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Embrace of the Serpent (film review)

2019, Comparative Education Review

https://doi.org/10.1086/705576
Media Reviews Embrace of the Serpent directed by Ciro Guerra. Diaphana Films, 2015. 125 minutes. $2.99 (Amazon Prime and all major platforms). With its lyrical portrayal of an Amazonian shaman and his interactions with outside explorers, Ciro Guerra’s 2016 film Embrace of the Serpent (El abrazo de la serpiente) reminds us that the past is always present. The film is presented as history yet deftly touches on several contemporary issues, such as globalization, the push for modernization, environmental destruction, and the hegemony of certain ways of knowing. Ultimately, Guerra’s most impressive feat is the subtle way in which he weaves these multiple issues together and, in the process, creates a film that seems timeless in both its content and aesthetic. As the film opens, we are gliding along the Amazon River toward someone perched along the shore. This is Karamakate, also known as the Destroyer of Worlds, a shaman in the jungle and one of the last of his people. He is being approached by Theo von Martius, a German ethnographer (inspired by Theodor Koch-Grünberg) and his assistant Manduca, an Amazonian man in European dress. Theo has fallen ill, and the many shamans who have tried, but failed, to cure him have pointed him in the direction of Karamakate, who they believe can heal Theo with a sacred entheogenic plant called yakruna. As the three begin their journey up the river to find the plant, the film quickly moves forward in time. Karamakate is now an old man, once again living in isolation, but the extreme toll of being the sole heir of his peoples’ memories has caught up with him. He is now visited by Evan, an American (inspired by famed ethnobotanist Richard Evans Schultes), who once again convinces Karamakate to head out in search of yakruna. Despite being a work of fiction, the film is heavily inspired by the journals of early European and American explorers of the Amazon. This imbues every moment with verisimilitude, both in the portrayal of life in the Amazon as well as the ways in which the two researchers approach their respective fieldwork. Guerra shot the film in stark black and white so that each scene looks like a vintage photograph, or what Karamakate calls the chullachaqui (a hollow spirit). The closing credits even include a deck of images that Richard Evans Schultes took during his fieldwork, and one can see that these clearly inspired the production design team, so much so that they look as if they could be stills from the film. Aside from visual attention to detail, Guerra also is effective in his portrayal of how these men approached their fieldwork. They have both done their homework; they speak myriad languages and come at their work with an overwhelming knowledge of the culture and customs of the region. Yet they also seem woefully unprepared for many of the factors they encounter during their journey: the harshness of the jungle, the challenges to their mission that they receive from Karamakate, and the subsequent conflation of their work (rightly or wrongly) with the ongoing encroachment of Colombian forces into the jungle. Different ways of knowing and the related power dynamics of globalization and modernization are recurrent themes that run through the heart of some of the film’s For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]. 658 November 2019 MEDIA REVIEWS most compelling scenes. Early on in their voyage along the river Karamakate and Theo pay a visit to a tribe that Theo has worked with in the past. The visit begins amicably enough, but when it’s time to leave Theo realizes that his compass has been stolen. After accusing several of the tribe’s young men of taking it, the group’s leader opens his hand to reveal he is the compass’s new owner and has no intention of returning it. At first, Theo’s anger is understandable, since the compass is needed to navigate the rest of their trip, but as he begins to explain to Karamakate, he instead is worried that by having a compass in their possession the tribe will lose their ability to navigate via the sky. Here Theo reveals himself as a researcher interested not just in understanding the culture and knowledge of the Amazonian people but in preserving this knowledge as well. But Karamakate rejects Theo’s role as preserver, reminding him that knowledge is for all people, and as a white man Theo is unable to understand that. By denying an equal exchange of knowledge, Theo seemingly wants to render this group passive observers of the encroaching forces of globalization and modernization. Manduca later defends Theo to Karamakate, arguing that his importance lies in his ability to teach the outside world about their customs. But Theo never really contends with the fact that though he is different from a colonizer, especially with regard to intentions, he still holds a tremendous amount of power. This is the power of deciding what knowledge he transmits to the people whom he is studying, as well as deciding how they will be portrayed by him to his own people back home. Evan plays a different role with Karamakate; his knowledge of the region’s people and cultures initially helps to fill the void in Karamakate’s memory. In return, he agrees to help Evan in his quest to find yakruna. But Evan’s motives ultimately prove to be false: he is in fact seeking out the plant in order to harness its rubber-producing properties that the United States desperately needs as it ramps up the production of supplies needed for World War II. Here the relationship between researcher and hegemonic outside force are no longer a blurred line. Evan’s desire to utilize the jungle’s resources to make weapons of war is in stark contrast to Theo’s desire to conduct research to learn more about humanity. Faced with this news, Karamakate reveals his own motivations throughout the years, namely, to protect the sacred yakruna by destroying it. In doing so, he wields a tremendous amount of power over his environment, but he does this to protect its spiritual nature and purpose. Throughout the viewing one is reminded that we wield this same destructive power, though it’s often done in the name of money and modernization. Embrace of the Serpent touches on a number of themes, too many to recount here, but is the kind of film that feels profound without being preachy. Guerra’s unique style of using an ethnographic lens to tell a fictional story will be of interest to anyone who engages in that type of research, and the film can also serve as a useful pedagogical tool for instructors focusing on issues related to ethnographic methods, globalization, or traditional ways of knowing. IAN ALLEN University of Minnesota Comparative Education Review 659