The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1

THE SECOND PLANK'S CONSTANT AND QUALITIES OF THE ETHER-1 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Klyushin Yaroslav, Yegor Pesterev International Scientist’s Club Email: [email protected] Saint-Petersburg 2018 The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 Introduction Some qualities of the ethar’s-1 particles are obtained using electron’s description in mechanic dimensions. In [1, §3] it is proposed to describe electron as a torus defined by two circumferences. Radius of the bigger one coincides with electron’s Compton wave length re  3.8615  1013 m. (1a) This circumference rotates with Compton’s frequency: e  7.7634  1020 rad/s. (1b) The lesser circumference has twice lesser radius, but its frequency is twice bigger: (1c)  e 2e . (1d) Planck’s constant ћ  mere2e  2me2e  e  1.0544  1034 kg  m2 . s  rad  7.072  1010 Some problems appear on this way. Let us consider some of them. In modern physical papers two constants both called Planck’s ones are used as equal in rights: (1) 1. One obtains from (1) 1 A  4.414  109 kg  rad , s kg  rad . s2 h  6.5626  1034 kg  rad2 m2 h  6.5626  1034 (3)  1.0544  1034 , (4) . (5) electric constant 0  1.7251  108 kg  rad2 m3 (7) But numerously different values can describe the same physical value only if they depend on one parameter in addition and this parameter compensates their digital difference. Such parameter for (6) and (7) naturally becomes “angle” and units with which this angle is measured. h and ħ describe the same physical value only if (2) Now we can express all electrodynamic notions in mechanic dimensions: 1 F  1.948  1019 kg  m2  2ћ. s and (kg)  7.763  10 (rad/s)  1 C  4.414  109 (6) (1e) 20 kg  rad . s kg  m2 s ћ  1.0544  1034 The electron’s charge is the product of its mass and Compton frequency: q  mee  9.1094  10 interaction of electric charges depends on volumetric density of the same medium. Dimension “radian” appears in all the formulas (1)–(5). It shows that a rotational process is described by them. Not enough attention is paid to rotation movement in modern physics. This ignorance is motivated in particular in lighting habit not to mention dimension “radian” in formulas. One cannot agree with such situation. Supposition that all physical values in mechanics can be described with the help of three main values: kg (mass), m (length) and s (time) is based on ancient metaphysical principle that any essence can be described with three variables. But nowadays “rotation angle” has actually entered into mechanics as the fourth main variable. Its absence in formulas where it is necessary essentially hampers their understanding. Therefore “radian” will appear everywhere where it is necessary. 2. e  re /2, 31 2 It follows from (4) and (5) that electric capacity is characterized by surfacive density of a certain medium, and kg  m 2 6.5626 kg  m 2   1034  s  rev 2 s  rad kg  m 2  ћ. s  rad General Assembly on Measures and Weights (1960) classified SI unit “radian” intentionally not answering the question: did it consider plain angle as main or as a derivative value. Here and in other our papers these authors consider angle as the main value – vector in threedimensional space of plain coordinates [1, §12]. Considering angle as the forth main value in mechanics compels us to more accurately consider the used mathematical apparatus. One example. How should we understand strictly harmonic oscillations: x  A sin t, (8) The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 where A is an amplitude, ω is an angle velocity, t is a time, x is a coordinate? (8) is often understand as identity. Identity can be differentiated. One obtains having differentiated (8): wave movement velocity dx  v  A cos t. dt (9) Taking into account angle as a main value we can immediately see our mistake: the dimension of the left hand part in (9) is [m/s]. The dimension of the right hand part is [m⋅rad/s]. We have equaled two values of different dimensions. Conclusion: (8) is an equation. We have no right to differentiate equation [1, §2]. Interaction of different values in physics also compels us to more accurately put problems. Electron’s Compton wave length is defined as   ћ /ec  3.8615  1013 m/rad  2  3.8615  1013 m/rev. (11) Dimension “radian” appears here because ħ depends on angle. Is this correct? Yes, it is. When we describe radian and oscillation we must take into account that wave length is an angle function. Therefore for instance definition of “wave number”: k d  rad  dr  m  (12) is correct. When we describe rotational movement as a product of angular velocity and radius: v  ω  r, (13) we must take into account that ω has dimension [rad/s]. If r just a length, expressed in meters we obtain tangential velocity v [m⋅rad/s]. If we want to describe movement of a load on needle winding around a pencil, we must start not from equity (13) but from equity d (r)  r  r  v  r, dt (14) Here φ is angle, r and  are time derivatives. In (14) we consider one dimensional (plain) rotation. In general when r and φ are vectors it is necessary to use formulas for vector product [1, §12, IV]. But here we are interested only in the problem of dimensional. In the case of a load on a needle we should consider the second time derivative because the load is accelerated: d2 dt2 (r)  r  2r  r  d  2v  r, (15) where v and a are space velocity and acceleration and ω and ε are angular velocity and acceleration. The dimension of items in (14) 3 is [m⋅rad/s] and in (15) is [m⋅rad/s2]. We deviated contradiction because we started with identities and not equations. We are compelled to formulate problem in other way if we want, for instance, to find velocity or acceleration of the wave created by electron. Electron’s Compton wave length [11] has dimension [m/rad]. For this problem we have:     d              ()   dt    (16) instead of (14). All items here have dimension [m/s], i.e. (16) defines space (linear) wave velocity and not tangential one as in (13). If we calculate the second derivative we obtain dimension [m/s2], i.e. space acceleration of the wave. 3. But let us return to (5). Dimension of ε0 shows that a certain medium exists between two charges in Coulomb formula. And this medium influences on yje value of the force between charges. Someone calls this medium ether someone – physical vacuum. We shall use term ether having mentioned preliminary that “our ether” not inevitably coincides with the ideas of XIXth century scientists although do not exclude some coincides with Maxwell’s ether for instance. Evaluation (5) shows that ether is a very dense medium. Sometimes they say that such density hinders for the planets to move in space. Let us remind that not medium’s density but its viscosity hinders our movement and not Newtonian dynamic which is universe density. Thus big value (5) is a witness for the defense for the free movement in space. But can we come from qualitative evaluations to quantitative ones? Yes, we can. The value we need was under cover of “nick” impedance. Impedance has dimension of viscosity per one ampere. Mechanic value of impedance is I 1 m2  s .  1.9336  1017 c0 kg  rad2 (17) If we multiply it by 1 Ampere we obtain:   8.5349  108 m2  376.73 V. s  rad (18) (17) and (18) are apparently just another version of the Hubble’s constant. If we multiply (18) by the ether’s density (5) we obtain   14.7235 kg  rad . ms (19) High density (5) is qualitative in agreement with one ether’s quality in addition: light wave has normal component. In the media habitual to us we observe normal component only in the waves in rigid bodies. Big value of light velocity means that ether must be very elastic or this is the same almost not contracted. Magnetic The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 constant gives us the quantitative value of the ether’s compressibility 0  6.4498  1026 m  s2 kg  rad S0  q/ћ  6.7072  1024 m2  rad2 4 (25) is entropy of an ether’s particle and invers value . 2 (20) Thus we again obtain evaluations our a priori demands for eth. 4. Let us repeat the thermodynamic characteristics which were mentioned in [1]. There mechanic dimension for description of the temperature concept was proposed. This enabled us to formulate field look at thermodynamics and to obtain ether’s characteristics and to understand physical meaning of some wellknown thermodynamic constants. We have just understood that ether is a very dense and elastic media. But in the interval from 2.728 K to 5.9299×109 K ether is an ideal gas. An unknown region begins higher. Perhaps dependence of entropy on temperature changes there. Today temperature 2.728 K is linked with concept Big Bang and relic radiation. The field understanding of the problem is that this is the temperature of conversion of the ether into liquid stage. In the ε-vicinity of zero temperature the ether obtains qualities of rigid body. The characteristics of the thermodynamic field turn to be linked with characteristics of electric field. In particular this connection is manifested in the following facts. In the meeting of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin on the XVIIIth of May 1899 Max Planck presented the lecture “On Nonreversible Processes of Radiation” in which he pin pointed the existence of two universal constants which he called “a” and “b”. Today constant a is named after him and considered in field thermodynamics as thermodynamic field charge. To say more accurately the value S01  1.4909  10–25 m2  rad2 (26) is the wave number of thermodynamic wave in ether. It can be named the third Plank’s constant. Let us return to impulse (24) and compare it with electron’s impulse. Electron has two rotation impulses: the first one appears because of the rotation of the bigger circumference of the torus: I1  meere  9.1094  1031  7.7634  1020 rad/s  3.8616  1013 m/rad=  2.7309  1022 kg  m  rad . s (27) Here me is electron’s mass, ωe is the bigger circumference’s angular velocity, re is radius of the bigger circumference. The lesser circumference’s impulse value I2 coincides with I1 because the lesser circumference radius is twice lesser than of the bigger one but its angular velocity is twice bigger. I1 and I2 values coincide but they are applied to different objects. I1  me (ωe  re ) (28) is tangential to bigger circumference and I2  me (ν e  ρe ) (29) is tangential to lesser one. Their vector product ћ  a /1 rad  1.0544  10–34 kg  m2 , s  rad (21)  me2 [ ν e (ρe  (ωe  re ))  ρe ( ν e  (ω e  re ))]. is considered the charge. The ratio q  b/a (22) is named after Boltzmann and coincides with our understanding of electric charge (1). Thus in mechanic dimensions constant kg  m 2 kg  rad  7.072  1010  s  rad s b  aq  1.0544  10–34  7.4567  1044 kg 2  m2 s 2 (23) This value may be interpreted as square of an impulse Let us mention that constant kg  m . s (24) (30) This impulse contents two items: rotational directed along νe, i.e. normal to the lesser circles and polar vector ρe directed along radius of the lesser circles. Signs of the coefficients in the inner parentheses defines νe direction, i.e. spin direction and ρe direction: inside or outside the lesser circles. Vector product I 2  I1  me2 [( ν e  ρe )  (ωe  re )]   me2 [ωe (re  ( ν e  ρe ))  re (ωe  ( ν e  ρe ))] . b  2.7303  1022 I1  I 2  me2 [(ωe  re )  ( ν e  ρe )]  (31) has the same meaning for the bigger circle. Expressions (30) and (31) will be called the first and the second Planck’s impulse. If radial projections of Planck’s impulses are directed to the center of the circles they fasten electron and strive to demolish in the opposite case. Electron is a stable particle. This means that Planck’s impulse stabilize its structure. Positron’s bigger circle’s frequency The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 ω p  ωe , (32) This means that positron’s Plank’s impulse destructs it. Soon we shall see that electron and positron are compressed in ether-1. This compression prescribes positron. Free positron annihilates rather soon. 5. Last years we observe more and more facts which show that ether-1 consists of electrons or electron-positron pairs. Experiments in which electron and positron appear as a pair witness for defense of the last supposition. In any case the electrons or their pairs creating ether-1 must be noncharged, i.e. electrically neutrals. Let us try to understand how many such “noncharged electrons” can be put into 1 m3 tightly but not hindering each other. Let us find minimal parallelepiped enveloping electron. This parallelepiped’s base is d2  [2  (re  e )]2  1.3421  1024 m2. (33) Here re and ρe are radii of the bigger (1a) and the lesser (1b) circles of the electron torus. Multiplying (24) by the lesser circle diameter one obtains the volume of the parallelepiped: V  d2  2e  5.1826  1037 m3. (34) Dividing 1 m3 by V one obtain the quantity of electrons which can be placed in 1 m3 tightly but not hindering each other N  1/V  1.9295  1036 pieces/m3. (35) Experimental formula (5) presents us mass of one cube meter of ether-1. Dividing it by 1 electron’s mass one obtains N e  1.7251  108 kg  rad2 38  1.8938  10 m3 This value is rather close to experimental evaluation action radius of nuclear forces [2]. As (38) as the fact that pair electron-positron gives birth to proton witness that ether-1 consists of such pairs. We differ ether-1 and ether-2 whose particles create particles of ether-1 and fills the space in and between them. Today we know almost nothing about ether-2. Perhaps it is the base for gravitation. Let us try to understand the construction of positron entering into ethereal pair. Radius of “electric circle” for both members of the pair is 98.18 less than of the free electron. But this does not influence the value of their charge. It depends only on frequency of electron’s mass. In [1, §4, I] we supposed that electric charge sign is defined by correlation between electric charge (ωe) and spin (νe), i.e. they create left hand or right hand triple. We supposed that right hand triple corresponds electron. This means that left hand triple corresponds to positron. This means that in positron in the pair either its ωp should be antidirected to electron’s ωe or its spin νp should be antidirected to electrons spin νe. In the second case photon born by this pair should have spin zero and the first case photon’s spin should be 1 because electron’s spin is ½. Experiment witnesses for the first case. Let us try to answer the question: if tenfold radius lessening influences angular velocity of the bigger circle of the pair members. In [1, §4, III] a photon model as a rotating cylinder oscillating along its axis is proposed. Apparently photon inherits its rotation after the pair’s less circle rotation. What offer originate oscillations along the photon axis? Assumption 1. Photon appears because of the bigger circle breaking in the members of the pair. This broken axis becomes photon’s axis. Let us try to understand the process. The lesser circles of torus in ether-1 are not compressed. Therefore they rotate free. But the bigger circles are compressed. Assumption 2. Compression of the bigger circle changes its stable rotation for accelerating one in the following way: : 9.1094  1031 kg= pieces  rad2 m3 5 ce  e cos(et), (36) cp , Ne /N  98.15 rad2. (37) This means that ether’s particles are packed very tightly. In what plains are they? Dimension of the values in (35) tells us that the particles of ether-2 creating ether-1 rotates free. But only the lesser circle of electron rotates in two planes. Thus the pressure takes place only in one plane that is in the plane of the bigger torus circle. We can conclude that particles of ether-1 not only appear by pairs with opposite signs in the pair but they are arranged by pairs in one plane in ether-1. If Coulomb’s law is the cause of compression of ether-1 in “electric plain” then evaluation (3.5) tells us from what distance electric forces get over Coulomb’s forces: le  re / Ne /N  re / 98.18  3.9  1014 m. (38)   p cos( pt)  e cos(et)  e cos(et), (39) (40) i.e. they are accelerated with angular acceleration: d c d (e )  (e cos(et))  2e sin(et), dt dt d c d p  ( p )  (e cos(et))  dt dt d  (e cos(et))  2e sin(et). dt e  (41) (42) The second equity in (40) and (42) is valid because is an even function. One obtains for all t e   p  0, (43) The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 i.e. sum angular velocity of the pair is constant. One obtains summing (39) and (40) in addition ce  cp  0. its angular velocity is  p  5.7019  1024 (44) The result: although any member in the pair oscillates with angular acceleration electric charge of the pair is zero. This conclusion helps us to understand some problems with Cooper’s pairs in superconductivity theory. Electric neutrality of a particle is necessary condition for it to move in accordance to the first Newton’s law [1, §15]. Ether resists the movement of charges particle. This can be understood already from the Ohm law which links electric current with external forces which set the charges in conductor in motion. Sometimes the cause of it is seen in the conductor’s lattice resistance. Although this effect apparently takes place the free ether mainly resists the charges’ movement [1, §15], perhaps namely ether-2 and not ether-1. This resistance is observed in accelerators. Therefore here we assume that necessary quality of Cooper’s pairs in superconductivity effects is their electric neutrality. But if so why magnetic field appears when they move? Today it is widely accepted that magnetic field is strictly linked with electric one. This authors assume that magnetic field is linked with gravitational one. Electron possesses this field because its torus is turned by gravitational force lines just like in solenoid [1, §16, I]. Therefore Cooper’s pairs moving in superconductive media creates magnetic field. It must be similar to the magnetic field of torus solenoid as it is described by E.A. Grigoriev [3]. This field peak is reached inside the torus. But certain part of it manifests outside. It is too small to give evidence in static experiments but it reveals in electron’s movement [1, §15]. E.A. Grigoriev’s experiments show that external magnetic field of torus is directed normally to big torus circle. It is possible that just magnetic field compel the big circumference of compressed electron and positron to change uniform rotation for oscillation. rp  2.1031  1016 m, (45) its angular velocity is  p  4.435  1017 rad , s (46) m  rad , s (47) its velocity is vp  rp p  93.2721 (49) u p   p p  4.2397  108 m  rad . s (50) Proton’s mass is mp  1.6724  1027 kg. (51) Thus we obtain: the bigger circumference impulse is p1  mpvp  1.554  1025 kg  m  rad . s (52) The lesser circumference impulse is p2  mpu p  7.0704  1019 p1  p2  11.0605  1044 kg  m  rad . s kg 2  m2  rad2 s2 . (53) (54) This approximately twice bigger than for electron and correspondently bigger than the second Plank’s constant. Let us remind that angular velocity of magnetic lines of electron [1, §16, I] is æe  6.1978  1020 rad, (55) and for proton [1, §16, II] they are æ p  14.64  1020 rad, (56) i.e. more than twice bigger than in electron. The cause of this is a subject for special investigation. 7. Summary 1. The first Planck’s constant defines value of thermodynamic impulse of ether-1’s particle per angular unit. 2. Boltzmann’s constant is just the value of electric charge. 3. The second Planck’s constant defines electron’s sum impulse. 4. The ether-1 consists of Cooper pairs electron-positron, compressed by Coulomb forces up to equilibrium with nuclear forces. In particular this means that ether-1 is superconductive medium. 8. References radius of the lesser circumference is  p  7.4355  1017 m, rad , s its velocity is 6. Let us compare the obtained evaluations with proton’s characteristics [1, §16, II]. Protons bigger circumference radius is 6 (48) 1. Klyushin Ya.G.: Electricity, gravity, heat – another look. 2nd edt. International Scientists Club, Saint-Petersburg. (2015). The Second Plank's Constant and Qualities of the Ether-1 2. Barsukov O.A., Eliashevich M.A.: Fundamentals of Atomic Physics. The scientific world, Moscow. (2006) 3. Grigoryev E.A.: Oerere Maxwell equations, thermonuclear fusion, gravitational engine and gamma-laser. MIIH St. Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg. (2000). 4. Chertov A.G.: Physical quantities. High school, Moscow. (1990). 7