Evaluation of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Germplasm

Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Volume 7, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com Evaluation of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Germplasm A. Akter1, H. Rahman2,* 1 Scientific Officer , Senior Scientific Officer2, Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Jamalpur, Bangladesh Abstract The experiment was conducted with the existing bearing trees of different jackfruit genotypes at Jamalpur region during the year 2014–2015. Twenty-three jackfruit germplasm viz., AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-08, AHJ-09, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ12, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ-17, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-20, AHJ-21, AHJ-22 and AHJ-23 were selected for the study to identify superior ones. The recorded age of the selected tress ranged from 8 to 29 years. The selected superior genotypes differ widely among themselves. Great variability exists with regards to many desirable characters viz., bearing (once or twice a year), yield per tree (02–60 fruits per year), average fruit weight (2.57–11.00 kg), number of bulbs/flakes per fruit (41.00–181.00), number of seeds per fruit (39.00–180.00), total weight of bulbs (0.90–6.381 kg) and flake’s TSS (13–23%). Jackfruit trees are cross pollinated and are mostly seed propagated. As a result, morphological and agronomical characters of jackfruit showed a distinct range of variation. The quantitative data of jackfruit germplasm and their range, mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE) and coefficient of variance (CV%) are presented. The highest quantitative variation was observed for total number of fruits per plant (CV 80.98%) which was followed by total bulbs weight (CV 56.02%) and weight of rachis (CV 49.64%). Minimum variation was noticed in seed breadth (CV 8.13%). A total of six qualitative characters were recorded and evaluated to the variability among the studied jackfruit germplasm. Wide range of variability regarding qualitative characters was observed among twenty-three jackfruit germplasm. Fruit skin colour, fruit shape, bulb colour, bulb firmness, sweetness & taste and seed colour of jackfruit germplasm were investigated. The maximum variation was observed in fruit skin colour and bulb firmness of jackfruit germplasm. Among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms, one germplasm AHJ-02 showed early bearing habit (Off-season). So, the quantitative characters viz., age of plant 25 years, total number of fruits per plant 32 nos., weight of individual fruit 7.57 kg, date of harvest 05.03.2016, stalk attachment depressed, fruit length 33 cm, fruit breadth 22 cm, weight of rind 2.90 kg, weight of rachis 733 g, rind thickness 1.03 cm, total number of bulbs per fruit 288 nos., bulb length 4.29 cm, bulb breadth 1.93cm, 10-bulb weight 122.92 g, total bulb weight 3.54 kg, total number of seeds per fruit 284, seed length 2.56 cm, seed breadth 1.27 cm, 10-seed weight 34.01 g, total seed weight 966 g, edible portion 52% and TSS 23% were recorded. Qualitative characters viz. fruit colour-greenish yellow, fruit shape-oval, bulb colour-yellow, bulb firmness-medium soft, taste-sweet and seed colour-brownish patch in colour were recorded. Considering fruit characteristics i.e., taste, sweetness, hardness of bulb, bulb color, fruit size, %TSS, %edible portion and yield, the germplasm AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-09, AHJ-11, AHJ-14, AHJ-16, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-21 and AHJ-23 were found to be suitable for jackfruit cultivation at Jamalpur region, Bangladesh. The present finding shows the great genetic potential of the studied germplasm. It can be used in future breeding programmes for getting productive and quality traits. Moreover, the variability observed in the current study could be used in jackfruit improvement programme. Finally, the plant breeders and horticulturists can choose germplasm according to their needs. Therefore, these jackfruit germplasms can be included in the variety development programme in future. Keywords: Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus, genetic diversity, collection, evaluation *Author for Correspondence E-mail: [email protected] RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 38 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm INTRODUCTION Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is the national fruit of Bangladesh. The jackfruit is a tree species of the mulberry family (Moraceae), which is native to parts of South and of Southeast Asia. No one knows the place of origin of jackfruit, but it is believed indigenous to the rainforests of the Western Ghats [1]. It is cultivated at low elevations throughout India, Bangladesh, Burma, Ceylon, Southern China, Malaya, and the East Indies. It is the largest among the edible fruits. It is one of the most important and delicious fruit and contains vitamin A and mineral nutrients. Every part of either the jackfruit tree or fruit has great economic importance. Bangladesh is blessed with wide genetic diversity of jackfruit due to its seed propagation. It is extensively grown in Dhaka, Sylhet and Chittagong region. It is a highly cross-pollinated crop, with highly diverse local resources whose genetic base is being threatened. The plants produced from seeds are quite different from each other in respect of size, shape, quality and yield (up to 50 cm × 100 cm and weighing up to 50 kg) potentiality [2, 3]. Promising indigenous germplasm of this important tropical fruit is facing high chance of losing. Research on this concern, Haque [4] reported that, in Bangladesh genetic variation is gradually being lost due to increased production of this fruit by replacing even and high yielding exotic genotypes are natively dissimilar stands. According to Azad et al. [5]; Hossain [6]; Saha et al. [7], jackfruit is an important and diverse crop. So, jackfruit was identified as deserving priority attention in the Commonwealth Science Council in 1992. Arora [8]; Dhar [9]; and Hossain [6] stated that Bangladesh is painstaking as the secondary center of jackfruit diversity. The genetic multiplicity of jackfruit is a valuable resource for the present and future research work due its sustainable use. Therefore, it is urgent necessary for the documentation and conservation of this genetic resource of jackfruit. Ullah and Rahman [10]; Ullah and Rahman [11]; Firoz and Rahman [12]; and BARI, 2007-08 investigators [13] described jackfruit germplasm. Rahim [14] and Haque [15] stated that there is a need to identify and locate areas of rich genetic diversity and home of natural populations of jackfruit in ecosystems of Western Ghat and Andaman Akter & Rahman Islands. These have to be identified for genetic diversity and documentation for effective conservation of cultigens, genotypes and existing tree germplasm distributed all over Bangladesh. On-farm conservation of germplasm for long term and sustainable use to be ensured was suggested by Haque [4]. Also Haque [15] reported that a moderate level of erosion of genetic diversity of jackfruit has already taken place. There are several reasons for deaths of jackfruit tree viz., cutting down of mature trees for timber and cleaning of land for agriculture and flooding. Arora [8] suggested that, there is prerequisite to integrate or coordinate national, regional and local efforts to stimulate and strengthen the plant genetic resource activities in tropical fruit trees, and research and development efforts. Through the continued cultivation and management of a diverse population of the same agro-ecosystem where the crop has developed, on farm conservation of jackfruit can be conserved. A crucial issue in feeding the ever-increasing population in Bangladesh, conservation and sustainable use of the underutilized crops should be considered. Therefore, cultigens and wild genotypes of underutilized crop must be identified and assessed for genetic diversity and ensured in situ conservation and long-term sustainable use and conservation [4]. A study was therefore, carried out to find out a suitable jackfruit germplasm for further variety development programme at Jamalpur location in Bangladesh. MATERIALS & METHODS The experiment was conducted with the existing bearing trees of different jackfruit genotypes at Jamalpur region during the year 2014–2015. Twenty-three jackfruit germplasms viz., AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-08, AHJ-09, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ-12, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ-17, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-20, AHJ-21, AHJ-22 and AHJ23 were selected for the study to identify superior ones. The recorded age of the selected tress ranged from 8 to 29 years. The trees under this study were fertilized according to the doses per plant mention in Krishi Projukti Hatboi (Part-2) [16] i.e., cow dung or compost 50–100 kg, urea 800–2000 g, Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) 1000–1500 g, Muriate of RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 39 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Potash (MOP) 600–1000 g and Gypsum 400– 500 g. The entire amount of manures and chemical fertilizers were applied in two instalments—one in April-May and another in September-October. Intercultural operations such as weeding, irrigation and spraying of pesticides were done regularly. During December to May, irrigation was applied at 15 days intervals that reduced dropping of young jackfruit, increased yield and improved fruit quality. Jackfruit plant cannot tolerate waterlogging condition. So, in the rainy season, well drainage systems were ensured. Two to six fruits from each plant were randomly selected for evaluation. Fully mature fruits were harvested from the plant and 22 quantitative characters viz., age of plant, total number of fruits per plant, weight of individual fruit, date of harvest, stalk attachment, fruit length, fruit breadth, weight of rind, weight of rachis , rind thickness, total number of bulbs/fruit, bulb length, bulb breadth, 10-bulb weight, total bulb weight, total number of seeds/fruit, seed length, seed breadth, 10-seed weight, total seed weight, %edible portion, %TSS and six qualitative characters viz., fruit colour, fruit shape, bulb colour, bulb firmness, taste and seed colour were recorded and statistically analyzed. The compiled data were analyzed for measuring range, mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error of mean (SE) and coefficient of variance (CV) using Microsoft Office Excel package. RESULT & DISCUSSION According to the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute [17] morphological variation among jackfruit trees was recorded using jackfruit descriptor. Twenty qualitative and eight quantitative measures of vegetative and reproductive characters of jackfruit were measured in the descriptors. The qualitative tree characters were measured by observation. Quantitative characters of fruit were measured according to international unit. The qualitative fruit characters were measured by eye observation and organoleptic test. A. Quantitative Characters A total of 22 quantitative characters were recorded and evaluated to know the genetic variability among the studied twenty-three jackfruit germplasms. The jackfruit germplasm evaluated in the present study showed the variability for all the quantitative traits studied. Wide range of variation was observed among the germplasm in terms of age of plant, total number of fruits per plant, weight of individual fruit, date of harvest, stalk attachment, fruit length, fruit breadth, weight of rind, weight of rachis, rind thickness, total number of bulbs/fruit, bulb length, bulb breadth, 10-bulb weight, total bulb weight, total number of seeds/fruit, seed length, seed breadth, 10-seed weight, total seed weight, %edible portion, %TSS (Table 1). The quantitative data of jackfruit germplasm and their range, mean, standard deviation (SD), standard error (SE) and coefficient of variance (CV%) are presented in Table 1. The highest quantitative variation was observed for total number of fruits per plant (CV 80.9 %) which was followed by total bulbs weight (CV 56.02%) and weight of rachis (CV 49.64%). Minimum variation was noticed in seed breadth (CV 8.13%). Age of Plant Age of plant of twenty-three jackfruit germplasms was greatly significantly varied. Age of plant ranged from 08.00 to 29.00 years (Table 1). The germplasm AHJ-03 was the oldest aged plant (29.00 years) while AHJ-22 germplasm was the 8.00 years old plant. The yield of jackfruit plant increases with the increase of age of the plant. Number of Fruits Per Plant Highly significant variation was observed among the germplasm in terms of fruit characters. Maximum number of fruits per plant (60.00) was obtained from AHJ-02 and AHJ-03 and the minimum (2.00) was from AHJ-07 and AHJ-13. Yield is directly correlated with the number of fruits (Table 1). Individual Fruit Weight Individual fruit weight was differing significantly. Maximum individual fruit weight was gained from AHJ-19 (11.00 kg) followed by AHJ-05 (9.90 kg) and minimum in AHJ-18 (2.57 kg). Nowadays small-sized jackfruit is preferred due to small family size. Harvesting Time of Fruit Harvesting time of fruits of twenty-three jackfruit germplasm was January to July 2015. Among the germplasm, AHJ-02 germplasm RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 40 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm started harvesting from January/2015. It bears twice in a year (off-season and on-season bearing habit) (Table 1). Stalk Attachment of Fruit All twenty-three jackfruit germplasms showed depressed type stalk attachment (Table 1). Fruit Length and Breadth Fruit length and breadth of twenty-three jackfruit were significantly varied (Table 1). Fruit length and breadth ranged from 20.00 to 47.00 cm and 14.6 to 22.50 cm with the mean of 31.40 cm and 18.77 cm, respectively. The longest fruit was obtained from AHJ-05 (47.00 cm) followed by the AHJ-19 (46.00 cm) and shortest fruit in AHJ-04 (20.00 cm). The germplasm AHJ-19 produced the wider fruit (22.50 cm) followed by AHJ-05 (21.50 cm) and narrower fruit in AHJ-04 (14.60 cm). Weight of Rind Significant variation was noticed among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms in terms of weight of rind (Table 1). Weight of rind ranged from 1.15 to 4.7 kg with an average value of 3.00 kg. The highest weight of rind was found from AHJ-19 (4.7 kg) followed by AHJ-20 (4.3 kg) and lowest in AHJ-09 (1.15 kg). Weight of rind is directly proportionate to edible portion of the fruit of jackfruit germplasm. Weight of Rachis Most significant variation was recorded in weight of rachis (Table 1). Weight of rachis ranged from 167.00 to 935.00 g having a mean value of 371.22 g. Maximum weight of rachis was noted from AHJ-19 (935.00 g) followed by AHJ-05 (795.00 g) and minimum in AHJ18 (167.00 g). Weight of rachis is also directly proportionate to edible portion of the fruit of jackfruit germplasm. Rind Thickness Rind thickness varied significantly among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms. Rind thickness varied from 0.85 to 2.5 cm. Maximum rind thickness was obtained from AHJ-04 (2.50 cm) followed by the AHJ-22 (1.90 cm) and minimum in AHJ-11 (0.85 cm). More rind thickness reduces the edible portion. Akter & Rahman Number of Bulbs Per Fruit Significant variation was found in case of number of bulbs per fruit. It ranged from 41.00 to 181.00 with mean value of 92.80 (Table 1). Maximum number of bulbs per fruit was obtained from AHJ-05 (181.00) followed by the germplasm AHJ-19 (147.00) and minimum was from AHJ-12 (41.00). Bulb Length and Breadth Bulb length and breadth varied significantly. Bulb length and breadth varied from 3.48 to 6.47 cm and 1.58 to 3.02 cm having mean value of 5.10 cm and 2.47 cm, respectively (Table 1). Longer bulb was recorded in AHJ21 (6.47 cm) followed by AHJ-12 (6.37 cm) and shorter bulb in AHJ-09 (3.48 cm). The germplasm AHJ-10 fashioned wider bulb (3.02 cm) followed by the AHJ-21 (2.92 cm) and narrower bulb in AHJ-09 (1.58 cm). Ten Bulb Weight Significant differentiation was observed in the parameter of 10-bulb weight. It varied from 142.00 to 480.00 g with the mean value of 84.58 g (Table 1). The germplasm AHJ-12 manifested the highest 10-bulb weight (480.00 g) and lowest in AHJ-09 (142.00). Total Bulbs Weight Total bulbs weight per fruit contrasted expressively among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms. Maximum total bulbs weight per fruit was originated in AHJ-05 (6.81 kg) and the minimum in AHJ-18 (0.90 kg) (Table 1). Total Number of Seeds Per Fruit Significant distinction was found in case of total number of seeds per fruit. Total number of seeds per fruit was wide, ranging from 39.00 to 180.00 having a mean value of 35.55. Maximum number of seeds per fruit was obtained from AHJ-05 (180.00) followed by AHJ-19 (146.00) and minimum from AHJ-01 (39.00). Seed Length and Breadth Comparatively less variation was noticed in seed length and breadth among the germplasm. Seed length and breadth varied from 2.33 to 3.17 cm and 1.24 to 1.77 cm with average value of 2.73 & 1.47 cm, respectively (Table 1). The elongated seed was perceived from RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 41 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) AHJ-04 (3.17 cm) followed by AHJ-01 (3.10 cm) and shortest seed from AHJ-16 (2.33 cm). Ten Seed Weight Significant variation was detected in case of 10-seed weight among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms. Ten seed weight varied from 37.00 to 69.00 g with the average 10-seed weight of 53.43 g. Maximum 10-seed weight was gained from the germplasm AHJ-13 (69.00 g) and minimum in AHJ-10 (37.00 g). Total Seed Weight Per Fruit Total seed weight per fruit varied more distinctly among the germplasm. Total seed weight per fruit ranged from 189.00 to 792.00 g having average value of 475.70 g (Table 1). Maximum total seed weight per fruit was documented in AHJ-05 (792.00 g) and minimum in AHJ-10 (189.00 g). Edible Portion Edible portion is the most important character for evaluating germplasm. Edible portion of twenty-three germplasms was significantly different. Edible portion was the highest in AHJ-02 (60.74%) and the lowest was obtained from AHJ-01 (18.39%) (Table 1). Total Soluble Solids (TSS) TSS is a major character indicating sweetness of jackfruit germplasm. Significant variation was observed in TSS parameter. TSS ranged from 13.00% to 23.00% with the average TSS 18.74% among the germplasm (Table 1). The maximum %TSS was recorded in AHJ-03 and AHJ-21 (23.00%) and the lowest from AHJ-09 (13.00%). B. Qualitative Characters A total of six qualitative characters were recorded and evaluated to the variability among the studied jackfruit germplasm (Table 2). Wide range of variability regarding qualitative characters was observed among twenty-three jackfruit germplasms (Table 2). Fruit skin colour, fruit shape, bulb colour, bulb firmness, sweetness & taste and seed colour of jackfruit germplasm were investigated (Figures 1–23). The maximum variation was observed in fruit skin colour and bulb firmness of jackfruit germplasm. Fruit Skin Color Fruit skin color ranged from greenish yellow (43.47%), yellowish green (8.70%), yellow (39.13%), brown (4.35%) and cream (4.35%). Colour of jackfruit germplasm is the result of a combination of pigments—chlorophylls, carotenoids and anthocyanins accumulated in the fruit wall or pericarp of the fruit. Maximum germplasm (43.47%) were greenish yellow in colour. Fruit Shape Fruit shape varied from oval (34.78%), oblong (21.74%), elongate (26.09%) and elliptical (17.39%). Oval-shaped fruit (34.78%) was the majority among the jackfruit germplasm. Bulb Colour Bulb colour varied distinctly among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms. Bulb colour varied from yellow (73.91%), whitish yellow (17.39%) and cream (8.70%). Maximum jackfruit germplasm (73.91%) produced the yellow-coloured bulb. Bulb Firmness/Texture Regarding bulb firmness/texture maximum variation was noted among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms which were medium soft (17.39%), soft (43.48%), very soft (13.04%), medium firm (13.04%) and firm (13.04%). Sweetness and Taste of Fruit Sweetness of fruit ranged from sweet (60.87%) to very sweet (39.13%). Taste, the most important trait, varied from good to very good. Sweetness and taste was measured through organoleptic test. Seed Color Seed color of twenty-three jackfruit germplasms was brownish patch in colour. Among the twenty-three jackfruit germplasms studied, one germplasm AHJ-02 showed early bearing habit (Off-season). So, the quantitative characters viz., age of plant 25 years, total number of fruits per plant 32 nos., weight of individual fruit 7.57 kg, date of harvest 05.03.2016, stalk attachment depressed, fruit length 33 cm, fruit breadth 22 cm, weight of rind 2.90 kg, weight of rachis 733 g, rind thickness 1.03 cm, total number of bulbs per RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 42 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm Akter & Rahman fruit 288 nos., bulb length 4.29 cm, bulb breadth 1.93 cm, 10-bulb weight 122.92 g, total bulb weight 3.54 kg, total number of seeds per fruit 284, seed length 2.56 cm, seed breadth 1.27 cm, 10-seed weight 34.01 g, total seed weight 966 g, edible portion 52% and TSS 23% (Table 3). Qualitative characters viz., fruit colour greenish yellow, fruit shape oval, bulb colour yellow, bulb firmness medium soft, taste sweet and seed colour brownish patch in colour were recorded (Table 4). The selected superior genotypes differ widely among themselves. Great variability exists with regards to many desirable characters viz., bearing (once or twice a year), yield per tree (2–60 fruits per year), average fruit weight (2.57–11.00 kg), number of bulbs/flakes per fruit (41.00-181.00), number of seeds per fruit (39.00–180.00), total weight of bulbs (0.90– 6.381 kg) and flake’s TSS (13–23%) (Table 1). Extensive variation in yield, fruit weight, quality of fruit and seed characters was also pragmatic by Azad and Haq [18] and Singh and Srivastava [19]. Jackfruit trees are crosspollinated and are mostly seed propagated. As a result, morphological and agronomical characters of jackfruit showed a distinct range of variation. Fruit weight, fruit rind weight, seed weight manifested a wide range of variation and wide range of variability was also revealed in case of yield per tree. Vilasachandra et al. [20] and Mitra and Maity [21] have conveyed similar type of results in jackfruit. Fig. 1: AHJ-01 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 2: (a) AHJ-02 Jackfruit Germplasm (On Season Bearing). Fig. 2: (b) AHJ-02 Jackfruit Germplasm (Off-Season Bearing Habit). RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 43 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Fig. 3: AHJ-03 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 4: AHJ-04 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 5: AHJ-05 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 6: AHJ-06 Jackfruit Germplasm. RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 44 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm Akter & Rahman Fig. 7: AHJ-07 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 8: AHJ-08 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 9: AHJ-09 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 10: AHJ-10 Jackfruit Germplasm. RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 45 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Fig. 11: AHJ-11 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 12: AHJ-12 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 13: AHJ-13 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 14: AHJ-14 Jackfruit Germplasm. RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 46 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm Akter & Rahman Fig. 15: AHJ-15 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 16: AHJ-16 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 17: AHJ-17 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 18: AHJ-18 Jackfruit Germplasm. RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 47 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Fig. 19: AHJ-19 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 20: AHJ-20 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 21: AHJ-21 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 22: AHJ-22 Jackfruit Germplasm. Fig. 23: AHJ-23 Jackfruit Germplasm. RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 48 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm Akter & Rahman fruit size, %TSS, %edible portion and yield, the germplasm AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-09, AHJ-11, AHJ-14, AHJ-16, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-21 and AHJ-23 were found to be suitable for jackfruit cultivation at Jamalpur region, Bangladesh. The present finding shows the great genetic potential of the studied germplasm. It can be used in future breeding programmes for getting productive and quality traits. Moreover, the variability observed in the current study could be used in jackfruit improvement programme. Finally, the plant breeders and horticulturists can choose germplasm according to their needs. Therefore, these jackfruit germplasms can be included in the variety development programme in future. CONCLUSION Crop improvement is a complex process and these results from the interaction of a combination of factors. Such improvement can be achieved genetically, by developing resistant types, by devising improved agronomic practices, by adapting to diverse environments and by correcting soil nutrient levels. It can be a major part of any crop improvement programme by the utilization of available genetic resources. An overall improvement strategy of jackfruit (Artocarphus heterophyllus) was taken up by considering the above-mentioned justification. Twenty-three superior genotypes were selected for environmental adaptation and cultural practices. Considering fruit characteristics i.e., taste, sweetness, hardness of bulb, bulb color, Table 1: Quantitative Characters of Jackfruit Germplasm. June, 2015 to July, 2015 Stalk attachment Depressed AHJ-02 25.00 60.00 7.45 January, 2015 to July, 2015 Depressed AHJ-03 29.00 60.00 5.00 June, 2015 to July, 2015 Depressed AHJ-04 15.00 3.00 3.70 ” Depressed AHJ-05 AHJ-06 AHJ-07 AHJ-08 AHJ-09 AHJ-10 AHJ-11 AHJ-12 18.00 23.00 13.00 15.00 11.00 13.00 11.00 18.00 6.00 50.00 2.00 50.00 26.00 51.00 54.00 40.00 9.90 4.85 7.25 4.70 2.60 3.90 5.60 6.90 ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed AHJ-13 10.00 2.00 5.25 ” Depressed AHJ-14 11.00 7.00 7.10 ” Depressed AHJ-15 11.00 10.00 5.85 ” Depressed AHJ-16 10.00 7.00 5.10 ” Depressed AHJ-17 12.00 20.00 5.60 ” Depressed AHJ-18 AHJ-19 8.00 8.00 56.00 12.00 2.57 11.00 ” ” Depressed Depressed AHJ-20 AHJ-21 AHJ-22 AHJ-23 Max. Min. Mean SD SE (±) CV (%) 10.00 10.00 8.00 11.00 29.00 8.00 5.65 13.43 1.18 42.04 15.00 14.00 10.00 25.00 60.00 2.00 21.12 26.09 4.40 80.98 9.25 7.30 6.90 5.60 11.00 2.57 2.11 6.04 0.44 34.97 ” ” ” ” - Depressed Depressed Depressed Depressed - Acc No. AHJ-01 Age of plant Total number Weight of individual fruit (Years) of fruits/plant (kg) 9.00 20.00 5.60 RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Date of harvest Page 49 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) Table 1: Quantitative Characters of Jackfruit Germplasm (Contd.) Acc No. AHJ-01 AHJ-02 AHJ-03 AHJ-04 AHJ-05 AHJ-06 AHJ-07 AHJ-08 AHJ-09 AHJ-10 AHJ-11 AHJ-12 AHJ-13 AHJ-14 AHJ-15 AHJ-16 AHJ-17 AHJ-18 AHJ-19 AHJ-20 AHJ-21 AHJ-22 AHJ-23 Max. Min. SD Mean SE (±) CV (%) Fruit size (cm) Length Breadth 27.00 20.70 33.00 20.67 29.00 20.50 20.00 14.60 47.00 21.50 27.50 18.50 31.00 18.08 31.00 17.12 21.50 16.41 21.00 17.00 37.00 17.84 31.00 20.00 31.00 17.10 36.50 17.00 32.00 20.00 31.00 18.50 33.00 20.00 20.67 15.00 46.00 22.50 40.50 21.30 35.00 17.00 32.00 20.00 28.50 20.50 47.00 22.50 20.00 14.60 7.12 2.14 31.40 18.77 1.49 0.45 22.69 11.40 Weight of rind (kg) Weight of rachis (g) Rind thickness (cm) 4.15 2.50 2.65 1.80 4.10 2.20 2.70 2.85 1.15 2.70 2.20 4.20 3.16 3.75 3.75 1.90 3.10 1.30 4.70 4.30 3.80 3.70 2.29 4.70 1.15 1.00 3.00 0.21 33.48 420.00 425.00 285.00 310.00 795.00 300.00 311.00 191.00 216.00 251.00 325.00 435.00 280.00 290.00 275.00 370.00 365.00 167.00 935.00 622.00 403.00 315.00 252.00 935.00 167.00 184.27 371.22 38.42 49.64 1.15 1.00 1.11 2.50 1.60 1.15 0.95 1.75 1.05 1.15 0.85 1.85 1.55 1.50 1.75 1.85 1.30 1.13 1.30 1.60 1.30 1.90 1.45 2.50 0.85 0.39 1.42 0.08 27.51 Table 1: Quantitative Characters of Jackfruit Germplasm (Contd.) Acc No. AHJ-01 AHJ-02 AHJ-03 AHJ-04 AHJ-05 AHJ-06 AHJ-07 AHJ-08 AHJ-09 AHJ-10 AHJ-11 AHJ-12 AHJ-13 AHJ-14 AHJ-15 AHJ-16 AHJ-17 AHJ-18 AHJ-19 AHJ-20 AHJ-21 AHJ-22 AHJ-23 Max. Min. Total number of bulbs/plant 41.00 119.00 118.00 79.00 181.00 140.00 121.00 92.00 71.50 51.00 102.00 41.00 61.00 103.00 95.00 113.00 58.00 53.00 147.00 104.00 93.00 49.00 102.00 181.00 41.00 Bulb size Length (cm) Breadth (cm) 4.90 2.19 5.60 2.56 5.00 2.63 4.39 2.34 4.85 2.68 4.58 2.20 4.13 2.23 4.56 2.36 3.48 1.58 4.87 3.02 4.70 2.51 6.37 2.38 5.53 2.35 4.72 2.52 5.41 2.88 4.89 2.34 4.42 2.44 3.80 2.39 6.00 2.89 6.17 2.55 6.47 2.92 6.31 2.50 6.10 2.42 6.47 3.02 3.48 1.58 RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved 10-bulb weight (g) 270.00 295.00 243.00 202.00 376.00 201.00 147.00 249.00 142.00 295.00 299.00 480.00 249.00 305.00 285.00 255.00 302.00 170.00 440.00 315.00 339.00 365.00 345.00 480.00 142.00 Total bulbs wt. (kg) 1.11 3.51 2.87 1.60 6.81 2.81 1.78 2.29 1.02 1.50 3.05 1.97 1.52 3.14 2.71 2.88 1.75 0.90 6.47 3.28 3.15 1.79 3.52 6.81 0.90 Page 50 Evaluation of Jackfruit Germplasm SD Mean SE (±) CV (%) 36.53 92.80 7.62 39.36 Akter & Rahman 0.85 5.10 0.18 16.59 0.30 2.47 0.06 12.25 84.58 285.61 17.64 29.61 1.50 2.67 0.31 56.02 Table 1: Quantitative Characters of Jackfruit Germplasm (Contd.) Acc No. Total no. of seeds AHJ-01 AHJ-02 AHJ-03 AHJ-04 AHJ-05 AHJ-06 AHJ-07 AHJ-08 AHJ-09 AHJ-10 AHJ-11 AHJ-12 AHJ-13 AHJ-14 AHJ-15 AHJ-16 AHJ-17 AHJ-18 AHJ-19 AHJ-20 AHJ-21 AHJ-22 AHJ-23 Max. Min. SD Mean SE (±) CV (%) 39.00 118.00 117.00 75.50 180.00 119.00 120.00 91.00 71.50 51.00 94.50 40.00 57.00 102.00 95.00 113.00 57.00 53.00 146.00 100.00 93.00 49.00 99.00 180.00 39.00 35.55 90.46 7.41 39.30 Seed size Length Breadth (cm) (cm) 3.10 1.37 2.74 1.49 2.95 1.63 3.17 1.54 2.40 1.24 3.08 1.47 2.47 1.77 2.73 1.52 2.48 1.47 2.57 1.35 3.08 1.55 2.56 1.51 2.75 1.45 2.70 1.37 2.90 1.46 2.33 1.32 2.40 1.38 2.43 1.47 2.57 1.51 3.17 1.50 2.44 1.28 2.62 1.62 3.08 1.43 3.17 1.77 2.33 1.24 0.28 0.12 2.73 1.47 0.06 0.02 10.33 8.13 10-seed wt. Total seeds (g) wt. (g) 61.00 56.00 53.00 49.00 44.00 52.00 61.00 53.00 42.00 37.00 55.00 61.00 69.00 64.00 61.00 44.00 56.00 48.00 43.00 60.00 48.00 61.00 51.00 69.00 37.00 8.18 53.43 1.71 15.32 238.00 661.00 620.00 370.00 792.00 619.00 732.00 482.00 300.00 189.00 520.00 244.00 393.00 653.00 580.00 497.00 319.00 254.00 628.00 600.00 446.00 299.00 505.00 792.00 189.00 174.81 475.70 36.45 36.75 % Edible portion % TSS 18.39 60.74 41.30 42.97 50.56 48.45 58.47 35.30 46.85 24.33 54.91 32.83 34.48 43.10 31.20 55.49 38.13 42.92 48.77 46.79 42.42 41.81 54.61 60.74 18.39 10.64 43.25 2.22 24.60 22.00 18.00 23.00 18.00 17.00 22.00 21.00 21.00 13.00 21.00 14.00 18.00 13.00 20.00 19.00 21.00 22.00 20.00 15.00 14.00 23.00 19.00 17.00 23.00 13.00 3.19 18.74 0.67 17.04 Table 2: Qualitative Characters of Jackfruit Germplasm. Qualitative characters Total Acc. No. Acc. No. % of germplasm A. Fruit skin colour Greenish yellow 10 Yellowish green 02 Yellow 09 Brown Cream B. Fruit shape Oval Oblong Elongate Elliptical C. Bulb colour 01 01 AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-08, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-18, AHJ22 & AHJ-23 AHJ-03 & AHJ-04 AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07 AHJ-09, AHJ-15, AHJ-17, AHJ-19, AHJ-20 & AHJ-21 AHJ-12 AHJ-16 08 05 06 04 AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-06, AHJ-10, AHJ-21 & AHJ-23 AHJ-07, AHJ-09, AHJ-11, AHJ-12 & AHJ-14 AHJ-05, AHJ-13, AHJ-16, AHJ-19, AHJ-20 & AHJ-22 AHJ-08, AHJ-15, AHJ-17 & AHJ-18 Yellow 17 Whitish yellow Cream 04 02 AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-06, AHJ-08, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ-17, AHJ-18, AHJ-20, AHJ-21, AHJ-22 & AHJ-23 AHJ-05, AHJ-07, AHJ-09 & AHJ-12 AHJ-13 & AHJ-19 RRJoB (2017) 38-53 © STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved 43.47 8.70 39.13 4.35 4.35 34.78 21.74 26.09 17.39 73.91 17.39 8.70 Page 51 Research & Reviews: Journal of Botany Volume 7, Issue 1 ISSN: 2278-2222 (Online) D. Bulb firmness Medium soft 04 Soft 10 Very soft Medium firm Firm E. Taste 03 03 03 Sweet 14 Very sweet 09 AHJ-02, AHJ-04, AHJ-12 & AHJ-21 AHJ-01, AHJ-03, AHJ-07, AHJ-11, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ18 & AHJ-23 AHJ-06, AHJ-08 & AHJ-09 AHJ-10, AHJ-17 & AHJ-22 AHJ-05, AHJ-09 & AHJ-20 AHJ-02, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-09, AHJ-11, AHJ-12, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ15, AHJ-16, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-20 & AHJ-22 AHJ-01, AHJ-03, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-08, AHJ-10, AHJ-17, AHJ-21 & AHJ-23 17.39 43.48 13.04 13.04 13.04 60.87 39.13 F. Seed colour Brownish patch AHJ-01, AHJ-02, AHJ-03, AHJ-04, AHJ-05, AHJ-06, AHJ-07, AHJ-08, AHJ09, AHJ-10, AHJ-11, AHJ-12, AHJ-13, AHJ-14, AHJ-15, AHJ-16, AHJ-17, AHJ-18, AHJ-19, AHJ-20, AHJ-21, AHJ-22 & AHJ-23 23 Table 3: Quantitative Characters of AHJ-002 (Off-Season Bearing Habit) Germplasm. Sl. No. Quantitative characters Unit of measure 01 Age of plant : 25 years 02. Total number of fruits/plant : 32 nos. 03. Weight of individual fruit : 7.57 kg 04. Date of harvest : 05.03.2016 05. Stalk attachment : Depressed 06. Fruit length : 33 cm 07. Fruit breadth : 22 cm 08. Weight of rind : 2.90 kg 09. Weight of rachis : 733 g 10. Rind thickness : 1.03 cm 11. Total number of bulbs/fruit : 288 nos. 12. Bulb length : 4.29 cm 13. Bulb breadth : 1.93 cm 14. 15. 16. 17. 10-bulb weight Total bulb weight Total number of seeds/fruit Seed length : : : : 122.92 g 3.54 kg 284 2.56 cm 18. 19. 20. 21. Seed breadth 10-seed weight Total seed weight % Edible portion : : : : 1.27 cm 34.01 g 966 g 52% 22. %TSS : 23% Table 4: Qualitative Characters of AHJ-002 (Off-Season Bearing Habit) Germplasm. Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. Qualitative characters Fruit colour Fruit shape Bulb colour Bulb firmness Taste Seed colour : : : : : : Greenish yellow Oval Yellow Medium soft Sweet Brownish patch 100 REFERENCES 1. Morton JF. Fruits of Warm Climates. USA: Creative Resources Systems, Inc.; 1887. 58–63p. 2. Jagadeesh SL, Reddy BS, Swamy GSK, et al. Chemical composition of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Selections of Western Ghats of India. 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