIHUHQFHWR H[WHUQDOLW\ ZKHUH FRQWURO LV SHUFHLYHG WR EH LQ WKH KDQGV RI SRZHUIXO RWKHUV RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SODLQV “I am consistently externally affected by ‘powerful others’… my Dad and other influential people has often led to me feeling inadequate. Even if I know that I have performed brilliantly, I often do not get any satisfaction…”  7KLVDWWULEXWHVDODFNRIVDWLVIDFWLRQDQGIHHOLQJRILQDGHTXDF\WRDQH[WHUQDO H[SHFWDQF\  7KH SDUWLFLSDQW DGGV “external locus of control, of powerful others affecting me, >DQGLW@ was so entrenched in me that I even became dissatisfied in my job”    :KLOHWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWDERYHLVDZDUHRIKLVXQKDSSLQHVVWREHGULYHQE\KLV FRQWURO EHOLHI RI SRZHUIXO RWKHUV DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW LOOXVWUDWHV WKH SDUWLFLSDQW¶VXQDZDUHQHVVRIWKHH[WHUQDOIRUFHVWKDWDUHOHDGLQJWRKLVXQKDSSLQHVVE\ VWDWLQJ “I attributed the reason for my unhappiness to the ‘outside world’ even though at that time I was not fully and thematically attuned to what these outside factors might be”   6LPLODUO\DQH[WUHPHFDVHRIXQDZDUHQHVVRIH[WHUQDOIRUFHVWRZKLFKUHLQIRUFHPHQW LV DWWULEXWHG WRZDUGV KDV OHG RQH RI WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV WR SRVVHVV D YHU\ ORZ OHYHORI6XEMHFWLYH:HOO%HLQJ7KLVUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWH[SUHVVHVWKHGLVFRYHU\RI “a new dimension to the ‘powerful others’ in my life, these have been termed ‘they 3$*( they’…‘They They’ are voices in my head that plague me… and…. I fell into deep depression and only found release in self mutilation. Over the years these voices strengthened… until eventually it got too much and I… had a nervous breakdown.”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“My biggest stumbling block being internal locus of control is stress. My awareness of being responsible and accountable for my self generates stress.”  6LPLODUO\ LQ UHJDUGV WR H[FHVV UHVSRQVLELOLW\ DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “I take responsibility and feel accountable in situations beyond my control and should sometimes be more kind towards myself and self punitive”  . 7KLVKLJKOHYHORI UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU DOO KDSSHQLQJV LV UHJDUGHG E\ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW DV ³Unrealistic expectation of what outcomes can realistically be influenced”   ZKLFK FDQ OHDG WR “potential for distress and emotional breakdowns as a result of assuming too much responsibility”    )XUWKHUPRUH WDNLQJ RQ WRR PXFK UHVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU RQH¶V VHOI DQG WKH HQYLURQPHQW FDQ FDXVH RQH WR EH YHU\ FULWLFDO RI RQHVHOI  7KLV \HW DJDLQ FDXVHV VWUHVV IRU WKH LQGLYLGXDOH[SUHVVHGE\RQHRIWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV DV“A feeling of guilt might sometimes come with it, causing sleepless nights and stress.”   2QHUHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW FRQILUPV WKDW DV DQ LQWHUQDO ³you can be too hard on yourself”   3$*( <HW DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “I am rather critical with myself, which correlates with my tendency of performing internally”   :KLOHEODPLQJRWKHUVFDQEHDVWXPEOLQJEORFNIRUH[WHUQDOVQRWKDYLQJDQ\H[WHUQDO IDFWRU WR EODPH FDQ FDXVH DQ LQDELOLW\ WR SUHVHQW RQHVHOI ZLWK DQ\ H[WHUQDO HVFDSH URXWH RU GHIHQFHV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW H[SODLQV“I am quick to blame myself for my lack of achievement”   $QRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV “Not blaming others for our present circumstances is another stumbler”  WKXVHPSKDVLVLQJ RQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIDYDLODELOLW\RIVFDSHJRDWVIRUZHOOEHLQJRIWKHSV\FKH 7KUHDWLVDZDUHQHVVRIRQH¶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³learn more about themselves away from others” &ROPDQ  +RZHYHUWKHDXWKRUZDUQVWKDWVFDSHJRDWLQJPLJKWEHWKHUHVXOWRIWKHJURXSSV\FKH ZKLFKFKRRVHVDQLQGLYLGXDOWRFDUU\WKHVLQRIDOO 3$*( 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“I was not in control myself. To be in that space has caused tremendous stress for me”  6LPLODUO\DQRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV: “If I am unable to control a situation, I struggle a great deal to let it go”  . 7KH QHHG IRU FRQWURO IRU ZHOOEHLQJ DQG WKH DEVHQFH RI LW OHDGLQJ WR SRRU ZHOOEHLQJ LV VWDWHG E\ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW DV “striving to be in control of whichever predicament I find myself in can also act as a stumbling block... It causes unnecessary stress owing to the fact that this is not sustainable.”  7KH LQDELOLW\WRGHDOZLWKDPELJXLW\DQGXQFHUWDLQW\DERXWWKHIXWXUHLVKLJKOLJKWHGE\RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW DV “I very often find that I become anxious about the future”   3$*( 7KH\HDUQIRUFRQWUROFDQEHVRJUHDWWKDWRQHRIWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHVWKDWKH DWWHPSWHG LQ YDLQ WR WDNH FRQWURO HYHQLQ WKH FDVH RI D KRXVH ILUH  +LV UHIXVDO WR UHOLQTXLVK FRQWURO LV H[SUHVVHG E\ KLV VWDWHPHQW “I remember starting to throw my mother’s pottery bowls into the backyard; the fact that it was all breaking as it landed made little impact on me – I was doing something, refusing to accept that I had lost all control over a situation over which I had no control”  6LPLODUO\ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW ZKLOH ZULWLQJ DERXW KLV IDWKHU¶V LQWHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO WDONVDERXWKLVIDWKHU¶VVWUXJJOHWRNHHSWKHIDPLO\WRJHWKHU$QGLQGRLQJVR“my father… sacrificed, saved, believed and overcame outside influences to achieve the goals he had set for himself. However, once he had got there, the reality of the situation had robbed him of the original purpose of his goal – to provide a better life for his family”. 7KHDERYHTXRWHVLQGLFDWHWKDWDQREVHVVLRQIRUFRQWUROFDQURERQH RI RQH¶V JRDOV LQ OLIH DQG FDQ PHUHO\ VWULYH IRU ILJKWLQJ WKH RGGV DQG HQVXULQJ FRQWURODWWKHH[SHQVHRIRQH¶VRZQGUHDPV 2QH RIWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVFODLPVWKDWWKHUHLVDQHHGWRUHFRJQLVHWKHGLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQZKDWLVFRQWUROODEOHDQGZKDWFDQQRWEHFRQWUROOHGVRDVWRDYRLGVLWXDWLRQV ZKHUHVWULYLQJ IRUFRQWUROOHDGVWRVWUHVVDQGORZHUOHYHORI ZHOOEHLQJ7KHUHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “I sat bashing my head against a wall in a situation over which I had no control, yet sat idly by while situations well within my control unfold in front of me to my detriment.”(48:1) $QRWKHU SURPLQHQW UHDVRQ IRU KLJK OHYHO RI VWUHVV RI LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO /RFXVRI&RQWUROZDVDWWULEXWHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWRORZOHYHOVRIWUXVWLQ RWKHU¶VFDSDELOLWLHV 2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV“stress levels are high and I only delegate to the people I trust completely”    7KH LPSDFW RI D ODFN RI WUXVW LQ RWKHUVE\H[WUHPHLQWHUQDOVLVH[SORUHGXQGHUWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI/RFXVRI&RQWURODQG 2EMHFWLYH&DUHHU6XFFHVV 3$*( 6LPLODUWRDERYHDWUHQGRILQWHUQDOVH[SUHVVHGLQWKH/RFXVRI&RQWUROZULWHXSVLVD ODFNRIFRPSDVVLRQ:KLOHDUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWZLWKDQH[WHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWURO VWDWHV“kindness of my spiritual guide”  DUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWZLWKDQLQWHUQDO /RFXVRI&RQWUROKDUVKO\VWDWHV³“pain is ‘weakness leaving the body’ and by turning this around, I can say that blaming others is weakness entering the body”   6XFKDEHOLHIGRHVQRWDOORZLQWHUQDOVWRKDYHDQ\UHJDUGIRUDQ\H[WHUQDOIDFWRUVDV SRVVLEOHH[FXVHVIRUIDLOXUHWRSHUIRUPLQDQ\WDVN6XFKDQDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVRQH¶V VXERUGLQDWHVDQGIROORZHUVFDQOHDGWRYHU\DXWRFUDWLFIRUPRIOHDGHUVKLS6LPLODUO\ DQRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWZKHQFRPPHQWLQJRQDQHSLVRGHDWDEDQNZKHUHDFOHUN H[SUHVVHG UHDVRQV IRU IDLOXUH RI SHUIRUPDQFH VWDWHV WKDW WKH FRPPHQW E\ WKH FOHUN “‘sometimes these things happen’ which enraged me even further” (   7KXV WKH /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQDO\VLV RI WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV VXSSRUWV WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHUHVXOWVRIDODFNRIZHOOEHLQJIRUH[WUHPHLQWHUQDOVDQGH[WHUQDOV2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW FOHDUO\ VWDWHG WKDW KDYLQJ D PRUH H[WHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO ZRXOGOHDGWRDKLJKHUOHYHORIZHOOEHLQJE\VWDWLQJ“I will have more fun.”    &RQFOXVLRQ  'R QRW DFFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV D VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQG6XEMHFWLYH:HOO%HLQJ  6.2.2 Locus of Control and Financial Background  1XOO+\SRWKHVLV7KHUHLVQRUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQG)LQDQFLDO %DFNJURXQGRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO $OWHUQDWLYH +\SRWKHVLV  7KHUH LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG )LQDQFLDO%DFNJURXQGRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO  3$*( 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³Both came from troubled homes… they encouraged us in our studies emphasizing the importance of education as a means to gaining financial independence”    *HUVKDZ   DUJXHV WKDW PRVW SHRSOH ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO ORFXVRIFRQWUROKDYHEHHQVKRZQWRFRPHIURPIDPLOLHVWKDWIRFXVHGRQHIIRUWDQG HGXFDWLRQ  7KLV GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ HQWDLO WKDW WKHVH FKLOGUHQ PXVW FRPH IURP SRRUHU RUULFKHU IDPLOLHVKRZHYHUHPSKDVLVRQHGXFDWLRQDV DPHDQVWRHVFDSHWKH YLFLRXV FLUFOH RI SRYHUW\ PD\ DOORZ IRU JUHDWHU HPSKDVLV RI HGXFDWLRQ LQ SRRUHU IDPLOLHV  7KLV LV VXSSRUWHG E\ WKH /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQDO\VLV ZKHUH RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “Even though both my parents were educated under Bantu 3$*( education…this spirit of education was evident in my home and my parents felt they wanted to give us the opportunities that they never had”    7KLV PD\ VXEVHTXHQWO\DOORZIRUGHYHORSPHQWRIDQLQWHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWURO  &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQG)LQDQFLDO%DFNJURXQGRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO  6.2.3 Locus of Control and Health Status  1XOO +\SRWKHVLV  7KHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG +HDOWK 6WDWXVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO $OWHUQDWLYH +\SRWKHVLV  7KHUH LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG +HDOWK6WDWXVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO +HDOWKDQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO   /2&     \ [ 5            +HDOWK   7KH KLJK SYDOXH RI  DQG ORZ EHWD RI  GRHV QRW HQWDLO DQ\ VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQKHDOWKDQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO  3$*( +RZHYHUWKHDQDO\VLVRI/RFXVRI&RQWUROZULWHXSVUHYHDOVWKDWLOOKHDOWKRIRWKHUV DQG WKH LQFDSDELOLW\ WR DVVLVW LQ FHUWDLQ FRQGLWLRQV FDQ EH D ODUJHO\ KXPEOLQJ H[SHULHQFH IRU DQ LQGLYLGXDO WKDW FDQ DOORZ IRU D PRYH WRZDUGV UHFRJQLWLRQ RI H[WHUQDO IRUFHV DW SOD\ WKXV D PRYH WRZDUGV H[WHUQDOLW\  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV ³The loss of my parents has taught me that there are uncontrollable factors that I cannot sway  $QRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW H[SODLQVDVLPLODUVLWXDWLRQ “Watching both parents die of illness has instilled a fear of being powerless to the outcome of events.”   7KLVSHUVRQDOSRZHUOHVVQHVVDOORZVIRUUHFRJQLWLRQRI H[WHUQDO IRUFHV DW SOD\ DQG D LQDELOLW\ IRU DQ LQGLYLGXDO WR EH UHPDLQ FRPSOHWHO\ LQWHUQDOLQWKHLU/RFXVRI&RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\ &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQG+HDOWKVWDWXVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDO 6.2.4 Locus of Control and Parental Stability 1XOO+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLVQRUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQGVWDELOLW\RI WKHFRQMXJDOUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHSDUHQWV $OWHUQDWLYH +\SRWKHVLV 7KHUH LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG VWDELOLW\RIWKHFRQMXJDOUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHSDUHQWV 3$*( 3DUHQWDOUHODWLRQVKLSVWDWXVDQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO     /2&   \ [ 5              3DUHQWDOUHODWLRQVKLSVWDWXV   7KHKLJKSYDOXHRIDQGYLUWXDOO\]HUREHWDYDOXHGRHVQRWHQWDLODQ\VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQVWDELOLW\RIWKHFRQMXJDOUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHSDUHQWVDQG/RFXVRI &RQWURORIWKHFKLOGUHQ  +RZHYHU DQDO\VLV RI WKH /RFXV RI &RQWURO ZULWHXSV UHYHDOV WKDW SDUHQWV KDYH D VLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQWKH/RFXVRI&RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\RIWKHFKLOGUHQ2QHUHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SODLQV “They encouraged us to work hard and utilise the opportunity wisely”  . 7KH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW UHFRJQLVHV WKLV LPSDFW DV FUXFLDO IRU GHYHORSPHQWRIDQLQWHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWURO6LPLODUO\DQRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV“My parents instilled in me from a very young age that you are responsible for your own success in life, and I have had a very strong work ethic since”  . 0RVW RI WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV FRQFOXGH WKDW HLWKHU WKH KDUG ZRUNLQJ DWWLWXGH RI WKH SDUHQWVRUWKHSDUHQW¶VJXLGDQFHWRZDUGVWKHPRI ZRUNLQJKDUGIRU DFKLHYLQJJRRG UHVXOWVZKLOHDWVFKRROKDYHEHHQDXVHIXOHQDEOHUWRDOORZIRULQWHUQDOLW\WRWKULYHLQ WKHFKLOGUHQ 3$*( ,Q WKH FDVH RI H[WHUQDOLW\ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW FOHDUO\ VWDWHV: “My externalized locus of control comes from my mother”   7KLVZDVGXHWRWKHKLJKVWUHVVHVRI WKHIDWKHURIWKH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW ZKRKDGDQLQWHUQDO /RFXVRI&RQWURODQGWKH FDOPQHVV RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQW¶V PRWKHU LQ WLPHV RI XQFHUWDLQW\ ZKLFK OHG WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW WRDGRSWKLV“credo”  IURPKLVPRWKHU &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQGVWDELOLW\RIWKHFRQMXJDOUHODWLRQVKLSRIWKHSDUHQWV 6.2.5 Locus of Control and Community involvement 1XOO +\SRWKHVLV 7KHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG OHYHO RI FRPPXQLW\LQYROYHPHQW $OWHUQDWLYH+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLV DUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQGOHYHO RIFRPPXQLW\LQYROYHPHQW &RPPXQLW\DQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO     /2&   \ [ 5           &RP P XQLW\,QYROYHP HQW 3$*(    :KLOHWKHSYDOXHRIDQGFRUUHODWLRQRILQGLFDWHQRUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ DFWLYHO\SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKHFRPPXQLW\DQG/RFXVRI&RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\WKH/RFXV RI&RQWURODQDO\VLVUHYHDOVRQHLQWHUHVWLQJVWRU\DERXWKRZFRPPXQLW\FRRSHUDWLRQ FDQOHDGWRGHYHORSPHQWRIH[WHUQDOLW\7KHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV  ³‘Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu’ – loosely translated as ‘you are who you are because of the people around you’…I had many Western influences growing up, I realised the value of community when I got married. After “lobola” is paid, it is customary for the brides family to host a function for the groom’s family (at this point, you are married culturally). We were expecting more than 600 guests and we couldn’t fit even 10% of these guests in our home. Our community rallied around us by closing our entire street off to traffic on the day of our ‘traditional wedding’ and a tent was erected along the length of our street to accommodate more people. Many of the people who cooked and cleaned up were neighbours and family friends. It was a very humbling experience.”    7KHIHHOLQJRISRZHUOHVVQHVVDQGDVVLVWDQFHIURPRWKHUVLQWKHFRPPXQLW\DOORZVRQH WRUHFRJQLVHWKHIRUFHRISRZHUIXORWKHUV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV“I should just ask somebody else to help me. He made me realise that I do not have to cope with this all by myself.”    6SHFWRU   LQYHVWLJDWHG VRFLDO LQIOXHQFHV RQ /RFXVRI&RQWUROE\XQGHUWDNLQJDVWXG\RQJUDGXDWHVWXGHQWV+HIRXQGWKDWWKRVH ZLWKLQWHUQDOORFXVRIFRQWUROZHUHPRUHUHVLVWDQWWRVRFLDOLQIOXHQFHVWKDQWKRVHZLWK H[WHUQDOORFXVRIFRQWURO2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWZLWKDQH[WHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWURO LQUHIHUHQFHWRWKLVDUWLFOHUHODWHVWKLVH[SHULHQFHDQGVWDWHV“I am highly influenced by others”    &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQGOHYHORI&RPPXQLW\LQYROYHPHQW 3$*( 6.2.6 Locus of Control and Religious Belief 1XOO+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLVQRUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQGLQWULQVLFRU H[WULQVLFUHOLJLRXVEHOLHI $OWHUQDWLYH +\SRWKHVLV 7KHUH LV D UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG LQWULQVLFRUH[WULQVLFUHOLJLRXVEHOLHI 5HOLJLRQDQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO  5HOLJLRXVQHV   ([WULQVLF \ [ ,QWULQVLF   5    \ [ /LQHDU ,QWULQVLF /LQHDU ([WULQVLF  5           /2& *RGRUDVXSHULRUSRZHULVIUHTXHQWO\UHJDUGHGE\PDQ\UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWKH /RFXVRI&RQWURODQDO\VLVDVµSRZHUIXORWKHU¶LQWKHLUOLYHV :KLOHWKLVLQDFFRUGDQFH ZLWK /HYHQVRQ   LV D IRUP RI H[WHUQDOLW\ WKH UHVXOWV IRU WKH K\SRWKHVLV WHVW SURYLGHLQVXIILFLHQWSURRIGXHWRWKHKLJKSYDOXH RIDQGIRUH[WULQVLFDQG LQWULQVLFUHOLJLRXVEHOLHIUHVSHFWLYHO\,QDGGLWLRQWKHORZFRUUHODWLRQV RIDQG  IXUWKHU LQGLFDWH D ODFN RI UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ UHOLJLRQ RU VSLULWXDOLW\ DQG /RFXVRI&RQWURO ,Q UHIHUHQFH WR WKH /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQDO\VLV WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV IUHTXHQWO\ FRPPHQWHGWKDWWKH\ZHUHLQWHUQDOEXWEHOLHYHGWKDW“everything is in God’s hands”    7KLV VHHPV OLNH D SDUDGR[LFDO VWDWHPHQW KRZHYHU WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV H[SODLQFOHDUO\WKDWDEHOLHILQ*RGDQGLQWHUQDOLW\DUHQRWPXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYH 3$*(  2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV“I am certainly a believer and as such I believe that the casting vote on our success, futures and lives does not rest with us. That is not to say that one has no control over any outcomes and should just refrain from making an effort to succeed in life”  6LPLODUO\DEHOLHILQ*RGDQGLQWHUQDOLW\JRKDQG LQKDQG IRU DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW LQ WKH VWDWHPHQW “I do believe God is in control of all things and He is above all and the ultimate reason for all my successes, but I also believe in diligence and hard work”  7KHVWDWHPHQW“While I rely in my faith I know that I have autonomy in my life.”  \HWDJDLQVXSSRUWVWKHVDPH FRQFHSWE\DQRWKHUUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW³Despite the fact that I believe that God is all powerful, I also believe that God gives us freedom”    7KLV IUHHGRP DXWRQRP\RIIHUHGE\WKHLUEHOLHILQ*RGDOORZVWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVWREHOLHYHLQKDUG ZRUNDQGHIIRUWDWWKHVDPHWLPH  ,QUHVSHFWRIELORFDO/RFXVRI&RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\RQHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV: “I see myself as a bi-local, because in addition to believing that God is all powerful I believe that I am responsible for my own successes and failures due to my freedom of choice”  7KLVSUHVHQWVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOHRIVKDULQJRIH[SHFWDQFLHV 7RUXQ DQG $SULO   DQG KDYLQJ D EHOLHI LQ LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO IRUFHV  6LPLODUO\ DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW ZLWK D ELORFDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\ VWDWHV ³I also do not agree with externals that God controls our success, because I do not believe He wants to”   7KH TXHVWLRQ RI *RG¶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FDVH RI EUDLQZDVKLQJ RU LI LW SUHVHQWV D KROLVWLF WKRXJKW SURFHVV ZKLFK LV QRW XQGHUVWRRGE\WKHDXWKRU +RZHYHU IHZ UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK DQ H[WHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\ FRQVLGHUHG LQWHUQDOLW\ DQG D EHOLHI LQ *RG DV PXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “just relax and have faith”  ZKLFKUHIOHFWVRQDSRVVLEOHODFN RI HIIRUW IURP RQH¶V VHOI DQG D WRWDO EHOLHI LQ H[WHUQDO IRUFHV  ,Q DGGLWLRQ RQH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHVWKHLQDELOLW\WRPDNHFKRLFHVGXHWRKLVIDLWKE\VWDWLQJ “I was never at ease as I always felt that I was living in constant sin. I fell into deep depression and only found release in self mutilation.” &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQGLQWULQVLFRUH[WULQVLFUHOLJLRXVEHOLHI 6.2.7 Locus of Control and Age 1XOO+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLVQRUHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQGDJH $OWHUQDWLYH+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLV DUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ/RFXVRI&RQWURODQGDJH 3$*( 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“When I was in my early twenties I did experience this [externality] for sometime…I attributed the reason for my unhappiness to the ‘outside world’”  /LWHUDWXUHDJUHHVWKDWFKDQJLQJ/RFXVRI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQFLHV LV SRVVLEOH DV GHVFULEHG LQ OLWHUDWXUH UHYLHZ KRZHYHU WKH GLUHFWLRQWRZDUGVZKLFK/RFXVRI &RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\ZLOOFKDQJHRYHUWKH\HDUVLV QRWSUHGHWHUPLQHGEXWLVVXEMHFWLYHWRLQGLYLGXDOH[SHULHQFHV  &RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURODQGDJH  3$*( 6.3 Objective Career Success 2EMHFWLYH&DUHHU6XFFHVVDVGHILQHGE\WKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZIRFXVHGRQWZRDVSHFWV SHUVRQDO LQFRPH OHYHO DQG MRE WLWOH LQ DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQ  %RWK WKHVH DVSHFWV ZHUH HQTXLUHG E\ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH YDULDEOHV ZDV WHVWHG XVLQJUHJUHVVLRQDQDO\VLV 7KHUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHWDEOHVEHORZ 6.3.1 Income level Income level Sample p – value Beta – ȕ 5VTXDUHG± U size – n &RPPXQLW\LQYROYHPHQW     $JH     /RFXVRI&RQWURO     <HDUVVLQFHJUDGXDWLRQ     6XEMHFWLYHZHOOEHLQJ     )LQDQFLDOEDFNJURXQG     ,QWULQVLFUHOLJLRXVEHOLHI     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LQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWKH QHJDWLYH FRUUHODWLRQ RI  DGGV WR WKH FRQILGHQFH LQ HVWDEOLVKLQJ D QHJDWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ 2EMHFWLYH &DUHHU 6XFFHVVDQG$JH 3$*( $JHDQG-RE7LWOH   -RE7LWOH   \ [  5              $JH &RQFOXVLRQ  'R QRW DFFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV D VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ2EMHFWLYH&DUHHU6XFFHVVDQG$JH 6.3.7 Objective Career Success and Locus of Control 1XOO +\SRWKHVLV 7KHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ 2EMHFWLYH &DUHHU 6XFFHVV DQG /RFXVRI&RQWURO $OWHUQDWLYH+\SRWKHVLV 7KHUHLV DUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ2EMHFWLYH&DUHHU6XFFHVV DQG/RFXVRI&RQWURO 3$*( /RFXVRI&RQWURODQG,QFRPH/HYHO   \ [ 5  2&6                 /2&   7KLV WHVW KHOSV WR SURYLGH WKH DQVZHU WR WKH SULPDU\ UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQ  /LWHUDWXUH RYHUZKHOPLQJO\VXSSRUWVWKHFRQFHSWWKDWLQWHUQDOLW\FRQWULEXWHVWRSHUVRQDOVXFFHVV )RU H[DPSOH 7XUEDQ DQG 'RXJKHUW\   DUJXH WKDW WKHVH SURDFWLYH HOHPHQWV RI RQH¶V SHUVRQDOLW\ LQFOXGLQJ /RFXV RI &RQWURO  DUH PDMRU GULYHUV LQ FDUHHU VXFFHVV +RZHYHU WKH UHVXOWV IRU WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ /RFXV RI &RQWURO DQG 2EMHFWLYH &DUHHU VXFFHVV VLJQLILFDQWO\ LOOXVWUDWH D SRVLWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS  7KLV PHDQV WKDW H[WHUQDOVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRKDYHKLJKHULQFRPHWKDQLQWHUQDOO\RULHQWHGLQGLYLGXDOV  ([WHUQDOVUHJDUGVXFFHVVWREHDWWULEXWHGWRH[WHUQDOIDFWRUV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV ³I do believe God is in control of all things and He is above all and the ultimate reason for all my successes”   $QRWKHU SDUWLFLSDQW ZLWK DQ ([WHUQDO /RFXVRI&RQWURO DGPLWV³If I am unsuccessful, it is difficult to admit I created the circumstances”   +RZHYHU PDQ\ UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV GHVSLWH KDYLQJ DQ LQWHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO UHFRJQLVHGWKDWRWKHUIDFWRUVPD\EHDWSOD\LQDFKLHYLQJVXFFHVVRUIRUIDLOLQJ2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV ³It is difficult to continually uphold the belief that I manifest all of my own successes, and that everything in my life is present because I invited it in”    3UHGLFWDEO\ UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK D ELORFDO H[SHFWDQF\ 3$*( UHFRJQLVHG D FRPELQDWLRQ RI LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO IDFWRUV DV WKH UHDVRQV IRU WKHLU VXFFHVVLQOLIH 2QH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHVWKLVEHOLHIE\VWDWLQJ “…hard work alone is no guarantee of success”   WKXV UHFRJQLVHV H[WHUQDO IDFWRUV WR FRQWULEXWHWRZDUGVVXFFHVV 2QWKH FRQWUDU\LQWHUQDOV UHJDUGWKHPVHOYHV WREH ZKROO\ UHVSRQVLEOHIRU VXFFHVVHV DQGIDLOXUHVLQWKHLUOLIH2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW GHFODUHV “…the degree of success is completely in my control”    7KH KLJK OHYHO RI VHOIHVWHHP RI LQWHUQDOV LV GLVFXVVHG LQ GHWDLO LQ WKH VHFWLRQ RI 6HOI(VWHHP DQG /RFXV RI &RQWURO 1DUFLVVLVP DQG /HDUQHG+HOSOHVVQHVV 7KXV WKH EHOLHIV UHJDUGLQJ WKH IDFWRUV WKDW OHDG WR DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶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³Ways of enhancing my internal Locus of Control * I will always believe that no one else holds the key to my success * I will always be optimistic and find ways to achieve instead of just hoping that things will fall together”    6LPLODUO\ DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI LQWHUQDOLW\ IRU VXFFHVV E\ WKH FRPPHQW “In order for me to be successful, I need to have an increased self-awareness to imagine, despite my circumstances, where I want to be and then take control over getting there”   7KH ODFN RI UHFRJQLWLRQ E\ WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV WKDW H[WHUQDOLW\ PD\ OHDG WR VXFFHVV LQKLELWV WKH SRWHQWLDO RI DQ DQDO\VLV RI IDFWRUV WKDW PD\ DWWULEXWH JUHDWHU VXFFHVV WR H[WHUQDOV  +RZHYHU VRPH UHOLDQFH FDQ EH SODFHG E\ DQDO\VLV RI WKH 3$*( 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“fearful of what new developments change will bring”   WKDW PD\ SRWHQWLDO PDNH LQWHUQDOV PRUH ULJLG LQIOH[LEOH DQG UHVLVWDQW WR FKDQJH  :LWK HYHU LQFUHDVLQJ OHYHOV RI FKDQJH LQ WKH ZRUOG LQ WHUPV RI WHFKQRORJ\ GLYHUVLW\ DQG JOREDOLVDWLRQ WR QDPH D IHZ 3RUWHU 6FKZDE &RUQHOLXV  2EHQJ  %HFN DQG&RZDQ DUHOXFWDQFHWRFKDQJHPD\EHVHHQDVDSRWHQWLDOFDXVHIRUORZHU VXFFHVV OHYHOV  $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “I have acknowledged my inability to effect changes in my life as a stumbling block”  WKXVUHFRJQLVLQJ WKHLQDELOLW\WRFKDQJHDVDKLQGUDQFHLQOLIH  :LOOLDPV DQG :DUFKDOO    DGYRFDWH WKDW UHOLQTXLVKLQJ RI FRQWURO DQG DOORZLQJIDWHWRLQWHUYHQHFDQOHDGWRRXWFRPHVWKDWDUHPRUHZRQGURXVDQGYDULHG WKDQ FRXOG EH H[SHFWHG  ,Q DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKLV YLHZ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW LQ UHIOHFWLQJ XSRQ WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V LQWHUQDOLW\ DFFHSWV WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V “limitation to identify and take on opportunities that arise suddenly”  7KLVSRWHQWLDOO\GRHVQRWDOORZWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWWKHOHYHORIVXFFHVVDV 3$*( FRXOGEHDWWDLQHG E\VRPHRQHRSHQWRRSSRUWXQLWLHVWKDWDULVHLQOLIH2YHUSODQQLQJ DQG KDYLQJ D VWULFW SDWK RI DFWLRQ SRWHQWLDOO\ LQKLELWV UHFRJQLWLRQ RI DQ\ RWKHU H[WHUQDOIDFWRUVWRSOD\DUROHLQ SUHVHQWLQJ RSSRUWXQLWLHV 3R\QWRQ   UHJDUGV OXFN DV µRIIHUV¶ WKDW DULVH DV RSSRUWXQLWLHV  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW UHFRJQLVHV IDWHDVDFRQWULEXWRUWRKLVVXFFHVV E\VWDWLQJ “In my life I have had instances where external locus of control has played a role. Once I bought shares on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and a few days after the purchase the company declared a bonus and the share price shot up very quickly. I have always wanted to get a mobile phone dealership. It just happened that in the course of a conversation, a client just inquired on whether I knew anyone who wanted a Mobile dealership. Whether it is luck, fate or whatever but today I own a mobile phone dealership.”    7KH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW HPSKDVLVHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI DOORZLQJ H[WHUQDO IRUFHVWRSUHVHQWRSSRUWXQLWLHVLQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHVXFFHVV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR DERYH RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[WHQGV KLV LQDELOLW\ WR LGHQWLI\ RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR KDYLQJ DQ LQDELOLW\ WR EHQHILW IURP RWKHU SHRSOH  7KH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW GHVFULEHV WKLV DV “disregarding their [other people’s] knowledge, experience and competencies, than to open my mind to new possibility horizons”  . 7KLVOLPLWDWLRQFDQVHULRXVO\KDQGLFDSDQLQGLYLGXDOLQVXFFHHGLQJLQJURXSV DQG WHDPV  7KLV KDQGLFDS LV FOHDUO\ H[SUHVVHG E\ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW DV “I sometimes doubt the abilities of people in my team”   $Q RYHUZKHOPLQJ PDMRULW\ RI WKH LQWHUQDOV H[SUHVVWKHLULQDELOLW\ WR WUXVWSHRSOH DV RQH RI WKHLU SULPDU\ VWXPEOLQJ EORFNV  7KH ODFN RI WUXVW LQ RWKHUV LQ UHIHUHQFH RI /RFXVRI&RQWURO LVGHVFULEHGDV µGLVWUXVWRIRXWVLGHUHVRXUFHV¶ E\:RQJDQG 6SURXOH  6HODUW  SRLQWVRXWWKDWEHLQJDIUDLGWRWUXVWRWKHUVLVDFWXDOO\DIHDURI ORVLQJFRQWURO,QUHIOHFWLRQRI WKLVRQHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW LQWKH/RFXVRI&RQWURO DQDO\VLV UHFLWHV “fear of losing control is hindering my trust in others and outside influences”    $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHV ³Fear of relying on 3$*( others so [I] assume responsibility for control and outcomes”  HPSKDVLVLQJ RQWKHIDFWWKDWWKLVIHDULVDWULJJHUIRULQWHUQDOVWRWU\WRWDNHFRQWURO  7KLV IHDU FDQ EH VR LPPHQVH WKDW D ODFN RI WUXVW FDQ EH SURMHFWHG WR HQWLUH FRPPXQLWLHVDQGVRFLHW\2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHV³I find it very difficult to trust people and I don’t trust most of the people around me”  ,QUHFRJQLWLRQRI WKLV VWXPEOLQJ EORFN RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHV WKH RXWUDJH RI WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V RZQ ODFN RI WUXVW WKDW GHYHORSHG DIWHU WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V PRYH IURP(XURSHWR6RXWK$IULFDE\VWDWLQJ³It shocks me how much disbelief in others I have developed”   WKXV UHFRJQLVLQJ WKLV ODFN RI WUXVW DV D SRWHQWLDO DUHD RI GHYHORSPHQWLQWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW¶VFKDUDFWHU  ,QUHJDUGVWRJURXSVLWXDWLRQVWKLVODFNRIWUXVWFDQOHDGWRLQFUHDVHG VHOISURMHFWHG UHVSRQVLELOLW\ XSRQ RQHVHOI ZKLFK LV D FDXVH IRU VWUHVV IRU VXFK LQWHUQDOV  2QH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWLQUHIHUHQFHWRJURXSZRUNVWDWHV³I will step in and take control because I trust myself to meet deadlines”  ,QFRQWUDVWDUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW ZLWKELORFDOH[SHFWDQF\VWDWHV³…where I am working with a number of people. If they have attempted to solve a problem and cannot, because I trust them, I usually accept the result”    7KH SUHVHQFH RI DQ LQWHUQDO LQ D JURXS FDQ SUHVHQW WKH JURXS ZLWK D SRWHQWLDO 'HVWUXFWLYH1DUFLVVLVW LQ WKH WHDP  7KLV FDQ EH GHVWUXFWLYHIRUWKH WDVNWKH WHDPLV DOORFDWHG WKXV GHFUHDVLQJ WKH FKDQFHV RI VXFFHVV  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW LQ SUHVHQWLQJ DQ H[DPSOH RI WHDP ZRUN VWDWHV WKDW WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW ³«questioned whether people’s standards were as high as my own”  $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW FOHDUO\ VWDWHV ³I sometimes doubt the abilities of people in my team”    7KLV ODFNRI WUXVWFDQ OHDG WR DQLQDELOLW\ WR ZRUN LQ WHDPV  7KLV LV H[SUHVVHGE\RQHLQWHUQDOUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWDV“I would much rather work alone, with complete autonomy and control”    7KLV HPSKDVLVHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI 3$*( WUXVW LQ JURXS VLWXDWLRQV ZKLFK LV QHFHVVDU\ IRU VNLOOV RI WHDP ZRUN UHTXLUHG LQ OHDGHUVKLSUROHV 7KHLPSDFWRIODFNRIWUXVWDVDVWXPEOLQJEORFNIRULQWHUQDOVFRPHVLQWRSOD\LQERWK SHUVRQDODQGSURIHVVLRQDOOLIH2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV³my constant desire to control my personal destiny has resulted in me not trusting others with issues related to my well-being; whether professionally or privately´  ,QUHVSHFWRISHUVRQDO OLIH DQG UHODWLRQVKLSV &RYH\    VWDWHV WKDW WKH QHHG WR FRQWURO IRU DQRWKHU SHUVRQGLVDSSHDUVWKHYHU\ PRPHQWWKDWZHOHDUQWRWUXVWKLPRUKHU &RYH\  ,QUHIOHFWLRQRISHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVRQHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW LQDQDO\VLQJKHU VLQJOHVWDWXVHPSKDVLVHVLQWHUQDOLW\DVDVWXPEOLQJEORFNWRUHODWLRQVKLSVE\VWDWLQJ “A prospective partner thus has to break down a lot of defences and has to really convince me of his trustworthiness before I will even consider entering into the most basic level of commitment”   7KHGLIILFXOWLHVRIWUXVWLQJSHRSOHLQLQWHUQDOVDUHDSSDUHQW2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV ³Depending on other people has always frustrated me”    ,Q DGGLWLRQ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW DWWULEXWHV WKLV ODFN RI WUXVW WR VWUHVV ZKLFK LV GLVFXVVHG HDUOLHUDVDUHDVRQIRUORZHU6XEMHFWLYH:HOO%HLQJIRULQWHUQDOV E\VWDWLQJ WKDWZKHQ WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V ³stress levels are high… I only delegate to the people I trust completely”   $OVRLQDQDO\VLQJWKHUHDVRQVZK\LQWHUQDOVPD\SRWHQWLDOO\DFKLHYHOHVVVXFFHVVWKDQ LQGLYLGXDOVZLWKDQH[WHUQDO/RFXVRI&RQWUROH[SHFWDQF\DIHZUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV VWDWH WKHLU ODFN RI RSHQQHVV DQG IULHQGOLQHVV DV D SRWHQWLDO VWXPEOLQJ EORFN  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “I am friendly, yet guarded. I know this is one of my defence mechanisms, strongly related to a sense of connectedness, whereby I consciously keep a distance between myself and others in an attempt to avoid the pain of a potential rejection, or the complication of emotional intimacy”  7KLV ODFNRILQWLPDF\“Not giving enough of myself to other people´  DQG“Not being 3$*( transparent”   KDYH WKH EHDULQJV RI LQKLELWLQJ SHRSOH WR VWULYH IRU WKHLU EHVW SRWHQWLDOVIRUVXFKDOHDGHU7KXVWKLVPD\EHDUFRQVHTXHQFHVRQVXFFHVVOHYHOV  ,Q DGGLWLRQ LQWHUQDOV LQ WKHLU ZULWHXSV FODLP WKDW WKH\ PD\ QRW DOORZ RWKHUV WR SHUIRUPE\EHLQJ“quick to take over rather than find ways to enable someone else to solve a situation”    7KH ODFN RI UHFRJQLWLRQ RI WKH SRZHU RI RWKHU SHRSOH DURXQG LV LOOXVWUDWHG E\ DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW ZKR VWDWHV WKDW WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW“fails to recognise unpredictable, un-plannable elements such as human response to change and thus often results in failure”  7KLVUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW FOHDUO\ FRQQHFWV WKLV ODFN RI UHFRJQLWLRQ RI RWKHUV WR D ODFN RI VXFFHVV  ,Q KLJKOLJKWLQJWLPHVZKHQLQWHUQDOV WU\WRHQDEOHRWKHUVWRVROYHDSUREOHPWKH\PD\ XQGHUPLQH WKH SRZHU RI WKH RWKHUV RQH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV WKDWWKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V EHKDYLRXU EHDUV “risk of consciously or unconsciously manipulating others”  GXHWRLQWHUQDOLW\  $OVR LQWHUQDOV PD\ QRW RQO\ VXIIHU IURP VWUHVV GXH WR KLJK H[SHFWDWLRQV IURP WKHPVHOYHVEXWPD\DOVRKDYHYHU\KLJKH[SHFWDWLRQVIURPHYHU\RQHDURXQGWKHP,I WKLV LV FRPELQHG ZLWK D KLJK OHYHO RI VHOIUHJDUG IRU RQHVHOI WKHQ RWKHUV FDQQRW SRVVLEO\ PHHW WKH H[SHFWDWLRQV  ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKLV VHOIUHJDUG PD\ EH QDUFLVVLVWLFDOO\KLJKVRWKDWLWFDQQRWEHPDWFKHGE\RWKHUV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV WKDW WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW SODFHV “Reliance on others to reciprocate the energy I expend”   DQG IROORZHG RQ WR VWDWH WKDW WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW LV IUHTXHQWO\GLVDSSRLQWHGE\RWKHUV  6LPLODUO\WRWKHUHVXOWVIRULQFRPHOHYHODQG/RFXVRI&RQWUROWKHUHVXOWVIRUMREWLWOH 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&RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FRPPXQLW\ LQYROYHPHQWDQGSDUHQW¶VUHODWLRQVKLSVWDELOLW\  6.5.6 Community involvement and Age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&RQFOXVLRQ  $FFHSW QXOO K\SRWKHVLV WKHUH LV QR UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FRPPXQLW\ LQYROYHPHQW DQGDJH 6.6 Locus of Control and Self-Esteem: Narcissism and Learned Helplessness 7KHIDFWWKDWERWKH[WUHPHLQWHUQDOVDQGH[WHUQDOVKDYHORZHU6XEMHFWLYH:HOO%HLQJ VFRUHV UHIOHFWV WKH GRXEOH HGJHG VZRUG HOHPHQW RI /RFXV RI &RQWURO LQ UHJDUGV WR +DSSLQHVV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHVWKLVFRQFHSW“In learning to trust myself more, I believe the need to please others will become less and less”    7KH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHV WKDW ZKLOH WUXVWLQJ RQHVHOI DQG KDYLQJ D KLJK VHOI HVWHHP LV HVVHQWLDO DQ H[WUHPH RI LW OHDGV WR 'HVWUXFWLYH 1DUFLVVLVWLF EHKDYLRXU 6LPLODUO\DQRWKHU UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW FOHDUO\OLQNVOHYHORIVHOIHVWHHPWR/RFXVRI FRQWURO DQG VWDWHV “with achievement came an ever increasing self-esteem – with self-esteem came an ever stronger internal locus”  7KXVVLPLODUWRWKHQHHGIRU EDODQFH IRU VHOIHVWHHP WKHUH SRWHQWLDOO\ H[LVWVD QHHG WREDODQFH RILQWHUQDOLW\ DQG H[WHUQDOLW\IRU /RFXVRI&RQWUROSDUWLFXODUO\ WRDYRLGWKHH[WUHPLWLHVRI1DUFLVVLVP IRULQWHUQDOVDQG/HDUQHG+HOSOHVVQHVV IRUH[WHUQDOV :KLOH WKH QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK DQ H[WHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO ZHUH IHZ WKH OLQN EHWZHHQ ORZ VHOIHVWHHP DQG H[WHUQDOLW\ LV FOHDU  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “… reason for my low level of assertiveness is my low self-esteem. That is why I am more prone to conform because I have the propensity to believe that others know better than me and I doubt myself too much”    6LPLODUO\ RQH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW LQUHIOHFWLRQRIWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW¶V HDUOLHUH[WHUQDO/RFXV RQ&RQWURO VWDWHV“…at the time my self-esteem was low”  $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW PHQWLRQV WKHGLIILFXOW\ RI ORZ VHOIHVWHHP DQG KRZ WKH SDUWLFLSDQW XVHV H[WHUQDOIRUFHVWRDVVLVWE\VWDWLQJ “In areas where I feel less confident or have low self-esteem, I rely on… a combination of the community around me or my Christian 3$*( faith.”  WKXVHPSKDVLVLQJWKDWDQLQGLYLGXDOZLWKDQH[WHUQDOH[SHFWDQF\DOORZ H[WHUQDOIRUFHVWRDVVLVWLQWLPHVZKHQWKH\ODFNEHOLHILQWKHPVHOYHV  $VH[SUHVVHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZKLJKOHYHOVRIH[WHUQDOLW\FDQOHDGWR /HDUQHG +HOSOHVVQHVV$WRWDOUHOLDQFHRQH[WHUQDOHYHQWVWRSURYLGHVXSSRUWLVKLJKOLJKWHGE\ RQHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWZKRVWDWV“when miseries happen in our lives, God gives us equal amount of strength to bear the onus and carry on”    ,Q UHVSHFW RI SRZHUIXO RWKHUV RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV “My wife is one of my greatest support anchors and I have a sense, that without her in my life, my life would be virtually meaningless. As a result, I sometimes feel that I rely on her to tackle challenges that I could have solved on my own”    7KLV HPSKDVLVHV ERWK WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ GHSHQGHQFH RQ H[WHUQDO IRUFH IRU VXSSRUW DQG SUHVHQFH RI DQ DVSHFWRI/HDUQHG+HOSOHVVQHVVLQWKHP  %LORFDOVSUHVHQWHGDQHXWUDOYLHZRIDOHYHORIEHOLHILQWKHPEXWDOVRUHFRJQLWLRQRI H[WHUQDOIRUFHV2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHVWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW¶VKLJKOHYHO RI VHOIEHOLHI “… shouldn’t be viewed as an alternative to trusting others and the universe at large, but rather as recognition that we have the power to control even these greater external energies with a deep sense of self-research participantship”    7KH KLJK QXPEHU RI UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\HQWDLOWKDWWKHHYLGHQFHIRUORZVHOIHVWHHPDQG/HDUQHG+HOSOHVVQHVVLV OHVV WKDQ WKH HYLGHQFH DYDLODEOH IRU 1DUFLVVLVWLF EHKDYLRXU  $ KLJK OHYHO RI VHOI HVWHHPDQGVHOIEHOLHILVHYLGHQWLQWKH/RFXVRI&RQWUROZULWHXSVRILQWHUQDOV7KLV KLJK OHYHO RIVHOIHVWHHP UDQJHV IURP D PHUH SRVLWLYH UHIOHFWLRQRIRQHVHOI VXFK DV RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V VWDWHPHQW “my locus of control is good´   WR DQ LQDELOLW\WRYLHZDQ\DUHDVRILPSURYHPHQWIRURQHVHOIVXFKDVDUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW ZKR VWDWHV “I simply do not have any blockers to my locus of control, that I can relate to´   3$*( 6RFLHW\ JHQHUDOO\ H[SHFWVD OHYHORI PRGHVW\ DQGGRHVQRWHQFRXUDJH SURMHFWLRQRI 1DUFLVVLVWLF EHKDYLRXU  :KLOH WKLV PD\ KDYH VWRSSHG UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV IURP HODERUDWHH[SUHVVLRQVRIVHOIEHOLHILWGLGQRWVWRSPDQ\RIWKH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV IURP GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ WKHPVHOYHV IURP RWKHUV  )RU H[DPSOH RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW VWDWHV“I have different values with a lot of people, so bringing them in just a source of complications”  7KHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHPVHOYHV DQGRWKHUVUHVXOWHGIRU PDQ\ UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO WR WDON SRRUO\ DERXW SHRSOHDURXQGWKHPWKXVHVWDEOLVKLQJDUDQNIRUWKHPVHOYHV5DQNLVWKHVWDWXVRU SRVLWLRQDSHUVRQRUJURXSRISHRSOHDVVXPHLQUHODWLRQWRRWKHUV 0LQGHOO0FLVDDF DQG6SHQFHU 7KHVLJQLILFDQFHRIUDQNLVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHIHHOLQJVRIVKDPH KDSSLQHVVSULGHRUDQ[LHW\WKDWIROORZVDFRQWHVWIRUSRVLWLRQRULQIOXHQFH )LQHPDQ  )RUH[DPSOHRQHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW PHQWLRQVWKDWWKH UHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW” questioned whether people’s standards were as high as my own”  UHIOHFWLQJRQ WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V KLJK VWDQGDUGV DQG RWKHU SHRSOH¶V ORZ VWDQGDUGV WKXV HVWDEOLVKLQJ UDQN  7KH IHHOLQJ RI VXSHULRULW\ IRU DQRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW ZDV HYLGHQW LQ WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V VWDWHPHQW “I doubt whether people can get things done without me”    6LPLODUO\ LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI JURXS ZRUN RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW PHQWLRQV “I find it very difficult to work in groups because I believe that I am the only person who is capable”  2QHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHV KLV IHHOLQJ RI VXSHULRULW\ E\ VWDWLQJ “I hardly ever ask for advice from people and rely on my own wisdom and approach”    ,Q UHVSHFW RI %URZQ¶V   H[SUHVVLRQ RI 'HVWUXFWLYH 1DUFLVVLVWV ZDQWLQJ WR HYHU\WKLQJ E\ WKHPVHOYHV RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW FRQILUPV VXFK EHKDYLRXU E\ VWDWLQJ “I would… have preferred doing all the work myself”   7KLVKLJKVHOIUHJDUGDQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWKLQWHUQDOLW\OHGVRPHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQWV WRZULWHSULPDULO\DERXWWKHSUREOHPVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKH[WHUQDOLW\WKXVLJQRULQJWKHLU VWXPEOLQJ EORFN FRPSOHWHO\  6WDWHPHQWV VXFK DV “My locus of control is good” (16:2) DQG “I simply do not have any blockers to my locus of control, that I can relate 3$*( to´   UHIOHFW WKLV EHOLHI  ,Q DGGLWLRQ RQH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW H[SUHVVHV WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V GLVOLNH IRU LQGLYLGXDOV ZLWK DQ H[WHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\E\VWDWLQJ “major stumbling block that sways… external locus of control is laziness”    $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW GHVSLWH UHFRJQLWLRQ RI OLWHUDU\ HYLGHQFH SURQRXQFHV WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V VXSSRUW IRU WKH SDUWLFLSDQW¶V RZQ EHKDYLRXU E\ VWDWLQJ “Literature (Wong & Sproule, 1984) suggests that it is more advantageous to be “bi-local” or to strive for a balance between external and internal control. I personally disagree with this notion, particularly when it is applied to roles of leadership” (   2Q WKH FRQWUDU\ IHZ UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWV ZLWK DQ LQWHUQDO /RFXV RI &RQWURO H[SHFWDQF\ UHFRJQLVHG WKHLU SUREOHP ZLWK WKHLU KLJK VHOIHVWHHP  2QH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW UHFRJQLVHV WKH UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW¶V LQDELOLW\ WR DFFHSW WKH SDUWLFLSDQW¶V PLVWDNHVDQGVWDWHV “I must relax and rather accept that I did everything I could, I make mistakes, leaving the rest up to the process”    $QRWKHU UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQWDFFHSWVWKHUHVHDUFKSDUWLFLSDQW¶VLQDELOLW\WRKDYHUHJDUGIRURWKHUSHRSOH DQG WKHLU SRWHQWLDOV E\ VWDWLQJ “I should ask for help and advice in order to accelerate my education”     6LPLODUO\ D UHVHDUFK SDUWLFLSDQW UHFRJQLVHG “I sometimes oversee others’ valuable input and contributions as a result of my own strong views and determination to do things ‘my way’”    7KXV WKHSUHVHQFH RI D KLJK VHOIHVWHHP IRU LQWHUQDOV WKDW VWRSV WKHP IURP YDOXLQJ RWKHUV HQFRXUDJHV WKHP WR HVWDEOLVK UDQN DQG GRHV QRW 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