The Lunar-stellar Calendar "Togys esebi" of the Peoples of Eurasia

By Kaldarhan A. Kambar The Lunar-stellar Calendar “Togys esebi” of the Peoples of Eurasia Copyright 2019 Kaldarhan Aliseituly Kambar First published September 20, 2019 Preface The ancient Turkic-speaking peoples and Kazakh nomads developed (for agricultural and meteorological purposes) a remarkable lunar-stellar calendar, called “Togys esebi”. This article explains that calendar in non-technical language, and describes some properties of the calendar. The principles underlying the Kazakh Nomad calendar are quite simple. The beginning of the month coincides with the moment when the Moon covers the Pleiades. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2.2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs at a lunar phase that is about 2.2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. Because the sidereal period of the Moon – the time it takes to return to the same position in the sky, such as the position of the Pleiades – is approximately 27.322 days, such a sidereal month, when measured in whole days, always has either 27 or 28 days. A year in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar always has either 13 or 14 (sidereal) months. A 13-month year (almost) always has either 355 or 356 days, and a 14-month year (almost) always has either 382 or 383 days. Like the Chinese, the Kazakh nomads named years by using a cycle of 12 animal names, and so the sequence of years was thus divided into 12-year periods. Excerpted from http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/knc/Kazakh_Nomad_Calendar.htm and related articles by Peter J. Meyer [44, 45, 46] Introduction What does the word «Togys esebi» mean? In Kazakh, the word or names of the calendar “Togys esebi” (in Russian “Тогыс есеби”, in English “Togys esebi”) literally means “togysu” (covering, coverage), * [1] and “esep” (account, calculation, calendar [2]). In its semantic meaning, the term “Togys esebi” means “Coverings of the stellar cluster Pleiades [3] by the Moon” [4] (in the Kazakh language: Ai [5] men Urkerdin [6] togysu esebi). * in the Kazakh language, the word “Urker” means “to tremble with fear” or “a frightened flock of sheep” The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of Turkic-speaking peoples [7] living in vast Eurasia [8] was mainly used by Central Asian nomads [9] (Kazakhs, [10] Kyrgyz, [11] Turkmens, [12] Uzbeks, [13] Uyghurs, [14] Karakalpaks [15] and others), as well as settled peoples living in the European part of the Eurasian continent (Turks, [16] Azerbaijanis, [17] and others). This is evidenced by drawings of the moon and stars, as well as star clusters on the national flags of these countries. [18] 1 In fairness, it should be noted that "Togys esebi" were familiar to the peoples of the Caucasus [19] (Balkars, Karachays, Kumyks, Nogais, Trukhmens, Meskhetian Turks and others), Volga peoples [20] (Tatars, Bashkirs, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts , Chuvashs and others) and the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation [21] (Yakuts, Buryats, Tuvans, Khakases, Altaians, Nenets, Evenks, Khanty, Evens, Chukchi, Shors, Mansi, Karakas, Shors, Dolgans, Tuvans-Tojins, Telengits, Soyots, Kumandins, Teleuts, Tubalars, Chelkans, Tofalars, Chulymts and others). Since ancient times, Urker has been known to cultures of the whole world, including Turkicspeaking peoples (Kazakh – Urker, Turkish – Ulker, Kyrgyz – Urkor, Azerbaijani – Ulkar, Uzbek – Hulkar, Mongolian – mosques, Kalmyk – Meshin and others), [22] Ancient Greeks (Pleiades), Ancient Romans (Vergiliarum, Vergiliae), Sumerians (Mul-Mul), Arabs (at-Suraya), Persians (Piraiin), Indians (Krittika), Chinese (Mao), Japanese (Subaru) and others. [3] In the oral folklore of the Turkic-speaking peoples, one can find many legends or parables relating to Urker. The only peoples who managed to accurately plan the calendar time based on the visible movement of the moon and Urker (Pleiades) in the sky were nomads Kazakhs and Kyrgyz. [23] Therefore, for all Kazakhs, without exception, “Urker is the most important of all stars” (Urker zhuldyz agasy). [24] This calendar was a purely agricultural calendar, with whose help the nomadic and sedentary peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia tried to anticipate weather changes in the harsh continental climate of Central Asia. There is no direct or indirect, oral or written evidence that in accordance with the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” in ancient times pagan rites and rituals were performed. [25] [26] [27] Therefore, my idea of reviving this unique type of calendar of the nomadic and sedentary peoples of Eurasia does not set itself any political goals. As the only developer of this calendar **, I am categorically against and forbid to include or use it in various political ideas and public intrigues of pan-Turkism, [28] pan-Islamism, [29] the revival of the pagan religions of Tengrianism [30] and for other purposes. ** The author of this calendar is all the ancient Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia Because for a thousand years this calendar has been used by the simple nomadic and sedentary peoples of Eurasia. Nomads used this calendar to successfully raise livestock and increase the livestock of the four main types of livestock (in Kazakh, “tort tulik”: camel, horse, cow, sheep and goat). My wise father Aliseid (dikanshy – gardener), including all the settled peoples of Eurasia, in accordance with the lunar-starry months of "Togys esebi" planted vegetables and seedlings of fruit trees in the spring, and harvested a rich harvest in the fall. I still remember the taste of these fruits and vegetables, so I sincerely wish that this unique calendar serves the people of Eurasia only for creation, and not for destruction. When calculating the time for the daily life of mankind, in this lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”, in addition to the Moon and the Sun, there is a star cluster Urker (Pleiades – asterism in the constellation Taurus). [3] It is one of the closest star clusters to the Earth and is most obvious to the naked eye (visible from 6-7 to 9-11 stars) in the night sky. 2 The stellar month was used in the cultures of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Eurasia as a specific system for recording the current calendar time and measuring the periods of society's life in calendar units. And also the stellar month was used among the culture of the Middle East, India and China for astrological purposes: they divided the sky into 27 or 28 lunar mansions, characterized by asterisms (seeming groups of stars), one for each day, that the Moon follows the path among the stars. [31] In this article we will consider only the calendar aspect of the sidereal (stellar) month. Coverage is an astronomical phenomenon during which, from the point of view of an observer from a certain point, one celestial body passes in front of another celestial body, obscuring part of it. The term “covering” is used in those cases when an object closer to the observer in its relative (visible) size is significantly larger than a more distant object. In those cases when the closer object in its visible size is much smaller than the removed one, the term "Transit" [32] is used. These two types of phenomena are the visible manifestations of syzygy. Coverage of the Moon – is used to describe astronomical phenomena when the Moon passes in front of a star or planet in the process of its movement in orbit around the Earth. [33] Such events are of interest both for astronomy lovers [34] and professionals (many calculations are based on the results of observation of coverings). [35] Nomads were not lovers of astronomy, they had no time to admire and hunt for beautiful coverings to capture them in photographs. They lived in winter and summer together with astronomy in their yurts (a round wooden house of nomads). [36] Meticulous knowledge in astronomy helped them survive in the harsh and merciless winter. In modern Western or European astronomy, this mesmerizing phenomenon of the starry sky is for some reason called the frightening name “occultation”. [37] It is not known to me whether there is a connection between the words “occultation” and “occultism,” but the word “occult” [38] itself causes tremors in the body of unknowing people in astronomy. The occult (from the Latin word occultus "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden" or "knowledge of the paranormal", as opposed to facts and "knowledge of the measurable", usually referred to as science. [39] [40] The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that "is meant only for certain people" or that "must be kept hidden", but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends pure reason and the physical sciences. [41] The terms esoteric and arcane can also be used to describe the occult, [42] in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. All calendars of the world successfully “live” thanks to intercalation The author of these lines devoted his entire conscious life to the study of the ancient calendar (chronological) knowledge of the Turkic-speaking peoples, [7] as well as the more famous calendars of the whole world. [43] Of course, before me, many scientists of the country tried to reveal these ancient secrets. But, alas, all their efforts from the very beginning failed, as they tried to uncover these secrets on the go, using the modern formula of astronomy and mathematics. In this regard, the most primitive and simple, but at the same time logically correct calculations of my father Kambaruly Aliseid and mother Saduahaskyzy Apazhan helped me. [25] [26] [27] Based on their calculations, I made my comprehensive calculations and gradually light began to appear at the end of the tunnel. 3 When the whole ancient picture of my ancestors was revealed, I invited the Australian scientist Peter Johann Meyer [44] [45] [46] to work together. Thus, in just three months, we successfully completed what I started more than thirty years ago. As a result, the scientific world received a truly unique fourth type of calendar and many more “food” for thought. The structure and working principle of this unique calendar was based strictly on the stellar month. The scientific definition of a stellar or (from the Latin word «sidus») sidereal month: The sidereal month is defined as the Moon's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference (which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame). It is about 27.321662 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.6 seconds). [47] It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a «fixed» stellar (in our case, the stellar cluster Urker-Pleiades). The heavenly coordinates of Urker-Pleiades: Right ascension 03 h. 47 m. 24 s.; Declination +24° 07′ 00″. [3] Different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position. [47] The calendar cycles (day, month and year) are structured in such a way as to better follow the corresponding astronomical cycles: 1. Daily [day and night] rotation of the Earth around its axis with a period of a solar day. 2. Irregular movement of the moon around the earth [month]. 3. Uneven motion of the Earth around the Sun [year]. Problems arising from the listed astronomical cycles are resolved in calendar cycles by using the rules of intercalation (from Latin, intercalate – attachment, inset). [48] To correspond to the length of a sidereal or synodic month or a tropical year, periodically days and months are added to the calendar year. For example, to coordinate lunar cycles with a solar or stellar year, nomads in certain years added an extra sidereal (stellar) month to the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". [25] [26] [27] In any calendar system, the correct calculation of days and weeks, as well as their correspondence to the lunar month or the solar year, depends on the correct application of the rules of intercalation. Not everyone can understand these complex rules. This requires deep knowledge of astronomy, mathematics and other related disciplines. "Esepshi" and "Amal" – one whole concept Among the nomads were gifted by nature talented people. The Kazakh people called them "Esepshi". This word can be translated word by word as "timekeeper" or as "priest (latin. Pontiff), wizard, sorcerer, sage, interpreter of dreams, astronomer, astrologer" in one person. Unlike ordinary people, they were highly educated people. Most likely they could read the runic texts of the ancient Türks, Chinese characters, Arabic and Persian scripts. I won’t even be surprised if it suddenly turns out that in ancient times they created their own specific signs, letters and symbols in order to encrypt their innermost knowledge of astronomy. In ancient petroglyphs on the territories of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, there are just a lot of such "obscure" signs and symbols. [49] Esepshi always carried a folding leather bag (the so-called “Kise”) to count the days of the year, which was located on the right side of the belt. Therefore, the common people said, "Esepshi keeps 4 all secrets in his Kise". In previous centuries, when the Kazakhs uttered the word "Esepshi", after it followed another word "Amal." For example, "Esepshinin amaly". These are subconscious, automatically expressed words developed by centuries. In a word, it is impossible to separate these words and use them separately. They eventually merged with each other. “Amal esebi” should not be regarded as an unknown calendar unit. In the literal sense of the word “Amal esebi” means: “dividing the seasons of the year into short periods during which the weather in the local climate changes dramatically” Amal is a period of time from 3-5 to 7-9 days. [25] [26] [27] Modern science with precise tools and computers is only now approaching the knowledge of Esepshi and the nomads that they knew thousands of years ago. We will cite only one quotation from such a scientific work: “As is clear from figure, where the computed tidal fluctuations of the Earth rotation velocity ν (nu) are given for 2012, four regimes of the Earth rotation with the unequal duration change during the lunar month: Two periods of acceleration with the duration m1 and m3 and two periods of deceleration m2 and m4.The change of regimes takes place in m ≈ 27.3/4 = 6.8 days on average. However, due to the slow movement of the perigee and nodes of the lunar orbit, this period varies from 5 to 9 days. For example, the acceleration was registered from May 2 to May 8, 2012, the deceleration, from May 8 to May 13, the acceleration, from May 13 to May 22, and the deceleration, from May 22 to May 30, i.e., the lunar month was made up of the intervals of 6+5+9+8 days”. [50] In simple language, the nomads call these short periods of 6 + 5 + 9 + 8 (28) days – “Amal”. The seven-line formula on the basis of which the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" works One of the leading figures in nomadic (Kazakh) science, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, Khasen Abishev (1902-1981), in his book "Aspan syry" (Secrets of the Sky) was very close to the discovery of the ancient formula of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". In this book, he gave the following formula: "According to an accurate calculation, 3 years contains 1095.7 days, 37 lunar months contains 1092.6 days." [24, see notes, p. 177] If the respected Kazakhstani scientist H. Abishev in the 60s of the last century would systematically develop this formula, he would surely calculate the following basic formula, consisting of 7 lines. In its structure and principles of use, the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" resembles a little the lunisolar calendar [51] of different peoples. A simple mathematical theory of the basic formula: 1) 29.531 days × 37 lunar month = 1092.647 days ÷ 40 stellar month = 27.3162 days; 2) 27.322 days × 40 stellar month = 1092.88 days ÷ 37 lunar month = 29.5373 days; 3) 29.531 – 27.322 = 2.209 × 37 = 81.733 days ÷ 3 month = 27.244 days; 4) 29.531 – 27.322 = 2.209 × 40 = 88.36 days ÷ 3 month = 29.45 days; 5) 29.531 days ÷ 2.209 days = 13.3685 months × 3 years = 40.1055 months; 5 6) 27.322 days ÷ 2.209 days = 12.3685 months × 3 years = 37.1055 months. 7) 1092 days ÷ 3 years = 364 days or 1093 days ÷ 3 years = 364.3333 days. However, to understand the essence of this formula, the entire conscious life of the author (19852018) was spent on the study. This simple formula in the literal sense of the word is written with stones on the land of Kazakh nomads. On the territory of Kazakhstan there are thousands of archaeoastronomical and ethnoastronomical objects left by our ancestors for study. Mounds, geoglyphs, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs are the ancient wisdom of nomadic ancestors, mysterious stone structures and earth mounds scattered throughout Kazakhstan, which for several millennia have kept the secrets of their origin and destination. Kazakhstan can rightly be called an archaeo-astronomical country. As a proof of my word, I presented below the GPS coordinates of 136 known to me mounds, geoglyphs, dolmens, menhirs, cromlechs, etc. The size of some objects and mounds reaches up to 1000 meters. Therefore, they are clearly visible from a bird's eye view. To see them clearly, install Google Earth from the Internet on your computer. And also there is one ancient megalithic structure (Gaiyp Eren kyryk shilten: GPS: 42°8'26.42"N 69°43'32.13"E) whose weight is at least 200 or 500 tons. Google Earth Map: GPS coordinates for 136 Kazakhstan archaeoastronomy sites (Earthen Mounds) № 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Google Earth map – GPS coordinates: 50°49'58,52"N 65°19'34,60"E 50°06'09,84"N 65°21'40,87"E 54°02'36,19"N 64°38'30,52"E 50°13'39,78"N 66°17'31,07"E 50°13'26,93"N 66°16'49,73"E 50°01'39,23"N 65°59'57,17"E 50°22'06,09"N 66°09'00,59"E 49°30'44,71"N 65°51'44,10"E 48°46'53,85"N 65°55'38,49"E 53°31'19,17"N 64°56'23,20"E 49°18'17,32"N 62°42'21,81"E 50°22'32,04"N 65°27'44,06"E 50°19'05,76"N 65°24'50,19"E 49°31'56,04"N 66°04'56,80"E 50°05'55,55"N 66°36'48,48"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'26,49"E 50°15'11,00"N 65°18'34,34"E 51°08'38,04"N 65°20'54,78"E 50°27'50,81"N 65°57'38,79"E 50°27'58,96"N 65°46'31,40"E 50°20'25,76"N 66°13'50,20"E 50°20'24,93"N 66°13'35,05"E 50°48'32,89"N 65°09'02,98"E 49°32'17,26"N 65°52'57,74"E № 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 6 Google Earth map – GPS coordinates: 51°08'40,07"N 65°20'47,73"E 50°05'03,52"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°05'37,74"N 65°15'17,79"E 50°05'40,52"N 65°15'44,85"E 50°05'27,51"N 65°28'35,92"E 50°02'29,97"N 66°20'47,22"E 50°20'04,38"N 65°31'48,82"E 50°16'00,0"N 65°25'47,09"E 50°28'26,40"N 65°47'02,36"E 50°28'02,91"N 65°46'16,51"E 51°33'53.10"N 58°41'11.31"E 52°36'03,18"N 62°05'48,82"E 52°36'0.28"N 62°06'3.93"E 52°36'2.24"N 62°06'19.70"E 48°N 78°E және 51°N 71°E 45°43'7.49"N 56°42'40.88"E 45°33'19.71"N 56°46'18.71"E 45°47'19.30"N 56°46'43.25"E 45°33'46.24"N 56°49'28.80"E 45°41'24.48"N 57°1'20.96"E 45°42'46.61"N 57°20'4.08"E 45°43'14.60"N 57°21'28.41"E 45°40'56.69"N 57°29'6.93"E 45°40'57.97"N 57°32'11.50"E 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 49°17'25,69"N 62°35'31,0"E 49°14'55,29"N 62°46'05,8"E 49°29'11,10"N 63°13'39,3"E 49°30'11,59"N 63°19'30,7"E 49°30'20,47"N 63°19'24,7"E 51°09'14,14"N 65°16'50,5"E 50°03'37,22"N 66°22'38,72"E 49°59'23,56"N 66°02'53,79"E 50°05'24,73"N 65°28'08,83"E 50°05'11,10"N 65°30'43,20"E 50°06'41,51"N 65°24'14,69"E 50°06'43,00"N 65°24'23,27"E 50°05'39,26"N 65°15'33,09"E 49°57'01,82"N 64°56'43,94"E 49°56'41,08"N 64°56'48,87"E 50°05'02,70"N 65°13'13,44"E 50°04'54,24"N 65°13'00,27"E 50°06'05,21"N 65°11'44,55"E 50°24'36,22"N 65°56'43,41"E 50°19'50,14"N 65°29'24,22"E 50°19'52,04"N 65°32'48,03"E 49°23'31,15"N 63°22'07,44"E 49°23'34,49"N 63°21'57,67"E 49°23'34,52"N 63°21'59,03"E 49°24'02,16"N 63°18'53,84"E 50°06'07,87"N 65°21'25,73"E 49°30'26,52"N 63°25'12,87"E 49°30'28,83"N 63°25'12,35"E 50°06'48,48"N 66°38'50,65"E 50°07'19,03"N 66°38'05,54"E 50°07'53,86"N 66°34'35,63"E 50°09'04,35"N 66°34'22,37"E 50°09'09,76"N 66°34'28,46"E 50°09'12,86"N 66°33'26,24"E 50°09'16,90"N 66°33'39,25"E 50°09'21,96"N 66°33'27,05"E 50°11'19,35"N 66°32'36,11"E 50°11'24,65"N 66°32'33,42"E 48°52'41,89"N 66°22'26,00"E 48°55'18,50"N 66°20'58,08"E 48°57'08,61"N 66°20'05,51"E 51°21'37,46"N 64°01'16,93"E 50°22'09,71"N 66°08'29,39"E 51°06'23,52"N 65°24'19,29"E 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 7 45°32'24.80"N 57°40'39.72"E 45°32'16.69"N 57°42'13.77"E 45°32'57.09"N 57°44'28.26"E 45°35'37.74"N 57°55'6.41"E 45°33'29.99"N 57°56'36.17"E 45°34'21.17"N 57°57'42.00"E 45°32'52.25"N 57°58'54.66"E 45°31'43.24"N 58°2'51.67"E 45°31'39.77"N 58°4'41.07"E 45°29'52.98"N 58°5'14.68"E 45°29'2.60"N 58°7'20.76"E 45°28'16.16"N 58°9'8.46"E 45°43'49.22"N 56°57'5.20"E 45°42'37.85"N 56°57'9.43"E 45°40'41.82"N 57°30'55.48"E 45°42'6.88"N 57°33'14.99"E 45°34'59.13"N 57°53'39.38"E 45°32'6.71"N 58°0'40.23"E 45°29'19.95"N 58°6'3.96"E 45°47'40.39"N 56°48'24.28"E 45°47'27.53"N 56°50'6.42"E 45°34'26.49"N 56°51'47.64"E 45°41'17.16"N 57°2'21.52"E 45°43'38.32"N 57°20'15.68"E 45°43'5.90"N 57°20'38.65"E 45°43'3.77"N 57°33'35.49"E 45°32'36.24"N 57°46'35.46"E 45°37'52.32"N 56°57'11.91"E 45°43'29.10"N 57°31'28.25"E 45°43'38.11"N 57°31'45.54"E 45°41'56.83"N 57°34'27.29"E 45°51'12.71"N 56°54'30.26"E 45°35'43.39"N 57°55'59.09"E 45°41'38.20"N 56°57'13.93"E 45°33'28.93"N 57°38'47.90"E 45°35'27.85"N 57°52'58.94"E 45°19'1.07"N 57°57'45.08"E 45°27'8.38"N 56°46'54.11"E 45°51'2.18" N 56°53'6.26"E 45°41'26.51"N 56°59'56.82"E 45°44'21.98"N 57°6'13.09"E 45°48'37.91"N 57°12'4.05"E 45°22'50.12"N 57°50'1.53"E 45°54'44.54"N 57° 1'41.25"E Many object still has no name. If you are interested in some objects among them, tell me the ordinal number. I will tell you what kind of object. Since the term and concept of “astroarchaeology” by John Michell and “archaeoastronomy” by Elizabeth Chesley Baity (at the suggestion of Euan MacKie) appeared only in 1973, [52] in our country many of these objects are still regarded as “funeral-memorial complexes”. Among these complexes – “the Kurgan 37 Warriors” stands out especially (GPS: 48°25'48.04"N 74°27'30.89"E). This mound is located on the territory of the Zhidebay rural district of the Aktogay region of the Karaganda region, 2 km north-west of the village of Korpetay (the old name is Chapaevo). [53] This large mound with stone ridges, a chain of 37 rounded and oval small stone structures located to the north of it, as well as numerous menhirs and ring masonry of stones were closely connected with the above formula. Therefore, this unique mound complex can rightfully be considered the “Mound of the 37 Moon”. Therefore, this unique mound complex can rightfully be considered the "Barrow of the 37 Moon" and at the same time the "astronomical madrassah" [54] (educational institution) of nomads. Perhaps the wise Esepshi, possessing a deep knowledge of stars and calendars, together with the "Talabs" [55] (students) could conduct various experiments under cover of night. They may have been learning the “secrets” of changing the lunar phases [56] and their close relationship with coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon. [01] [37] Perhaps they thus justified a certain mysterious nomadic “lunar theory” [57] and taught many young “Talabs” this sacred craft. Perhaps the remains of people who were found by archaeologists in the "Barrow of the 37 Moon" are the remains of these wise Esepshi, who were buried with all honors by their students. In this world, everything is possible. Do not rush to categorically deny everything (never say never), first think about the pros and cons ... The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” of the Turkic-speaking peoples for thousands of years worked on the basis of the above formula. Based on the above formula, it should be noted that there were five differences between the lunisolar calendar and the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", which, when interacting, provided their common rhythm: 1) If in common years [58] in the lunisolar calendar will be 12 months, consisting of 354-355 days, then in the lunar-stellar calendar will be 13 months, consisting of 355-356 days; 2) If in the intercalary year or bissextile year [59] in the lunisolar calendar there will be 13 months consisting of 383-384 days, then in the lunar-stellar calendar there will be 14 months consisting of 382-383 days; 3) In other words, in the lunisolar calendar, the months alternate after 29 and 30 days (29.53 × 12 = 354.36 and 29.53 × 13 = 383.89), and in the lunar-stellar calendar, the months alternate after 27 and 28 days (27.32 × 13 = 355.16 and 27.32 × 14 = 382.48); 4) Due to such intercalation or a small noticeable difference of about 2,209 days between the synodic and sidereal months of the Moon, each subsequent covering of Pleiades by the Moon occurs in the moon phase, which is 2,209 days earlier than in the previous moon phase; 5) Unlike the lunisolar calendar, where the astronomical new moon [60] or neomenia * [61] is used as a sign to start a new month, in the lunar-stellar calendar, it uses about 13 or 14 phases of the moon as a sign to start a new month with an interval of about 2-3 days. 8 Since the term “neomenia” has an important relationship with the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” and this term is not available in the English-language “Wikipedia” (but is available in Russian), a brief description is given below: * Neomenia (ancient Greek νέα μήνη – new moon) – the first appearance of the moon in the sky after the astronomical new moon in the form of a narrow sickle. Depending on the latitude of the place of observation and the location of the moon in its orbit, the time interval between the new moon and neomenia changes. In any case, neomenia occurs no later than 3 days after the new moon. During neomenia the Moon is observed at dusk a few minutes before its setting. In antiquity neomenia played an important role in the chronology. So in the lunar and lunisolar calendars, the beginning of the month was counted from neomenia. In a number of countries of the ancient world, special observations were made of the appearance of the new moon (neomenia). [62] Unlike the Chinese [63] and Hebrew [64] calendars, in the lunar-stellar calendar «Togys esebi», only the first month of the year begins with neomenia, [61] [62] and then, from the second month through the 13th or 14th month, the months begin with the waning phase of the moon (from the astronomical new moon again to neomenia). According to my long-term observations, which lasted more than thirty years, only the lunar-stellar calendar «Togys esebi» can give a connection and harmony of a person with nature and the universe. Establishment of a chronology of Turkic-speaking peoples Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, hromos, “time”; and – λογία, – logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time. [65] It is also “the determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events”. [66] Historical (technical) chronology is a special historical discipline that studies the counting systems and calendars of different nations and states, and helps to establish the dates of historical events and the time of the creation of historical sources. [67] 1. As we all know, the Australian scientist Peter J. Meyer in 2018 developed software for converting between dates in the Kazakh Nomad Calendar and dates in the Gregorian Calendar. For the convenience of writing the program, without reference to any historical events, the beginning of the era of Turkic-speaking peoples and at the same time the 1st year of the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” is defined as – 3669 (–3668) B.C. In this chronological installation, the 1st year of the 1st cycle (3669 [–3668] BC) of the twelve-year-old animal cycle of the nomads of Central Asia and Kazakhstan corresponds to the year of the Mouse (Tyshkan). Therefore, in this software P.Meyer [44] – the 1st year of the 474th cycle corresponds to 2008 (Mouse) AD (474 – 1 = 473 × 12 = 5676 – 3669 = 2007 + 1 = 2008), and the 1st year of the 475th cycle corresponds to 2020 (Mouse) AD (475 – 1 = 474 × 12 = 5688 – 3669 = 2019 + 1 = 2020) etc. Since until this time or one year after the launch of the program, not one of the world chronological scientists objected to the establishment of this chronological order by Peter J. Meyer, therefore, this chronological order could be left unchanged. But this would be wrong on our part, since the chronology of any nation and its national calendar should have a connection with the past history of this or that nation. 2. For this reason, the author continued to study the calendars and chronologies of the Turkicspeaking peoples. [68] 9 About 40 km north of the famous Karakorum [69] in 1889, the tombstone of Kultegin (in English: Kul Tigin) and Bilge Kagan (in English: Bilgä Qaghan) was discovered. This tombstone has two inscriptions, one small and one large. [70] [71] And another inscription Tonyukok [72] was found on the banks of the Selenga. We bring to your attention the 13th paragraph, the 2nd side of the large stella erected in honor of Kultegin (GPS: 47°33’38.83''N 102°50’27.06''E): Big inscription in honor of Kultegin. 2nd side. 13 paragraph: Kultegin passed away (lit.: ‘flew away to Tengri’) on the seventeenth day of the Sheep Year. We held (his) funeral on the twenty-seventh day of the ninth month. We finished his mausoleum, the statues and paintings, and his inscription stone on the twenty-seventh day of the seventh month, in the Monkey {author footnote: Bičin * Urker-Pleiades} Year. Kultegin was at age of forty-seven {author footnote: when he died}. The Tuyyun Elteber brought all of these sculptors and painters. [73] * In the early 2000s, it turned out that the word “Bičin-Mečin-Meshin” was not at all “Monkey” (animal), but the name of the star Urker (Pleiades), adored by all Kazakhs. Following the evolution of this term, the Russian scientist D.D.Dondokova concludes that the original meaning of the word «Mushen» was «the constellation of the Pleiades» (Bičin-Mečin-Meshin, [kaz. Urker], Pleiades). [74] [75] From this fragment of the stella we see that the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturki) used his calendar and chronology in his daily life. Each calendar year of the Turkic Kaganate was named by the names of animals (the year of the Sheep, the year of Bičin-Mečin-Meshin-Pleiades) in accordance with the 12 year old animal cycle of the nomads, the year was divided into lunar months (ninth month, seventh month), and the lunar months had a certain number of days (seventeenth day, twenty-seventh day). All these fundamental structures of a full-fledged calendar prove that nomads were not at all “savages” or “barbarians,” as many scholars think. However, to this day it was believed that in this paragraph there is no chronological registration number of the 12-year-old animal cycle of nomads. Is this true or a mistake? Below we will consider this issue. The fact is that without a chronological registration number for a 12-year-old animal cycle, after about 80-90 years, the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturks) would certainly begin to get confused in its chronology. Therefore, the author assumes that linguists have lost sight of a very important detail regarding the chronologies of the ancient Türks. They cannot be blamed for this omission because they are not experts in this field. 10 If you carefully read the 13th paragraph, on the 2nd side of the large Kultegin stella again, in the last lines you will find the numbers “forty” (qïrq) and “seven” (jiti). Linguists translated this sentence as «Kultegin was forty-seven years old {author footnote: when he died}.» Modern Turkic peoples and Kazakhs still understand some ancient Turkic words. Therefore, you can clearly read the word «artuq» {author's footnote: additional} after the number forty (qïrq) and yašïn {author’s footnote: age} after the number seven (jiti). For example, in the above paragraph, the number seventeen literally means «seven twenty» (jeti jegirmeke), and the number «twenty seven» literally means seven thirty (jeti otuz). If we follow this rule, the number “forty seven” should have been written as “seven fifty” (jeti elu). Of course, I am not a linguist and not an expert in deciphering ancient runic letters. Therefore, I could be wrong. However, one thought to spin in my head and does not give me rest. It is possible that the word “artuq” {author’s footnote: additional} after the number forty (qïrq) means the 40th chronological registration number of a large cycle, combined from seven (yašïn {author’s footnote: age}) 12-year cycles (12 years × 7 cycle = 84 years). For clarity, we present all the cycles that are formed on the basis of a 12-year cycle: 1). 12 years × 2 cycles = 24 years; 2). 12 years × 3 cycles = 36 years; 3). 12 years × 4 cycles = 48 years; 4). 12 years × 5 cycles = 60 years; 5). 12 years × 6 cycles = 72 years; 6). 12 years × 7 cycle = 84 years; 7). 12 years × 8 cycles = 96 years; 8). 12 years × 10 cycles = 120 years; 9). 12 years × 25 cycles = 300 years, etc. For example, in his article on the 12-year cycle, I.V.Zakharova assumes the existence of a 24-year cycle both among the Huns and among the Turkic peoples, as well as among the Oguz-Kagan tribe. [76] As we all know, the ancient and modern Chinese use a 60-year cycle based on a 12-year cycle. [77] However, the 84-year cycle (the “Kultegin” cycle) is the most interesting among all the cycles and the suitable cycle for our goal. This cycle almost exactly corresponds to the orbital (sidereal) rotation period of the 7th planet of the solar system – Uranus, consisting of 84.0205 years. According to astronomers, with a clear dark sky at the time of the opposition of Uranus with the Sun, it is visible with the naked eye. [78] As for acute vision, our nomadic ancestors always differed from other peoples. [79] Chronological table of Turkic-speaking peoples Based on the above considerations regarding the chronological registration number, the author of this line for the first time in the history of the Turkic-speaking peoples compiled a scientifically11 based “chronological table” using the “Excel” program. The main core in this chronological table, naturally appears 12 year and 84 year cycles. Europa B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. C.E. Years 4725 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 2625 1 731 732 1299 2008 2020 Month January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 January 1 Week Sun Tue Wed Thu Fri Sun Mon Tue Wed Fri Sat Sun Mon Sun Thu Mon Tue Thu Mon Tue Days 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 365 365 365 366 366 366 365 366 365 366 366 JDN -4383,5 -4017,5 -3652,5 -3287,5 -2922,5 -2556,5 -2191,5 -1826,5 -1461,5 -1095,5 -730,5 -365,5 -0,5 762641,5 1721057,5 1988055,5 1988420,5 2195517,5 2454479,5 2458862,5 Türks B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. B.E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. E.T. Years 2100 2099 2098 2097 2096 2095 2094 2093 2092 2091 2090 2089 2088 1 2625 3356 3357 3924 4633 4645 №84 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 21 80 81 60 13 25 № 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 1 32 40 40 47 56 56 Additi. artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq artuq № 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 1 2 7 7 5 2 3 Age yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn yašïn №12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 1 9 8 9 12 1 1 № 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 174 1 219 280 280 327 387 388 Animals Mouse Cow Leopard Hare Snail Snake Horse Sheep Mechin Hen Dog Pig Mouse Mouse Mechin Sheep Mechin Pig Mouse Mouse Even 4725 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 2625 1 731 732 1299 2008 2020 dates 4724 4723 4722 4721 4720 4719 4718 4717 4716 4715 4714 4713 4712 2624 1 732 733 1300 2009 2021 To find the “reference point” in the ancient Turkic chronologies, according to the laws of logic, you need to find a coordinated “reference time”. As we all know, such a “reference time” is the 731st and 732th years of our era (death, burial and erection of the Kultegin stella). First of all, we must make sure that the 40th 84-year long cycle (qïrq artuq – forty extra) and the 8th and 9th years of the 12-year-old animal cycle (jiti yašïn – seventh age) should correspond to 731th year of the Sheep and 732th year of the Mechin of Common Era (for short – C.E.). From this point on, a purely technical question arises. In this case, we further see that the 1st year of the Era of the Türks (for short – E.T.) corresponds to 2625 Before the Common Era (for short – B.C.E.). If you carefully look at the following 9 examples (1st and 2nd examples), you will see that, by a lucky chance, this table of the ancient Turkic era is closely related to the “Julian day” (Julian period) [80] for chronological calculations (compiled by Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609)). [81] Another amazing fact is that 4713 and 4725 year B.C.E. (2088 and 2100 years Before the Era Türks (for short – B.E.T.) correspond to the 1st year (year of the Mouse) in the 12 and 84 year cycle of animal. The 84-year-old cycle of animals, [78] possibly invented by the nomads of Central Asia and southeastern Eurasia and transferred to Europe by the Hun nomads led by Attila, [79] was probably later adopted by the British and Irish churches to count Christian Easter. As an example, I will cite only one quote: “This British and Irish system, on the evidence of Bede, fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the seven-day period from the 14th to the 20th of its lunar month, according to an 84-year cycle (called the – latercus)”. [82] [83] To understand what this 84 year old animal cycle is all about, let's look at the astro-mathematical theory of this cycle together: Astro-mathematical theory of an 84-year-old animal cycle: Sunny and stellar year and sidereal (togys) month: 1) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 1123 months = 27.320569902 days; 12 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 1123 months = 27.321460374 days; Sunny and stellar year and synodic (tuar ay) month: 1) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 1039 months = 29.529355149 days; 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 1039 months = 29.530317613 days; Regarding cyclic and calendar properties: 1) 84 years ÷ 12 year old animal cycle of nomads = 7 cycles; 2) 84 years × 365.250 = 30681 days ÷ 7 days = 4383 weeks; 2) 84 years × 365.262 = 30682 days ÷ 7 days = 4383 weeks + 1 day. Did the great chronologist Joseph Justus Scaliger know about these astronomical, cyclical and calendar properties of the 84 year cycle? 430 years have passed since then, it is difficult to unequivocally answer this question ... Simple chronology: 2625 + 2100 = 4725 or 2100 ÷ 25 = 84 ÷ 7 = 12 1st example: 1) 4725 B.C.E. corresponds to 2100 B.E.T.; 2) 25 artuq: 1st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 175th cycle B.E.T. corresponds to 4725-4724 B.C.E. 2nd example: 1) 4713 year B.C.E. corresponds to 2088 B.E.T.; 2) 25 artuq: the 13th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 6 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 174th cycle B.E.T. corresponds to 4713-4712 B.C.E. 3rd example: 1) 2625 year B.C.E. corresponds to the 1st year era of the Türks (for short – E.T.); 2) 1 artuq: 1st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 1 yašïn: 1st year Mouse of the 1st cycle correspond to 2625-2624. B.C.E. 4th example: 1) 1st year B.C.E. corresponds to the year 2625 E.T.; 2) 32 artuq: the 21st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 2 yašïn: the 9th year of Mechin of the 219th cycle corresponds to the 1st year of the B.C.E. – 1st year of the Common Era (for short – C.E.). 5th example: 13 1) 1st year C.E. corresponds to the year 2626 E.T .; 2) 32 artuq: the 22nd year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 2 yašïn: the 10th year of the Chicken of the 219th cycle corresponds to the 1st and 2nd year of C.E. 6th example: 1) 731 C.E. corresponds to the year 3356 E.T.; 2) 40 artuq: 80th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: the 8th year of the Sheep of the 280th cycle corresponds to 731-732 C.E. 7th example: 1) 732 C.E. corresponds to the year 3357 E.T.; 2) 40 artuq: 81st year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 7 yašïn: the 9th year of Mechin of the 280th cycle corresponds to 732-733 C.E. 8th example: 1) 1299 C.E. corresponds to the year 3924 E.T.; 2) 47 artuq: the 60th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 5 yašïn: The 12th year of the Pig of the 327th cycle corresponds to 1299-1300 C.E. 9th example: 1) 2008 C.E. corresponds to the year 4633 E.T.; 2) 56 artuq: the 13th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 3 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 387th cycle corresponds to 2008-2009 C.E. 10th example: 1) 2020 C.E. corresponds to the year 4645 E.T.; 2) 56 artuq: the 25th year of a large 84-year cycle; 3) 3 yašïn: 1st year of the Mouse of the 388th cycle corresponds to 2020-2021 C.E. The above chronological table of the Turkic Kaganate (Kokturks) can be called a “tied date” to its chronological grounds. What this chronology of the ancient Türks looks like is clearly visible in fragmentary form in 9 examples. If in the future all Turkic-speaking countries and peoples unanimously accept this chronology, then this urgent topic can be considered closed. I sincerely hope that the descendants of those ancient nomads who are lost in this vast world, this time will show a keen interest and solidarity in this vital issue. Because in this constantly changing 14 world, only those peoples and nationalities that have their ancient chronology and calendar will not disappear. Ready-to-use lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” Until today, various authors [84] in different sources on the topic "Togys esebi" wrote very briefly and unclearly, which led to the emergence of more questions than answers. A good example of this is a brief note by an unknown author [85] taken from the Internet: "The star calendar, based on the sidereal cycle of the Moon, in practice is used very seldom. It is also the most ancient calendar. Such a calendar under the name togys (from Kazakh togysu meaning "to intersect" [occultation]) was used by Kazakhs. The beginning of months coincides with the moment when the Moon passes the Pleiades and the names of months correlate with lunar phases. As the difference between the synodic and sidereal cycles of the Moon is about 2 days, each subsequent meeting of the Pleiades and the Moon occurs on a lunar phase that is 2 days earlier than the previous lunar phase. There is a certain relation between the names of togyses months and seasons. So, for example, in the spring such "meetings" occur on the 5th, 3rd, 1st days of a lunar month, in the winter – on the 11th, 9th and 7th days. The beginning of a year in this calendar coincides with the month when the waxing (young) Moon meets the Pleiades. This usually occurs in a period between the end of April and the beginning of May. In an ancient Kazakh star calendar there are 13 such "meetings" [occultation] in a year from which only 11 are visible. If every month contains 28 days then the duration of the year is 364 days". Although in this and many other articles [84] the principles of operation of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" are described approximately correctly, there are many inconsistencies and incorrect conclusions. But now the situation has changed for the better. The author of these lines (together with the Australian scientist P.J. Meyer) thoroughly studied all the subtleties of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". After painstaking research and work, this unique calendar of Turkic-speaking peoples has become much clearer. The lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” will become even more understandable when we present to the reader how it will look in paper form. In ancient times, nomads had a desire to know the world and the universe, but there were no opportunities. The role of high-precision visual devices (binoculars, telescopes) was replaced by their keen eyes, the role of calculators and computers was replaced by numerous mounds of stone (geoglyphs), menhirs, dolmens, cromlechs in numerous megalithic structures. Therefore, all observations of nomads over the night sky can be attributed to "rough" observations. Basically, this was facilitated by difficult meteorological conditions, the sharply continental climate of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, as well as the unpredictable movement of the Moon, [33] Earth and planets around the Sun. Naturally, in these “rough” observations, the accuracy of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi" fluctuated for 3 days at the beginning of each month (togys ailary). In order to bring tribute (respect) to the titanic work of the nomad ancestors who created such a unique calendar, we will constantly celebrate these 3 days in each table. These three epithetic names on the eve of the covering of the Pleiades by the Moon were invented by the aforementioned caste of Esepshi and an attentive common people. The most amazing thing is that so far these three epithetic days have not lost their meaning of creation, purpose and task. Readers will certainly notice this over time! 15 1) The first day was called “Auyl ui kondy”, literally “Settled near the village”, i.e. the Moon is approaching the Pleiades from the east. Conditional astronomical name "Arrival". ← South ← ← East ← West 2) The second day was called “Togysty”, “Togamdasti”, literally “Covering, Occultation”, that is, there was a covering of the Pleiades by the Moon. The exact astronomical name is “Coverings”. ← South ← 16 ← East ← West 3) The third day was called “Orip shykty”, literally “Sheep leaves the paddock” or the Moon moves away from the Pleiades on the east side. The exact astronomical name is "Opening". ← South ← ← East ← West Coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon do not always go as smoothly as shown in these three figures. [86] For a period of time from 8–9 to 9–10 years (approximately an average of 9 years), the Moon “fully” (full coverings) or “partially” (partial coverings) coverings the Pleiades. [87] [88] 17 1) The full coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in Kazakh is called “Zharasyp togysu” (Peaceful covering) or “Koyindasyp togysu” (Hugging covering). In modern astronomy, this particular type of coating is considered (International Occultation Timing Association – IOTA). [35] It will be helpful for the reader to watch an animated video to imagine how these coverings of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon actually happen. [86] 2) The partial covering of the Urker (Pleiades) by the Moon in the Kazakh language is called “Kyrbaylanyp togysu” (Stretched covering) or “Topyrak shashyp Togysu” (Spiteful covering). Modern astronomy does not consider this type of coverage due to inconvenience to observation. However, nomads have used this type of coating along with full coverings for their lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” for thousands of years. Approximately, from February 18, 2013 (Mon, 2,456,341 JDN) to January 13, 2022 (Thu, 2,459,592 JDN), it is precisely “partial covering” that occurs. Therefore, during this period of time, we see such a covering, where the Moon is located just above or below Urker (Pleiades). Method for determining the beginning of each stellar month In ancient times and even now, the approximate time of such coatings can be determined visually using the Polaris (α Ursae Minoris). [89] In the Kazakh language, this most important star of the nomads is called «Temirkazyk» or «Iron stake». Ai (Moon), Urker (Pleiades) and Temirkazyk (Polaris) in the same line in the night sky will be only once in 27-28 days and 13-14 times during each year. From this moment begins the beginning of each new stellar month (togys aiy) according to the lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi”. [25, с. 119-122] The names of the months of "two brothers" (Eki agaiyndy ai) Based on the structure and working principle of "Togys esebi", the aforementioned Esepshi and simple nomads from ancient times called the Sun and the Moon “two brothers”, who have close family ties. This unshakable and eternal rule is especially clearly reflected in the names of the stellar months. First comes the names of the months associated with the apparent annual movement of the Sun in the celestial sphere. [90] After the name of the solar months, follows the name of the months associated with a visible change in the lunar phase [56] during the lunar month (29-30 days). The names of these two types of months are given in table 1. However, it should be noted that in nomadic folklore there are many names of the months, even more than enough. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the nomads of Central Asia divided the zodiac into 27 or 28 segments relative to fixed stars – one for each day of the lunar-stellar month (27.322 days), [91] as pre-Islamic Arabs (Manazil al-Kamar), [92] the ancient Chinese (Èrshíbā Xiu) [93] and the ancient Indians (Nakshatra). [94] This assumption of the author requires further thorough study. 18 Table 1. Alternative solar and lunar names of the months of covering (togys aiy) of the lunar-star calendar “Togys esebi” № month 1st month 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month Names of the Months (Sun) Otamaly (kokek) Mamyr Kuralai Sarsha Tamyz Kuiek Zheldi Kazan Karasha Toksan Kantar Akpan Nauryz Common year 355-356 days 1 togys aiy 25 togys aiy 23 togys aiy 21 togys aiy 19 togys aiy 17 togys aiy 15 togys aiy 13 togys aiy 11 togys aiy 09 togys aiy 07 togys aiy 05 togys aiy 03 togys aiy Names of the Months (Moon) Tuar Aidyn zhanasy Oliara Batar Ai Ai qorgalau Kemushi Ai Ai zheliný Ai arasy Ai tutylu Tolyk Ai Ashuly Ai Tolas bolu Osushi Ai Zhana togys 13 lunar phases 28,7161 days № month 26,5072 days 24,2983 days 22,0893 days 19,8804 days 17,6715 days 15,4626 days 13,2536 days 11,0447 days 8,83572 days 6,62679 days 4,41786 days 2,20893 days 2nd month 3rd month 4th month 5th month 6th month 7th month 8th month 9th month 10th month 11th month 12th month 13th month 14th month 1st month Names of the Months (Sun) Otamaly (kokek) Mamyr Kuralai Sarsha Tamyz Kuiek Zheldi Kazan Karasha Toksan Kantar Akpan Tokpan Nauryz Leap year 382-383 days 1 togys aiy 27 togys aiy 25 togys aiy 23 togys aiy 21 togys aiy 19 togys aiy 17 togys aiy 15 togys aiy 13 togys aiy 11 togys aiy 09 togys aiy 07 togys aiy 05 togys aiy 03 togys aiy Names of the Months (Moon) Tuar Aidyn zhanasy Oliara Batar Ai Ai qorgalau Kemushi Ai Ai zheliný Ai arasy Ai tutylu Tolyk Ai Ashuly Ai Tolas bolu Osushi Ai Zhana togys Togys aidyn karakshysy* 14 lunar phases 30,9251 days 28,7161 days 26,5072 days 24,2983 days 22,0893 days 19,8804 days 17,6715 days 15,4626 days 13,2536 days 11,0447 days 8,83572 days 6,62679 days 4,41786 days 2,20893 days * The name “ Togys aidyn karakshysy ” is closely related to the rules of intercalations and defines the method for calculating a leap year (382-383 days). 19 About issues related to the precession and the equinox The human mind – by cosmic standards, only recently began to wake up. In some areas of consciousness, we are still sleeping. However, no one can be blamed for this inaction. It takes some more time so that it is not they, but we who control our mind and consciousness. The splitting of an atom, sending a rocket into space (to the moon and Mars), creating the Internet and a smartphone, etc. paradoxically, all these scientific achievements are “children's toys”. If humanity does not destroy such a unique civilization created by our ancestors (in the near future), after about a hundred years, human science will understand the new laws and rules that explain how this world and the universe work. One of the most obscure phenomena of nature and space is – precession. To understand it (precession) to the end, we need to live and scientifically document the changes that take place for about 26 thousand years. Until today (September 2019), we only know these scientific descriptions of the precession below. However, one cannot call these descriptions absolute truths or an invariable scientific postulate. If you look carefully, these descriptions change every time the human mind and consciousness rises to a new level, after the birth of the “new” Newtons (1642-1726/27), [95] Euler (1707-1783), [96] Einstein (1879 -1955) [97] and in the future after the birth of other "geniuses" from other nonEuropean races ... The problem of precession and controversy Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body. In an appropriate reference frame it can be defined as a change in the first Euler angle, whereas the third Euler angle defines the rotation itself. In other words, if the axis of rotation of a body is itself rotating about a second axis, that body is said to be precessing about the second axis. A motion in which the second Euler angle changes is called nutation. In physics, there are two types of precession: torque-free and torque-induced. In astronomy, precession refers to any of several slow changes in an astronomical body's rotational or orbital parameters. An important example is the steady change in the orientation of the axis of rotation of the Earth, known as the precession of the equinoxes. [98] In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis. In particular, it can refer to the gradual shift in the orientation of Earth's axis of rotation in a cycle of approximately 25,772 years. [99] This is similar to the precession of a spinning-top, with the axis tracing out a pair of cones joined at their apices. The term "precession" typically refers only to this largest part of the motion; other changes in the alignment of Earth's axis – nutation and polar motion – are much smaller in magnitude. Earth's precession was historically called the precession of the equinoxes, because the equinoxes moved westward along the ecliptic relative to the fixed stars, opposite to the yearly motion of the Sun along the ecliptic. Historically, [100] the discovery of the precession of the equinoxes is usually attributed in the West to the 2nd-century-BC astronomer Hipparchus, although there are claims of its earlier discovery, such as in the ancient Indian text Vedanga Jyotisha. With improvements in the ability to calculate the gravitational force between planets during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was recognized that the ecliptic itself moved slightly, which was 20 named planetary precession, as early as 1863, while the dominant component was named lunisolar precession. [101] Their combination was named general precession, instead of precession of the equinoxes. Lunisolar precession is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun on Earth's equatorial bulge, causing Earth's axis to move with respect to inertial space. Planetary precession (an advance) is due to the small angle between the gravitational force of the other planets on Earth and its orbital plane (the ecliptic), causing the plane of the ecliptic to shift slightly relative to inertial space. Lunisolar precession is about 500 times greater than planetary precession. [102] In addition to the Moon and Sun, the other planets also cause a small movement of Earth's axis in inertial space, making the contrast in the terms lunisolar versus planetary misleading, so in 2006 the International Astronomical Union recommended that the dominant component be renamed the precession of the equator, and the minor component be renamed precession of the ecliptic, but their combination is still named general precession. [103] Many references to the old terms exist in publications predating the change. [104] However, some Russian scientists do not agree with these "firmly established scientific data." The following is an excerpt from one of these articles: The analysis of the official justification of the observed precession of the earth's axis indicates its partial failure, the result of which was a distorted idea of the observed phenomenon – the precession of the earth's axis. It is shown that the gravity of the Sun and the Moon cannot cause the Earth to shift the center of gravity from the center of mass inertia. However, precession exists. The existence of a precession conclusively proves that the displacement of the centers of mass is completely real. But if there is a displacement, then both the Sun and the Moon must cause, and cause, the precession of the earth's axis, without causing a displacement of the centers of mass. This explains the clearly observed periodic dependence of the so-called nutational component of the precession on the motion of the moon and the sun. The cause of the cone-shaped precession with a period of 26 thousand years is the core of the Galaxy. But the core of the Galaxy cannot be, and is not, the cause of the displacement of the centers of mass of the Earth. Thus, the cosmological effect, hundreds of years inaccessible to the scientific community, was discovered – the displacement of the centers of mass of the Earth for an unknown reason. With full certainty, it can be argued that the search for the cause of the effect must be sought outside the framework of the classical and Einstein theories based on the mass equivalence postulate. Such an attempt has already been made, see. [105] In this regard, it is necessary to begin the search for factual material, possibly already available, but rejected by the experimenters, due to the contradiction of the obtained material to “firmly established scientific data”. (Nizhny Novgorod, February 2014) [106] The problem of equinox and contradiction Because of the precession of the Earth's axis, the position of the vernal point on the celestial sphere changes over time, and the equatorial and the ecliptic coordinate systems change accordingly. Thus when specifying celestial coordinates for an object, one has to specify at what time the vernal point and the celestial equator are taken. That reference time is called the equinox of date. [107] The upper culmination of the vernal point is considered the start of the sidereal day for the observer. The hour angle of the vernal point is, by definition, the observer's sidereal time. 21 Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the celestial equator – the equinoxes shift through the constellations as follows [108] (expressed in astronomical year numbering when the year 0 = 1 BC, −1 = 2 BC, etc.): The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year −1865, passed into Pisces in year −67, will pass into Aquarius in year 2597, and then into Capricornus in year 4312. In 1489 it came within 10 arcminutes of Cetus without crossing the boundary. The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year −729, will pass into Leo in year 2439. [109] Oddly enough, the phenomenon of the equinox also does not do without contradiction. For example, astronomers claim that at this time we live in the era of Pisces, the era of Aquarius will begin in about 600 years. However, astrologers of the world argues that the era of Aquarius began in the twentieth century. It is noted that the vernal equinox (i.e., the first of the 360° zodiac circle) is not stationary relative to the stars. She slowly moves back along the circle, passing a distance of 30 ° (i.e. one zodiac sign) in about 2160 years. Thus, from the sign of Aries, she moved to the sign of Pisces and is currently moving into the sign of Aquarius. This movement gave rise to the theory of astrological eras (or world eras), hence the frequent mention of our current "entry into the era of Aquarius." [110] There are various methods of calculating the boundaries of an astrological age. In sun-sign astrology, the first sign is Aries, followed by Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, and Pisces, whereupon the cycle returns to Aries and through the zodiacal signs again. Astrological ages proceed in the opposite direction ("retrograde" in astronomy). Therefore, the Age of Aquarius follows the Age of Pisces. [111] [112] Conclusion For about the last 30 years I have been living not according to the Gregorian calendar, but according to the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". Since then, every year I discover amazing things related to the concept of time and the universe. My conclusions made over the years are completely opposite to the conclusions of modern astronomers and astrologers. Perhaps someone or all members of the scientific community will find my version of the "new theory of precession" complete nonsense. Nevertheless, after thirty years of observing the sky and after carefully studying the knowledge of the ancestors of the nomads, I deeply suspect that the star cluster Urker (Pleiades) has a significant influence not only on Earth, but also on the Sun and Moon, and have close ties with the aforementioned controversial precession. The wind of change (about our understanding and in general our perception of time) is blowing from the side of Urker (Pleiades). I calculated a very simple astro-mathematical equality for the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi", which clearly shows that the precession period lasts either 47799/47801 years or 23899.5 / 23900.5 years. I called this unique 423-year equality "the Urker (Pleiades) Cycle". 1) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 109 leap ÷ 423 year = 365.257683215130023 stellar year 2) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 79 leap ÷ 435 year = 355.181609195402298 lunar-stellar year 22 3) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 1,819 leap ÷ 5,655 sidereal month = 27.321662245800176 togis ay 4) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 160 leap ÷ 436 year = 354.36697247706422 lunar year 5) 7 days × 22,072 week = 154,504 days = 2,776 leap ÷ 5,232 synodic month = 29.530581039755351 tuar ay 6) 154,504 × 113 cycle = 17,458,952 days = 11,587 leap ÷ 47,801 year = 365.2424007865944 tropical year 7) 423 year × 113 cycle = 47,799 ÷ 2 cycle = 23,899.5 stellar year or 47,801 ÷ 2 cycle = 23,900.5 tropical year If in modern life our calendar will be focused on neomenia (new moon), as in ancient times, then we begin to notice that the real spring does not come in the second half of March (March 20), but in mid-April and early May. In some incomprehensible way, the so-called "spring equinox" is slowly shifting not to the constellation Pisces and Aquarius, as astronomers and astrologers believe, but slowly moving towards the constellation Gemini and Cancer. Perhaps in the near future there will be no concrete evidence in favor of my theory. Because all the power of human intelligence and financial resources are invested in the current concept and model of the universe. Although there are many contradictions and misunderstandings in these scientific statements, modern science will follow it for a while. But we will be forced to stop and think, because this scientific basis will be distorted and destroyed before our eyes ... just in a hundred years. Usually, on the eve of June 20-22, tourists from around the world gather in the famous Stonehenge (UK) and wait for the Sun to rise, and then again leave for their lands. This picture has been going on for decades. However, nothing substantial in this "expectation of something supernatural" does not occur. Very soon this useless sight will annoy tourists and they will stop coming to Stonehenge to be charged with the "energy of the universe." If these tourists had a paper lunar-stellar calendar “Togys esebi” like mine, then on the eve of this date, in the morning twilight before sunrise, for several seconds or even a whole minute, they would see with their own eyes the heliacal rising [113] of Urker (Pleiades ) after 37-40 days disappearance in the sky. This is truly a bewitching picture of a mysterious sky, so at least once in your life you should look at this unique sight. This thought prompted me to make for people such a paper look of the lunar-stellar calendar "Togys esebi". Such a universal lunar-star calendar with corresponding pictures of the phases of the moon and Urker (Pleiades) and a detailed description of how to use this calendar will appear on my Academia.edu page very soon. [114] 23 REFERENCES 01. Covering (astronomy): https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Покрытие_(астрономия) 02. Calendar: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar 03. Pleiades: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiades 04. Moon: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon 05. Ai (Ай): https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ай_(серік) 06. Urker (Үркер): https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Үркер 07. Turkic peoples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples 08. Eurasia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasia 09. Central Asia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia 10. Kazakhs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs 11. Kyrgyz people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people 12. Turkmens: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmens 13. Uzbeks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks 14. Uyghurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs 15. Karakalpaks: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpaks 16. Turkish people: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people 17. Azerbaijanis: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanis 18. 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Meeus; Mathematical Astronomical Morsels; ISBN 0-943396-51-4. 109. Equinox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox 110. Equinox Precession: http://dna.com.ua/6027-precessiya-ravnodenstviy.html 111. Neil Spencer, True as the Stars Above, 2000, pp. 115-27 – chapter 7 – "Love Shall Steer the Stars – The Long Dawning of the Age of Aquarius" 112. Age of Aquarius: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquarius 113. Heliacal rising: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliacal_rising 114. My profile: https://independent.academia.edu/KaldarhanKambar 26