Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and exp... more Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
Learning Objectives ❏ ❏ Describe the basic physiology of spermatogenesis, ovulation, pregnancy, a... more Learning Objectives ❏ ❏ Describe the basic physiology of spermatogenesis, ovulation, pregnancy, and lactation ❏ ❏ List the stages of fetal development and risks related to premature birth ❏ ❏ Answer questions about the terminology and epidemiology of perinatal statistics and genetic disorders detectable at birth PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Source-It is produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast, first appearing in maternal blood days after fertilization, peaking at 9-10 weeks, and then gradually falling to a plateau level at 20-22 weeks. Structure-By chemical structure it is a glycoprotein with 2 subunits. The α-subunit is similar to luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyrotropin (TSH). The β-subunit is specific for pregnancy. Purposes • Maintain corpus luteum production of progesterone until the placenta can take over maintenance of the pregnancy. • Regulate steroid biosynthesis in the placenta and fetal adrenal gland as well. • Stimulate testosterone production in the fetal male testes. If levels are high-twin pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma. If levels are low-ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion, missed abortion. Human Placental Lactogen Structure-Chemically it is similar to anterior pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. Pregnancy change-Its level parallels placental growth, rising throughout pregnancy.
This work is intended as a review for students during their preclinical years and while preparing... more This work is intended as a review for students during their preclinical years and while preparing for examinations, such as the USMLE. To this effect, the organization of this book follows that of most primary texts in the field and parallels the syllabus used in pathophysiology courses in medical schools throughout the United States. Ample space is provided for students to make notes during course study and while viewing the online videos that cover each section of the text (www.pathoma.com). We recommend that students use Fundamentals of Pathology during their medical courses, taking notes in the margin as pertinent topics are covered. When exam time comes around, these notes will likely be invaluable. For examination preparation, we suggest students read the material first, then listen to the online lecture, and then reread the material to develop a solid grasp of each topic. One should not become disheartened if they are not able to retain all the information contained herein. This deceptively slim volume covers a tremendous amount of material, and repetition will be a key aid as you progress in your studies. An effort has been made to emphasize concepts and principles over random facts, the forest rather than the trees. Attention to the same by the student will provide a deeper, more meaningful understanding of human disease. We must always remind ourselves that ultimately our goal is to learn, to share, and to serve. Fundamentals of Pathology was developed with this goal in mind.
Indications • Vasomotor symptoms following menopause: ○ Night sweats and hot flushes ○ Mood and s... more Indications • Vasomotor symptoms following menopause: ○ Night sweats and hot flushes ○ Mood and sleep disturbances ○ Headaches • Early menopause (HRT till 51 yrs of age) ○ Prevents osteoporosis ○ Cardio protective Risks associated with HRT • Thromboembolism • Stroke • Breast and endometrial cancer • Gallbladder diseases
Ho w d o I r eg Is t er t o t a ke t He exa m? 5 w Ha t If I n eed t o r es c Hed u l e t He exa ... more Ho w d o I r eg Is t er t o t a ke t He exa m? 5 w Ha t If I n eed t o r es c Hed u l e t He exa m? w Ha t a bo u t t Ime? If I l ea ve d u r In g t He exa m, w Ha t H a ppen s t o m y s c o r e? Ho w l o n g w Il l I H a ve t o w a It b ef o r e I g et m y s c o r es ?
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowled... more Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.
This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals'... more This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.
ENT PLAB Notes discussing most common conditions of Ear,Nose and Throat including sign, symptoms,... more ENT PLAB Notes discussing most common conditions of Ear,Nose and Throat including sign, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and exp... more Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
Learning Objectives ❏ ❏ Describe the basic physiology of spermatogenesis, ovulation, pregnancy, a... more Learning Objectives ❏ ❏ Describe the basic physiology of spermatogenesis, ovulation, pregnancy, and lactation ❏ ❏ List the stages of fetal development and risks related to premature birth ❏ ❏ Answer questions about the terminology and epidemiology of perinatal statistics and genetic disorders detectable at birth PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Source-It is produced by the placental syncytiotrophoblast, first appearing in maternal blood days after fertilization, peaking at 9-10 weeks, and then gradually falling to a plateau level at 20-22 weeks. Structure-By chemical structure it is a glycoprotein with 2 subunits. The α-subunit is similar to luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyrotropin (TSH). The β-subunit is specific for pregnancy. Purposes • Maintain corpus luteum production of progesterone until the placenta can take over maintenance of the pregnancy. • Regulate steroid biosynthesis in the placenta and fetal adrenal gland as well. • Stimulate testosterone production in the fetal male testes. If levels are high-twin pregnancy, hydatidiform mole, choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma. If levels are low-ectopic pregnancy, threatened abortion, missed abortion. Human Placental Lactogen Structure-Chemically it is similar to anterior pituitary growth hormone and prolactin. Pregnancy change-Its level parallels placental growth, rising throughout pregnancy.
This work is intended as a review for students during their preclinical years and while preparing... more This work is intended as a review for students during their preclinical years and while preparing for examinations, such as the USMLE. To this effect, the organization of this book follows that of most primary texts in the field and parallels the syllabus used in pathophysiology courses in medical schools throughout the United States. Ample space is provided for students to make notes during course study and while viewing the online videos that cover each section of the text (www.pathoma.com). We recommend that students use Fundamentals of Pathology during their medical courses, taking notes in the margin as pertinent topics are covered. When exam time comes around, these notes will likely be invaluable. For examination preparation, we suggest students read the material first, then listen to the online lecture, and then reread the material to develop a solid grasp of each topic. One should not become disheartened if they are not able to retain all the information contained herein. This deceptively slim volume covers a tremendous amount of material, and repetition will be a key aid as you progress in your studies. An effort has been made to emphasize concepts and principles over random facts, the forest rather than the trees. Attention to the same by the student will provide a deeper, more meaningful understanding of human disease. We must always remind ourselves that ultimately our goal is to learn, to share, and to serve. Fundamentals of Pathology was developed with this goal in mind.
Indications • Vasomotor symptoms following menopause: ○ Night sweats and hot flushes ○ Mood and s... more Indications • Vasomotor symptoms following menopause: ○ Night sweats and hot flushes ○ Mood and sleep disturbances ○ Headaches • Early menopause (HRT till 51 yrs of age) ○ Prevents osteoporosis ○ Cardio protective Risks associated with HRT • Thromboembolism • Stroke • Breast and endometrial cancer • Gallbladder diseases
Ho w d o I r eg Is t er t o t a ke t He exa m? 5 w Ha t If I n eed t o r es c Hed u l e t He exa ... more Ho w d o I r eg Is t er t o t a ke t He exa m? 5 w Ha t If I n eed t o r es c Hed u l e t He exa m? w Ha t a bo u t t Ime? If I l ea ve d u r In g t He exa m, w Ha t H a ppen s t o m y s c o r e? Ho w l o n g w Il l I H a ve t o w a It b ef o r e I g et m y s c o r es ?
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowled... more Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.
This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals'... more This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments. Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.
ENT PLAB Notes discussing most common conditions of Ear,Nose and Throat including sign, symptoms,... more ENT PLAB Notes discussing most common conditions of Ear,Nose and Throat including sign, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
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