Light Drawings: Representation and Design

History of Mechanism and Machine Science 37 Baichun Zhang Marco Ceccarelli Editors Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms Proceedings of the 2018 HMM IFToMM Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms History of Mechanism and Machine Science Volume 37 Series editor Marco Ceccarelli LARM: Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics DICeM; University of Cassino and South Latium Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (Fr), Italy [email protected] [email protected] This book series aims to establish a well defined forum for Monographs and Proceedings on the History of Mechanism and Machine Science (MMS). The series publishes works that give an overview of the historical developments, from the earliest times up to and including the recent past, of MMS in all its technical aspects. This technical approach is an essential characteristic of the series. By discussing technical details and formulations and even reformulating those in terms of modern formalisms the possibility is created not only to track the historical technical developments but also to use past experiences in technical teaching and research today. In order to do so, the emphasis must be on technical aspects rather than a purely historical focus, although the latter has its place too. Furthermore, the series will consider the republication of out-of-print older works with English translation and comments. The book series is intended to collect technical views on historical developments of the broad field of MMS in a unique frame that can be seen in its totality as an Encyclopaedia of the History of MMS but with the additional purpose of archiving and teaching the History of MMS. Therefore the book series is intended not only for researchers of the History of Engineering but also for professionals and students who are interested in obtaining a clear perspective of the past for their future technical works. The books will be written in general by engineers but not only for engineers. Prospective authors and editors can contact the series editor, Professor M. Ceccarelli, about future publications within the series at: LARM: Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics DICeM; University of Cassino and South Latium Via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (Fr) Italy email: [email protected] More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7481 [email protected] Baichun Zhang Marco Ceccarelli • Editors Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms Proceedings of the 2018 HMM IFToMM Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms 123 [email protected] Editors Baichun Zhang Institute for the History of Natural Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China Marco Ceccarelli LARM: Laboratory of Robotics and Mechatronics University of Cassino and South Latium Cassino, Italy ISSN 1875-3442 ISSN 1875-3426 (electronic) History of Mechanism and Machine Science ISBN 978-3-030-03537-2 ISBN 978-3-030-03538-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03538-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018960663 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland [email protected] Preface History is full of exciting and entertaining stories. Historical investigations place our own present-day activities in a wider perspective. They help us define who we are. Moreover, history remains a source of ideas and of inspiration for future developments. The organization of an international symposium on the History of Machines and Mechanisms (HMM) every four years is the main activity of the Permanent Commission (PC) for the History of Mechanism and Machine Science of IFToMM, the International Federation for the Promotion of Mechanism and Machine Science. The first two symposia, HMM2000 and HMM2004, were held at the University of Cassino in Cassino, Italy. The third symposium, HMM2008, was held at the National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, Taiwan. The fourth symposium took place at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in 2012. The fifth symposium was at University of Queretaro in Queretaro, Mexico, in 2016. The present volume contains the proceedings of HMM2018, the 6th International Symposium on the History of Machines and Mechanisms that was held at Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute for the History of Natural Sciences (HINS) in Beijing, P.R. China, from September 26 to 28, 2018. The mission of IFToMM is to promote research and development in the field of machines and mechanisms by theoretical and experimental methods, along with their practical applications. The aim of the international symposia on HMM is to maintain an international forum for the exploration of the history of machines and mechanism through study and presentation of historical achievements in MMS. The scope of the symposia is wide because they emphasize the history of technical systems and their applications. Relevant topics deal with the history of theories and design methods, biographies, the history of the institutions involved, the relations with other disciplines, the history of engineering education, and the social and cultural aspects of machines. After the review process, 33 papers by authors representing 10 different countries were accepted for publication in the proceedings of HMM2018. A selection of them was evaluated for the Best Paper Awards according to IFToMM rules for regular and student papers. One glance at the table of contents is enough to see that v [email protected] vi Preface we succeeded in bringing together an interesting group of scholars with a stimulating variety of subjects. We are very satisfied with this result and we thank the authors for their valuable contributions and for the efforts in submitting in time the final versions of the papers. Moreover, we would also like to thank the colleagues who helped us in the review process with timely feedbacks and careful evaluations. This book shows the long-term development of machines and mechanisms in various contexts and reflects both the uniformity and diversity of knowledge evolution. It is meant for the inspiration and motivation of researchers, graduate students, engineers, and all others with an interest in the history of machines and mechanisms. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the members of the scientific committee: M. Ceccarelli (Chair), University of Cassino, Italy T. Chondros, University of Patras, Greece O. Egorova, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia T. Koetsier, Vrije Universiteit, Netherlands C. Lopez-Cajún, University of Querétaro, México J. S. Rao, Indian Institute of Technology, India Z. Lu, Beihang University, Beijing, China H. S. Yan, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, China-Taipei B. Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China We also thank the sponsors of the symposium: the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences, CAS in Beijing, and IFToMM through the IFToMM Permanent Commission for History of MMS. Moreover, we are very grateful for the support we received from many friends and colleagues at IHNS and Springer, particularly Huang Xing and Yibing Fang. Without their support, we would not have been able to organize HMM2018. We would also like to thank the funding of Chinese Academy of Sciences. July 2018 Marco Ceccarelli Baichun Zhang [email protected] Contents Engineers and Their Stories Mechanics (Machines) in Ishaq Efendi, the Chief Instructor of Military School in the Ottomans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Melek Dosay Gökdoğan 3 Giuseppe Ceredi. A Hydraulic Engineer in 16th-Century Italy . . . . . . . L. Traetta 17 The Innovation Process of the First Curved Mold Caster in China . . . . L. F. Lei, Y. B. Fang, and W. Qian 28 Shen Hong: A Legendary Engineer of China’s Modern Machinery Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. Sun 41 Jan Oderfeld (1908–2010): Retrospective Memories of the Past . . . . . . . Janusz Wawrzecki 53 An Overview on the Studies of the History of Machinery in China . . . . Baichun Zhang and Yexin Liu 64 History of Machine Design History of Human Powered Oil Expeller: A Literature Review . . . . . . . S. M. Sheikh and K. S. Zakiuddin 77 Literature Review on the Developments of Rice Milling Machines . . . . . M. Sohail Pervez and K. S. Zakiuddin 89 Modeling an Antique Grinding Mill of Guanajuato Silver Mines . . . . . . 101 Juan Carlos Jauregui-Correa and Omar Escamilla-Gonzalez The Hydraulic Tilt Hammer in Ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Xiaolei Shi vii [email protected] viii Contents Reconstruction and Analysis of Zhan’s Sand Clock in the 14th Century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Y. H. Chen, Marco Ceccarelli, and Hong-Sen Yan Exploration of Ancient Machinery: From Reconstruction Research to Exhibition and Science Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 J. L. Lin, Y. H. Chen, K. H. Hsiao, and J. F. Huang Relationships Between Paper Mills and Technological Evolution of Paper Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 S. Gargaro, M. Cigola, A. Gallozzi, and R. Catuogno Light Drawings: Representation and Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 E. Chiavoni Ancient Mechanisms Mechanisms in Heron’s Automata as Technological Transfer and Cultural Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 R. Bragastini and M. Ceccarelli Analysis and Reconstruction of a Platform with Ball Bearings in Roman Ships of Nemi Lake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 M. Ceccarelli, P. G. Molari, S. Ceccarelli, C. Conti, and G. Martines Application and Influence of Flap Valve Mechanism on Ancient Bellows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 X. Huang and L. F. Li Historical and Technological Study of the 26 and 30 Mechanisms of “The Book of Secrets” by Ibn Khalaf al-Muradi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 S. Torres-Garrido, R. Lopez-Garcia, D. Carou-Porto, and R. Dorado-Vicente The Astrolabe: A Mechanism for Reading the Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 B. Aterini Mathematical Instruments Used in the Military Engineering Academies of the Ottomans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Irem Aslan Seyhan History of Modern Technology Transfer of Modern High Draft Technology to China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 X. Su A Brief Introduction to the Steam Locomotives Made in China . . . . . . . 272 Zhizhong Zhang [email protected] Contents ix From the Unimate to the Delta Robot: The Early Decades of Industrial Robotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 A. Gasparetto and L. Scalera Towards GIM, the Global Intelligent Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Teun Koetsier Historical Development of BHR Humanoid Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Qiang Huang, Tianqi Yang, Wenxi Liao, Weimin Zhang, Zhangguo Yu, Xuechao Chen, and M. Ceccarelli Teaching Wonder (From 3rd Century BCE to 21st Century CE) . . . . . . 324 N. Ambrosetti The Scientific Background of the Russian Revolution and Some Origins of TMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 A. R. E. Oliveira Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 [email protected] Light Drawings: Representation and Design E. Chiavoni(&) Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy [email protected] Abstract. This contribution examines several machines and instruments that use fireworks to create light drawings in the sky. Since time immemorial, and even today, numerous publications focus on this issue, including different kinds of Italian handbooks written by chemical artillery experts who focus on these pyrotechnical problems. In the late eighteenth century several important handbooks used extremely accurate and precise graphic representations to explain the composition of these unique mechanisms, the techniques used to create, and the ensuing results. This contribution reviews the most important images and drawings in one of these handbooks written in 1785 by John Maskall and entitled “Artificial fireworks”. It also focuses on the design of pyrotechnical devices. Keywords: Drawing Pyrotechnical devices ! Fireworks ! Pyrotechnical shapes ! Pyrotechnical mechanisms 1 Introduction Fireworks are explosions of light and colour. Originally a Chinese art, fireworks began to be produced around the year one thousand after gunpowder was invented. Around the twelfth century they became popular in Europe where they were used by the military and in events celebrating battle victories. Fireworks were initially colourless, but in the mid-eighteenth century potassium chlorate was added to the mixture, thus producing the first luminous, coloured explosions. The advent of a glorious future for pyrotechnical displays. The Italians are the best firework makers in Europe today; fathers hand down their expertise to their children who continue to experiment with new effects, including light, colour and explosion. Pyrotechnical devices and all firework instruments are used to create events with illusionistic effects, symbolic images, allegorical figures, and light and colour displays. The intent is to create amazement and wonder. Fireworks have often been the key attraction during an event or festivity due to their artistic significance and intrinsic feature as a propaganda tool. So much so that down through the ages they have often been depicted by artists and painters. (Ippolito Caffi and others are well known for their beautiful portrayals). In fact, all artistic works depicting fireworks – paintings, tableaux, prints, drawings – bear witness not only to the public events and places where they were used, they also provide information about different kinds of fireworks (Fig. 1). These representations nearly © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 B. Zhang and M. Ceccarelli (Eds.): Explorations in the History and Heritage of Machines and Mechanisms, HMMS 37, pp. 160–171, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03538-9_14 [email protected] Light Drawings: Representation and Design 163 Fig. 3. Page from the handbook shadows of the objects, hence making it easier to appreciate their three-dimensional nature (Fig. 4a, b, c). The dotted lines in the drawings help readers understand the hidden parts by showing how the various parts are connected. The drawings are mostly executed using a ruler, set square and compass, but some are also done freehand. Many of the drawings are executed using China ink on a pale yellow piece of paper and decorated with very light pastel watercolours; this helps to define the various parts of the drawing and separate the areas of light and shadow. The handbook is handwritten in English; the sepia ink writing is aesthetically very elegant and easy to understand and the captions under the images are extremely detailed. Most of the wheels, contraptions and mechanisms are shown in axonometric projection, plan and elevation, i.e., different representation methods chosen, on a caseby-case basis, to provide the clearest possible image of their shape, size and specific use. The mechanisms in the fireworks are all designed based on the kind of light image that is to be produced, i.e., the effects created by drawing signs, geometric figures and colours in the sky. The latter becomes the protagonist of the graphic composition because the scene takes place in this intangible space. These handbooks provide information about the different methods used to design the mechanisms that produce fireworks. In fact, not only is the ability to design the [email protected] Light Drawings: Representation and Design 167 Fig. 6. Table with weights, measurements and sizes, and drawing (plan and elevation) of some of the special cylindrical and cone pieces. 2 Referencing 1. Impiglia, C.: Pyrotechnics as the art of designing and painting with light; the eclectic design of the ephemeral in nineteenth-century in Rome. In Disegnare idee immagini, n. 42, pp. 78-89 (2011) 2. Kosanke K.L., Sturman B.T., Winokur R.M., Kosanke, B.J.: Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pyrotechnics. Journal of Pyrotechnics (2012) [email protected] 168 E. Chiavoni Fig. 7. A page of the handbook with drawings of four rockets, all different in size Fig. 8. A drawing of one type of rocket showing details and relative metric scale [email protected] Light Drawings: Representation and Design Fig. 9. Drawing of a chest to hold laboratory rockets [email protected] 169 Light Drawings: Representation and Design 171 The breathtaking effects created even today by cascades, rockets, cones, Roman candles, bombs, cakes, grenades, cartwheels and stars cause thrills at parties, illuminate squares and streets, and light up night-time religious processions and other events. References 1. Barucci C (2006) Virginio Vespignani: architetto tra Stato Pontificio e Regno d’Italia, Argos 2. Bernardini MG, Fagiolo M (1999) Gian Lorenzo Bernini: regista del Barocco 3. Chiavoni E (2012) Note sul trattato ottocentesco “The Theory and Practice of Landscape Painting in Water Colours” di George Bernard. In: Elogio della teoria, Identità delle discipline del disegno e del rilievo, 34° Convegno Internazionale dei docenti della rappresentazione, Gangemi Editore, Roma, pp 227–234 4. Chiavoni E, Impiglia C (2015) Ephemeral constructions and pyrotechnic machinery: dialogue between history and representation. Rome in XIX century. In: Proceedings of 2015 IFToMM workshop on history of machine and mechanism science, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University, S. Petersburg, pp 1–8 5. Eco U (2009) Vertigine della lista 6. Fagiolo M (1997) La città delle feste. In: La Festa a Roma. Dal Rinascimento al 1870, p 2 7. Fagiolo M (1997) La città delle feste. In: La Festa a Roma. Dal Rinascimento al 1870, p 5 8. Impiglia C (2014) L’eclettismo pittoresco di Ersoch: architetture per il verde e per la festa. In: Gioacchino Ersoch Architetto Comunale, pp 200–239 9. Lavin I (1980) Bernini and the Unity of Visual Arts 10. Pittaluga M (1971) Il pittore Ippolito Caffi 11. Scarpa A (2005) Ippolito Caffi, Luci del Mediterraneo 12. Treccani G, Gentile G (1932) Fireworks. In: Enciclopedia Italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti 13. Caffi I, delle esposizioni P (1859) Vedute Romane di Ippolito Caffi (1809–1866), Palazzo delle Esposizioni [email protected]