Econ1April13Article 1 Sudha Rani

ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] nfyr lekt dh ^lkekftd eqfDr* dk gfFk;kj ^f'k{kk* % MkWvEcsMdj lq/kk jkuh 'ksk/k Nk=k]lekt'kkL= Jh osadVs'oj fo'ofo|ky;]xtjkSyk vejksgk ]mÙkj izn's kA Mk0 ekS0 dkfey vfl0 izksQslj Jh osadVs'oj fo'ofo|ky;]xtjkSyk vejksgk] mÙkj izns'kA f'k{kk ij dqN yksxksa dk vf/kdkj gS& ftlus nfyrksa dks f'k{kk ikus ls ges'kk oafpr j[kk] bls ikus ds fy, bl lekt us cM+k la?k"kZ fd;k gS] blfy, MkW vEcsMdj us dgk Fkk fd&^f'kf{kr cuks] la?k"kZ djks] laxfBr jgks*A ;s ewy ifjorZu gS A tc rd vkidks i<+us dk ekSdk ugha feysxk] rc rd vkidks irk ugha pysxk fd vkidk nksLr dkSu gS\ vkidk nq'eu dkSu gS\ blds ckn gh vki opZ'o'kkyh oxZ ds f[kykQ lgh rjg ls lkewfgd la?k"kZ dj ldrs gSaA nfyr lekt dk cM+k eqík gS& nfyrksa dh eqfDr A mls Hkh lekt esa llEeku thus dk vf/kdkj feyuk pkfg,A ;gh ifjorZu ckck lkgsc pkgrs FksA ckck lkgsc us& ^fgUnw dksM fcy* cuk;k tks euqLe`fr;ksa ds lHkh fojks/kh fu;e&dkuwuksa dk foèoal djrk FkkA ckck lkgsc bl dkuwu dks ikfjr djkus ds cgqr bPNqd Fks ysfdu bl O;oLFkk ds fojks/kh iqjk/kkvksa us bls laln esa ikfjr ugha gksus fn;kA ckck lkgsc fgUnw dksM fcy ds lUnHkZ esa dgrs gSa& fd LorU= Hkkjr esa L=h dks Hkh iq:"kksa dh Hkk¡fr leku vf/kdkj pkfg,A Hkkjr dh ukfj;k¡ dksM ds ikfjr gks tkus ij vius oS/k rFkk fpj oafpr vf/kdkj izkIr dj ldsx a hA ckck lkgsc mu lHkh /keZ rFkk jhfr&fjoktksa dk fojks/k dj jgs Fks] tks u dsoy L=h] cfYd fdlh Hkh ekuo 'kks"k.k ds fy, ftEesnkj FksA vius yksxksa dks laoS/kfud vkSj dkuwu cukus ds vf/dkj izkIr djk nsus ds dk;Z esa vEcsMdj ds iz;Ruks]a mRlkg vkSj cqf} dk dkQh fgLlk O;rhr gksrk FkkA fQj Hkh muds eu esa ges'kk ;g Hkkouk tkx`r Fkh fd gekjs yksxksa dh t:jr f'k{kk gh gSA f'k{kk gh mudh izxfr dk izHkkoh lkèku gS blfy, vius yksxksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj djus ds fy, mUgksua s reke lk/kuksa dk vkJ; fy;kA twu 1928 esa nks Nk=kkokl 'kq: fd;sA ^cfg"d`r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk* dh dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr dh 14 twu 1928 dks ,d lHkk cqykdj ^cfg"d`r fgrdkfj.kh lHkk* folftZr djus dk izLrko eatwj fd;k vkSj cfg"d`r oxZ esa f'k{kk dk izlkj djus ds fy, ^Hkkjrh;&cfg"Ñr&lekt&f'k{k.k& izlkjd&eaMy* 'kq: djus dk fu'p; fd;kA bl izLrko ds vuq:i vxys eghus nfyrksa ds fy, izkFkfed f'k{kk dh etcwr uhao ij mUgksuas ^Hkkjrh;& cfg"d`r&f'k{k.k&izlkjd&eaMy* dh LFkkiuk dhA vius yM+dksa dh f'k{kk ij gksus okyk [kpZ djus dh vLi`'; lekt dh {kerk ugha FkhA mudh lqfo/k ds fy, ^nfyr&oxZ&f'k{k.k&laLFkk us Nk=kokl [kksyus dk dk;Z gkFk esa Page 1 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] fy;kA ml dk;Z esa lgk;rk djus ds fy, Mk0 vEcsMdj us ljdkj dk cMh vkReh;rk ls vkgoku fd;kA ljdkj us 8 vDVwcj 1928 dks ,d ;kstuk lEer dhA mlds vuqlkj nq¸;e f'k{k.k ysus okys dsoy vLi`'; oxhZ; yM+dksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, ik¡p Nk=kkokl dh ;kstuk dks ge Lohd`fr nsx a ]s bl rjg dh ?kks"k.kk jkT;iky us dhA vEcsMdj dh bl f'k{k.k laLFkk dks lu~ 1861 ds ^pSfjVscy lkslk;Vht jftLVªs'ku ^,sDV* Øekad 21 ds vuqlkj Lohd`fr izkIr gqbZA 19 lnL;ksa dk ,d lykgdkj e.My FkkA vEcsMdj Lo;a izeq[k dk;Zokgd vkSj f'korjdj dk;Zokgd vkSj dks"kkè;{k ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA mudh dÙkZO; n{krk vkSj iz;Ru ns[kdj vuk;kl gh ljdkj ds eu esa muds izfr fo'okl fuekZ.k gqvkA 9 gtkj :i;s okf"kZd vuqnku dk izcU/k fd;k x;kA ,sls ik¡p ladfYir Nk=koklksa dk izcU/k ns[kus dk dk;Z ljdkj us vEcsMdj dh bl f'k{kk laLFkk dks lkSai fn;kA ljdkj ls feyus okyk vuqnku [kpZ dk lUrqyu j[kus ds fy, /ku vi;kZIr FkkA vEcsMdj dks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls pUnk bdV~Bk djuk gh iM+rk FkkA Li`'; fgUnqvksa dh laLFkk;sa bl dk;Z ;k pUnk nsus ds izfr mnklhu jgrh FkhA vkfFkZd lgk;rk dh cM+h vko';drk FkhA laLFkk dks vius Nk=ksa ds jgus dk izcU/k djuk ,d cM+k eqf'dy dke gks x;k FkkA dksbZ Hkh lo.kZ fgUnw lgt :i esa viuk edku fdjk;s ij nsus ds fy, rS;kj u FkkA vusd dfBukb;ksa ls vEcsMdj fpUrkxzLr jgrs FksA ftyk yksdy cksMZ ds ,d lnL; dks eukrs le; vEcsM+dj us ,d ckj dgk fd ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vLi`';&m}kj dk dk;Z ns'k ds lHkh izcq} yksxksa dk gSA eaMy dh lHkk ds lkeus gekjh laLFkk dk iz'u ppkZ ds fy, vkus okyk gS vr% vki ml lHkk esa mifLFkr jgsA cM+s HkkoLi'khZ 'kCnksa esa fy[kk fd ^;g dk;Z vLi`'; oxZ dk gS vkSj blfy, og tSlk esjk dk;Z gS] oSlk gh vkidk Hkh gSA* nwljh ckr ;g gS fd fgUn dh ifjfLFkfr ds fo"k; esa mudh [kqn dh dqN vVdys FkhA ljdkjh ukSdjh vkSj lsuk esa dfu"B Js.kh dh ftu txgksa ds nfyr oxZ ds fy, vEcsMdj us ek¡x dh Fkh] os txgs nfyr oxZ ds thou;kiu ds Lrj esa foLrkj djus esa vleFkZ FkhA vEcsM+dj dks ;g ekywe Fkk fd ftruh vf/kd f'k{kk gksxh mruh gh vf/kd izxfr gksxh vkSj vius yksxksa dks ekSds Hkh mrus gh vf/kd lqyHk gksx a As vEcsM+dj dks ;g Hkh yxrk Fkk fd vius yksxksa dks jktuhfrd n`f"V ls lekurk vkSj jktuhfrd {ks= esa lkeF;Z izkIr djk nsus ls mudh f'k{kk dh leL;k vius vki gh gy gks tk;sxhA nfyr oxZ ds yM+dksa ds fy, Ldwy esa izos'k nsus ds fo"k; esa tks ljdkjh vkns'k vkrs Fks mudk Ldwy pkyd mYya?ku djrs Fks] izos'k dks udkjrs FksA bl leL;k ds gy ds fy, vEcsM+dj dks yM+uk iM+k FkkA f’k{kkf ,d ifo= laLFkk gS] ikB'kkyk esa eu lqlaLÑr gksrs gSA ikB'kkyk dk eryc gS& ukxfjd rS;kj djus okyk ifo= {ks=A ;g ,d jk"Vªh;rk ekuork rFkk vKku:ih va/kdkj nwj djus dk mnkÙk dk;Z gSA Ldwy esa lecqf} okys] mnkÙk] fu%i{kikrh vkSj fo'kky Page 2 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] ân; okys vè;kid gksus pkfg,A vè;kid oxZ jk"Vª dk lkjFkh gS] mlds gkFk esa f'k{kk dh yxke gksrh gSA czkã.k fuEu oxZ ds yksxksa dk frjLdkj djrs gSa] mudh ckSf}d mUufr ds ckjs esa csfQØ jgrs gSa] mUgsa tkuojksa ls Hkh cnrj le>rs gSa] mUgsa ges'kk ;g psrk;k tkrk gS fd vè;;u djuk rqEgkjk dke ugha rqEgkjk dke esgur etnwjh djuk gSA f'k{kk dk dke czkã.k gh djsa blfy, czkã.kksa ds gkFk esa f'k{kk ds lw=k ugha nsus pkfg,A** in~nfyr lekt dks euq"; dk ntkZ fnykuk] muds vkRelEeku dh o`f} djuk] mUgsa vkReks}kj djus ds fy, 'kfDr'kkyh cukuk vEcsM+dj dk thfor dk;Z FkkA euq"; viuh lqIr 'kfDr ij fo'okl dj mls tkxzr vkSj o`f} dj viuk m}kj djus ds fy, vius iSjksa ij [kM+k gks] ;g mins'k os lkekU; euq"; dks nsrs FksA euq"; ;g u ekus fd og 'kgrhj gS] mldk bl txr esa dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA ;qodksa ds fy, mudk mins'k ges'kk laLej.kh; vkSj fparuh; FkkA os Lo;a gh vius HkkX; ds f'kYih gSaA dksbZ Hkh euq"; tUe ls efrean ugha gksrkA LVkVZ lfefr us ekpZ 1930 esa viuk izfrosnu izLrqr fd;kA mlesa dgk x;k fd] ^;|fi vLi`'; turk fgUnqvksa ds gh /keZd`R; dkuwu vkSj R;kSgkj eukrh gSA fQj Hkh mls cfg"d`r jguk iM+rk gSA izfrjks/k ds dkj.k og lekt esa lfEefyr ugha gks ikrh] blhfy, og nklrk dh cqjh gkyr esa Q¡lh gSA* viuk ;g vfHkizk; nsdj dqN lwpuk;sa nhA Li`'; fgUnqvksa ds Ldwyksa esa vLi`';ksa dh f'k{kk vf/d vPNh rjg ls djokus dh O;oLFkk dh tk;sAa vLi`'; Nk=kksa ds fy, fu/kkZfjr vkoklksa vkSj Nk=ko`fÙk;ksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksÙkjh dh tk;sA feyksa vkSj jsy dkj[kkuksa esa vkS|ksfxd f'k{kk ysus ds fy, dke lh[kus ds bPNqd Nk= ysus vkSj fons'k esa vkaf'kd f'k{kk ysus ds fy, vLi`'; Nk=ksa dks Nk=o`fÙk nsus dk bartke gksA ;g lkjk bartke ns[kus ds fy, ,d LorU= vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr dh tk;sA f'k{kk ls gh euq"; dks foosd dk cks/k gksrk gS vkSj foosdghu euq"; i'kq rqY; gksrk gSA ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh ifjdYiuk f'k{kk }kjk gh lEHko gSA ekuo thou esa f'k{kk dk fdruk egRo gS] ;g ckr MkW-vEcsMdj dks ml le; ekywe gqbZ tc og Lo;a f'k{kk txr~ esa izfo"V gq,A vkneh vkSj i'kq nksuksa gh izkd`frd :i esa tho gksrs gSa] ij f'kf{kr gksdj vkneh i'kq leku ugha jgrk vkSj og viuh ckSf}d {kerk rFkk lfØ;rk dks l'kDr cuk ysrk gSA 'kwnkz sa rFkk vNwrksa dks f'k{kk ls nwj j[kus dk eryc Fkk fd mu ij czkã.k] {kf=k; ,oa oS';ksa dk opZLo cuk jgsA os bUgsa f'k{kk ls nwj j[kuk pkgrs Fks rkfd muls csxkj yh tkrh jgs] mudk 'kks"k.k ,oa mRihM+u djrs jgsA f'k{kk ds ctk; ns'k esa jktuhfr rFkk vFkZuhfr gkoh gS tks cM+h gh nq[k%n fLFkfr gSA f'k{kk ds fcuk dksbZ lekt vkxs ugha c<+ ldrkA f'k{kk ls bUlku tkxzr gksrk gS vkSj ,d u;s lekt dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA MkW-vEcsMdj us Ldwyh rFkk mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus ds i'pkr~ fgUnw lekt ds /keZ xzUFkksa dk eaFku fd;k vkSj ;g ik;k fd bl ns'k esa osnkè;;u gh fo|k dk vk/kkj ekuk tkrk gSA czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; dks gh osnkè;;u dk vf/kdkj FkkA dsoy czkã.k dks vè;kiu Page 3 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] dk vf/kdkj FkkA 'kwnz vkSj fL=;ksa ds fy, osnkè;;u oftZr FkkA 'kwnkz sa ds fy, osnkè;;u dsoy oftZr gh ugha] cfYd n.Muh; vijkèk FkkA xkSre /keZ lw= ds vuqlkj ;fn 'kwnz tkucw>dj osn lqus rks mlds dkuksa esa fia?kyk gqvk 'kh'kk Mky fn;k tk;sA ;fn og osn eU= dk mPpkj.k djs rks mldh thHk dkV yh tk;sA ;fn osn eU= dks ;kn dj ys rks mlds 'kjhj ds nks VqdM+s dj fn;s tk;sA f'k{kk ds czkãehdj.k ds dkj.k 'kwnz oxZ vf'kf{kr gh jg x;kA ns'k dh vk/kh vkcknh fL=;ksa dks osn i<+us dk vf/kdkj u gksus ds dkj.k vf'k{kk dk vUèkdkj QSy x;kA bldk lcls vf/kd izfrdwy izHkko efgyk oxZ] 'kwnz rFkk vNwrksa ij iM+k tks ,d nq[k%n bfrgkl gSA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k gekjk ns'k eqxyksa vkSj vaxsztksa dk xqyke cu x;kA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh tula[;k esa fujUrj o`f} gksrh x;hA fL=;ksa dks f'k{kk vkSj lEifÙk dk vf/kdkj u gksus ds dkj.k L=h Hkzw.k gR;k esa o`f} gksrh x;hA ns'k dh fu/kZurk esa Hkkjh o`f} gqbZA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr vU; fiNM+k oxZ vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa dh cgqr nqxfZ r gqbZA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku ykxw gksus ls nfyr vkfnokfl;ks]a fiNMs vkSj /kkfeZd vYila[;dksa oxkZsa dh vktknh dk ekxZ iz'kLr gqvkA tks vaxst z ksa ls rks vktkn gks x;s Fks] ysfdu f}tksa dh xqykeh ls vktkn gksus dk dksbZ dkuwu muds i{k esa ugha FkkA Hkkjrh; lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn 21 esa izk.k vkSj nSfgd LorU=rk dk laj{k.k djus ds fy, izR;sd ukxfjd dks vfuok;Z f'k{kk ikus dk ewy vf/kdkj iznku fd;k x;kA vuqPNsn 45 esa vf'k{kk dks nwj djus ds mís'; ls jkT; dks 14 o"kZ rd ds lHkh ckydksa dks fu%'kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z f'k{kk nsus ds fy, micU/k djus dk funs'Z k fn;kA lkekftd vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr fnykus ds fy, vuqPNsn 46 }kjk jkT; dks lekt ds nqcZy oxkZsa ds fo'ks"kr;k vuqlwfpr tkfr;kas] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk rFkk vFkZ lEcU/kh fgrksa dh fo'ks"k lko/kkuh ls vfHko`f} djus vkSj lkekftd vU;k; rFkk lc izdkj ds 'kks"k.k ls mudh j{kk djus dk micU/k fd;kA MkW-vEcsMdj ds vuqlkj vfuok;Z f'k{kk ds izkoèkkuksa dks ykxw djus esa vkus okyh oS/kkfud ck/kk;sa nwj djus ds fy, lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 13 ds vuqlkj ewy vf/kdkjksa ds vlaxr ;k mudk vYihdj.k djus okyh lafo/kku ds ykxw gksus ls Bhd igys Hkkjr esa izo`Ùk fof/k;k¡ 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj nh x;h vFkkZr~ Hkkjr esa fof/k dk cy ij[kus okyk dksbZ Hkh vè;kns'k] vkns'k] mifof/k] fu;e] mifu;e] vf/klwpuk] :f<+ vFkok izFkk 'kwU; ?kksf"kr dj nh x;h rFkk ;g Hkh micU/k fd;k x;k fd jkT; Hkfo"; esa ,slh dksbZ fof/k ugha cuk;sxk tks lafo/kku }kjk iznÙk ewy vf/kdkjksa dks Nhurh gksA fdlh ukxfjd ds fo:} vlekurk dk O;ogkj djus ls jksdus ds fy, lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 15 ds vuqlkj èkeZ] ewyoa'k] tkfr] fyax] tuLFkku ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko dk izfr'kks/k fd;kA jkT; dks fL=;ksa rFkk cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k micU/k djus rFkk lkekftd ,oa 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s oxkZsa ;k vuqlwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh mUufr ds fy, fo'ks"k micU/k djus dk vf/kdkj nsdj Page 4 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa esa vkj{k.k dk izko/kku fd;kA ns'k ds f'k{kk txr esa MkW-vEcsMdj us ,d ØkfUrdkjh cnyko ykus esa ,d cM+h Hkwfedk vnk dhA f'k{kk dk vkfFkZd mi;ksx djus vkSj jkstxkj ls tksM+us ds fy, vuqPNsn 16 }kjk in vkSj volj dh lerk iznku djus rFkk ns'k dk fiNM+kiu nwj djus ds mís'; ls jkT; dks fiNM+s gq, ukxfjdksa ds oxZ ds fy, ftls jkT;/khu inksa ij i;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo u feyk gks] ljdkjh lsokvksa esa fu;qfDr;ksa ;k inksa ds vkj{k.k dk izo/kku djus dh 'kfDr iznku dhA vuqPNsn 338 }kjk vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ds fy,] vuqPNsn 340 ds vUrxZr fiNM+s oxkZsa ds fy,] vuqPNsn 350 [k ds vUrxZr Hkk"kkxr vYila[;d oxkZsa ds fy, izko/kku fd;k x;k fd mijk"Vªifr bu oxkZsa dh n'kkvksas vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dks nwj djus ds mik;ksa ds ckjs esa vuqla/kku djsxk vkSj mldh fjiksVZ jk"Vªifr dks HkstsxkA vkt ;g nq[k%n fLFkfr gS fd f'k{kk ds uthdj.k dk ekxZ [kksydj f'k{kk dks egaxh f'k{kk esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k] ftlls f'k{kk dk oS'ohdj.k gks x;kA vf'k{kk ds dkj.k vkSj f'k{kk ds volj miyC/k ugha gksus ds dkj.k vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds yksx yEcs vlsZ rd esfM+dy vkSj bathfu;fjax dkWyt s ksa esa HkrhZ gksus ls oafpr jgsA fQj f'kf{kr gksus ij Hkh ;ksX; ugha gksus dk >kalk nsdj yEcs vlsZ rd mPp f'k{kkvksa esa vkus ij jksd tkjh jghA MkW-vEcsMdj us tks 'kS{kf.kd ifjdYiuk dh Fkh] mlesa vHkh Hkh nfyr oxZ fiNM+k gqvk gSA vkt f'k{kk txr esa brus Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gks x;s gSa] ftuesa ykHk vk; turk fo'ks"kdj nfyr ,oa detksj oxksaZ dks feyuk dfBu gks x;k gSA ml ij Hkh oS'ohdj.k] futhdj.k] iw¡thokn dh ekj bUgha nfyr rFkk detksj oxksaZ ij iM+ jgh gSA MkW-vEcsMdj us n'kdksa iwoZ dgk Fkk fd jkT; dk nkf;Ro gS fd og nfyr o detksj oxksaZ dh f'kf{kr djus vkSj mUgsa jkstxkj miyC/k djkus dk dke djsa vU;Fkk ns'k esa fuj{krk] csjkstxkjh] vijk/k] fu/Zkurk] Hkq[kejh vkfn dk izdksi c<+rk tk;sxkA nfyr lekt esa f'k{kk dh vksj è;ku rks gS ij f'kf{kr uo;qodksa dks csjkstxkj fujk'kk] fujhg ns[kdj muds ekrk&firk nq%[kh jgrs gS ysfdu bldk eryc ;g drbZ ugha gS fd mUgsa vf'kf{kr gh j[kk tk,A f'kf{kr cuks vkSj f'kf{kr cukvks]a vf/dkf/d f'k{kk ls gh leL;kvksa ds lek/ku fudysx a As ,slk ekuuk gh MkWvEcsMdj ds ekuooknh n'kZu dk jgL; vFkok vk/kkj gSA lkjka'kr% MkW-vEcsMdj fgUnw lekt O;oLFkk dks ^vizxfr'khy pfj=* dk lekt ekurs Fks] mudh n`f"V ls ;g cgqr gh nq%[kn fLFkfr Fkh vkSj vkt Hkh yxHkx ogh voLFkk gS blfy, mUgksaus ,d egRoiw.kZ ukjk fn;k Fkk fd f'kf{kr cuks] laxfBr jgks vkSj la?k"kZ djksA ,slk gksus ij gh lHkh lkekU; L=h&iq#"k fo'ks"kr% nfyr o misf{kr oxZ] cjkcjh dk ntkZ gkfly dj ik;sx a s vkSj leku vf/kdkjksa dks izkIr djus esa l{ke gks ldsx a As oLrqr% czkã.k] cfu;k vkfn lHkh gfjtu gS fdUrq tc ls bl 'kCn dk izpyu vNwrksa ,oa 'kwnkz sa ds fy, gksuk izkjEHk gqvk] rc ls mUgksua s vius dks ^gfjtu* dguk iki le>kA Hkkjrh; lekt dh fHkUurk ;g gS fd oSls ckS} èkeZ dk Hkkjr esa cM+k lEeku Fkk ysfdu tSls gh MkW-vEcsMdj us Page 5 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] ckS} /keZ Lohdkj fd;k] mls mis{k.kh; n`f"V ls ns[kk tkus yxkA D;k ckr gS ftls nfyr xzg.k djrk gS] og fuÑ"V gks tkrk gS lEHkor% ;gh ckr nfyrokn ds lkFk gks jgh gSA nfyr lekt dk uo;qod Hkh MkW-vEcsMdj dks ,d n'kZu ;k O;oLFkk ds :i esa le> ugha ldkA QyLo:i og grk'k gS] vius dks fNikdj th jgk gSA okLrfodrk ls nwj] vKkurk] cukoV] rFkk csbZekuh ds okrkoj.k esa LoihM+u ls xzflr gSA dqN R;kx fd;s fcuk] ,d ekSfyd rFkk Økafrdkjh ifjorZu dh izrh{kk esa gSA D;k ;g laHko gS\ drbZ ugha] ;fn laHko gqvk Hkh rks mls rks mlh fLFkfr esa jguk iM+sxk ftlesa oks gSA nfyr lekt ls iksf"kr gksdj nfyrksa dks gh Bqdjk jgk gSA f'kf{kr gksdj nfyr lekt ls vius dks vyx ekudj mUgha ewY;ks]a vkn'kksaZ rFkk ijEijkvksa dk vuqlj.k dj jgk gS] ftuds dkj.k og nfyr cuk vkSj cuk jgsxkA nfyr ;qok lekt dk thou vUrfoZjks/ksa esa dlrk tk jgk gSA nfyr uo;qod vk/kqfud curs gSa fdUrq ijEijk ls NqVdkjk ugha ik;k Økafrdkjh ckrs djrs gSa ysfdu fNidj jgrs gSaA f'kf{kr ;qokvksa dks gh nfyr lekt dh u;h ih<+h dks MkW -vEcsMdj ds vkUnksyu dks vkxs ys tkuk iM+x s kA nfyr lewg dks laxfBr djuk iM+x s kA ifjorZu rHkh vk;sxk tc nfyrksa ds gkFkksa esa jktuhfrd 'kfDr gksxh] fu.kZ; izfØ;kvksa esa vkf/kiR; gksxkA vkfFkZd lk/kuksa ij fu;U=.k gksxk] vkSj fof/k fuekZ.k esa mudk LFkku gksxkA nfyr jkt gks] ;g lEHko ugha yxrk] ysfdu nfyr jktuhfr ds }kjk mu lHkh fu.kZ;&izfØ;kvksa dks izHkkfor fd;k tk ldrk gS ftuds lkFk nfyr lekt dh u;h ih<+h dk HkkX; tqM+k gSA ftruk lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd ifjorZu] nfyrokn dh fopkjèkkjk ,oa jktuhfr ds vk/kj ij u;h ih<+h yk ldrh gS] mruk vU; dksbZ pht ughaA vkt dh fLFkfr esa detksj ,oa nfyr oxkZsa dk la?k"kZ xfr'khy gSA blds fy, ;g dky lo.kZ vkSj nfyr esa oSeuL; dh Hkkouk c<+kus dk ugha] /keZ vkSj /kkfeZd xzUFkksa ds lgkjs xkyh&xykSp djus dk Hkh ugha vfirq ;g oSpkfjd la?k"kZ dk dky gSA lHkh leku fopkj j[kus okys dks ,df=r gksus dk dky gSA ;g 'kkL= mBkus dk dky ugha] ;g 'kkL=kFkZ dk dky gS] D;ksafd fopkj ls gh fopkj dks ijkLr fd;k tk ldrk gSA HkkSfrd ifjorZu vo';EHkkoh gks tkrk gS] blfy, Bksl usrR` o lgh ,oa ifjiDo gksA nfyr lekt dh 'kfDr ,oa laxBu dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, lR;fu"B ,oa pfj=oku usrR` o ,oa lapkyu gks] vkSj lHkh nfyr lewgksa esa ikjLifjd lapkj.k gks] ;gh vEcsMdj&n'kZu dh ek¡x gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph 1- /kuat; dhj] MkW-ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj thou&pfj=] iksI;qyj izdk'ku 4648@1] valkjh jksM&21] nfj;kxat] ubZ fnYyh] 110002] 2006 2- Mh-vkj-tkVo] MkW-vEcsM+dj&,d iz[kj fo}ku] ,-ch-Mh-ifCy'klZ t;iqj ] 2004 Page 6 ECONSPEAK: A Journal of Advances in Management IT & Social Sciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2013 Impact Factor 2.809 ISSN: (2231-4571) www.skirec.org Email Id: [email protected] 3- MkW-ckck lkgsc vEcsMdj&jk;fVax ,.M Lihpst+] [k.M&2] 1982 4- vEcsMdj] ch-vkj- dkaxsl z vkSj xka/kh us vNwrksa ds fy, D;k fd;k]cgqtu dY;k.k izdk'ku]y[kuÅ] 1983 5- ijekj] rkjk] vulwfpr tkfr;ksa ds fy, vEcsMdj dh Hkwfedk] ifCyds'ku Ldhe] t;iqj] 2001 6- iwj.key] nfyr la?k"kZ vkSj lkekftd U;k;] vkfo"dkj ifCy'klZ fMLVªhC;wVlZ] t;iqj] 2002 7- Ñ".ku] ih-,l-,.M ;kno] lq"kek] MkW-ckck lkgc vEcsMdj ,oa lks'ky tfLVl] vkbZvkbZ-ih-,- ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2007 Page 7