Dark Physics of the Universe

Dark Physics of the Universe To My Father ... Burtay Mutlu 1 Dark Physics of the Universe Most of us over estimate the Physics as one of the most difficult and comprehensive subjects of science. In fact, we take advantage of the laws of physics in every act from taking a stone from ground for throwing it. Or walking. We also do all the necessary physic calculations automatically in our minds. The science of physics tells us our placement in the Universe, on the other hand, it tells the relationship between objects and phenomena in our environment. We exist according to the laws of physics in every moment of our lives. From birth to death and probably after ... This work is not a scientific article. It does not claim to teach physics. Even the assumptions it makes, are doubtful. Teaching physics is the duty of real physicists, who are dedicated his life to the physics. This book hopes to be understood. And this book claims that will be inspiring for real physicists. This book uses the knowledge of physics to interpret the events and facts in the Universe from a completely different perspective as philosophically. I mean by using the term the Philosophy as, "producing knowledge from knowledge" as based on the origin, as different our current use. So that this book is based on a basic assumption and by using the current physics knowledge, it expands this assumption. I hope to add different questions and new perspectives to the readers by using their own knowledge. 2 The basis of my approach is that I think, we can find all answers about the Universe, only if we can see them as the parts of the whole. For this reason, my assumption is basing on the Expansion of the Universe. By which is shaping all the phenomena with a different view from the current physics. Because of its conflicts with current physics, I have named the book as "The Dark Physics of the Universe". Everything started five or six years ago with a question of my son. "What happens if a spaceship goes up to the speed of light?" My answer was not satisfactory for me. The answers I found were also not illuminating. During this time, I came across a different universe model as a result of my research and learning. I complete this book with the same subject. 3 Contents 4 5 About the Book I did not add most information which the reader can find that by themselves on internet. I indicated as internet addresses. Since it would be difficult to write all these addresses by hand, you can find all of them collectively as online at https://bit.ly/2KeCZKb and http://tinyurl.com/yyp5gnfs The contents of the book contains abundant pictures and graphics are used. There are several reasons. First, pics and illustrations are an important part of the narration of subjects. I tried to use pictures and illustrations to describe the topic concept instead of words. Secondly, the accuracy of mathematics is a reliable way, because it does not bring discussion. However, I do not have the proper level of training in them. In fact, readers can understand and interpret shapes. Of course, those who have physics knowledge can adapt them to various physics formulas by making use of narration and shapes. Third, especially in today's world, the time usage of new generations is cramped. Images are like a kind of common language. I think that it will be easier to explain the concepts by emoji and pics for the minds structured by social media. In some pictures, you will find the concepts that can be explained only in a few pages. The book is a whole as my view for the Universe. Because of the necessity to explain the topics in a sequence, I continued by placing some concepts in the next narratives. I advice you to read it again after finishing. At every case, you will find a new and different concept. By purchasing this book, you have also supported my project work "to alleviate the problem of plastic pollution in the Oceans" Thank you. 6 While starting Physics deals with the universe through relations between particles and forces. And there is only one thing at final that we come across. Energy... In the universe, everything that is real begins with energy and ends with energy. Physics examines the statute of energy and its relations with its derivatives as consequences. That's why I think we can get to the basic of all phenomena by looking at the quantum level. Of course, our scientific knowledge for this level is limited and we rely on assumptions based on the scientific results. When the Science reverses the Time and expansion, it is agreed that all matter and energy in the universe were in a singularity point as homogeneous and dimensionless. The Universe started from this point. The tracks which were tracked backwards by radio telescopes, go back to the moments after the first 380,000 years. We reach the information before this date by assumptions based on science. 7 The Birth of the Universe Now, let's go back to the first moment where Energy was symmetrical, singular, homogeneous, and dimensionless. If we think that the Universe started to exist as a single dimensionless dimension in the beginning, we have to change our mind as first. All the Energy and matter in the Universe were not trapped in a single point. Yes. The effect that we call as the Big Bang1, starting from a single point. But all the energy were not cramped at one point. On the contrary, The Space was more fully filled with The Energy, even before the Time existed. Space was a immense ocean of energy. While this energy ocean was fusing with the Time after giving birth to the Time by expansion, it became our Universe. Everything in the Universe are made up of fractal (symmetrical, self-repetitive motions) structures of subunits. Not only objects, but also actions ... From snowflake to ferns, from bone development to muscle fiber structure, the same basic logic prevails. As we get closer to the foundation from the cells to the inanimate molecules, there are always "new sub units". 1 Link1 8 At the final stage, the Particles composed from energy fields are emerging which gained the Mass. I think that this diversity structure based on the combination of these identical elements (the same with another one) are due to the nature of the Energy. In other words, energy must be made up of countless subidentical units, not monolithic. Nowadays, we call "quanta" the smallest possible amount of these energy units. "Quantum" is the plural definition of these energy units. (It is easier to grasp the fluidity of the energy in this way.) Before the Big Bang, the quantum were present in this energy sea as vibration free, identical, homogeneous and symmetrical in singularity. When it comes to the concept of singularity, things get a little confused. Our current the Singularity concept mentions that energy is trapped in an infinitely small point without any dimension. We assume that the matter falling into black holes is squeezed into the singularity level. In this partially enough approach, it is important that we should make a definition of singularity from a different perspective. Singularity defines a situation where exists no dimension. If there is no size, there is no detectable anything. In this case, we need to reconsider the concept of "The Dimension" as first. 9 Spatial dimensions in contemporary science; defined as x, y, z coordinates. "The Time" as an abstract dimension is indispensable for operations involving motion. There are also concepts of The Closed and The Curved dimensions, which the String Theory2 has put into the life of science. When we think about the closed, curved and abstract dimensions as like the tangible concept of dimension as we used and understand, it is not possible to comprehend them. However in physics equations, when we consider that the dimensions are variables and they have functions, we realize that there must be a common definition-perspective for all types of dimensions. Quanta defines the energy pack in the Planck criteria. Planck criteria are universal constants. In our physical universe, there is no smaller distance than the Planck Length. Also, the Planck Time is the smallest time unit. That is, if we divide these Time or Distance measurements continuously into the number what we want, the smallest physical values we would reach would be these Planck Constants. The values smaller than Planck constants are physically impossible3. For detecting (only by equations, our technology can not do it) a quanta in our universe, it must be located within at least one Planck Length. Considering that everything in our universe has a vibration, then the quanta packets must have a vibration in universe. 2 Link2 3Add1) The meaning of infinity for physics 10 Then, vibration of a quanta within a Planck distance, must make it as detectable for interactions with others. In other words, vibration of the Energy within a Planck Length should describe its state of motion on a dimension. If so, "The Dimension" can be defined briefly as "Linear area where the Energy is vibrating in". If the Dimension is a vibration field, then we can define the Singularity as the status quo of the energy which is non vibrating or its vibration can not be detected by the Universe. (So that its vibration does not effect the Universe.) Now, in the event that the quantum were vibrationless before the Big Bang, we can easily describe them as non dimensional and singular. In the absence of vibration, the density was at the highest level. What we call the "Big Bang" was not an explosion in the sense that we know. This was a nested symmetrical breakage. I have no idea about why this structure was broken and how the first effect occurred. Perhaps because of occurring a low mathematical probability or maybe due to a special fillip or the drastic word (to be!) of a Supreme Being. In any case, the amount of energy which breaks this structure must be very low than the amount of energy released after breaking. Because the main part of the energy released during the Big Bang must have come out of the released quantum.4 This energy in the Singularity was potentially hiding because of each quanta was limiting the vibration of others. 4 Add2) An example of a system with its hidden potential 11 Their temperature were also at "Absolute Zero". Because there was no vibration. The Big Bang may have begun when the first quanta was vibrated and distributed the force of effect around it. In this process, each quanta has the same vibration pattern. In 2 direction; horizontal and vertical. When the absolute temperature was exceeded in the areas where the fracture was spreading, dispersion5 of the effect must have taken place in spherical symmetry like a wave propagation. The super fluid structure of texture should facilitate a rapid spread for the initial force and resultant force from the fracture. The first effect should be transferred from the Planck Length, which is spatial dimension length of a quanta. This means that the dispersion effect was discrete. While the first effect was spreading, it should cause energy density (pressure) difference between the distorted medium and the intact environment while causing breakage in the unspoiled regions. 5 Add3) Bose-Einstein Condensation 12 Here, we can think that during the equalization of this pressure difference (in a Planck distance), some of the wave energy of the spreading effect was reflected back in the altered medium, to increase the vibration amplitude in the center. The pressure of the region supported by vibration of the released quantum should have increased the kinetic energy density of the fractured area. Therefore, at every propagation of the effect wave at each Planck Length, there should be some waves reflected backwards. Reflected waves, as the first steps of "the Time", should have invited the quantum in the wave propagation area to vibrate. Due to the phase difference between the emitted and reflected waves, I think that, quantum were trying to protect their regular structure by making destructive interference with each other. 13 While one of the pairs vibrates with the sinus while the other vibrates with the cosine curve. So, the total value does not change at all. Sinx+Cosx=1 The destructive interference vibrations of the pairs of quanta will define them as non vibrating for their around6. This trend will also enable the quantum to unite and to form systems (The Strings?). The waves of the Expansion that gave rise to the birth of the Time, provide a range of 1 Planck Distance to vibrate the quantum. As the effect was spreading, it impelled to expand the Universe in a Planck Length. Each expansion stage, 1 Time Wave propagated back in the Universe's space texture and As the waves pass through each other, they do not lose their energies. During these transitions, the peak and bottom points may overlap or overlap with respect to frequency and wavelength. We call them destructive or constructive interference. 6 Destructive or constructive interference can be superimposed which can be detected a completely different wave profile. 14 transformed it into "Space-Time". When the Big Bang was spreading, the vibration support of free quantum should have increased power of the effect as exponentially. In a fluid, we know that such an intense force distribution in a volume may lead to an imbalance between the volume and the effect surface. The pressure is so high that the surface area of the expansion cannot support the propagation of this. In this case, I think that the spherical structure of the propagation takes the form of 7torus. Thus, the surface area of expansion can support rapid expansion and falling pressure. 7 Ideas; About Rotation of the Universe 15 I think, we define this transformation process as Big Inflation or the Inflation Theory8. This approach is particularly successful in explaining that the Energy density in the Universe is equivalent in all regions. 8 Link3, Link4 16 The Dimension is What? At first, I was studying the concept of the singularity. The general definition is about the infinite mass-energy density and a dimensionless environment ... To measure something, we need dimensions to compare. If there is no dimension, there will be no measurement. Then I started to think about the concept of "the dimension". According to the survey, almost everyone could define this concept according to their usage. Some describe the relationship based on the coordinates between two or more points in the space, while others thought it was a transition tool / window to the magical universes. The definition of the dimension is further more varied by the definition of Closed and Curled up dimensions of the String Theory come to the agenda. Also the Time already have been there always as an abstract dimension. I think, "definition of the dimension" should include all of them and also allow this diversity. So, I look for the answer in the presence of energy. Planck defines the Planck Length as the smallest length for the presence of an energy packet, quanta. In addition, the String Theory inspired me for another perspective. If an energy package tends to vibrate in a Planck Length at a direction, can I define it as an unit of measure? Then I realized that if the energy packages (the quantum) cannot vibrate in any direction, they must be together without space between them.This also fits the state of energy in singularity. 17 The Spatial Dimensions If an quanta starts to vibrate in a direction, it turns into an onedimensional String. In this way, it gains a field for itself in the void. There is no singularity for it anymore. Well, what if it vibrates in two perpendicular directions? Then, there would be a scanned field by quanta as a two dimensional membrane. The same rule applies for the 3 spatial dimensions. This time, there will be two 2dimensional plane as perpendicular to each other, so that the volume has been formed. If a vibration direction is completely closed by the vibration of another quantum, we can call this as a "closed dimension". But for both, if there are a unsufficient gap to vibrate, this could be a "curved dimension." 18 Furthermore, it is possible to obtain objects of any size with the combination of these three dimensional vibrating areas as legos (systems consisting of quanta). Moreover, it is possible to create a coordinate system with their vibration directions. Transformation between dimensions How can we transform a single two-dimensional plane to a 3dimensional volume? At the beginning, before the masses exist, it is thought that all energy of the Universe was in the quantum form. So initially, they were only quanta or I mean, photons. Then it is assumed that some of them come together under the influence of very high heat and pressure, forming the systems for the first basic particles with mass. The families had derived from these first masses as elementary particles, later the basic particles, later atoms, etc. My first question here is, how could we can transform a 2D plane into a 3D? At least, we know that spatial dimensions are intersecting with each other at 90 degrees. For the Time, we make same assumption when it is included in equations as a dimension. But ... I think, it should be enough for all dimensions intersecting each other with equal angles instead crossing at 90 degrees. 19 In this case, the Time is able to intersect 3 vibration field of the 2-dimensional membrane with an equal angle. And it can transform them into a 3dimensional structure. Moreover, the intersection angle with these vibration fields is still equal. The only angle in which the Time can intersect with the three spatial dimensions in the 3D universe is 45 degrees. Only at this degree, it may have provided with three of them as equal levels of interaction. 20 I think that, some of the two-dimensional vibrating quantum tried to establish bonds by destructive interference between them to preserve their existing structures. So that, these new fields had formed the core-seed for the mass creation9. These new energy fields had remained between motion of the expansion of the Universe and the opposing pressure of the Time Waves. They had transformed into 3-dimensional structure. Time is not only in the formation of the mass but also in maintaining this existence of the mass. Nowadays, in the Particle Colliders increasingly energized basic particles (generally proton) are being collided. The goal is to reach the smallest particles of the beginning era. The life span of most particles are too short. In addition, about 300 particles have been mentioned recently as fundamental particles. Link5 9 21 The Time is What? What are the Duration and the Moment? One of the things we know as certain about our universe is that it expands rapidly with acceleration. So it has an increasing rate of expansion. Is there anything beyond our universe? Or is there an upper universe that hosts multiple universes? We do not know. What is The Time? From our point of view, it is important to answer why expanding. There are various theories and assumptions about this. But let's make a simple assessment about the nature of expansion directly without details. Expansion of an environment is only possible, if it contains higher pressure than its outside. So the pressure outside our universe's expansion field should be either absent or low. In this case, there should be new fields that are conquered by the expansion of the Universe. The internal pressure of our universe is caused from its the cosmic background radiant, with an average energy density (2.7 Kelvin). The ability of maintaining its energy density as stable for the Universe despite its expansion, brings a lot of questions. But the answers are not directly relevant for now. In every case, there must be an energy density-pressure difference between the new regions of expansion and the older. My guess is that the oscillated wave during the Big Bang is still expanding and incorporating the new fields into our universe. While the vibrations caused from the pressure equalization between these different regions, are emitted into the Universe as a reflection wave. 22 Thus, I have described Time as a wave with "1 Planck Length" wavelength and a period with "1 Planck Time". Which originates from the expansion of the Universe and spreads inward. In this case, the speed of these waves should be "C" (Light Speed) and it must have an intermittent effect on the objects. In fact, while measuring the Speed of Light in different environments, we use this as scale for the duration comparison. More interestingly, if we look at the movement's relativity window, all the masses in the universe will also be moving at the speed of light (according to these waves). I think, the time waves vibrate all space of the Universe which was filled by quantum. Although these quantum were already everywhere before the Big Bang, by means of existed some energy intensities during the Big Bang, they have found more free space for their vibrations in the wavy space. But still, this is not a big free emptiness. The matter and energy we know is only about 4% of the universe. If our universe is a wavy field in the quiescent quantum, the only difference between the vibrating and non vibrating quantum, will be the Vibration sourced by the Time waves. In this case, the result of 10120 times more stronger energy tensor than measured force of the Dark Matter may also be meaningful. If so, we can also assume that, the Space texture of the Universe is not expanding, it still stands as nearly same, only the Impact of Big Bang is propagating still. And it has been transforming the non vibrating quantum texture into vibrating quantum texture. This supplies us the non changing energy intensity although the expansion. 23 In addition, if we consider the flexible, fluidity nature of the energy, the time waves should cause superfluidity in this texture. Assuming that the impact of Big Bang still preserves its symmetry, the waves have propagated from the expansion edges should have a convex slope. (Expansion outward, waves inward ...) Even if they had started Initially progression with a very slight and low energy for the unit field, their amplitude will increase while there are spreading into the universe. As the waves progress, its energy density will increase. In this way, they can focus large amounts of transferred energy on small areas. Our concept of Time, which we use in daily language, is very broad and vague. The concepts of Time, Moment and Duration are related to each other, but we need to examine them with their differences ... By differentiating these concepts (actually trying to use their actual meanings), I defined it as follows: 24 What is the Duration? The time perception (duration) for an object is related to the number of waves passing the "now" reference frame. As the number of waves increase, we detect the duration as longer. The wave fronts which approaches us but not yet reach are representing the future, as symmetrically, the wave fronts which had just passed through our reference frame are representing the past. The intervals based on two or more wave fronts are the Duration. We are able to generate the Time and date information for the future and the Past according to them. Actually, The thing which is relativistic according to speed is not the Time, but it is the Duration. And stopped thing at the Light Speed is not the Time again, it is a Moment of Duration When the Time dilated because of the Velocity, in fact only the determinate duration is changing. Then using the terms of "flowing duration" or "passing moments" instead of "Flowing/Passing Time" should be more accurate. What is the Moment? When we use the term of the Time, in fact we mean the sum of the sequential discrete Moments Now, let's stop the whole movement in the Universe (in the Moment). This situation will be for us; "the Stopped Time". Let's look at this situation from the outside as an observer: The first thing that attracts the attention is that there will not be any kind of motion. 25 Since everything was frozen in a moment, neither atoms will vibrate, neither electrons will move, nor energy to be exchanged, nor the Time will continue to be exist. If so, "the Moment" should be one part of the Duration in one reference frame of the Universe. If we look at the Physics constants, duration of the Moment should be a Planck Time. Because it is the smallest and constant time unit. 26 Basis (first) Laws in the Universe Physics science has achieved significant success in understanding the functions of the Universe. We owe our technology to the achievements of scientists, who have been collected data for hundreds of years by observation and experiments. It is very difficult to choose the basic ones among these laws defined by the language of mathematics. These laws tell us about the relations between the Matter and the Energy. Because these laws have been shaped and developed by various scientists according to their observations, experiments and endeavors at different annals. So, which one is the most important? It's hard to decide which is representing the basic laws. Moreover, since most of these laws find application in the first seconds of the Universe, it is not easy to make a distinction. The only fundamental force that existed in the beginning, evolved into the four fundamental forces. So that, Understanding this separation has transformed to "the Holy Grail" of science, which aims to reunite universal laws. Which rule might be the basic for others? There was no physical laws before the Big Bang, the basic laws of the Universe must have come out with this period of the Big Bang. So, there can't be too much law. Because the laws of physics that we know are based on relationships between many different particles and/or phenomenons. 27 However, in the first moments of the Universe, there were not so many different particles or phenomenons. There can be no law without any possibility of implementation. There were only identical quanta and relations between them. Therefore, all the subsequent laws were derived from the same basic reasons. This has two meanings. First, this law must be at the quantum level of physics. Second, it must be very simple-basic. So, a chain of relations that starts with only a quanta. Before the Big Bang, we assumed that the quanta stand in pairs, singularized, regular and symmetrical. Then, the first law can be defined as "the tendency of the energy to return to its homogeneous, regular and symmetrical condition as before the Big Bang". We can also describe this as "the Energy always tends to be homogeneous and symmetrical in its environment". Homogeneity consists of being identical in all units in the environment. Symmetry also refers to "balance of identical". That is, the Energy tends to be balanced and equal in the systems units. However, this balance is not like "1 = 1". Because we know that at the beginning of the Universe, matter and antimatter energy were formed in equal proportions. In this case, the equation should be like"1 + (- 1) = 0". So the value 0 (zero) always shows us the balance in the system. The systems are built on the fact that the opposing forces are equivalent. 28 When we look at the systems around us from the structure of the atom to the galaxies, we see that they are all in equilibrium at the nearby of chaos as a system. For collapsing a system, its balance should be broken. If we tend to consider this trend a little more, "The Entropy increase"10, is not the increasing degree of disorder or randomness as defined in current physics. According to our subjective view caused by mass origin, the decomposition of an existing system is the increase of entropy. It is unfavorable for the Mass. However, in terms of energy, this phenomenon is a tendency to average the intensity of the Energy in the environment. And it is positive. The cases for the Mass/Substance, as we call aging or decaying are the equalizing effort of the Energy at Planck Scales in all units of the environment it self. For this reason, the systems and the matter are decomposing into smaller pieces until being the powder by duration. Again, this equality trend of the Energy produces "work" for us, when it flows from high dense to the less dense. This trend is inevitably unidirectional. The reason is the propagation of energy. From the simplest to the highest systems, this basic principle is the same. As systems are getting bigger, there are differences in the functioning of subsystems units according to the state of their position and connections between them. But, the basic principle is the same. All quanta vibrate identically. Because they are identical. 10 Add4) Laws of Thermodynamics 29 Each of them have a field confined by vibration. This field tends to be spherical. Thus, energy can confine the maximum field. However, this field cannot be reachable due to same tendency of other quantum. They also make same vibrations towards the same fields. Thus, the vibrations of the two quanta to the same field cause each other to push. As the number of quanta increase in a system empty fields becomes even more inadequate for vibration. Some part of the quantum are pushed to the empty or infrequent fields by vibration of others. This tendency lasts until the system has no empty field left for the quantum vibration, all fields are filled with equal amounts of quanta and their vibration. Any more quanta can not move, because it is surrounded by other quantum as equally. This means at level of sub particles or particles, all mobilization possibilities of the particle were exhausted. Then the question of "What is the second basic rule?" comes out. How is energy transferred at quantum level? The importance of this matter stems from the fact that it forms the basis of all the physics we know. The interaction between the two atoms is an energy sharing. They establish energy balance between them and form molecules. These balances form the elementary particles at subatomic levels also and provide the continuity of their existence (?). When we heat a substance, we transfer energy to the atoms of matter. Thus, the substance becomes hot. The temperature increases. This is an energy transfer. 30 What about photo electricity? When an electron around the atom is stimulated by photon, how it can be removed from its orbit and How we can use it as electricity? When we hit an object, we transfer energy to the object. The object reacts according to the vector of the transmitted energy. If it is a stone, it is broken by mechanical energy (how?). It also warms up a little, it releases the extra energy as a photon and sound wave. Or, if there is freedom of movement, it moves in the vector direction of force. So it would be thrown. This can be by hand or by the sling or a spring mechanism or with a rocket sent into space. It doesn't matter. When the stone was charged with some energy by being thrown, the energy-loaded stone continues its movement unless it transmits this excess energy to another object such as impact, friction. That is, it can move holding this extra energy within its structure for an infinite time. How is that possible? What are the changes caused by the transmitted energy? If we pay a little attention to the structure of the "movement"; "motion is lending energy to an object more than its usual state." Space-Time responses this excess energy above the object. In the same way, In the same way, when we apply force to an object, it becomes "accelerated for movement." The object responds to this acceleration with the reaction we call as "inertia". So, what is the basis of inertia? We know speed is important. Every object we accelerated at relatively low speeds; has a relative momentum in the ratio of mass and speed. 31 Momentum can not be lost but can be transferred to another object. What is the underlying mechanism? If the speed of the object increases in the percentages of the speed of light, this time the changes in the basic properties of the object (which we can calculate with special relativity equations) occur. The Time is dilating for the object and its spatial dimension in the direction of movement is shrinking at the same rate. Moreover, the mass of the object increases in the same proportions as the "relative mass". As if all of this is not enough, there is also another condition for the Speed of Light. It is always same for all observers even if they are at different speeds or locations. The speed of light (C) is an universal constant. Moreover, this speed is limit for everything in the Universe. The matter can approach but never reach this. Why is "C" equal to all observers? And this velocity for the Mass, why it is unreachable? Although all these questions seem different from each other, they are all basically linked to the transfer of energy. They are based on a case where all the energy is transferred to a system or a phenomenon. So, the underlying mechanism of all of them must be the same. How is the impulse (energy) transferred and stored in the systems? Transfer of the Impact We need to deal with the energy transfer from one object to another at the quantum level. 32 Because everything from the gravitational force to the weak, powerful and electromagnetic forces are actualizing at the level of the elementary particles (systems composed of quanta). The force that we call as the Gravity is even a resultant force of matter's sub-particles. The causes of fundamental forces have nearly same. You cannot transfer energy from one quantum to another. Because they are identical. However, it is possible to transfer and share energy between the structures formed by merged many quanta. I'll refer to these structures as "systems" to define them,without distinction whether they are with mass or massless. As a result of this transferring or sharing, the main trend is to equalize the amount of energy (quanta) per unit in the whole system. In string theory, a string is depicted as the smallest cornerstone of matter. These strings has 1 dimensional vibration and it vibrates at different frequencies according to their loaded energy as tensile such as in violin wires. It may even have a tremendous tensile force of 14 tons between the 2 ends of the vibration. According to the same theory, there are two and threedimensional strings as closed. Closed membrane strings can not be detected by us because they do not interact with the events and objects of our Universe. But we see a lot of structures existed by various variations of other strings in the Universe. If a string is energized enough, it is predicted that it can expand from one end of the Universe to the other. Although I find many approaches of string theory are useful and using, I disagree at some points. 33 In my opinion, the phenomenon defined as "the String" is a state of vibrating quanta. It's a system. Probably, it was formed as unity of quantum. (For a quanta, the term of photon seems more appropriate ...) It is not possible to increase the magnitude of a (single) quanta by adding energy. Or it is not possible to change its vibration frequency. Because transferring energy means adding new quantum to all system. However, these quanta cannot unite into one large as whole. So it doesn't expand-enlarge when you give enough energy as like a String. (How you can add energy into energy?) But by composing an united chain system, they can expand in the whole universe from one end to the other. The vibration of each system will be different depending on status of the quantum in the system. In order to continue with the subject, we first have to look at what means "the vibration" and its features. Vibration is a wave movement. It takes all of its features from the characteristics of the waves. The Waves The wave is an energy transfer process through a medium. 34 In all waves, the waves transfer energy but the carrier medium is stationary. For example, as an example of mechanical waves, the energy in sound waves stimulates and vibrates the air molecules.. Vibrated molecules transfer this energy to the next row of molecules and vibrate them, the sound is transferred ... In this process, the gas molecules in the air do not move apart from their vibration fields. Similar features can apply to waves in the water. As the energy transmitted by water progresses, the water molecules retain in their position. Waves are divided into varieties according to their usage and spreading environments in our daily life. But don't be fooled. Actually, the wave is just the wave. Except11 electromagnetic waves, all waves need a medium to propagate. When the waves encounter with each other, they can pass 11 Add6) About the medium of Aether 35 through each other without losing their characteristics and energies. Even though they do not deteriorate each other's properties, they can form new resultant waves by overlapping in where the peaks and troughs of the wave come together. (The Interference) As first, if we consider the characteristics of a standard wave. Wavelength(λ) is horizontal distance between successive crests position. Period (T) is time it takes for successive crests or troughs to pass a specific point. (1/f) Frequency(f) is inverse of period.The number of crests or troughs that pass a point during a set time interval. (1/T) Amplitude(A) is amount of displacement from the equilibrium. The transferred energy (in a period) is kept here. Trough is the lowest point in the wave. Crest is highest point in the wave Speed of a Wave (V) = Wavelength(λ) * Frequency(f) When the wavelength (the distance between to 2 wave sequence) decreases , the number of wave pass from one point in 1 time unit (frequency) increases. This means that the wave carries more energy in total. 36 The speed of electromagnetic waves in the Space, namely Light and its derivatives, is constant. 299.792.458 m / s indicated by the "C" symbol.This speed is a universal constant. In light-permeable environments such as glass, water, air, light breaks, so its speed decreases. The velocity in these environments is fixed "relative to the environment". When it gets out of this environment, it returns to its former speed. When the waves overlap and interfere, three different situations are observed. If two wavelengths are identical, the wavelength is perfectly matched to the phase difference (release priority) between them and they form constructive or destructive interference. However, this is usually rare. Because most wave are different in frequencies, wavelength and amplitude. Then they interfere partially. Considering that all the phenomena we know in nature have a wave function, we may also think that the wave functions are a result of sub-components. After understanding the main principles, a system composed of different wave features can be shown as follows. 37 At the bottom, we see the results of the interference of 2 waves at the top. This result is also new wavelength and new frequency of the new wave system. As can be seen, the resultant wave can be very different in terms of frequency, wavelength and amplitude from the characteristics of the sub-waves. Each object-system has a natural vibration, which depends on relationship of the sub-elements with each other. In some bonds, by making "constructive or destructive" or "partial" interference, the resultant wave ultimately constitutes the natural vibration of the object. When we prob a system, the quanta come out as final. Quantum were identical. It is interesting to see such complex structures composed from these identical energy packets. In fact, the whole event is due to the limited and specific vibration possibility of each quanta. 38 In a way, in every quanta, like "Langton's Ant12" can carry out complex fractal patterns, even when it moves with limited rules. When the energy is added into a system, the new quantum starts to diffuse from the bonds between the moving sub-units of the system at first. Because the varied energy values of them cause less change in the all system integrity (at internal balances). The bonds of the system tend to borrow energy and transfer them immediately. However, as frequency of the effect increases, the smaller units will be reachable. At high frequencies, direct fundamental particles are reached. Here, the mechanism is based on transfer of the energy that the particle vibrations borrow as soon as possible. The system may continue to be exist as long as, if the increased vibration amplitude of these units can be balanced within it. If this balance cannot be established, the System is separated into its lower units. (Decomposed) The next issue raised here is "How the energy is added and shared in the system?" Impact (=React?) When different systems meet, the system which has the higher "momentum/mass ratio", has greater vibration amplitude at the basic units. (Contains more energy per unit.) When they touch each other, they generate a new system. Langton's Ant. It is a simple computer program. An ant is given certain commands for movement. For example, if your square is blank, paint it to white and go to1 square left, if the square is white, paint it to black and turn right etc.After many repetitions, ant draws interesting and fractal patterns as whole. 12 Link6 39 The energy in vibrations of systems disperse in the newly formed system. Local old vibrations interference with new vibrations. This process lasts until all vibrations become compatible in the whole (new) system. Equalization takes place from the largest sub unit in the system to the smallest units (presumably at the level of quarks and leptons) The impact is result of applying external force to a single system. The Underlying mechanism is same. The following illustrations show how the impact is transmitted. The animation shows application of a force to a subject standing in space. At first, the added energy added into the system continue to transfer as a wave packet in the medium of object while preserving its structure. When the object ends and the packet cannot continue on its path, the way packet is reflected to backwards. The wave packet, which interferes with the vibrations of the basic particles in the object, is spread over and synchronizes in the whole system. Thus, the vibration energy of wave packet and the vibrations of the system units, are causing a "greater vibration amplitude" in the system. It is envisaged that the objects are separated after the impact. 40 If objects are not separated, they create a new system. (Inelastic collision) The energy of the impact is synchronized across the whole system. If this new system was subdivided, the basic particle vibrations in all units would be equivalent. (In other words, they will share of total momentum energy in the ratio of each object mass.) Therefore, if two different objects with different mass and temperature were in contact, they interacted as much as until composing a system at the same temperature despite all differences. After that, they had fixed. Any system do not wants to keep extra energy in its structure continuously. Always, they try to throw it by photons as heat and light. The main rule does not change: In the environment where energy is present, it tends to be equal and homogeneous per unit. Therefore, when two objects with different mass and heat are in contact, they interact as much as until the system reach to the same temperature despite all differences. Although the capacity of each element atom may be different, each one had taken the same amount of extra energy into the amplitude of its vibration. Thus, the temperature is fixed at an average degree at whole. Because the system has already been maintaining its integrity as balanced in harmony of all sub-units. The added energy may compromise this integrity. So the System are always at a perfect balance on the critical point near chaos. With the added energy, one or more of the new situations occur in the systems. 41 As depending on the amount and frequency of new energy entering the system, it has a mechanical effect. It vibrates the main elements of the system. If the vibration differences caused by the structural differences are high, they force the bonds in the system and separate it into parts. For example, if we apply it to a glass piece, if it cannot transfer the energy as it receives fast enough, it is broken due to the vibration differences between the transferred and nontransferable regions. The other possible situation is that the average temperature of the object increases. Temperature is the increase mobility of atoms (as kinetic) with energy. It is increased due to rising electron mobility. This rise occur after contact with a new system as dissipation of impact vibrations. Or by absorption kinetic energy (momentum) of photons by electrons. As the heat increases, the vibration amplitudes of lower units of heated object increase. The increased vibration of the atomic nucleus is compensated by partially destructive interference of electrons vibrations which are in the energy-fields formed around it. With the increase in the vibration amplitude of the electrons, the mobility of the atom increases. As the atomic nucleus loses13 energy, they radiate energy (by photon) in the electrons by balancing the situation. Understanding the underlying mechanism of impact will be useful in understanding how the substance exhibits resistance or non-resistance14. 13 High energy X or Gamma rays. 14 For example, this application can be used for the development of superconductivity and super magnets at room temperature. (At Ideas; About super conductors) 42 The third possible situation is "the Motion". When we apply force to a object, the object will gain "speed for motion" by increase of the vibration amplitude caused by added energy. The Motion: Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum and Inertia The Motion... The fundamental existence of our universe ... When we think of it, there is nothing static in the universe. Anything that's an energy presence, somehow moving ... We see that the motion has an important role in mass formation. Basically, there are three types of movements in the Universe. In the space-time texture, the movement against the Space (one) and the movement against the Time (two) are the movements we are conscious of. Since the Space and the Time are intertwined, we generally consider combining these two as the only movement. The third is the movement of the Object with the Space-Time texture. 43 Although we distinguish it, we are not conscious about it. Only we is define it as "free fall" in space. The movement against the Space and the Time defines the movement from point A to point B and the duration of this movement. In terms of distance and speed, the kinematic and computational methods that Newton has laid the foundations still answer our scientific questions. While the part that is relevant to the Time is a bit limited by Einstein's Special Relativity approach, it is not yet complete. The massless object is not affected by time perception in terms of the term "the Duration". It's movement is in our perspective. But when the subject comes to about the object with mass, the situation changes. In each movement of the Object, not only its relationship with the Space, but also its relationship with the Duration and the Time are affected. Because Time has a key role in formation and existence continuity of the Mass. Both (relative) mass, momentum and acceleration, inertia are due to relationship between the Time and the Mass. Some concepts are somewhat confused by the habit of using instead each other. So, the difference between these two kind movements need to be revealed a little more. The movement of the Mass against the Space-Time is always "linear movement on 1 spatial dimension". Momentum, acceleration, inertia, relative mass are the result of this movement. 44 In terms of the moving object, this is "linear motion" However, It is a "curved" movement in terms of Space-Time. The reason is caused from change of the interference angle between the Time and the moving Mass by speed. Whereas "The Movement with the Space-Time texture15 takes place on 3 spatial dimensions", which is also source of the Mass. This movement is relative. We call this movement as "free fall". The question here should be, "According to relatively what?" 15 When I say texture, I'm referring to the membrane, not the void. 45 Thanks to Hubble, we know that the Universe is expanding with acceleration. So that, most galaxies are diverging from each other. The other meaning of this is that "Everything in the Universe are moving towards the expansion direction of the Universe with its contents"16. During expansion of the Universe, the Time is propagated from the opposite direction into the Space texture. Thus, Space-Time is formed. The mass object stays between the influences of Free Fall and the Time. The expansion of the Universe is through in all directions at the same time. In this analogy, it is like the swelling state of a balloon. In this case, "the Time" represents the radius of expansion. It is again through in all directions. The universe is expanding through this direction. Of course, "the Time" I mean here is not abstract and scalar as accepted. It is tangible waves with vector sourced from expansion of the Universe. Let us first examine "the Motion" on the 1 spatial dimension. 16 Add5) Expansion acceleration of the Universe ( 67,15 km/sec) 46 Acceleration and Inertia All actions, which we know or watch as "the Movement" always take place on a spatial dimension. In other words, "The movement always occurs on anyone of the three spatial dimensions." 2-dimensional objects, ie electromagnetic waves, the movement of photons have momentum such as 3-dimensional objects. There are nothing in the Universe that has no momentum. The speeds of the 2-dimensional objects are fixed at Light Speed. They have no mass. So, they exist with only their momentum and they have just carry it. When the transfer is over, their assets will be over. 47 On the other hand, the 3-dimensional masses, even though they move linearly as same, they can carry the energy as momentum independently of their existence. I think, the interesting thing here is that when an object is accelerated, how it is able to continue this movement in the same vector direction forever? " In fact, by thinking as an example the "slingshot effect17" used in the acceleration and orientation of spacecraft, we may think that the motion may be partly independent from the vector of given force for acceleration. Thus, the motion can be caused from the preservation of some other features of the object. (Of course, the momentum is preserved but...) When evaluating the Impact on an object, we showed that the added energy is dispersing in the object (= system) as a wave packet until it covers entire system. After that, the added energy is settled in phase harmony with the usual vibration of the System. If there is an object which is inert or immobile according to us (for example, in an airplane), we should accelerate it for motion. As definition, the acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object with respect to time. And the Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity (speed or direction). Acceleration is energy transfer for movement into the system like impact. In the example of impact, we discussed the subject about "only a single impact". Acceleration is based on the continuity of impacts as depending on time. The Time is also included in the subject. 17 Link7 48 So, The Acceleration is different in some respects from the Impact. The Acceleration is the sum of the impacts at the possible highest frequency. In this case, the impact occurs at every Planck Time on the system and energy is loaded. Due to this high frequency, it effects directly the smallest units. Since the underlying mechanism is the same, I will discuss the subject with the description of a movement with a constant acceleration. In constant accelerated motion18, an equivalent amount of energy is always transferred to the system. The impacts are equally intermittent and dense. The system (or object) increases its speed (as based on its previous state) in a Planck Time. While the added energy forces the system into action, slower sections of the system show inertial resistance to movement. This continues throughout the acceleration process until it reaches a constant speed. We encounter with similar situations in our daily life. For example, while driving a wheel supermarket cart during shopping. We know how much force we should use to drive the basket or point it any direction we want. Our brain calculates all of them automatically to send orders to muscles for applying force. In constant acceleration, the rate of increase in speed is always same. The applied force is same as time. 49 18 Acceleration causes resonance in the system. When acceleration is finished, the system moves with constant velocity in the its new vibration amplitude. Straight lines indicate amplitude fields reached by added energy to the system during acceleration. Now, let's take a look at what is happening in the system that is forced into motion. Initially, the system is at constant speed. (If it is stationary, its speed is zero.) Since there is no contact or impact, it is in its usual vibration. The applied impact for acceleration proceeds as a package through the system. At first, it uses the whole system as a medium by interfering with sub-system vibrations. At the end of the system, the impact wave is reflected backward by interfering with the system's natural vibrations and sequential wave packets of the impact. The first part of transferred energy of applied force continues to propagate in this medium in the entering direction. 50 The regions where the amplitude of interference is greater than the average of system vibration are under pressure for motion, while the usual amplitude regions are still inactive. While the energy of first impact is spreading, reflecting and synchronizing in the system, the second wave package of the force is added into the system. It continues during acceleration, until all energy of the force is transferred as wave packets into the system in the same way. As the usual vibration amplitude of the system increases gradually, the speed of the system increases each time. It accelerates compared to its previous speed. 51 Inertia Whenever the system is accelerated, the"inertia" is seen. The continuity of acceleration ensures continuity of its inertia. The change of violence in acceleration also determines the change in inertia. Why does the system show inertia against acceleration? Because not all fields of the system started to move at the same time. There are vibration differences between the fields in the system according to the direction of movement. When the object is immobile (or at constant speed), its vibrations are equal. Therefore, the pressure applied by the space-time texture to the system are the same in all directions. During acceleration, the energy transmitted by the effect proceeds first to be transmitted in the structure of system. For this reason, it only increases vibration amplitudes in the areas it advances. 52 In the fields of high amplitude, the system tends to move for these regions because the space-time texture has a higher pressure. However, they cannot move because the vibration amplitudes do not increase in other regions yet. (Logically, we hope that whole system will be forced to move forward due to from the high-pressure region to lower-pressure region. But the approach handles the situation from a different view. It considers that the system is not as a whole, but as a structure formed by a combination of many particles at the quantum level. The motion takes place with changes in the level of these particles. Actually, the movement is again a composite result of the particle reactions. The issue will be more clear at the topic of Special Relativity.) If the system maintains still its integrity (if no crush or breakage), this case restricts the movement of the system as opposed to the direction. We define this as "inertia against movement." When the impacts reach to the end of the system and they make the highest interference in amplitude, in the region where they are reflected. These vibrations cause the pilot wave19 creations in front of the system in the space-time texture. The system follow to move in the direction of this wave. Because the pressure drop in these fields created by the pilot wave. At every each case, the all system moves a Planck Length. When all the accelerating energy transferred, it is distributed in the system, the amplitudes approach each other in all the basic According to this theory, the particles have certain positions that are driven by wave function, even though they are or not observed. Link9, Link10, Link11, Link12 53 19 Add7) Pilot Wave Theory units. The Motion at constant Speed With the termination of the acceleration, the added energy supply into the system has been completed. This energy is uniformly distributed throughout the entire system. Differences in vibration amplitudes are fixed by end of the acceleration. Within this structure, the momentum (the added energy) is preserved even if the direction of movement has changed. Space-Time texture applies continuously pressure on objects. I think we can call the equivalent force, which can apply this pressure, as the "Dark Energy20" which is unknown to the real feature." As long as this amplitude maintained in system structure, the system maintains its new constant speed. The wavelength of the vibrations is shortened and the amplitudes are increased. If it is again accelerated, the entire process is repeated over the current structure. Inertia against deceleration If we try to stop a system which is under constant velocity, the continuous pressure applied by space-time on the vibration amplitude of system forces it to move forward. 20 In my opinion, the pressure of the super-fluid texture of Space -Time (Waveform) 54 When the system contacts with a stopping or slowing down object, it shares the excess energy (momentum) starting from the area closest to the contact, in the form of the energy transmission of the impact . Thus, the vibration amplitude of the moving system is reduced to suit its condition. The pressure applied by Space-Time in there decreases. However, the vibration amplitudes are still high in the backward fields of the system. This cause deceleration. Results * In an experiment to test this approach, I think, comparing the vibrations of two electron at different speeds will be sufficient. According to this assumption, the electron with higher energy and momentum will be faster and the vibration amplitude of it should be high. * While a system is accelerating, if the vibration amplitudes are increasing, as a result of the increased vibration intensity, the sub-system bonds will remove some of energy from as a photon (heat or light) to return back to its usual conditions. In this case, the velocity of objects at constant speed in the non gravity space environment should drop over time. This may be an alternative explanation for Pioneer and Voyager's speed reduction in their long-distance travels. 55 * The impact for the change direction like angular acceleration or slingshot effect21 is realized through on another spatial dimension of the system. The combination of these forces can effect the system speed by making constructive or destructive interference at resultant vector. I think that, difference between the lowest and higher levels of vibration amplitudes are oscillating the object using the pressure exerted by the spacetime texture. What makes this resistance in the space-time texture? I think, the most appropriate answer is "the Time in waveform." The Mass The mass is the inertia of quanta vibration field. That is, under the early period conditions, it is an answer of some crude photons systems to the Universe. Therefore, to understand how the mass is existed from a massless energy field, we must examine the energy field under accelerated speed. I think it's the right way to approach the subject of mass in a classical way. 21 Link13 56 The Light Watch It is a thought experiment used by Einstein. Basically it reveals the relationship between the Speed and the Time. The movement of a photon between two mirrors parallel to each other is examined. (For example, in a ceiling and floor of a vehicle ...) Photon is reflected back with an angle of arrival. The photon sweeps between A and B points as reflected. The distance the photon receives in horizontal plane is zero (d = 0). | AB | distance is "L" and the photon takes this distance "L" at "t" (time unit). Total duration (t1 = 2L / C) When the vehicle in which carry the device, moves at a constant velocity (v), the situation is changing. The speed of light is the same in all cases. But this time, the Photon also moves in the horizontal plane as distance (X). The observer in the vehicle is moving at the same speed as the device. Therefore, what he observer is that after the photon leaves the point B, it reaches point A and is reflected from point A and 57 reached point B again. However, if an external observer who observe the vehicle and the device, evaluates the position of photon as different. (Because A and B points has different coordinates relative to each other according to this observer now ...) According to external observer, The photon which left the point "B", until reaching the point "A", the vehicle moves in a distance x/2. So, the point of "A" is moved in the same distance. After the photon reflected from "A" with an angle of arrival to "B" , this time "B" gets a way in a distant "x/2", because of moving vehicle. So, the new position of "B" is far away at a distant "x" than its previous position. The duration of journey is also extended as t2 for photon. Because the pathway (D) is longer than previous. The taken path of the photon increased from "2L" to "2D" for a period *. The "x" shows us the displacement of system speed. As (x=Vt2) Thus, the observers who observe the movement of photon from outside and inside, will determine different time values from each other. Because the speed of photon has the same value for both. From here, we can reach to the Lorentz Conversion Equations as a ratio of the taken time (t1) and changed time (t2) due to motion. 58 Lorentz Equation For a period motion of the photon moving in the Light Watch, taking advantage of the right triangle relations, we can write If we type "L" and "D" in terms of the Time and later write them in equation, we get At here, we can simplify the equation by 4. So, we reach this conclusion as If we continue to simplify to recover from C2. In this equation, we compare the time periods in both cases, We find as the result. Classical "Special Relativity" 59 The Special Relativity22 developed by Einstein is basically based on that the Motion is relative and the Speed of Light is constant for all observers. It is based on two basic postulates. • The laws of physics are the same and can be stated in their simplest form in all inertial frames of reference. • The speed of light C is a constant, independent of the relative motion of the source. Special Relativity has made many predictions23 that were hard to accept for their era. Special Relativity results are as follows: * As object accelerate, the Time will start to flow more slowly for the object, the Time should stop when the speed of light is reached. * As the bodies accelerate, some of their kinetic energies become mass. The objects with a stationary mass will never reach the Speed of the Light. * As the objects accelerate, their length in the direction of movement will be shortened. * No object can go faster than light speed. These results have been tested to date and have always been successful. Therefore, it has a substantial and reliable position in the world of science. 22 23 Link14 Link15 60 Special Relativity is a product of Einstein's genius. Einstein succeeded in this conclusion by interpreting the work and knowledge of many previously scientists24. Special Relativity, which changes our perception and views about the Universe. It has entered our lives in many technologies (like satellites, GPS, mobile phone locations) even though we do not realize it. A special result of Special Relativity Muons are very short-lived particles. They consist of cosmic rays that strike the atmosphere where is the 10 kilometer upper from ground. Their whole life is 2.2 microseconds. However, their speed is very high (0,998 C). Their life span let them to move only 600 or 700 meters. However, Special Relativity allow them to travel up to this distance. Then, how come they get to the world? t1=2,2 msn ve V1= 0.998C (Approximate) gamma value=15 Then the time is dilated for muon. Also, it is exposed to the length contraction. So, it saw itself as stationary, while the Earth is closing to it. Because of this, this 10 kilometer distance logged as (10.000 m/15= ) 660 meter (approximately). It reaches to the ground. A Special Relativity Case with the Minkowski Space Diagram The Minkowski diagram can allow us that all of the Lorentz Transforms can be analyzed together. 24 Link16 The Birth of Special Relativity by Bayram Tekin. 61 The feature of the diagram carries the diagram defining the Universes according to the stationary observer and the diagram of the traveling observer to the same reference frame. The elapsed Time and Distance lines of the stationary observer are perpendicular to each other. From his point of view, the duration and distance of the journey are defined through these orthogonal coordinates. The diagram of the moving observer is prepared according to the data s/he defines depending on his/her speed. In the Minkowski diagram, the important thing is to adapt the position and time according to the event. In other words, the vertical line from the third year shows the 3rd year after the beginning of the journey at every point in the Universe. As same, the vertical lines from the 4th light-year distance indicates the same location at 4 light-years away from the point where the journey begins. (So every event that occurs on this line takes place at the same place. The line shows only the Time differences between these events.) With the Lorentz transformations, the moving passenger's diagram is also transformed into the same frame and it is located with a slope caused by speed. The Diagram is finished by addition of the Time dilation and the Length contraction of the Space Traveler. With the realization of the event, both the stationary observer and the mobile observer define the same event as simultaneously. However, because of their speed difference, the definition of both observers as Time and Space are different. The diagram shows all of them. Also clearly it shows the difference in the "Time dilation" and "Length contraction" 62 between the two observers with lines parallel to the Time and Space lines of the mobile observer. With this diagram it is possible to define the point at any stage of the journey according to both the observer and the observed. Example: Without not using more calculations of the special relativity, Let's assume that a planet with 6 light years travels with 60% of the speed of light. (Lorentz constant is 1.25,which is easy to calculate). The journey will take 6 / 0.6 = 10 years with world time. According to the spacecraft = 10 / 1.25 = 8 years. (Time Dilation) The distance to the planet according to Spaceship 6 * 0.8 = 4.8 light years away. The Journey will take 4.8 / 0.6 = 8 years. Based on the relativity of the movement, the spaceship observer will see that his twin on the world moves away from him by 0.6 C. 63 Thus, during his journey, he will calculate that his twin on the world is subject to time dilation as (8 years / 1.25 =) age 6.4 years. However, when the Space Ship arrived at this planet and returned, although 20 years have taken the way, the space ship will have passed 16 years in the Time. In other words, his brother will be 4 years older. Lorentz Coefficients (For 0.6 C): Gamma = 1.25 Length Contraction : 0.8 Explanation 64 The spaceship has reached its target at the point of D. This point is 6 light years away from the world and the journey lasted 10 years according to Earth. However, the spaceship was subject to time dilation and Length contraction. Therefore, passenger of the ship determines different values ​ ​ as Time and Position. When it reached the point of D, the journey took 8 years according to its timeline. But, while the ship was reaching this position, the observer of the Ship measures the distance as the point of C as D at 4.8 Light Year away from the Earth. (The points of C and D are on the same location line.) Diagram also gives information about situation of the world according to the passenger. Because movement is relative. According to the passenger, when he reaches the star, he calculate that 6.4 years have passed for the earth. Moreover, the world was identified as 3.84 light-years away during journey. It's confusing, isn't it? Another sample, Suppose that in space, there was a star burst in the "H" zone and that all observers detect it simultaneously. The incident occurred at the point of H, which was 4.9 light years distance away from Earth and 5.6 years after the journey began according to the Earth observer. According to the spacecraft, it occurred 3.9 light years away from the world and the 4,5 years after the start of the journey. 65 A different point of view for Momentum I have stated that all vibrations of object are regular and balanced, when the object is at rest or under constant velocity. Let's reconsider this situation as a whole system through the vibration of the smallest basic particle that forms the mass. If we evaluate all system vibrations through the (gluon) bonds while the mass is stationary. Let us continue to examine the vibration as a horizontal plane. Our goal is to establish the affinity between the vibration and "photon box". When stationary, the system is in equilibrium. 66 The Wave of Time creates a wave pattern by increasing and decreasing the vibration amplitudes of each unit in a turn. If the total amplitude area of the oscillation is divided by two from the center; we obtain 2 identical triangular zones (O'AO "), (O'BO"). (It is easier to compare the ratios with a triangle.) When the system accelerated, the energy was added to the structure. Therefore, total amplitude fields are increased. In addition, due to the acceleration, the amplitude field of the vibration at the motion direction (front) is narrowed, whereas the field where the force is transferred expanded (back). The vibration center has now shifted from "O" to "O1". Thus, the new amplitude fields are (v0'Av0 ") and (v0'Bv0"). Vibration amplitudes of particle are different according to the new O1 67 center. Thus, just now the system has two different vibration amplitudes, at the same frequency and wavelength. The values which found by increasing amplitude due to acceleration. The followed way ; First I have to find out how much energy is added into the system as momentum according to the Light Speed as ratio. This will show how much the amplitude field has expanded. I started to work with a stationary mass. I have considered the state of the immobile particle as a circle, thus its area as the amplitude field of vibration. I continued on energy in a single vibration unit. Therefore, the wavelength and amplitude value in the 1-period vibration can be represented by the triangle. No frequency needed. Because I don't question total energy of the wave. 68 1 unit amplitude area contains 2 units of energy. If "2.2n" unit are added to this system as energy, amplitude increases "n" unit First, I determined the new (field) amplitude ratio that were increased by added energy due to the speed by Lorentz Equations. What I trusted here was that the energy can not be destroyed. Accordingly, the area representing the energy, would not be diminished unless the energy was diminished. In whatever form, the area would retain its value. Considering the fact that the size contraction with speed would narrow the wavelength. I calculated the new wavelengths. 69 I now have certain ellipse values as the area and small axis. It was easy to calculate major axis and foci over the area and minor axis values. 70 The Foci's are points of inertia at increasing and decreasing speeds under acceleration. After getting major and minor axis information, I can find the foci points of the ellipse. (I haven't been able to determine all the relationships between the triangles that appear in the figure for different velocity situations. The area of the triangle (in 71 this example between f1v0’f2) is always fixed through any point on the ellipse with the foci points. So I think, this field represents the mass of inertia.) Now, I have gathered all necessary data for forming the right triangles according to vibration amplitudes at different speeds. 72 I have reached the values I want by using Right Triangle relations. ("C" - I found hypotenuse values.) After that point, there's only one thing left. How to find the speed of a system by given alpha angle. Here, the quantum triangles25 discovered by Necati Demiroglu find usage. Quantum triangles contain a perspective that examines the Motion through trigonometry. 25 Link17 73 They were developed to explore the mathematics of particles (tachyons) above the Light Speed. Also, its trigonometry approach makes easier to grasp the relations between the velocity and light speed. First, let's get to meet quantum triangles. (a) depicts velocities below the light speed and (b) depicts the state of mass. In this study, trigonometric relations between velocity and mass were evaluated. Some basic relations in trigonometry were as follows: Using these triangles for equations, if we put the values of "sine and cosine alpha" in these equations. Now if we put these values in the above equations 74 expansion of this is This is a conversion of the Lorentz equation. . Einstein's Energy Equivalence formula was the following If the body is stationary, the momentum is zero. So, only the energy equation of the mass remains. (E0 describes the Energy and mo, the mass, when the system is stationary.) If it is moving, the energy stored in its momentum will be included in the total energy (Momentum: ) if we write in other way If we want to find the momentum; we find result. as a As understood from all of these, the Alpha angle is effective in the relationship between the velocity and the Light Speed. Finding the Speed of the Object Through Given Sine Values Our main equation is sinâ= V/C Then according to this, that should be sinâ*C= V. 75 As vibration amplitudes of the object extend with increasing speed, the wavelength is narrowing. Thus, the field of the energy is protected. It also interfere with Time through this field. Constant Velocity 76 As long as the system maintains this angle, its speed will be "its natural speed" in the Universe. Thus, whether a particle or a spaceship it doesn't matter, it will move at this speed in the whole universe. (Some particles may protect their system structures only with bonds formed under certain velocities. The speed reduction may free the force of bonds. They disintegrate.) Alpha angle supplies the information of the speed of the system (relative to the Light Speed). When we try to change the system's speed/direction, it resists this action due to the amplitude pressure differences.. 77 If it is stopped, the excess energy in the system is shared with the other system. The system approaches or returns to its initial state before movement. Photon Box Experiment It is a thought experiment26. Inside of a box is covered with fully reflective mirrors. The state of a trapped photon is examined. 26 Link18 78 The photon, which moves between the A and B points in the box, makes an equal pressure to both sides with its momentum. The paths taken by the photon from its vibration center (O) are equal. (AO = OB) It completes its period in "to" (t1 = t2). An external observer does not observe any effect on the box because the pressures are equal to each other side. (P1 = P2). While the momentum is zero, the net momentum is zero. However, if the box is accelerated at a distance, "d", away, the situation is changing. Because the paths and duration that photon has taken different. While the distance and the duration between A and O are decreasing (AO-d) (t1), on the other side, the distance and the duration between A and O are increasing (AO-d) (t1). In this case, the reaching duration from the center to the edges of photon changes as "t1 <t2". This means that the frequency of the photon at point A increases, the frequency at the point B is decreasing. Thus, there is a difference between the pressures applied to two different surfaces. (E = h.f) (Energy = Planck Constant x Frequency) As a Result; P1> P2 Because the electromagnetic energy (Er) is evenly pressurized 79 on all surfaces of the box, these forces are neutralized each other. However, when the acceleration is given to the box, a net pressure difference occurs between inner surfaces of the box. Fr = (-Er /C2) + F David Bohm27 says that Er (radiant energy) adds effective mass as Er /C2 The Existence of the Mass (As a result of acceleration ) We have stated that there are 2 basic forces effect on the stationary energy fields in the Universe as natural. They were the waveform Time and the Expansion Acceleration of the Universe. While the objects is moving by expansion, they also interact with the Time. The photon box experiment points out pressure energy differences in vibrations due to differentiation in frequencies. In my approach, I assume that the difference between the vibration amplitudes of the quanta causes energy differences due to the added energy during acceleration. The difference in my approach base on two reasons. The first, when Einstein's theory of relativity was developing, he based on a fixed universe. And also he considered the Time as Scalar. In my approach, there is the Expanding Universe and the waveform Time with vector. The second, as in the photon box experiment, they discussed a motion on a single spatial dimension. The result was more appropriate to the explanation of the momentum, not the mass. I think, if we think that the photon already vibrates over two spatial dimensions, this explanation is not enough for mass formation. 27 The Book, Mass and Energy Equivalence (P.91) 80 Already all mass objects are vibrating over 3 spatial dimensions. That's why I needed a point of view that considers all three. So, I thought a motion over the three spatial dimension equivalently. As a result, All of the masses already have equivalent a movement in the expansion acceleration of the Universe. The Time also interference with them in the same way. We define this situation as the Stationary as relatively us. As the interference angles are 45 degrees all vibrations on three spatial dimensions as equivalent to acceleration and for inertia. The combination of them gives us the mass and the volume as we know. By means of the continuous acceleration and the interfering Time waves, the Mass gains its integrity. As long as the system does not move as extra, it remains as stationary mass. 81 The vibration fields on the 3 spatial dimensions provide us with the volume of system. If the mass existed in this way, Why does the Time dilate by another movement? Why is the spatial dimension on which the movement occurs, narrowing ? We need to address The Special Relativity in terms of this approach. Special Relativity (Time in Waveform) Let's start with a few questions. 82 When the system speed increased and this speed approaches to the the Light Speed percentages, the motion duration of photon in the Light Watch was increasing while the Spatial dimension on the vector of motion is shrinking. -Since The Light Speed is constant all observers, the only explanation is that the pathway of the Light can be extended. So, how is this possible for mass particles? - On the other hand the Observer is noticing this, the Observed do not notice this in own environment. Why? Answer First, let's start from the position of the Mass against the flow of the Time Because of being on the same direction with expansion, vector of the motion with expansion and vector of the Time waves are both on the same plane. In fact, the exact equivalent concept of this direction is "everywhere". Our 3-D perception covers all aspects of the Everywhere as direction. It's enough to handle this way ... At first, we make a control table for the Velocity at various percentages of Light Speed, by using the Lorentz equation to calculate time dilation, shrinking dimension and relativistic mass values. 83 As the energy is added to the system by acceleration, it is necessary to consider that the total energy density of the moving system has a higher density from its stationary state. If the waves enter a more intense medium, they are refracted. Therefore, the Time waves entering from the environment of Space-Time into the medium of moving object should be broken28. After determining the input and refraction angles (with approximate values), for the different ratios of Light Speed, let's apply the state of Time waves proportionally. As the speed increases, the angle (Alpha) between the vector of motion direction and the vector of Time waves is decreasing as (45 - â). So, the wavelength of vibration of the system is decreasing. This means that if the system may reach the speed of light by can overriding all the laws of physics, the vector of motion and the vector of Time Waves will come to the same plane as sine â = 0. The waves are refracting while entering a stationary system also, not only under motion. We determine this as "the effect of Mass on the Time" (Gravitational time dilation). 28 84 In the calculations of these illustrations, for the refraction angle of the Time Waves, narrowing of the third spatial dimension of motion and the wavelength contraction of the vibrations were proportional to the Lorentz equation. The following are for 28% of C and 64% of C speeds. In this approach, I used an approach as view point that I think, it was not used before. The Planck Length is an unit of length that is the distance light travels in one unit of Planck time. If "1 Planck Length is a constant length as universal smallest distance" and if "the Light Speed is a constant and same for all observers, despite the Length contraction". We should think a little bit about it. Because under the velocity, the Planck Length will be the constant unit as the smallest length again. Only with this condition, the mobile Observed (A) can determine and perceive all measurements as normal as like before acceleration. 85 In these circumstances, I questioned whether the Planck Length is narrowing under the Speed. The contraction in the Planck Distance should be compatible with the wavelength contraction. I did a mini comparison to test this. I've charted Planck Time Dilation and Planck Distance contractions at various speeds. When some of these new Planck values are applied to wavelengths of the visible light of Spectrum ... 86 The result are interesting... As the energy density in the frame of reference through which the photon passed, was increased and it shifted beyond the purple as if the photon's energy was increasing. However, neither the frequency of the photon, nor the amount of energy did not change. These values are also generally compatible with relativistic Doppler Effect29. This technically explains "the Length Contraction on the relevant spatial dimension" with acceleration. (Planck Distance is getting smaller on this dimension.) As a result, With increasing energy due to acceleration, the energy in the particle vibration is increasing. However, as the waves of Time are refracted, the base of the vibration (wavelength) is contracting. The vibration amplitude was also increased to maintain this amount of energy. The time waves are making interference with this vibration as compatible. But still, "Why is the path of vibration field in the accelerated medium going (in fact, vibrating) longer?" (Ie, How is Time dilating?) did not reach a clear answer. Under these conditions, wavelengths of particle vibrations were shrinking. Their frequencies didn't change either. 29 Link19 87 I re-examined the Light Watch. The Light Watch was working correctly in their own environments, according to the observations of the stationary Observer (B) and the Observed in motion (A). At the same time, as contrast, The Observer (B) detected the clock of the Observed (A) as slow down. B calculates the path of photon as an increase in the edge length of an isosceles triangle, whose apex angle is expanded by velocity. This is a satisfactory answer in terms of explaining the extension of the path of the photon. In the respect of the Observed who is in the system and observes that the photon moves as usual as before motion, the only explanation can be the Time Dilation at the Planck Scales. Each wave has an energy content. This energy is transferred by the units of the medium, so we determine this as the wave motion. In fact, the observed thing is the motion of energy. A massless quanta in the Space-Time, can transfer the Time waves at the speed of C. Because they are vibrating at Planck Scales as 1 Planck Length and 1 Planck Time in a period. (The term of particle means the "vibration field of an quanta which have mass.) But when the Time Waves enter in a new medium, the vibration characteristics of energy transmissive particles of the System will be decisive for the transmission of its energy. 88 The energy of the Time can be transferred to the next transmission sequence, only when the vibration period of the particle is over. Due to added energy amount during acceleration, vibration amplitude of the particles are already extended. So, time waves have to wait to complete a period of this vibrations for being transferred. The Time waves obey this. According to the Observed in the System, all vibrations are realized as usual as before. When s/he measure the Length and the Time according to his/her own Planck constants, finds the same values. Because there are no other constants, which can be base for measurements. The external observer can make comparisons because who has other Planck constants in the Medium. As a result, Energy can not be created or destroyed. So, no matter what speed and condition it's amount will not change. For example, if we want to show the same amount of energy by reducing the wavelength by half, then we notice this situation. If we explain as the sample of light watch, the Path that the photon has to travel under the same speed is prolonged 2 times when the system is under speed (when the system is loaded with energy). As the speed of the photon does not change, the path is increasing. 89 All the masses in the Universe have their own specific vibrations which may be depend of the amount of energy, their spins, etc. But in simplest way, the effect of the Time on the Mass is interesting. I noticed something in relation to the Time Waves. Although the frequencies, wavelengths or amplitudes of the Objects can be completely different, they all interfere with Time Waves as the Superposition. Because, the frequency and wavelength of Time Waves is the Base Unit. ("1" at all Planck Scales) Results 1) When the mass object accelerates, its energy density increases. This causes refraction for the Time Waves (45-â) more than usual. Due to narrowing of the distance between time fronts, the vibration field of ​ ​ the particle is shrinking. So the Length Contraction is observed. External detection of this is shortened wavelengths. 90 2) In the same reference frame, the amount of energy in the vibration amplitude is increasing. Since the realization duration of a vibration is 1 Planck Time. The Observed in the system measures duration accordingly completed periods of the vibration. So, any change for duration are not noticed. However the external Observer compares the measurements according to the Planck Constants of his/her own conditions. According to this, I think, the observer should observe the system and events in it as the Time is refracted. As analogy, as like watching a fish in the water by sea glasses due to refracted light. 3) All objects in the Universe are in vibration. Especially, if we take it from the perspective of the particle, the vibration is to spreading energy as photon around. This is a result of decay provided by entropy. Time Waves vibrate all the particles, so that they can create interference according to the system size and bonds between them. Therefore, "absolute zero" can not be reached. Because the wave form of time, no matter how chilled is or how much kinetic energy of particles have lost, is vibrating the System. To be able to reach absolute zero, Time must not be exist itself. 91 Why can't mass reach to Speed of the Light? Einstein showed this in Special Relativity and according to the experiments, he was right. In the Lorentz transformation, if (V) Velocity approaches to C (the Light Speed), value in the root is reducing. "Momentum: Mass x Speed". Due to the increasing speed, we will add the Lorentz coefficient to the product. "New (relativistic) mass of the object": Mass x Speed x Lorentz Coefficient ( ) The multiplication of these coefficients by the stationary mass gives us the new mass value for velocity. At first, while the mass multiplication determining rise as 2-35-7-9 times, when the difference decreases between the V and C, this coefficient increases even thousands of times. Then we realize with astonishment that a 10-gram object has become more massive than the whole mass in the universe by momentum (P) gained by the speed. Of course, such a thing is not possible but V can never be C. Is this true? True... Experiments and observations have been confirmed without any fault. As the object accelerates for speed, the its mass is increasing. This time, more energy is needed to accelerate this increased (relativistic) mass. 92 By consuming more energy while accelerating, its mass is increasing again. More energy than previous is needed to accelerate. It's a vicious circle. Even if the mass depletes all the energy in the Universe, it still doesn't end. The mass object can never gets up to the speed of light. Well, but what is the main reason? Can't we make a journey at the Light Speed or more? There are two factors that prevent the Mass from reaching the Light Speed. Each of one is the cause for the Other, which is putting the Mass into a vicious circle by rising velocity. The first one is the increasing amplitudes of the system vibrations by acceleration. Vibration amplitudes of the whole system are increasing by rising energy due to accelerating. Increasing amplitude of the System is encountered in a wider wave fronts with the Time Waves. And here, the second factor comes to fore. Doppler effect 30... When the object is in motion, a few of the Time Waves (such as the waves encounter more intense medium) are reflected. The velocity of reflected waves remain the same, but their wavelengths change due to vibration of the Object. So their frequencies are changing. (I also described this reflection as the Natural Frequency of the Object.) The reflected waves are accumulated in the front of movement direction of the Object like a wall. As the speed increases, the wall density increases. 30 Add10) Doppler Effect , Link20 93 At the same time, the increased amplitude field of system vibration also interacts with this wall on a larger surface. (Whereas, when the system was under constant speed, it was remaining as constant in its new balance.) As a result, by energy given for the acceleration, the wall is widen while accumulated energy of the reflected waves increases. There is two possibility for an object if which approaches to this speed. Either, the System structure will not be able to withstand increasing amplitude intensity of the vibrations and will be separated into the smallest quantum as photons. Or, if it can maintain system integrity and control vibration amplitudes, this time it will turn into a black hole due to pressure of Space-Time on its energy density. I think the first possibility is more likely. 94 The Ship is under constant velocity below the Speed of Light 95 The ship under constant acceleration while its speed is approaching to the Speed of Light 96 General Relativity In other words, the Force of Gravity ... The approach, which is based on the fact that two masses throw particles called as graviton31 at each other to connect with each other, seems a bit strange. In the general theory of relativity, Einstein showed that the Space could not be handled without the Time. Also, he showed that the mass bending the Space-Time. In fact, the space-time texture of the Universe is more or less bent by energy according to its density at everywhere. The intense electric fields, the magnetic fields as massless 2 dimensional fields are bending the Space-Time. Even in the final experiments, laser photons32 were condensed at a certain point and space-time was again bent. It was originally intended to obtain mass but this has not yet been fully achieved, but only bent. 31 32 Link21, Link22 Link23, Link24 97 Then it will not be wrong to accept that Space-Time is bent according to the energy presence and density. Maybe this is more accurate ... I tried to explain this bending mechanism at the Acceleration, the Momentum and the Special Relativity subjects by changes in the vibration amplitude of the Energy: The Refracted Time is bending the Space. However, it is necessary to focus on the gravitational force applied to another mass by the mass. First of all, gravity is a resultant force of the elementary particles forming the system like other forces and phenomena. Unlike motion on one dimension, this occurs on the three spatial dimensional motion. If we accept the mass as a system, Time Waves interfere with system particles. Time Waves refract. (The Time dilates.) A part of it is reflected. We know the resultant waves as the natural vibration of that particle. Thus, each system emits unique waves to the space-time as a wave source. The system causes gravitational waves by disturbing the SpaceTime with its natural vibration during free fall. 98 The Space-Time has a pressure which composed from the energy density (quantum) of the Universe and Super fluidity provided by the Time Waves. This pressure is also subject to general rules for the Fluids. In fluid dynamics33, the relations between pressure and the mobile objects are defined. Accordingly, the relationship is determined between the two moving objects in the fluid by the size of objects, the viscosity of fluid, the speeds and the distance between them. Because all objects in the universe are in free fall under the same circumstances in the direction of expansion, their velocity and the viscosity of fluid are equal. Therefore, the two things that determine the relationship between them remain backwards, their size and the distance between them. Consider the situation in terms of distance, assuming they are equal in size. The term name for this distance is "critical distance". If there is a shorter distance between the two objects than the critical distance, they are forced approach each other. If there is a longer distance, they forced to move away from each other. 33 Link25 99 Because under the "critical distance", the velocity of the fluid between moving objects increases, while the pressure between them decreases. If the critical distance is above, the same pressure separates these objects from each other. I think that this dynamic fluid characteristic of the space-time texture may be also an appropriate answer to subject of "the Dark Energy". According to this approach, as the distance of gap between vibration fields of ​ ​ the particles decreases, the space-time pressure is getting too low among them. The normal pressure of space time is forcing particles to generate systems. Free fall is a movement in all directions at the same time. The low pressure field formed by this movement of the mass shapes the gravitational field. 100 101 Fundamental Forces and Particles In the particle collider, the number of discovered fundamental particles34 under the mass is close to 300. Most of them have a very short life span until degrading. The fundamental forces are referred to as the innate forces that hold the sub-particles of an atom at the micro level. Scientists think that after the big bang, a single force had evolved into four fundamental forces. Although they have combined three fundamental forces so far, they have not included the first and oldest force which is the Gravity, into this merge. 34 Link26 102 The 3 fundamental forces hold sub atomic particles of the atom together. Which are the proton and neutron in the nucleus with the electron around them. However, the number of particles does not end with this, protons and neutrons are also composed of sub-particles of a family called quarks. There is also included in this list of very small force-bearing particles, which allows bonds between the particles. The term of Particle refers to a system in a field in which one or more quanta come together to vibrate. In simpler terms, "It is a vibration field for energy where is also protected by this vibration." Faster vibration (higher frequency) enables stronger field created by the energy. For example, suppose we try to pass electrons through the fins of a propeller with an electron gun. As the rotational speed (frequency) of the propeller increases, it will become a much more difficult obstacle for electrons to overcome. 103 One of the factors that determine the combination of particles is whether the particles complement each other. If the particles are in the proper vibration and spin structure, the low pressure between the vibration fields is pulling together the particles35. In terms of Waveform Time, the approach is more simply for fundamental forces.. We consider Time Waves to have a slightly convex slope due to the conditions of their birth. The illustrations were taken from Hakan Egne's work on "Super fluid Universe" approach. Link27, Unlike original viewpoint of the designer of illustrations, I think that Spin is not a rotational action, but a posture. Therefore, I think that there are pressure differences around of particles due to the flow of universe's texture caused by the Time Waves. 35 104 The characteristic that this curve provides to the wave is increase in the amount of energy which carries per unit as the wave front progresses, unlike the other waves we are used to. (Each wave front in the "ab" range carries an equivalent amount of energy.) As the smaller the particle size, force on its environment is higher. This affects the fluid pressure between the particles. Staying together or separating depends on the critical distance between these particles. 105 Spin (?) In the language of daily use, the Spin is generally used for the "turning around itself" in the same sense as rotation. By definition; Spin36 is the angular momentum of a particle in physics. (Angular Momentum: The momentum of the rotation of objects around their axes.) In the beginning, all basic particles such as electrons were thought to turn around themselves (like large objects). But because the speed of rotation in the calculations exceeds the speed of light, it does not match with the Special Relativity. It is not known, whether it is or not a kind of rotation. It is interesting to note that spin is a different particle basic characteristic than rotation. It is considered as the intrinsic angular momentum characteristic. I could not comprehend the definition of an "intrinsic property". But after a book by Hawking, all my understanding has changed. In fact, the particles do not rotate around their own axes, but they exhibit a posture. Each particle has a spin. I think, the best describing sample for the concept of Spin is the needle of the compass. The compass needle always shows the same direction in every situation. You can rotate the compass as much as you want. That won't matter. 36 Link28, Link29 106 The Spins, in my opinion, provide the "proper posture" against the Time waves as the particles come together to form the system. Spin values shows how much rotation has come to the same posture of particle itself. Spin values we know: 0, 1/2, 1 and if proven, 2 for gravitons. The meaning of the spin 0 in the figure is that. No matter how much the particle is rotated, its appearance is always the same. 1 for the Spin, the particle has to rotate "1 full turn" to get to the same situation. 1/2 Spin, half a turn is enough to reach the same image reveals. In mass systems, the Spins should have a role the system constituent by sub-particles while bonding. 107 Tr y to imagine that If one of these conditions changes, this may force ships in the system to take a new posture. As an analogy, consider a group of different sailboats. Consider the same current and the opposite direction wind. Each ship will take a natural posture according to its size, sail angle and width, underwater depth and different forces caused from its surrounding ships. Likewise, I think that the Spin of an energy field determines how it is affected by the Universe. Because the force of particles' resistance to Time Waves are also related to the particle vibration posture against the SpaceTime. 108 Consider some iron pieces with the same mass (hence the same volume) at different shapes in a container filled with sand. When an intense increasing vibration is given to the medium of the sand, it acquires the fluidity and the particles begin to sink according to their mass. Since they are all in equal mass, we expect them to sink evenly. But the pressures applied by the vibrating sand onto them according to their surface area and postures are different. The particles are arranged in the sand according to this pressure. In this analogy, "The force of gravity symbolizes the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe", "Sand symbolizes space texture", "Vibrations symbolizes Time Waves" and "iron particles symbolizes particle systems", "The fields according to the shapes of iron particles symbolizes vibration amplitudes according to their spins. In fact, not only the contained amount of matter in the particles, but also the postures of these particles in relation to the medium formed by vibration, also affect the immersion levels of these particles. If we were evaluating the density of these particles according to vibrated sand, the Particle at the bottom was the most dense. 109 Because the fluid pressure force on the Particles were not uniform in all directions due to shape and posture of particles. The Particle which was pressurized equally in its all directions and was forming the narrowest response vibration field to the sand, is at bottom. 110 The Bonds in the Systems In particle-based quantum physics, it is thought that the subatomic particles are connected with each other by exchange of particles smaller than themselves. In a way, they are pushed towards each other by kinetic energies of thrown bond particles . It is considered as an action-response mechanism. In my opinion, the number of particles produced in the Colliders and the smaller particles that provide together the basic particles as the gluon bonds may need some different interpretations. At first, we don't need so many basic particles. Many more particles, including that those emerged in the first moments of the Universe and at Colliders, are formed by the Force of the special conditions, as the combination of quantum. That's why they can't sustain their assets. Because they can not take the required form to ensure the continuity due to loss of suitable posture. Therefore, they cannot maintain their interference with Time Waves as mass particles. Only if they may be included in a system, they can be protected. Already, most of them are decaying, when these circumstances finish. Secondly, pressure37 of the Space-Time texture can be do the same work instead of gluon particles. Space texture is constantly scanned with Time Waves at 1 Planck Distance wavelength. So, the transmitted pressure of them is capable of infiltration into any system within 1 Planck range and more. Moreover, due to its convex structure, it can apply high pressure on small systems as focused. (My estimate is 1 Planck Mass equivalence for 1 Planck Length square.) 37 Add11) Casimir Effect 111 The particles I describe here with geometric structures are under equal pressure in all directions. However, the postures and system structures of the particles determine the gap between them. The pressure of the fluid separates these particles. Here, under the same conditions, similar particles, due to their suitable structure and postures, the pressure between them is low. That's why they're pushed toward each other. As the particles close to each other, the vibration fields between them become narrower. On the other hand, the force applied by the vibration fields of the particles to keep each other at the limit increases. The balance of the system is based on sustaining this pressure with the energy they borrowed from the Time Waves. As if they had constricted 10000 golf balls into a barrel with volume of 100 golf balls. 112 Anti Matter When the matter that is formed in the first moments of the Universe is questioned, it is recognized that the anti-matter as equivalent to the amount of the whole substance must have been formed. The anti-particles have same mass as the normal substance of particles with the opposite electric charge sign but with the same quantum numbers. All physical laws apply as same for them. Unlike the matter, their electric charges of subatomic particles are reversed. The spins are same. For example, an electron has negative charge, on the other hand the antimatter is positively charged and its electron called as positron. Proton and anti-proton collisions confirm this. Moreover, the anti-matter is not so distant from the universe of matter. Radioactive substances release positron, for example, when the potassium-40 isotope in the bananas is degraded. Anti-matter particles are also formed during lightning strikes. Or the black hole is thought to occur in immediate vicinity of the event horizon. Even in places where the quantum fluctuations in the tissue of our universe, frequently the pair of electron-positron are forming and destroying each other. The most important feature of the anti-matter is that when it reacts with the matter, the whole mass is transformed into pure energy. Only high-energy light, gamma radiation remains. 113 So it is very difficult to produce anti-matter and protect it. Immediately interacts with matter and disappears. But this leads to more serious questions. How did they destroy each other, if there was an anti-matter equal to the quantity of matter at the beginning of the Universe? Or where are these anti-matter particles and atoms now? Some even imagine that there may be galaxies from antimatter in a remote mound of the Universe. But if so, some of these anti-material bodies, at least in the first 5 billion years of the Universe, had to be collided with matter-origin celestial bodies while gravity was still stronger than the expansion force. Since we can even detect fossil photons after the first 300 thousand years of the Universe, we should have been able to detect these photons that will emerge as a result of this kind of interaction. But no such detection is yet. Let us consider the properties of the anti-matter in terms of Waveform Time. 114 In this approach, the anti-matter is not the opposite of matter, but a mirror symmetry. That's why we can call it as the alternative substance. In a way, like seeing the object next to us in the mirror ... Considering that the matter and the anti-matter particles have same properties as the mass, the energy they contain must have same amount. At that time, the anti-matter system should be vibrating on three spatial dimensions. Since the anti-matter consists of quanta, this vibration should be considered at the level of quanta. The quantum were vibrating in two dimensions. They tended to create "singularized" systems by making destructive attempts with each other. The conclusion I deduced is that the quanta forming the matter vibrate in two directions perpendicular to each other. If these vibrations occur within a single Planck Time (which does not affect each other as they are at right angles to each other), the basic energy units of the mass interact with the Time Waves in a different way. (45 degrees or its multiples) 115 There is only a phase difference between these two vibrations. Accordingly, the mass is "matter" in one of the phases and "anti-matter" in the other38. This means that the matter and the anti-matter are already We know that all of particles produce both magnetic field and electric field perpendicular to each other. If so, the electric field from the vibration phases and the vibration in the other phase should also provide the magnetic field. I think, there's a connection between the magnetic field and the anti-matter. In electromagnetic waves, the phase difference between the magnetic field and the electric field (0 degrees) is similar to the phase difference between the substance and the anti-matter (360 = 180 = 0). Link30 38 116 combined in the mass. It also means that we detect the antimatter as a magnetic field. Therefore, when the substance and anti-matter particles are encountered, they are transformed into pure energy by making complete destructive interference due to phase difference. Then there is no chance of finding anti-matter galaxies somewhere in the Universe. We will not find any anti-matter in the Universe, including the atomic level. We may coincide with the anti-matter at the level of the fundamental particles. Matter and Antimatter particles start destructive interference starting from the spatial dimension of the movement. During the annihilation, the mass systems are dispersed and distributed as high energy gamma rays into the Universe. 117 The Journey of the Photon in the Universe Actually, I don't think it's just for the photon, but I think the same rules must apply to all particles in the universe. Photon has some properties that are different from mass particles. The most obvious is its masslessness. However, in the main questions, it is due to the masslessness. How does it move if it's massless? And why is the speed of light as constant and unreachable for mass? As far as we know, the energy that the photon carries has nothing to do with its speed. Even though the photon has lost its energy by going through a variety of environments - it has shifted to red or somehow shifted to blue, it doesn't matter. Its speed is always the same. Moreover, the lowest energy state, the highest energy state also does not compromise the speed. And since it has no mass, its carried energy must be in its momentum. Where is this momentum hiding? I used "to hide"; because it can increase and decrease. So, it's got a field. Then there is the Light, ie electromagnetic waves. Light consists of photons, ie particles, but it also moves like waves. Not only the photon, but the mass, all the tiny-elementary particles, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, protons and even atoms have the similar wave properties. So what are their commonalities? What are the points they are different? In my opinion, all of this must be the results of the same conditions and rules. If we can understand the logic of this through one, we can see whether it can be applied to others and question the assumption that I have arrived. 118 There are electromagnetic waves and gravitational waves in the Universe. Gravitational waves are very weak, very difficult to detect. There was a suspicion about their existence until proved to be true by the LIGO39 experiment, which began in 2015 and received the Nobel Prize in 2017. Gravitational waves are also distributed at the speed of light. The speed is also the speed of light, which is the highest speed that the Space-Time texture allows. For these undetectable waves, the term "virtual electromagnetic waves" was also used sometimes. Actually every effect we make in the super fluid structure of the Universe; any kind of movement, from our finger-topping, to a hammer stroke, to a burning light bulb, to a thrown particle, leads to discomfort in the Space-Time texture and is emitted from the source as a wave. So I think, in any way, when there is an energy transfer in an environment, we can accept all of the disturbances in spacetime tissue as fluctuations in the speed of light. 39 Link32 119 As depending power of the effect for the source of the wave, because the waves of this effect are propagated to the universe in 3D as Spherical. Their distributed amount of transferred energy per unit, is decreasing while the distance increasing . If we go back to the Photon. The carried energy of the photon has no connection with its speed. In contrast, the photon is able to transfer this kinetic energy. That is, the energy content may vary, but the velocities of them do not change. Then photon must be moving in the direction perpendicular to the vibrations it stores. I mean that the photon shouldn't vibrate in the direction of motion. In this way, since it cannot interfere with Time Waves, mass gain does not occur. On the other hand, it can keep its energy in its other vibrations as momentum. 120 However, if the photon does not vibrate in the motion vector, it is also not capable of moving in this direction. The only remaining possibility is that "the Photon is surfing on the waves". (This approach differs from the movement of the photon in the Light, which was accepted as an electromagnetic wave in the scientific world. The Light carries the Photons as a wave. The photon is a particle on this wave..) Considering that the photon has twodimensional vibration, I think it would be like this if a snapshot could be taken. (A photo taken in the laboratory shortly after this drawing suggested a structure similar to a maltese cross.) In this case, the speed of the photon will depend entirely on speed of the wave. Since it moves with the wave, it will also fit reactions of the wave in same way. Since the energy stored in vibrations as perpendicular to the direction of movement, this will not be affected by the surfing movement. 121 Of course, the interactions or the interference with particles (with electrons) in various mediums where the wave enters may affect amount of energy that the photon carries. If speed of the wave changes, the photon will obey. But it's not over. The position of photon is equivalent to the speed of the wave. So, at the Speed of Light ... It means that the photon does not jump to another row from its own wave front. If it could jump, this time it would have to be influenced by the Duration concept. Why are these waves at the Light Speed? Because this velocity is determined by the velocity of Time Waves, which gives super fluidity by vibrating the space-time texture. It is the speed at which the Time Waves are transmitted. The highest possible speed of the waves in an medium is the highest vibration velocity of the elementary particles that make up the medium. But the Subject is not over yet. Can each wave carry every surfer? 122 When we look at the wavelength and frequency of light, we see that high-frequency waves carry high-energy photons. Modern physics treats this movement of photons as a single movement. So the photon is intertwined with the wave motion as a particle. For me, the photon is a surfer on wave and cannot be separated/jumping from it. In spite of his dependence on the wave's movement, he has a separate existence which is independent from the wave. Since the momentum charge of each photon is different, the force must be different in the waves carrying them. 123 High-energy photon means it vibrates faster and is moving in shorter wavelengths. In order not to pass to another wave front, the characteristics of the photon carrier wave should be compatible with the vibration of photon. If the photon had a frequency or a wavelength that was incompatible with that of the carrier wave, the photon would have jumped out of its own wave sequence. And we may detect this. But this should be impossible. Otherwise, like mass sub particles, it would be subject to the concept of duration. Even if wavelengths and frequencies are same, force amplitudes of the wave generator effects may be different. High-energy waves can carry heavy surfers, while low-energy ones can push those with light surfers. Of course, each surfer's board (wavelength), mass (momentum) and speed (frequency) must be compatible with power of the wave. 124 The photon cannot jump from the reference frame of the pushing wave front. (It will fall on the same wave sequence even if it jumps) That's why it always stays on the same wave front. The speed of these waves is the same as Time waves. As C. So, there is no "concept of duration" for photon. On the other hand, the mass particles interfere with the Time Waves over the spatial dimension of their movement direction. Because of their extending amplitudes, they cannot follow the carrier waves. Their speed remains lower than the momentary wave front. They are carried also with the rear row waves. Depending on the time waves passing their reference frames, they both maintain their constant "mass" value and have "duration" concepts. (In this figure, according to the observer, the photon has traveled 14 units while the mass particle has just moved 5 units as distance. While there is no time for the photon, though 5 time units have passed for the particle at 35% of C) It seems that two conditions are valid for the mass particle to be carried by the wave. The mass of the particle and the vibration amplitude of the particle. The low mass-energy density facilitates transport of the waves. The higher vibration amplitude makes it possible to utilize the transporter wave pressure in a larger field. But this time the Special Relativity laws will work because of having mass. 125 I think, there is an important theory to consider, in studying the movements of particles in the universe. Bohm Mechanics or Pilot wave theory... In fact, this approach was first proposed by De Broglie and later developed by Bohm. So it is also known as De Broglie-Bohm Mechanics. By interpreting this approach, during movement of the mass particle, the emitted vibrations of particle are spreading at the speed of light. Doppler accumulations in the direction of movement provide a low-pressure area to initially orientate the object. But when the object close to the speed of these waves, this time they are limited . A few years ago it was observed that motion of silicone droplets on the vibrating liquid silicone fluid were as similar as predicted in quantum mechanics. As the fluidity of the silicone system increases with vibration, the particles create their own vibrations due to same vibration. Then they start to surf on the waves of their own vibrations. It was seen In the experiments that many situations which are defined as uncertainty related to probability in quantum mechanics such as double-slit experiment, tunneling, can be determined with Bohm Mechanics. 126 Perfect Equilibrium Systems at the Critical Point of Nearby the Chaos All systems are constantly engaged in achieving the perfect equilibrium. Because a stable system has also regulated internal balances and it is neutral(0) against the outside effects. Its structure does not change easily by impacts. But the balancing the systems, according to the number of variables, is not easy. In order to maintain the equilibrium point, the system needs to make a continuous flow of energy. What we call "the perfect balance" in our systems; this is where the flow will stop. The system is balancing undulant around this point. Because even the most stable systems are a sub system of the Universe. In response to the effects from the universe, they have to make adjustments. What we call chaos is the fact that many variable states change at the same time and affect each other and drag the system to a new equilibrium point. When the number of variables is large, it is much easier to calculate the general probability functions of these, rather than the calculation of individual particles and their states. (The probability number which have to be calculated, is reduced.) I think the question is: How do we know if a system is in balance? Are every equilibrium positive? In other words, it would be a correct distinction for us to take a closer look at the desired balance and undesired balance? The first thing that the word chaos evokes is "uncertainty", "obscurity". In addition, the word chaos evokes the concepts of "unaccountable" and "unpredictable". Each "closed system" always stops at an equilibrium point. At this point, the entropy within system has ended. 127 Open systems continue internal adjustment according to the continuity and amount of external effects. If only all inputs in the Universe could remain constant, the system could reach equilibrium. How do we know when the system comes to an equilibrium? Actually, we can't understand. Because no system is not closed to the effects. However, we can detect at these equilibrium points temporarily and look at the ranges of points where the equilibrium occurs intensely as statistically. Or we can try to maintain its equilibrium by providing inputoutput to the system continuously. But ultimately, the system will definitely enter a chaos stage and create a new different equilibrium point. It will also move around this equilibrium point until the conditions change. As a result, no matter how hard we try, the new equilibrium point will never be exactly where we want and it will not be permanent. Since all systems are open, every reached equilibrium point becomes an input or output for another system. Thus, it also sets the new balance point according to this. All systems; they consist of combination of sub units such as protons, atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules, chemical compounds or from a planet to star systems or galaxies. When we examine the sub units of these systems, we see that every sub unit is always at a very important point for the system balance and stability. So much so that, if the unit subjects to change as physical or position, the system will collapse and disintegrate. I qualify these systems as balanced in the Superposition which composed of the sub units standing at super-equilibrium points. 128 If the resulting system is not neutral alone, it is a sub unit of a larger system. These mergers are always taking place according to fact that forces are in complementary equilibrium. Either they join a higher system to have a complementary balance. Or they lost some sub units to reach total balance. (1 + (- 1) = 0 indicates the Equilibrium in the system. Also, 1 = 1 gives the same result, but it indicate not the balance of the system, but equivalence of sub units.) If they have opposite properties to each other, they are completed with each other. If not, there is another complementary unit with opposite properties between two units. (Like Spin or electric charge) Thus, two units of same properties are indirectly connected to each other. If we define system sub units as x and y; The goal is to reach position of f(s) = (x + y) = 0. Systems can maintain its continuity of internal balances by changing sub units or their positions against external influences. 129 Therefore, all sub units of systems are not at the highest energy level. (So they are not at the point where the particle is most likely to be found.) On the contrary, they converge to complement each other and reach a higher point in their common positions40. Thus, the status and position of each one will be directly dependent on the condition and position of the each others. While the seesaw system is in balance, the positions of the children who are sub units of seesaws are different. If a child changes his position, he will change the balance center of his seesaw. This change will be compensated in the system by subtle changes in other sub systems. 40 Link33 130 This shows how the sub units which appear to be independent on an overview, are dependent. Sometimes, according to the power of external influence, it may be necessary for a child to leave the system or join a new child to maintain the balance of the system. In this case, it is necessary to define each unit in field as a separate definition. If we take the mass as a system, it will be like merged upper systems that the subatomic particles form with the wave functions. Now let's look at the event in terms of "the Uncertainty Principle". It's like Sudoku41. Each number can be in each frame. Initially, all squares are open to all possibilities. If the position and energy value of several units are known, the possibility of locations and energy values for others units can be determined by reduced possibilities for the correct solution (stable system). The energy level of the settled number may be between only the lowest (1) and the highest (9). What determines the position and energy level of a particle here is the position and energy level of the other particles. In this way, the system may be in super-equilibrium. If the number of elements is low, we can estimate the position and/or energies of others if we know the position or energy of a few particles. So, we can solve the system roughly based on predictions. 41 Link34 131 We have functions that define the possible numbers for each square. In this case, we cannot know exactly which square (location) and which number (momentum) will be. In most random determinations, the system crashes. Because there is only one solution that the system can be in super balance. This is, in a sense, the super-position of a system. It is like energy fields in the sudoku area as units, which gained their own spin and mass. The energy level of each subunit can be different. However, they achieve the values required for system integrity by the interference of wave functions. The superposition of a system are instantaneous. They are valid only for the moment measured. Because it is always in absolute equilibrium at the perfect point on the near by chaos. The reason for unclear probabilities is that the exact positions of the sub units are continuously changing as depending on the time (t). These changes are like probability42 fields in quantum mechanics. 42 Link35 132 Depending on the time (t) variable, the system moves back and forth (between possible super positions). This transforms it into an area from a point. So only calculated net values are valid for that "t" (time) range. In another words, when a single particle from the system is considered and examined, the highest energy level of the particle may not represent the probable location. But certainly, it will be in the range of energy values required by the system to balance. I mean, not all squares are 7,8,9. Some of them must be 1,2,3, some 4,5,6 ... Hidden Variables What do I mean, the system is on the edge of chaos? Perfect balance? If we continue with the sudoku example, a simple sudoku puzzle and its solution is given below. The Sudoku Solution represents the perfect balance within the system (super position). The squares indicates locations and the numbers represent the energy levels of the variables for this locations. In the second part, the changes in the system with only one variable differed according to the previous one. In the third, there is a change by the differentiation of 2 variables. 133 Noticeable are the following. 1) When amount of given variable are changed, the amounts of other variables changing own position in the system are increasing. 2) Sometimes the system can be crashed, if an incompatible variable is used for a location. (No solution.) 3) In differentiation of two variables, the rate of non-solution are increasing. The system crashes. 4) As the complexity of system (problem difficulty) increases, there are less tolerance against variable differentiation. 5) It has been observed that some variable pairs are symmetrical. When these two variables are interchanged, there is no change in other elements. Symmetry at locations is very rare. 134 At here, the whole system changes with the change of energy values ​ ​ of one or a few sub units. With the determination of new values, all variables take their new positions depending on each other. In the system, I define the links that determine the new position and energy levels of the sub elements with internal or external influences as "hidden variables". (This is also a different explanation of Chaos Theory.) If we take the entire sudoku square area as a system, the framed 9 groups are the main parts of the system (as analogy sub atomic particles). Each main part are consist of the basic particles (as analogy quarks). Columns and pillars are hidden variables of the system that regulate the relationships between these particles and parts. Hidden variables in the Sudoku instance; A change in a unit in the system gives an idea about how can affect another one, even if there is no direct connection between them by column or pillars or groups. 135 How become the Time as 4th dimension. What is the 5th dimension? The Time as 4th dimension The position of Time as a dimension is slightly different from the 3 spatial dimensions. Because quanta doesn't vibrate on this dimension. Instead, the Time makes a relative vibration effect on resulted vectors of the three spatial dimensions. Because, the Time's wave action causes this effect on the quanta. The discrete structure of the Time while its formation is a vibration in terms of relativity of movement. Time waves are moving according to the quantum, quantum make do same for the Time. The difference in vibration is that it is unidirectional. Another result, which is not noticed at first glance, is that "the mass also moves at the speed of light". The dimension is only just a vibration field for energy. (We can use the same approach in the description of the 5th dimension.) 136 The Fifth Dimension How can we explain the 5th dimension if we disclaim the mysterious-magical dimension concept which is open doors to completely different universes or insights as used. Specifically, when 5th dimension concept is reduced to "the vibration field for energy" To define a stationary object according to the universe, we need to know its three spatial coordinates. This information tells us location of the object in the universe. By added the fourth dimension as the Time gives us the data of current position of object due to the expansion of Universe. What if the object is moving? In this case, we need to add the fifth 5 coordinate-dimension information. This is the speed that contains vector information. If we know the speed and direction (5th dimension) of any moving object, we can find where it is in the universe. . It forms the knowledge of an observer from the 5th dimension. Although this is true, from a macro viewpoint, this also should open a new vibration field that corresponds to the quantum level. Thus, the Acceleration mechanism helps us for explaining the 5th dimension. 137 The vibration amplitude was as much as the AB distance range when it was stationary. The amplitude was widened by acceleration. The extended expansion range was in the range "OO1". This increased amplitude is maintained under the system's constant speed. Thus, a speed dependent vibration field is added to the system. This field represents the 5th dimension. The relationship of this dimension with the Time is opposite and dependent. As the Time dimension narrows, the Speed dimension dilates. 138 Is the Time Traveling possible? For a moment, let's accept the Universe as a movie. And suppose we freeze the entire movement and time in the Universe in a frame of reference. Now, as an observer, let's open a double-headed wormhole. Which will let us that we can travel not only in space but also in time, if we wish. We will act according to the fact that the waveform Time is flowing as unidirectional. (Mathematically, we can travel both in the defined Time or in the physical location as x,y,z,t. Both will be equivalently possible to us.) The unit of time at which events occur to exist the information is our reference frame. Then, we have three types of Time Waves. "The Now" is the time wave front we stand as momentary. The information of events are born and realized at this reference frame as point of B (x, y, z, t) "The Past" is the waves which carry the existed information about the point of B. These waves had been already passing away from us (the point of B) to the point of A (xp, yp, zp, tp) "The future" is the waves which are approaching the point of B from point of C (xf, yf, zf, tf). But they are not carry any information about the events which do not occur yet. Past waves carry the information of the fact of events. That's why "the information is specific". But the waves of future do not carry this information because the events have not yet taken place. When the Time waves reach our point (B), ie as "Space and Time", they can now receive "the information" from the events taking place within this reference frame. 139 Because the information is produced as momentary. The Changes in the system can be occurred only in the reference frame of the Now. 1) First, let's go to the Past. For example, let's reach the time wave fronts (from point B to point A) had passed through our reference frames when the events took place 3 days ago. When we reach this point, the only thing we can see is "transported information". In a way, we're going to be a ghost and we can't change what's happening because the events occur at the coordinates of B. We are not in the same coordinates of occurring events as location. However, mathematically, we are back to the past in time as time coordinate, as "tp=t" We are in the same reference frame again with the time waves of the 3 days ago. But as "space location", according to the Universe, we are now in a different place.(xp, yp, zp, tp=t) 140 However, in order to reach the moment of the events to change, our coordinates as the Time and the Space Location coordinates should be in the same reference frame with the existing moment of events according to the Universe. But the Universe is expanding and because of that, this motion is impossible. 2) Let us return to our old place (B), the point where the events take place. This time we will go to the waves of 3 days later. They are our waves which are now at the point of C and closing to B. However these waves are not in the same coordinates of events of the Now. They have not passed us. Moreover because of that, there is no information to carry yet. On the other hand, in mathematics, time lines are showing that will be in the same frame of reference of the time coordinate of events of 3 days later. The Time coordinate is right again (tf=t), but the space location coordinates are wrong (xf, yf, zf). However, in order to gain the realization of information in terms of the Universe, the event must be in the same frame of reference in 4 coordinates with existing events. On the other hand, the events and the effects which are made at point C , will reach point B 3 days later after existing. In other words, the moment we reach the point C that represents the future will be our "the Now" point for C. If we turn back to the "B" point (just like in the "point A" before), we'll just be watching our past. We will not have a chance to transfer information about them B to C. Even if we have reached "waves of the future", the information will not be born because of events that have not yet occurred at 141 point B. And we don't not know that what we are going to change? Conclusion: It is not possible to go back to the past or the future. If the future influenced the present, due to necessity of symmetry, what we do now has to change our past. Even if the information could be transmitted faster than the speed of light, the situation would not change. Wherever we go, we can only take moment of the Now with us. Because the information is created by interactions of events only in the definite Space-Time coordinates when is possible to change the events. Additional Notes 142 Add1) The meaning of infinity for physics In physics, unlike mathematics, there are limits for the smallest and largest. The infinite concept represents a loop or a limit, not a continuous sequence. For example, there is no difference in the fundamental principle between extremely heated or extremely cooled atoms. This is a sign of a vicious circle. A mass trying to get to the speed of light can approach it, but it can never reach, which is an example of limit. You can heat or cool the substance forever. The result does not change. Features approach to each other but cannot reach the final heating-cooling point. If you accelerate to the mass forever, its mass and speed will increase forever but you will never reach the speed of light. When you approach to the limit, infinite number sequences start action. As we approach that limit, there is always a range to divide. Add2) An example of a system with its hidden potential For example, Let's look at a glass of pure stagnant water in which the molecules are energized by the microwave owen. The reached maximum heat by microwaves affect inner pressure and its surface tension of the fluid, but we will ignore them and look only at the state of the heated stagnant water without any motion. All water molecules in the cup are so charged that no water molecule can vibrate. Whenever one of them wants to vibrate, it is inhibited by the vibration of another water molecule with the same power. Because of the same tendency of all molecules, no one can move. It has an extremely stagnant view. Water molecules are homogeneous, regular and symmetrical. Energy density at all points of the system is at the same level. 143 A small flick or a mote disrupts the balance. So that, all the balance in the system is broken by a molecule which is energized a little more active than others. This is a chain reaction that all molecules are activated. Fracture occurs so fast that water in the glass bubbling at a time begins to evaporate. In another example, mobile stoves that we use frequently in our daily lives. In fact, there is nothing more than Sodium Acetate salt solution which has heat storage capacity in molecule bonds while it is liquid. It does not lose its liquid form until room temperature or less. It can remain in this form for days until very low temperatures. However, due to the pressure differences with the application of a sudden mechanical energy such as a hard impact or steel snap in it, nucleation of salt crystals occurs. The liquid changes phase and crystallizes. In the meantime, it gives heat to the outside. This is not same as the first example because this is a physical process with phase differentiation. But there is a similarity in terms of the fact that the energy held in bonds of liquid molecules, remains silent for a long time and a simple movement affects the whole system. Add3) Bose-Einstein Condensation Particles around absolute zero begin to fall to the same energy level and start to clustering. In other words, there are no difference between particles so that they act and react as like a single atom. The Bose-Einstein43 condensate has a super elastic property, i.e. zero viscosity. (Zero viscosity: the state of the absence of any loss of kinetic energy in the fluid.) Add4) Laws of Thermodynamics 43 Link 36, Link37 144 1. Law of Thermodynamics The amount of change in internal energy of a system is equal to difference between the amount of heat added to the system and the work that the system applies to its environment44. The amount of it is fixed. Energy can turn into heat, work or something. More or less of the initial energy amount cannot be obtained. You produce work as compared to the used energy. The sum of the energy which transformed to work and non-work losses is equal to the initial amount. 2. Law of Thermodynamics Entropy grows or remains always same in closed systems. The entropy in the universe can never be wane. In a system, when all movement possibilities of energy are over, entropy stops. While the entropy of a book is low, the entropy of separated pages of book is high. Any device or system can not work in a way that transforms all initial energy into work. A process that transferring heat of a system to a higher temperature system is not possible45. 3. Law of Thermodynamics 44 45 Link38 Link39 145 As the temperature approaches absolute zero, the system approaches zero as like the entropy of a flawless crystal at a stationary phase. The third law of thermodynamics provides a reference point for measuring entropy. If the temperature of the system is 0 Kelvin, entropy becomes 0. Entropy is very important for the field of thermodynamics. It is the basic idea behind the second and third law. Entropy is the measurement of irregularity and randomness in a system. 4. Law of Thermodynamics It is also called the Zero Law. The reason for its being zero is that it noticed after the other laws. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third object, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other and therefore at the same temperature. This law is the basis of temperature measurement. If the two systems interact with each other, but remain unchanged, these two systems are balanced with each other. If the two systems are open to interaction but there is no net energy transfer (heat transfer) except energy transfer (work) between them, the two systems are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Add5) Expansion acceleration of the Universe Depending on the distance, the expansion speed can be calculated by using the Hubble constant. This acceleration, whose value is thought to change over time, is now H0=67,15 (km/s)/Mpc. This means that when the observed distance for the observer is one million parsecs (parsec = 3,26 light years), the expansion rate increases by 67.15 kilometers per second. Although the Special Relativity says that any object can move 146 faster than light, this does not put any limit on the expansion rate of the Universe. For example, the distancing speed of galaxies which are 4.5 billion parsecs or more away from us are greater than the Light Speed. However in this case, the rate of separation of the points on the balloon will be more than the rate of elongation in the radius. That is, distant galaxies will be able to move away from each other faster than the speed of light. Add6) About the medium of Aether All the waves we know need an medium to spread. At the time of discovery of properties of electromagnetic waves, there was the idea of a medium defined by the concept of "ether46" (or aether) and thought to fill the space. However, the Michelson-Morley Experiment47 to prove the existence of this medium, on the contrary, proved that there was no such medium. So, this approach48 was abandoned. Thus, as in the space, it was decided that electromagnetic waves (light) did not need a medium to spread. Later, Einstein stated that the Light speed limit would not change with the existence or absence of ether. Although the concept of the ether has been abandoned, both Einstein Field Equations in General Relativity are replaced it by Tik . 46 Link40 I think if the same experiment did in a universe with pure water density, the result would not change again. 47 48 Link41 147 The expression Gik on left side of the equation refers to the Einstein tensor, while the expression Tik on right side refers to the stress-energy (energy-momentum) tensor. That is, the left side of the equation refers to geometry and the right side to the substance. The equation is often written as follows. Here the left side expresses Gik as widened. The Rik term is Ricci curvature tensor, gik metric tensor, R curvature scalar and (lambda) Λ are cosmological constant. Sometimes you can see the cosmological imbalance of this equation. Here, the sub indices i and k take values according to how many dimensional space you are making (sometimes also denoted by ν and μ). Frequently, solutions are addressed in four-dimensional space, one of which is time and the other three are space components. For example, in Cartesian coordinates, the coordinates (t, x, y, z) are used. This indicates that i and k (0,1,2,3) will take the values. (In some places you can see "1,2,3,4".) The Higgs Field was later replaced by this concept49. Add7) Pilot Wave Theory As a different interpretation of quantum mechanics, this theory claims that all movements of the particles can be determined if there is enough data as opposing uncertainty. 49 Link42 148 According to this theory, the particles have certain positions that are driven by wave function, even though they are not observed. It is a theory put forward by physicists (like De Broglie, 1927) who have reservations about the uncertainty and possibilities in physics in the first times of quantum mechanics. After the Copenhagen Interpretation, this theory has been ignored. Later developed by Bohm and also known as De Broglie-Bohm Mechanics. A few years ago in the Walking Droplets experiment, the movements of silicone droplets on the vibrated fluid of same material were observed. In the experiment, it was realized that the droplets were in conformity with the particle movements determined by quantum mechanics while moving in the predicted manner in Bohm mechanics. As the fluidity of silicone system increases with vibration, the particles create their own vibrations due to this vibration. Then they surf on the waves of their own vibrations. In the experiments, it has been seen that many situations, which are defined as uncertainty related to the probability of quantum mechanics such as double slit experiment, tunneling, can be determined with Bohm Mechanics50. (If I interpret this approach; during movement of the mass particle, the vibrations emitted from the mass, spread at the light speed. Doppler accumulations in the direction of movement of these waves provide a low-pressure area to initially orientate the object. As they approach the speed of these waves, they are limited by them this time.) 50 Pilot Wave Theory- De Broglie- Bohm Mechanics Link18, Link15, Link16, Link17 149 Add8) According to the Huygens principle, the particles at that position at each wave of a wave originating from the point source emit immediately the global wavelets. If so, each point element on a wave boundary forms the center of another wavelet. Basically this is the Huygens principle. Add9) Discovery of Anti-Matter The term antimatter is first mentioned by an English physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster, in an article written for the magazine Nature in 1898. Schuster suggested that atoms may have equivalents with opposing properties, that they would repel each other with normal substances, or even star systems from anti-atoms. This hypothesis, despite its deficiencies, was the basis of our current understanding of antimatter. 150 In the 1920s, Erwin Schöredinger and Werner Heisenberg created a new quantum theory. This new theory had one big problem: it didn't fit relativity. The theory was successful only at low velocity particles but at high speeds such as the speed of light (ie in the field of relativity), the theory was not functioning. In 1928, another great physicist, Paul Dirac, solved this problem. With the new equation revealed, he made the quantum and relativity compatible. But again there was a problem: Dirac's equation had more than one result, just like x² = 4. (Ie. X = 2 and X = -2) So Dirac's equation predicted a symmetry when it comes to subatomic particles. The same particle could be positively charged with electricity, also with negative electricity. So the opposite, anti. With this invention, Dirac received the Nobel Prize in 1933 and in his speech at the Nobel Prize Ceremony he talked about antiuniverse. The antimatter was in our lives. In 1932, shortly before Dirac's speech, Carl Anderson of the California Institute of Technology, in America, encountered an interesting situation while examining cosmic particles. In his own words, he had found a thing which is charged positively but its mass was same with the electron, he could not make sense of what had happened. He worked on this subject for more than a year. He made hundreds, thousands of observations and finally discovered the first anti-particle, positive electrically charged electron, the positron by the name he gave himself. In October 1955, on the first page of The New York Times, there was the title: A new atomic particle was found; called negative protons." The discovery was followed by the discovery of the anti-neutron in 1960. 151 Add10) Doppler Effect The waves emitted by the source are detected differently depending on the state of the movement. The frequency of waves of distancing source decreases (the energy decreases), the frequency of the approaching source increases (the energy increases). In fact, there was no change in the velocities, frequencies or wavelengths of the waves emitted by the wave source. They're the same as emitted as the source. However, the observer perceives the situation differently according to the motion. Also, in moving objects, after the waves are separated from the source, the sources become the observer of waves they emit. They follow the spreading waves and as they approach speed of the waves, frequency of the waves they emit increases in the direction of movement. 152 Add11) Casimir Effect (Source: wikipedia) Pulling force applied to each other when two metal plates with no electrical charge are placed too close to each other. As can be seen from the figure, the plates adhere together by virtual electromagnetic waves consisting of virtual photons. In my opinion, the pressure drop as a result of increasing velocity of the super fluid space texture. From this point of view, the Gravitational force, the Casimir effect, the Zero Point energy have the same reasons and different results. 153 (Crazy) Ideas About super conductors Many substances can be transformed into super conductors by super-cooling. I think, this is due to the fact that the moving particles, in particular the electrons, have reduced vibration amplitudes. They adapt to their (low temperature) environment and regulate their systems. The narrowing amplitude of electrons allowed them to become closer to each other in their atoms. A more dense and regularly medium has been created to disseminate the energy added to the system as a wave. In addition, when an amount of energy added by an impact, transferring this energy to the next electron is more easy than instead of placing to upper orbit and return to the old trajectory by releasing a photon. Accordingly, the compounds composed of different substances in harmonic structure, they should be able to use as super conductor when this movement of electrons is restricted. Or, it may be possible to convert the substances that are stimulated by electromagnetic or even sound waves at appropriate frequencies to super conductor. What is important here is the added vibration frequency of the impact into the system for causing "destructive interference". As a hypothesis, we might produce super conductor from a copper cable at room temperature, if we use a different frequency in current which will make destructive interference with copper electrons. Are faster space cruises possible than light speed? The first thing that comes to my mind is the cooling of front of the vehicle to reach Bose-Einstein Condensation. In such a case, the risk of rupture between the substance bonds may be reduced. In addition, since the vibration 154 amplitude will be limited, the pressure difference between front and rear sides of the vessel will also be high. This will ensure acceleration. Still, I think it's going to be a limit. Another possibility is propagating the waves, which will make partial destructive interference with Time Waves. Since Time Waves have wavelength and frequency on Planck Scales, there can be no vibration intensified at this level in terms of technology. But it might be approached. A third possibility is the strengthening of the pocket universe created by the ship during acceleration with a special sheath energy field to surround the ship. So, in terms of String Theory, the creation of closed membranes. In this case, the worm ship can be propelled on its pilot wave by pressure of the Universe texture (as similar the walking droplets). About refraction of Time Waves When dealing with the Special Relativity with the Time Waves, at first, I used the refraction specifications of the waves. Using the classic refraction formula of waves while penetrating into a medium, the ratio of (C/V) gives us refractive index of the new medium. With Sinx.n1 = Siny.n2 Let's diagnose the refractive angle of the new medium as Alpha. (n1, empty space = 1), (Sinx = 45) and (n2 = C/V, new medium), Siny = â; Alpha I've found values through these links. (Refraction indexes and entering and refraction angles) However, while general tendency of sinus values in the new medium was supported the assumption, I used other methods to check. The density comparisons were different. The density of the new medium was asymmetrically high. I couldn't find the reason for this inconsistency. Because of the possibility of being inaccurate 155 and missing, I took it without explanation from the narration. Are we existed in the Universe in a certain time interval? Time Waves do not need to be strong at their first birth. They may even be very weak not enough to affect an ordinary energy package-quanta. But as they progress, the amount of force they transmit due to their convex structures increases exponentially. Therefore, we can think that an amplitude range where the energy transferred by waves intensifies, thus ensuring continuity of the Mass. For example, a field where the pressure in a square of a Planck Length is about 21 micro grams. About the Assumption The handling of Time51 in such a wave form partially violates Einstein's Special Relativity principles. Because in the current practice, a motion can be defined differently depending on the observers and their positions. However, when Time Waves are the reference for motion as a fundamental value, any movement can be considered and compared at the same angle at the micro or macro level. About Rotation of the Universe If our universe has a natural rotation, it may only have started to occur during the transformation at the moment of big inflation. Thus, some part of expansion energy would be transferred to the angular momentum of the Universe. 51 Link 43 156 Although it will make it easier to answer questions for "Why is the Universe expanding? and What is the reason of Free Fall in Space?", we cannot detect such a rotational movement from within the Universe. Perhaps, if the residual traces of energy currents from this period after the big inflation are found, it can be considered. Since there was a shortage of evidence, I did not stand on the subject. But if our universe is a rotating torus, we have two possibilities to consider. Firstly, the space-time coordinates of the point where the big bang starts are no longer from the space-time fabric in which we are. Secondly, we can be only 2 dimensional objects in the membrane fabric while expanding universe. By the expansion the mass is being 3D. 157 The Links (Online: https://bit.ly/2KeCZKb and http://tinyurl.com/yyp5gnfs ) The Birth of the Universe Link1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory Link2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/String_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory Big Inflation Link3 https://physics.princeton.edu/~cosmo/sciam/assets/pdfs/guth-2007.pdf Eternal inflation and its implications, Alan H. Guth Link4 http://www.tfv.org.tr/belgeler/bigbang.pdf Büyük patlama ve kozmik enflasyon- Prof. Dr.Namık Kemal Pak The Spatial Dimensions Link5 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/33-5-quarks-is-that-all-thereis/ Langton's Ant. Link6 http://www.langtonant.com/ Acceleration and Inertia Link7 http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/mp/doc/mec_slingshot.htm Resonance Link8 https://www.if.ufrj.br/~coelho/Newman/Newman10.pdf Pilot Wave Theory Link9 https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a24114/pilot-wave-quantummechanics-theory/ Link10 http://math.mit.edu/~bush/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Pucci-Slits2017.pdf Link11 https://plus.maths.org/content/riding-pilot-wave Link12 https://phys.org/news/2006-09-single-particle-macroscopic.html Inertia against deceleration Link13 http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/20130926-gravity-assist.html Classical "Special Relativity" Link14 http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/einstein/specrel/www/ Link15 http://discovermagazine.com/2015/april/12-putting-relativity-to-the-test 158 Link16 www.physics.metu.edu.tr/~btekin/izafiyet.doc The Birth of Special Relativity by Bayram Tekin The values which found by increasing amplitude due to acceleration. Link17https://www.academia.edu/37643438/A_Simple_Methodology_for_Quantum_Me chanical_Theory_of_Tardyons_and_Tachyons Photon Box Experiment Link18 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Medium-Einstein-box-thought-experimentfor-a-short-light-pulse-analyzed-by-traditional_fig1_260833346 Relavistik Doppler Effect Link19 https://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmXoypizjW3WknFiJnKLwHCnL72vedxjQkDDP1mXWo6uco/wiki/R elativistic_Doppler_effect.html Why can't mass reach to Speed of the Light? Link20 https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/59800/how-do-doppler-effect-andtime-dilation-differ/59814 General Relativity Link21 http://gravity.paris/en/index.php/2015/11/29/what-is-a-graviton/ Link22 https://nige.wordpress.com/2007/05/25/quantum-gravity-mechanism-andpredictions/ Link23 https://phys.org/news/2018-03-underway.html Link24 https://phys.org/news/2014-05-scientists-year-quest.html Link25 http://dicdot16.ingchim.unina.it/wordpress/?page_id=243 Fundamental Forces and Particles Link26 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/33-5-quarks-is-that-allthere-is/ Link27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fyb-msKVp8 Spin Link28 https://youtu.be/3k5IWlVdMbo?t=8 Link29 https://www.physics.harvard.edu/uploads/files/thesesPDF/yavin.pdf Anti Matter Link30 https://sureshemre.wordpress.com/2014/04/27/is-there-a-phase-differencebetween-electric-and-magnetic-field-oscillations-of-an-electromagnetic-wave/ The Journey of the Photon in the Universe Link32 https://www.popsci.com/ligo-hears-second-set-gravitational-waves 159 Perfect Equilibrium Systems at the Critical Point of Nearby the Chaos Link33 http://www.gregegan.net/ORTHOGONAL/07/QM.html Link34 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep00725 Link35 http://muonray.blogspot.com.tr/2016/03/ Add3) Bose-Einstein Condensation Link36 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate Link37 https://www.livescience.com/54667-bose-einstein-condensate.html Add4) Laws of Thermodynamics Link38 https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics Link39 http://physicsforidiots.com/physics/thermodynamics/ Add6) About the medium of Aether Link40 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson–Morley_experiment Link41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson–Morley_experiment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson– Morley_experimenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson– Morley_experimenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelson– Morley_experiment Hata! Köprü başvurusu geçerli değil.https://www.sciencenews.org/article/higgs-found Ideas About the Assumption Link42 http://everythingforever.com/einstein.htm 160 Used Sources http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/planck/node2.html http://www.mysearch.org.uk/website1/html/229.Superposition.html https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/wave-behavior-andinteraction/ https://www.huffingtonpost.com https://www.quora.com/What-is-Plancks-constant-1 https://www.quora.com/Is-there-anything-smaller-than-a-Planck-length-1 http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/UNPh25.html https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/wave-behavior-andinteraction/ http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson-3/Interference-and-Beats http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~infocom/Ideas/lightsound.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/quantum/wvfun.html https://ipfs.io/ipfs https://www.rp-photonics.com/refraction.html http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/UNPh25.html https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/02/07/the-enduring-mystery-ofdetecting-the-universes-only-magneticmonopole/?utm_source=quora&utm_medium=referral#378e718bf0e8 http://www.teorivepolitika.net/index.php/arsiv/item/39-epr-makalesini-sunus https://www.pitt.edu/~jdnorton/teaching/HPS_0410/chapters/general_relativity_pathwa y/index.html https://medium.com/@diamondtema/bell-teoremi-ve-epr-kuantumdolan%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k-efc800977201 https://medium.com/@diamondtema/sicim-teorisi-her-%C5%9Feyin-teorisib2d361ccff50 https://www.erisi.com/kuantum/DENEYLER/epr_deneyi.php.htm https://modernfizik.net/kuantum7.html http://www.kuantum.gen.tr/2011/10/butunsellik-ve-epr-2/ https://bilimfili.com/alternatif-kuantum-kurami-yeniden-gundeme-gelebilir/ http://settheory.net/Bohm https://medium.com/@diamondtema/sicim-teorisi-her-%C5%9Feyin-teorisi- 161 b2d361ccff50 http://www.zamandayolculuk.com/html-1/bolum-03.htm http://www.acikbilim.com/2012/01/dosyalar/einsteinin-idraki-nazimin-hikmeti-zamaningoreliligi.html https://www.quantamagazine.org/frauchiger-renner-paradox-clarifies-where-our-viewsof-reality-go-wrong-20181203/ My previous works https://burtaym.blogspot.com/2015/03/eger-bir-uzay-gemisi-sk-hznayaklasacak.html (2015) https://evreneyenibirbakis.blogspot.com/ (2016) Sources: https://evreneyenibirbakis.blogspot.com/2015/11/evrene-yeni-bir-baks-ham.html https://yenievrenebirbakis.blogspot.com/ (2018) Sources: https://yenievrenebirbakis.blogspot.com/2018/05/15.html 162 163