Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy

Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy © 2017 by Lance Carlyle Carter Abstract What is the origin of art and writing? The origin of ancient art and early written inscriptions may be connected with the stars, but a study was needed to find graphic evidence. The connection between star patterns and ancient art and inscriptions found on artifacts from the northern hemisphere might be found if a study was made using astronomical star chart software and photos and illustrations of ancient art and inscriptions. What was done? Hundreds of graphics were created to illustrate the concept, which was explained on a series of television shows, academic papers, and Archeoastronomy Animations. It was discovered that ancient art such as cave paintings and petroglyphs could be interpreted as an ancient artist’s impression of the night sky using the images that fit well in a particular star pattern. It was discovered that early writing was actually a form of astronomical notation. It was discovered that over time a form of that astronomical notation became the alphabet. It was discovered that the Bible and most ancient documents were written in a style that could be called astral because it was based on star patterns. These findings mean that almost all ancient art and early inscriptions may be astral. Astral art or astral inscriptions can be placed over star maps for the epoch they were created and they should somehow fit depending on how you look at it. These decipherments are from my personal point of view. There was a way of thinking about graphic communications that may have escaped modern scholarship for the most part because of the linear way we write today does not attempt to place the signs and symbols over the stars as the ancients did. It appears that cave art, mobile art, and petroglyphs were based on ancient asterisms. Ancient writing attempted to portray what was above into stone or onto a clay tablet, wood block, leather, etc. So above, as below meant that astral inscriptions were in a way heavenly. The term ​catasterism​ does not adequately describe inscribing or engraving the likeness of an asterism in the sky onto stone or clay, etc. What is known about astral observations, astral renditions in artifacts, and astral notation? Something, such as an ancient constellation or asterism, is understood to be a recognisable pattern of stars that can be mapped using astrocartography. The saying “It is written in the stars” does not specify which stars in particular “it” is written in. This common phrase is used to portray something as destined because of astral or astrological indications, but it may also imply any number of celestial phenomena in a vast assortment of celestial combinations and interpretations. What if the saying “It is written in the stars” originally meant that a particular inscription or artistic design was observable in the night sky in patterns of stars? Following this line of thought, these so-called “stars” may be assumed to be seen in the starry sky to form letters, lines of text, and inscriptions. The classical Greek and Roman constellations are still seen as pictures in the stars and the signs of the zodiac are seen over the stars of the zodiac. The hypothesis of this concept is that almost all ancient art, engravings, and inscriptions are based on the patterns of naked eye stars in the northern circumpolar region and suggests that they could have in some ways been used as primitive star maps to tell time of night and time of year as well as latitude on Earth. Some ancient art may have a practical astronomical use. The names of the Astral Art Exhibits exhibits are listed in sections. Sections are organized by date. A graphic inscription that was created near the date of 33600 B.C.E. would be found in the 33600 B.C.E. section. Exhibits include an abstract and internet link. The Astral Epigraphy exhibits are organized by sections including papers, television shows, and Archeoastronomy Animations that are listed in chronological order based on publication date. Exhibits include an abstract and internet link to the paper or animation. The conclusions section describes some steps these studies may take. The Appendix includes sections about the grid system used to create the graphics, input, and metadata. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 2 Table of Contents Introduction to Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy 7 Methods used to Decipher Astral Art and Inscriptions 7 EXHIBITS Astral Art Television Shows 10 10 Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Cave Art 10 Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Cave Art of Prehistoric Europe 10 Astral Art Papers by Lance Carlyle Carter 11 40,600 B.C. 11 Celestial Cave of El Castillo Dot Patterns 11 Celestial Cave of El Castillo Panel de las Manos 11 Celestial Cueva de La Pasiega 11 Celestial ​Cueva de La Pasiega​ - 2 11 Celestial Cueva de La Pasiega -​ 3 11 Celestial Shuidonggou Stone 12 33,600 B.C. 12 Celestial Altamira Cave Paintings 12 Celestial Chauvet Cave Art 12 22,000 B.C. 12 Celestial Cave of Foissac Figurine 12 Celestial Coa Valley Petroglyphs 12 15,300 B.C. 13 Celestial Prehistoric Portable Rock Art 13 Celestial​ Cave of the Trois​ Frères 14 Celestial ​Cave of the Trois ​Frères - 2 14 Celestial Cave of the Trois-Freres - 3 14 Celestial Rouffignac Cave Finger Flutings 14 Celestial Rouffignac Cave Paintings 14 Celestial Lascaux Cave Art 14 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - 2 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 3 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Paintings - ​ 4 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - 5 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art ​ - 6 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 7 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - ​ 8 15 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 9 15 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 13,600 B.C. Celestial Moli del Salt Slab 100 A.D. London Fresco from 1st Century AD Astral Art from Miscellaneous or Unknown Dates 3 15 15 16 16 16 Celestial Petroglyph from Bohuslan Sweden 16 Celestial Petroglyph Inscriptions 16 Celestial Texas Petroglyphs 16 Celestial Dighton​-Rock Inscription 16 Celestial Hawaiian Petroglyphs 16 Celestial Susamarkhor Antelope Inscription 16 Celestial Chinese Petroglyphs 17 The Celestial Pebble of San Jose, California 17 Archeoastronomy Animations 17 Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 15 17 Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 13 17 Archeoastronomy Animations: Gezer Calendar 18 Archeoastronomy Animations: Trojan Hieroglyphic Seal 18 Archeoastronomy Animations: Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscription 18 Archeoastronomy Animations: Los Lunas Decalogue Stone 18 Archeoastronomy Animations: The 10 Commandments 18 Archeoastronomy Animations: Plimpton 322 19 Archeoastronomy Animations: Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon 19 Archeoastronomy Animations: 'Izbet Sartah ostracon inscription 20 Archeoastronomy Animations: SINAI 375a 21 Archeoastronomy Animations: SINAI 361 21 Archeoastronomy Animations: Dispilio Tablet 22 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zhuangqiao Axes and Oracle Bones 22 Archeoastronomy Animations: Paestum Silver Disc 22 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zakros Pithos Inscription 23 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zakros ZA Zg 35 23 Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 10 23 Archeoastronomy Animations: Nineveh Celestial Planisphere 23 Archeoastronomy Animations: King Mursilis II Hittite Seal Impression 24 Archeoastronomy Animations: Four women on Golden Seal 24 Archeoastronomy Animations: Knossos Clay Medallion 24 Archeoastronomy Animations: Archanes TL Za 1 24 Archeoastronomy Animations: Arkalochori Cave Axe IDAMATE Signs 25 Archeoastronomy Animations: Linear A on Mavrospilio Gold Ring 25 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 4 Archeoastronomy Animations: A Circular Trojan Inscription 25 Archeoastronomy Animations: Phaistos Disc Side B and Dispilio Tablet 25 Archeoastronomy Animations: Phaistos Disc Side A 26 Archeoastronomy Animations: King Ur-Engur Gate Socket Inscription 26 ARCHEOASTRONOMY ANIMATIONS: Linear A Cup 27 ARCHEOASTRONOMY ANIMATIONS: Linear A Tablet 27 Archeoastronomy Animations: Arkalochori Axe 27 Television Shows 27 Technology Trends TV show: Archeoastronomy Animations 27 Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Arts and Scripts 28 Technology Trends - The Alphabet Deciphered 28 Papers about Scripts, Inscriptions, Writing, and the Alphabet 28 Astronomical Alphabet Archives 28 Celestial Arkalochori Axe Inscription 28 Celestial Beth-​Shemesh Inscription 28 Celestial Biqa Arrow-head 28 Celestial Chinese Oracle Bone Scapula 29 Celestial Clay Linear A Inscription 29 Celestial Crete Bronze Bowl 29 Celestial Cuneiform Inscriptions 29 Celestial Dispilio Tablet Inscription 29 Celestial Gezer Proto-​Hebrew 29 CELESTIAL GRAFFITO From Lower Nubia 29 Celestial Greek Bowl Inscription 29 Celestial Glozel Inscriptions 29 Celestial Hebrew Bowl Inscription 30 Celestial Hieratic Script Signs 30 Celestial Hieroglyphic Section A V Inscriptions 30 Celestial Hittite Urhitessub Seal Inscription 30 Celestial Incised Jerusalem Pithos 30 Celestial Indus Valley Inscriptions 30 Celestial Khirbet Qeiyafa Pottery Shard 30 Celestial Lachish Ewer 30 Celestial Lahun Heddle Jack 30 Celestial Linear A ARKH Zc 8 Inscription 31 Celestial Linear A Cup 31 Celestial Magliano Disc Deciphered 31 Celestial Mammen Axe Head Inscription 31 Celestial Middle Elamite Inscription 31 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 5 Celestial Nora Fragment Inscription 31 Celestial Numidian Inscriptions 31 Celestial Ophel Inscription 31 Celestial Ostracon Petrie 50 Inscription 31 Celestial Phaistos Disk Inscription 32 Celestial Pseudo-​Hieroglyphic Inscription 32 Celestial Roman Bowl Inscription 32 Celestial Rosetta Stone Inscriptions 32 Celestial Scripts and Inscriptions 32 Celestial Star of David 33 Celestial ​Tanak ​Aleppo Codex & Leningrad Codex 33 Celestial Timna Stone 33 Review: "The Alphabet and the Ancient Calendar Signs" 33 Walk Like an Egyptian - Ishtar, Isis, Hathor and Horus in Ursae Minoris 33 Semitic Alphabet Inscription Study 34 Celestial Wadi el-Hol 34 Celestial Sinai 345 34 Celestial Sinai 346 34 Celestial Sinai 347 34 Celestial Sinai 349 34 Celestial Sinai 350 35 Celestial Sinai 351 35 Celestial Sinai 352 35 Celestial Sinai 353 35 Celestial Sinai 354 35 Celestial Sinai 356 35 Celestial Sinai 357 35 Celestial Sinai 358 35 Celestial Sinai 359 36 Celestial Sinai 360 36 Celestial Sinai 361 36 Celestial Sinai 362 36 Celestial Sinai 363 36 Celestial Sinai 364 36 Celestial Sinai 365 Inscription 36 Celestial Sinai 367 36 Celestial Sinai 374 Inscription 37 Celestial Sinai 375 Inscriptions 37 Celestial Sinai 376 Inscription 37 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 6 Celestial Sinai 377 Inscription 37 Celestial Sinai 378 Inscription 37 Celestial Sinai 379 37 Celestial Sinai 380 37 Celestial Sinai 527 37 Celestial Lachish Dagger 38 Celestial Tell en-​Nagila Sherd 38 Celestial Shechem Plaque 38 Celestial Gezer Sherd 38 Celestial Grossman / St. Louis / Goetze Seal 38 Celestial Tel el-​Hesi Sherd 38 Runes and Ogham inscriptions 38 Celestial Celto-​Etruscan Inscription 38 Celestial Newton Stone 39 Celestial Rune Ivsta Vastanland Inscription 39 Celestial Ekeby Uppland Inscription 39 Celestial Brandsbut Pictish Ogham Stone Inscription 39 Celestial Clocha Oghaim Stone Inscription 39 Celestial Maulinward Stone Inscription 39 Celestial Bishop's Cross Slab Inscription 39 Celestial Kongsberg Inscription 39 Celestial Rok Runestone and a Medieval Sword 39 Celestial Mayan and Olmec Inscriptions 40 Celestial Mayan and Olmec Inscriptions 40 Celestial Olmec Estela C de Tres Zapote 40 Celestial Palenque Tablet Glyphs 40 Celestial Aztec Calendar Stone 40 Celestial Mayan 1 Imix Inscription 40 Celestial Dresden Codex Inscriptions 40 Celestial Chichen ​Itza Inscription 40 Celestial Tortuguero Monument Inscription 40 Celestial La Mojarra Stela 41 Celestial Tuxtla Statuette 41 Conclusions 41 Appendix 42 The Grids 42 Input 42 Metadata 43 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 7 Introduction to Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy Artifacts, petroglyphs, and cave paintings found in the northern hemisphere appear to be related to an astral religion that was practiced for over forty-thousand years. Various locations have prehistoric art in the form of cave paintings and petroglyphs that may have been been used by astral cults who practiced astral veneration or worship of celestial objects such as the sun, moon, and stars. The pictures seen in cave paintings, on prehistoric mobile art, and on petroglyphs appear to be primitive constellations or ancient astersims similar to the pictures from Greek mythology on modern star maps. Unusual images may have been astral signs or omens. An ancient artwork’s special characteristics such as the direction the horns on an animal may have been how it could be seen in the sky using the existing patterns of naked eye stars. Written inscriptions appear to be a refinement of astral art in that they still are drawn over the stars, but astral signs developed into writing. The earliest inscriptions with signs that appear to resemble letters may have been astronomical indicators of direction, time of night, and other important information that was not yet writing as we know it today. Methods used to Decipher Astral Art and Inscriptions The methods used to decipher these astral art exhibits were the same as the methods used for the decipherment of written inscriptions. In the context of astral art and astral epigraphy, decipherment is the identification of the celestial location that an artifact attempts to portray. The methods I used to decipher this form of astral art and these astral inscriptions improved with experimentation with FOV (Field Of View), star size settings, and the addition of Right Ascension and Declination coordinates. Most drawings and graphics need the presentation of additional pages of astronomical information connected with the art or inscription, which is listed in the Metadata section at the end of the paper. Resources used in this research are mainly software such as ​Photoshop​ for graphics and Sky Chart for astronomical star charts. Software used to create the astronomical graphic exhibits was ​Cartes du Ciel​ or ​Sky Charts​. Many thanks to Patrick Chevalley for adding features to the ​Sky Charts​ software that helped with the creation of the astronomical graphics in this research study. ​Adobe Photoshop​ and ​Adobe Premiere​ were also used. ​PowerDirector​ 15 was used for the Archeoastronomy Animations on YouTube. ​Paint​ and ​Notepad​ were also used. Special Photoshop software actions were created for the creation of the thousands of graphics necessary for animations. This research kept requiring more and more computer memory and storage as the complexity of the project became with the addition of additional layers of graphic information. The comparisons of art or inscriptions by layer overlapping is essential in order to see the depth of information. This study needs a way to easily display the multitude of art, inscription, star map, and information layers for easy view and analysis on the internet for users of the astronomical alignment system used to create graphics and animations. This research paper argues that almost all ancient art and early inscriptions were astral or based on star patterns. This type of art or inscription has an astral context with meanings Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 8 associated with stars and asterisms. The findings of this research paper might contradict widely held opinions about the evolution of art, epigraphy, and human consciousness by suggesting that to some extent human thinking, writing, and verbal communication is based on astral notation linguistic structures. Almost all ancient art appears to be an interpretation of the night sky by early astronomers. Cave art and petroglyphs appear to be naked eye asterisms or ancient constellations that may have had a part in an astral religion. Ancient inscriptions similarly use star patterns to form documents that often have uneven lines of text and letters with various orientations, etc. Writing backwards and vertically may have been the easiest way to depict scene in astral context. Almost the same methodology used to decipher ancient astral inscriptions such as astral shape recognition techniques was used to decipher the astral art from cave paintings, mobile art, and petroglyphs. The practice of creating astral art and astral inscriptions was widespread in the ancient world. Sometimes astral art and inscriptions were combined. The practice of creating astral art and astral inscriptions declined with the switch to non-astral art and writing, but there may be isolated instances of people still creating astral art. A major problem is to persuade people to accept such a hypothesis because the academic implications of these claims are revolutionary and the costs of accepting this viewpoint could be astronomical. The underlying principle is that all ancient astral art was somehow connected through the graphic interface of the northern circumpolar night sky. The graphical template used is a 1080 x 1080 pixel grid that the graphic layers are placed upon. (Photoshop layers) Placing art and epigraphs in this 1080 x 1080 pixel grid makes it possible to compare their characteristics such as figure or letter size. Applications of this graphical interface technology for research into ancient art and inscription will provide insight into the connections between ancient cultures in regard to astral art and early writing. This paper provides information about astral art and early epigraphs. This paper provides links to graphics with star maps, representations of ancient art and early inscriptions in a grid format for 2000 B.C. This paper shows how ancient art and early inscriptions from all over the world fit over naked eye star patterns. This paper explains why ancient art and early epigraphs were astral and what that means to linguistic analysis. This paper predicts a structure of ancient art and writing that has been incomprehensible until made possible by modern computer software for graphics, astrometry, and analysis. One problem is that art theory and epigraphic theory have diverged, but a unified approach to those both types of theories results in a coherent and unified theory of ancient art and epigraphy. The main idea for creating this research document is to delineate the reasons why ancient art looked the way it did and why early epigraphy has what appears to be erratic lines of text and non-standard orientations of alphabet letters. The obvious problems with such a broad and inclusive thesis is that making a blanket declaration about ancient art and epigraphy is too much for a normal human brain to handle and might be beyond the scope of academic research. This is a research report and cannot answer the full array of associated questions and sub-topics, yet may raise a multitude of questions. A quick sum-up of this subject is all ancient astral art and epigraphs can be converted to 2-dimensional images that can be stretched or contracted to fit over patterns of naked eye stars in the northern circumpolar sky. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 9 This means that all ancient astral art and epigraphs from the same epoch will fit over the same patterns of visible naked eye stars. This concept is easily seen as a drawing in software such as Photoshop with the ability to create multiple layers or planes with each layer or plane the 2-dimensional representation of a piece of ancient astral art or epigraphy. The benefits of looking at astral art and epigraphy in this way are multiple, such as being able to directly compare astral inscriptions from different areas and eras as well as establishing linguistic links between astral art and epigraphs and celestial locations defined by celestial latitude and longitude. Turning on different art or epigraph layers allows connections to be seen graphically. This study will benefit epigraphers, historians, and linguists because it graphically illustrates why inscriptions and epigraphs are written the way they are and gives clues to their history and linguistic connections. The associated metadata for individual inscriptions and artwork is presented when possible in this study, but many items are not yet properly attributed in this paper because they were found online with minimum information. The metadata needs to be corrected and expanded with some of the information presented in the Metadata section. The goals associated with project are multiple and include gaining a better understanding of ancient astral art and early astral inscriptions and to promote discussion about the implications. Alerting other researchers to these astronomical claims might promote more research. The problems encountered in this research study were multiple such as poor quality star maps, lack of software such as Photoshop when the research began, and lack of published information about this topic. The methodology used was developed over four decades of experimentation, but essentially it is placing representations of art and inscriptions over images of the sky from the date being investigated. This graphic research began as hand-drawn images over simple star maps and progressed to pasting the graphics over transparencies. A digital drawing pad was also used. Photographs and drawings were converted to layers in a multiple layer Photoshop drawing and then stretched or contracted to fit over the patterns of stars. The result is a representation of art or writing over stars. The result is a pile of layers in a drawing. These layers consist of photographs and reproductions over layers of star charts for the selected era, such as 2000 B.C. Separate layers may have color separations for the art. The output from a multi-layered drawing may be as graphic images in .jpg or .png formats. The layers can be displayed in animations created by using different colored images of the artwork and epigraphs as well as the display of graphic astronomical information including constellation figures, etc. Examples of this output is shown in exhibits accessed by hyperlink and are listed by category, name, and detailed name. Support for this thesis may be offered in comments and detailed drawings of the issue in question. It is not possible to provide references to books or articles in favor or against this thesis until it is reviewed. This paper suggests that ancient astral art and epigraphy may have had astronomical uses such as use for telling time at night and determining latitude. This was an observational science, but not rocket science. Each layer of art or inscription is considered to be a separate entity. If more interest develops in astral research and multiple contributions of graphics are made, then there could be competitions with judges to find the best decipherment of a particular inscription or artwork. Computers might used to decipher the exact spot in the sky of an artwork or inscription and place it in an accessible graphic database. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 10 EXHIBITS This EXHIBITS section contains internet links to media that support this astral thesis. An abstract is included and it usually states that the inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs or even commentary. The exhibits consists of television show interviews, Archeoastronomy Animations on YouTube, and papers published on academia.edu, etc. Astral Art Television Shows This section lists television shows featuring Lance Carlyle Carter explaining astral art and also lists astral art papers and animations by Lance Carlyle Carter. The exhibits are listed by name with their abstracts and links in chronological order starting from 40,600 B.C.E., 33600 B.C.E, 22000 B.C.E., 15300 B.C.E, 13600 B.C.E, 100 B.C.E. Miscellaneous exhibits and exhibits with missing or unknown dates (to me) are in the “Miscellaneous or Unknown Dates” section. Lance Carlyle Carter is interviewed in these television shows: Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Cave Art Ancient art was celestial. The shapes and symbols seen in cave paintings, petroglyphs, and inscriptions are ancient asterisms or constellations. The tradition of seeing and drawing signs, symbols, and shapes, and scripts in the stars began before 40,800 B.C.E. and continued until modern times. This presentation examines ancient cave art, symbols, glyphs, and patterns from prehistoric Africa and Europe and shows how they represent the starry sky back then and through the ages and shows those prehistoric graphics as early constellations. Marks, signs, and symbols have been engraved, carved, scratched, chiseled, drawn, and painted on cave walls and ceilings and on rocks and other materials such as wood or bone for thousands of years. Cave paintings and rock inscriptions appeared in Europe at least 40,800 years ago and in Africa nearly 100k years ago. Guest: Lance Carlyle Carter, Hosted by Steve Nagy. Tech Trends - Celestial Cave Art https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_55n4AcpWY Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Cave Art of Prehistoric Europe The show begins with Lascaux, France cave paintings, which are seen as ancient constellations against a starry background from thousands of years ago. The shape and positions of the cave paintings and shapes was determined by how those people looked at the sky and patterns of stars. The cave painting artwork is extracted and then projected over star maps, some with modern constellation lines for reference. The outlines in black are converted to color and neatly overlay lines of brighter magnitude stars across the sky. Then Coa Valley, Spain petroglyphs are shown to be celestial as well. The Trois-Freres Cave cricket and a cave bison are shown in the sky. Altamira, Spain cave art is explored. Chauvet Cave art in France such as bison are also seen as celestial. By seeing ancient cave art in a different way a new understanding of ancient thinking may be achieved. Guest: Lance Carter. Host: Steve Nagy. Tec Trends - Celestial Cave Art of Prehistoric Europe https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OIIXCR3lv6U Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 11 Astral Art Papers by Lance Carlyle Carter The papers linked here present graphic studies of cave paintings, petroglyphs, etc. over star maps of the northern circumpolar sky in the epoch under consideration. These papers are listed under dates such as 40,600 B.C.E., which indicates which star map was used to calculate the chart graphics and not the actual date attributed to the cave art, mobile art, or petroglyphs. The proper motion of the stars is so slow that astral art star patterns can be valid for thousands of years. In modern times we use pictures of the Greek constellations. Although individual star positions may have changed a little since those days, the big picture of the sky remains the same for thousands of years. 40,600 B.C. Celestial Cave of El Castillo Dot Patterns Abstract: The dot pattern art in the Cave of El Castillo appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Coordinates: 43.2923 N, 3.9655 W. Star chart date: 40,600 B.C.E. https://www.academia.edu/23712394/Celestial_Cave_of_El_Castillo_Dot_Patterns Celestial Cave of El Castillo Panel de las Manos Abstract: The Panel de las Manos in the Cave of El Castillo appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. This paper shows the celestial location of the artwork in the Panel de las Manos. Star chart date: 40,600 BC. https://www.academia.edu/23699794/Celestial_Cave_of_El_Castillo_Panel_de_las_Manos Celestial Cueva de La Pasiega Abstract: The art in the Cueva de La Pasiega (Cave of La Pasiega) appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star charts are for 40,600 B.C.E. Observatory: Cueva de La Pasiega, Spain. Coordinates: 43.2889° N, 3.9658° W. This graphic shows the bison-horse opposition with a deer. https://www.academia.edu/22857691/Celestial_Cueva_de_La_Pasiega Celestial ​Cueva de La Pasiega​ - 2 Abstract: The art in the Cueva de La Pasiega appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star charts are for 40,600 B.C.E. Observatory: Cueva de La Pasiega, Spain. https://www.academia.edu/22863578/Celestial_Cueva_de_La_Pasiega_-_2 Celestial Cueva de La Pasiega -​ 3 Abstract: The art in the Cueva de La Pasiega (Cave of La Pasiega) appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star charts are for 40,600 B.C.E. Observatory: Cueva de La Pasiega, Spain. Coordinates: 43.2889° N, 3.9658° W. This series of graphics shows that a particular design such as the bison can be used in multiple places in the sky. https://www.academia.edu/22893888/Celestial_Cueva_de_La_Pasiega_-_3 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 12 Celestial Shuidonggou Stone Abstract: This Shuidonggou Stone appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star charts are for 40,600 B.C. E. The stone is believed to date to 30,000 BC, but the pattern may have been used for many thousands of years due to the slow proper motion of the stars. The charts with modern day constellation patterns are distorted because some of the brighter stars moved significantly in the past 42 thousand years. The stone is shown at different opacity levels against the background of northern stars. https://www.academia.edu/23468312/Celestial_Shuidonggou_Stone 33,600 B.C. Celestial Altamira Cave Paintings The Altamira Cave paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22768586/Celestial_Altamira_Cave_Paintings Celestial Chauvet Cave Art Abstract: The Chauvet Cave paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/23333832/Celestial_Chauvet_Cave_Art 22,000 B.C. Celestial Cave of Foissac Figurine Abstract: The engraved lines on the figurine found in the Foissac cave (Grotte de Foissac) appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations as shown in these graphics. Stardate: 22,000 B.C.E., Observatory: Grotte de Foissac, France. https://www.academia.edu/27898130/Celestial_Cave_of_Foissac_Figurine Celestial Coa Valley Petroglyphs Abstract: The Côa Valley, Portugal petroglyphs appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. The Côa Valley Penascosa Bull is shown over northern constellations for different dates.. Star charts are calculated for three dates to provide a comparison and find the best dates for the ancient constellations that would be seen in this area. The charts are calculated for 15,300 BC, 22,000 B.C.E., and 40,600 B.C.E. It appears that the 22,000 B.C.E. star charts are a good fit for this Côa Valley Penascosa Bull petroglyph, although other dates can be tested. The graphics are shown in different opacity levels between 40% and 60% to better reveal the stars. Modern constellations are shown on some charts, although they are somewhat distorted due to the proper motion of the stars. Some graphics feature constellations from other sites such as the Lascaux Caves to provide a comparison. The star chart date is on the lower left. Observatory: Côa Valley, Portugal. Coordinates: 41.032994° N, 7.116619° W.. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 13 Section 1: Star chart date: 15,300 B.C.E. (used for 10,000 B.C.E. as almost the same star positions.) Section 2: Star chart date: 22,000 B.C.E. Section 3: Star chart date: 40,600 B.C.E. https://www.academia.edu/23108687/Celestial_C%C3%B4a_Valley_Petroglyphs 15,300 B.C. Celestial Prehistoric Portable Rock Art Abstract: The Moli del Salt rock engravings and some ancient European mobile or portable rock art works appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. The Moli del Salt portable rock engravings picture ancient constellations that use the same place in the night sky to form their graphics as other European mobile rock art.This paper identifies mobile rock engravings as ancient constellations located in a small section of the night sky. Clans or tribal units may have chosen particular sections of the sky to create constellations, which are seen as inscribed and/or painted surfaces on rocks and polished stones that appear to portray animals and abstract symbols, lines, dots, mysterious creatures, and strange shapes. The drawings and photos used in this study are by Marcos García-Diez and Manuel Vaquero and others made possible the identification of these mobile rock engravings as ancient asterisms. The engravings appear portray the night sky of that time, which the software generated star charts recreate in this study. The proper motion of the stars changes the skyscape over time, so it is necessary to calculate star charts for the approximate date that the engravings or paintings were created so that the rock art can align with the stars. The detail and variety of forms and figures in ancient rock art shows not only creativity, but suggests scientific endeavor as well. Rock art and engravings may be an ancient script that used signs, pictures, and symbols prehistoric rock art inscriptions as a form of graphic communications. The use of a small section of the sky by prehistoric rock artists across ancient Spain and southern Europe to imagine constellations suggests that other graphic communities may have used different celestial configurations for their rock art and as a form of identification. Some rock art shapes point northward and others form lines in the sky that may have had astronomical significance. The engravings show an advanced methodology that involves seeing patterns of stars in the sky and then recreating those patterns exactly. The skills to make mobile star maps may have involved years of training, so there may be places where the students practiced and discarded rock engravings that were not exact. The precision of these mobile rock engravings suggest that the star map engraving tradition began many thousands of years previous to its arrival in Europe. The stardate of 15,300 B.C.E. was used in this study, although some celestial configurations will remain about the same for many thousands of years prior and after the date used. The observatories are the locations that the portable rock engravings were found, but in some cases the portable art may have come from quite a distance over time. If these engravings copied other portable art, then many of these shapes would be repeated. Composite drawings shown here suggest that the mobile art could have been a form of writing or script that reminded the viewer of a particular place in the sky and the shapes seen there and the myths that might be connected with that place in the sky. These were not merely decorations or abstract art. Each of these ancient constellation shapes probably had a verbal name, such as the name of our modern constellation Lyra. Prehistoric figurative art also portrayed ancient constellations. The exterior edge shape of the slab was rounded and used as part of the star map in some cases. If the exterior edge of the stone resembles a star pattern such as a circle or rectangle, then it could be used in the star map. The front and reverse side of the Campsite rock slab from Moli del Salt uses the shape of the slab to outline the scratches, which are lines between bright stars. The orientation of the scratches on the slab align with the outside slab shape on both sides of the Campsite slab engraving, as Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 14 shown here. Some ancient constellation shapes were embedded in others when projected in the starry sky. https://www.academia.edu/24670391/Celestial_Prehistoric_Portable_Rock_Art Celestial​ Cave of the Trois​ Frères Abstract: The art in the Cave of the Trois-Frères appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. This graphic is a rendition of a dying bison. The bison image may have persisted for thousands of years in this form. The proper motion of the stars would eventually require designs that better fit the sky at that time. Star charts are for 15,300 B.C.E. Observatory: Cave of the Les Trois-Freres, France. https://www.academia.edu/22818023/Celestial_Cave_of_the_Trois_Fr%C3%A8res Celestial ​Cave of the Trois ​Frères - 2 Abstract: The art in the Cave of the Trois-Frères appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. This graphic is a rendition of a dying bison. The bison image may have persisted for thousands of years in this form. The proper motion of the stars would eventually require designs that better fit the sky at that time. Star charts are for 15,300 B.C.E. Observatory: Cave of the Les Trois-Freres, France. https://www.academia.edu/22778911/Celestial_Cave_of_the_Trois_Fr%C3%A8res_-_2 Celestial Cave of the Trois-Freres - 3 Abstract: The art in the Cave of the Trois-Frères appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star charts are for 15,300 B.C.E. Observatory: Cave of the Les Trois-Freres, France. Coordinates:43.0322° N, 1.2117° E https://www.academia.edu/23433531/Celestial_Cave_of_the_Trois-Fr%C3%A8res_-_3 Celestial Rouffignac Cave Finger Flutings Abstract: The ˜Finger Flutings” art in the Rouffignac Cave appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations represented by lines made by fingers. Chart date used: 15,300 B.C.E. https://www.academia.edu/23209071/Celestial_Rouffignac_Cave_Finger_Flutings Celestial Rouffignac Cave Paintings Abstract: The Rouffignac Cave Paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/21350516/Celestial_Rouffignac_Cave_Paintings Celestial Lascaux Cave Art ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22769200/Celestial_Lascaux_Cave_Art Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - 2 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 15 https://www.academia.edu/22768281/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_2 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 3 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22764267/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_3 Celestial Lascaux Caves Paintings - ​ 4 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22716956/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Paintings_-_4 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - 5 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22763736/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_5 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art ​ - 6 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22717776/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_6 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 7 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22711993/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_7 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art - ​ 8 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22763408/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_8 Celestial Lascaux Caves Art -​ 9 ​The Lascaux Caves paintings appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22770214/Celestial_Lascaux_Caves_Art_-_9 13,600 B.C. Celestial Moli del Salt Slab Abstract: The inscriptions on the Moli del Salt Slab appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. It is believed that this inscription pictures a paleolithic campsite with huts. The inscription is shown over star charts calculated for 13,600 B.C.E. The Moli del Salt Slab inscriptions are also shown in constellations with 3 grasshopper placements from the Trois-Frères cave. https://www.academia.edu/23625715/Celestial_Moli_del_Salt_Slab Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 16 100 A.D. London Fresco from 1st Century AD Abstract: This London Fresco appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. This decorative Roman fresco from the 1st century AD unearthed by the Museum of London Archaeology was apparently an astronomical design. https://www.academia.edu/22772719/Celestial_London_Fresco_from_1st_Century_AD Astral Art from Miscellaneous or Unknown Dates Celestial Petroglyph from Bohuslan Sweden Abstract: This petroglyph inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22619667/Celestial_Petroglyph_from_Bohuslan_Sweden Celestial Petroglyph Inscriptions Abstract: These inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/22619383/Celestial_Petroglyph_Inscriptions Celestial Texas Petroglyphs Abstract: These Texas Petroglyphs appear to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618094/Celestial_Texas_Petroglyphs Celestial Dighton​-Rock Inscription Abstract: The Dighton-Rock Inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618075/Celestial_Dighton_-Rock_Inscription Celestial Hawaiian Petroglyphs Abstract: These Hawaiian Petroglyphs inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/22768694/Celestial_Hawaiian_Petroglyphs Celestial Susamarkhor Antelope Inscription Abstract: The Susamarkhor Antelope inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22668020/Celestial_Susamarkhor_Antelope_Inscription Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 17 Celestial Chinese Petroglyphs Abstract: These petroglyphs (From Arizona) that have Chinese characters appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. In this form of writing, everything must be seen in the sky according to patterns. https://www.academia.edu/23297454/Celestial_Chinese_Petroglyphs The Celestial Pebble of San Jose, California Abstract: This paper provides photographs of the San Jose Portable Pebble and shows its possible use as a star map. The dot and notch patterns on the San Jose Portable Pebble resemble constellations such as Lyra, Draco, and Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor. The inscription appears to be in Latin or Phoenician, but it is not clear in these preliminary photos. One letter of the inscription looks like a V and is deeply scratched, apparently with a very sharp instrument. The end letter of the inscription is an ancient T. The graphic shapes, including holes, notches, and scratches are converted to magenta and projected over a star map for 1950 B.C.E. The pebble is then projected over the star map to show how it could be used for star sighting. https://www.academia.edu/26474369/The_Celestial_Pebble_of_San_Jose_California Archeoastronomy Animations The following links to ​Archeoastronomy Animations​ feature the abstract, published date, and duration of the animation. These animations are designed to demonstrate the concepts of astral art and astral epigraphy as evidenced by ancient art or inscriptions that conform to celestial shapes and astral patterns of stars. The abstracts for these animations may be short or long depending on what information was available and how I interpreted the information. Links to the academia.edu and YouTube sites are included. Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 15 Abstract: Hagia Triada 15 (HT 15) is shown over the stars of 2000 B.C. to illustrate that Linear A is an astronomical notation system. https://www.academia.edu/35543819/Animated_Haghia_Triada_HT_15 https://youtu.be/GQybgxtx-74 Published: December 30, 2017 Duration: 4:19 Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 13 Abstract: This Archeoastronomy Animation features the Haghia Triada 13 tablet (HT 13) recto and verso sides over the northern circumpolar stars of 2000 B.C. with comparisons to Haghia Triada 10 (HT 10) recto and verso sides and Haghia Triada 15 (HT 15) to show the astronomical context of Linear A. https://www.academia.edu/35543812/Animated_Haghia_Triada_HT_13 https://youtu.be/8F4kPmq5Egg Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter Published: December 28, 2017 18 Duration: 9:43 Archeoastronomy Animations: Gezer Calendar Abstract: This animation presents the Gezer Calendar Inscription as written in the stars to be seen and remembered. https://www.academia.edu/35004197/Animated_Gezer_Calendar https://youtu.be/q0CsLNjqTcI Published: October 27, 2017 Duration: 6:27 Archeoastronomy Animations: Trojan Hieroglyphic Seal Abstract: The bronze bi-convex hieroglyphic seal E9.573 from Troy may have an astronomical context. The logograms and is written in Hittite hieroglyphs cuneiform signs seen on the seal appear to be ancient constellations as shown in this animation. https://www.academia.edu/34992143/Animated_Trojan_bronze_bi-convex_hieroglyphic_seal_E9.573 https://youtu.be/f-p8YTzScr8 Published: October 26, 2017 Duration: 11:56 Archeoastronomy Animations: Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscription Abstract: This animation presents a Amuq Valley, Jisr el Hadid Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscription as written in the stars to be seen and remembered. An Amuq Valley, Jisr el Hadid Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscription is shown over the Northern Sky with modern Constellations, Boundaries and 2000 B.C. Coordinates. Colored Meridian and Horizon Lines and signs in 24 colors are also shown. Then that Amuq Valley, Jisr el Hadid Luwian Hieroglyphic Inscription is shown in counter-clockwise rotation over the northern night sky. https://www.academia.edu/35543825/Animated_Luwian_Hieroglyphic_Inscription https://youtu.be/7sZXse6OiZc Published: October 18, 2017 Duration: 3:43 Archeoastronomy Animations: Los Lunas Decalogue Stone Abstract: The Los Lunas Decalogue Stone Paleo-Hebrew Inscription of the 10 Commandments is shown in this Archeoastronomy Animation. https://www.academia.edu/35543830/Animated_Los_Lunas_Decalogue_Stone https://youtu.be/4ROlwKqgGTQ Published October 10, 2017 Duration: 6:01 Archeoastronomy Animations: The 10 Commandments Abstract: This animation presents the oldest inscription of the Biblical 10 Commandments from the collection of the Living Torah Museum. This is a partial decipherment of the identification of the individual letters celestial locations, but a better line drawing of the inscription would help. This inscription follows the standard ancient celestial text format. The only intact tablet of the 10 Commandments may have been made from a tracing of an older Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 19 original. The letters almost align with the northern stars with this projection. Some bright stars are shown as dots. The 10 Commandments are a covenant between God and his people. There are two copies of the covenant. One copy is in the northern sky and can be seen in the heavens. The letters of the duplicate were bored through the tablet. The letters (in the Hebrew script of Samaritan) were written by the finger of God in the sky. The original inscription on the Tablets of Stone was bored fully through the stone so that the tablet could be held to the sky and the stars that formed the Hebrew letters could be seen in the circumpolar region. This made it easier to recognize the 10 Commandments in the sky and remember the covenant. The 10 Commandments tablet inscription appears to have been written in the stars where it could be seen and memorized. https://www.academia.edu/34540171/Animated_10_Commandments https://youtu.be/Dy5NhjpipMY Published September 10, 2017 Duration: 5:23 Archeoastronomy Animations: Plimpton 322 Abstract: The Plimpton 322 cuneiform tablet inscription appears to have been written in the heavens by drawing connecting lines between circumpolar stars where it could be seen and memorized. Plimpton 322 follows the astronomical text format of documents used by the temple and palace administrators of ancient Larsa. The Plimpton 322 tablet inscription is shown over the Northern Sky of 2000 B.C. with modern Constellations, Boundaries and 2000 B.C. Coordinates. Colored Meridian and Horizon Lines and signs in many colors are also shown. Then the Plimpton 322 tablet inscription is shown in counter-clockwise rotation.Then guest appearances by these inscriptions: Knossos clay bar P103 inscription, Hagia Triada 10 Recto inscription, Hagia Triada 10 Verso inscription, Idalion Tablet inscription, Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon inscription, King Ur-Engur gate socket inscription, Linear A Tablet at Chania A. Museum, Nineveh Planisphere inscription, Paestum Silver Disc inscription, Sinai 375a tablet inscription, YBC 7289 inscription. https://www.academia.edu/34495441/Animated_Plimpton_322 https://youtu.be/-MF3maxCglY Published: September 1, 2017 Duration: 8:30 Archeoastronomy Animations: Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon Abstract: The Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon is a trapezoid-shaped potsherd with five lines of letters. The signs or letters of the Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon inscription are seen in the sky and drawn onto the ostracon in a method of projection that maps the night sky onto the concave surface. This method of orthographic projection of the northern night sky onto the concave surface of the Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon almost exactly aligns with mapping using ARC Zenital equidistant projection, which is used in these animations. Points on the visible horizon such as mountaintops could be used to align the inscription with the landscape. The Elah Fortress is on a hilltop with a clear view in all directions. The watchtower could have also been used as an astronomical observatory. The Khirbet Qeiyafa planisphere is so simple that it could be used by an astronomer, king, or commoner. Some of the signs on the Khirbet Qeiyafa planisphere Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 20 became letters of the alphabet. The inscription meaning may have had something to do with the places in the sky the signs, letters, or lines occupied and may have had connections to timekeeping and the calendar. The Khirbet Qeiyafa planisphere rotates in counter-clockwise motion in the heavens and can be read from left-to-right (horizontally), right-to-left (horizontally), up-to-bottom (vertically), or even bottom-up (vertically). The meaning of the inscription may change depending on the direction it is read, considering the motion and position in the sky it will be seen. Lines can be horizontal or vertical aligned with the meridian or at any angle, depending on the time of night and year. The parallel lines of the inscription allow the astronomer to align the ostracon to the heavens. The astronomer projected the curved shape of the sky onto the concave plane of the ostracon. The curvature angle of the concave surface of the ostracon had to compensate for the projected surface of the shape of sky in order to make accurate alignment possible. The user could hold the ostracon over his head and find the constellations and asterisms pictured as letters on the Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon. It could be turned this way or that until it was aligned with the heavens and then used as a simple planisphere. For instance, if the astronomer/user observed the rotation of the sky and when a line of stars pointed to a place on the horizon, then it was time to do some task. The inscription uses a wide expanse of northern circumpolar sky. The astronomical nature of the Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon inscription explains the different stances of signs, apparent different directions, and even incoherent or unusual spellings because of its entirely different use of sign patterns (words) than traditionally suspected. You can't change the patterns of stars in the night sky, but you can change how you spell a word to conform with the sky. Irregular word formation and sentence structure are a clue to an astronomical influence on the text. New signs were invented to fit the patterns in the sky. A few bright stars or small clusters appear to be pictured as dots on the ostracon. https://www.academia.edu/34428654/Animated_Khirbet_Qeiyafa_ostracon_inscription https://youtu.be/ZH1LUCkBCiQ Published: August 29, 2017 Duration: 9:00 Archeoastronomy Animations: 'Izbet Sartah ostracon inscription Abstract: The 'Izbet Sartah ostracon inscription is shown over the Northern Sky of 2000 B.C. Modern Constellations are in Yellow. Constellation Boundaries are in White. 2000 B.C. Coordinates are in Cyan. Meridian (straight from center) and Horizon Lines (curved) are in 24 colors. The Cyan circle on the outside has days and months. Hours of Right Ascension and degrees of Declination are yellow. The northern sky rotates counter-clockwise. Align the cyan month/day circle with the time of night in yellow to see what they saw in 2000 B.C. THEN: Guest inscription appearances by Sinai 361, Dispilio Tablet, Khirbet Qeiyafa, Sinai 375a, the Nineveh Planisphere, Gezer Calendar, HT 10 Verso, a Linear A Tablet, & the Paestum Silver Disc. https://www.academia.edu/34361604/Animated_Izbet_Sartah_ostracon_inscription https://youtu.be/9FRAK85zwGI Published: August 25, 2017 Duration: 6:59 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 21 Archeoastronomy Animations: SINAI 375a Sinai 375a Plaque Inscription is shown over the Northern Sky of 2000 B.C. with modern Constellations, Boundaries and 2000 B.C. Coordinates. Colored Meridian and Horizon Lines and signs in many colors are also shown. Modern Constellations are in Yellow. Constellation Boundaries are in White. 2000 B.C. Coordinates are in Cyan. Meridian (straight from center) and Horizon Lines (curved) are in 24 colors. The Cyan circle on the outside has days and months. Hours of Right Ascension and degrees of Declination are yellow. The northern sky rotates counter-clockwise. Align the cyan month/day circle with the time of night in yellow to see what they saw in 2000 B.C. Guest Inscription sequence shows relationships between Sinai 375a and other inscriptions with a similar epigraphic format: Scratches lines = Yellow (Shown as astronomical alignment lines) Sinai 361 inscription = Green (Shown over Sinai 375a) Dispilio Tablet = Greenish (Shown over Sinai 375a) Izbet Sartah alphabet = Yellow (Shown over Sinai 375a) Linear A Cup Tracing = Yellow (Shown over Sinai 375a) Nineveh Planisphere = Yellow (Shown over Sinai 375a) Troy VIIb Seal reverse = Yellow (Shown over Sinai 375a) Paestum Silver Disc = Blue (Shown over Sinai 375a) Sinai 375a was discovered at the excavations to Mine M at Serabit el-Khadim, Sinai and is dated 1850-1700 B.C. It is similar to other astronomical inscriptions shown in this animation. Sinai 375a appears to be a star map and is shown is as a planisphere. https://www.academia.edu/34361656/Animated_Sinai_375a https://youtu.be/IY8xozjINKM Published: August 21, 2017 Duration: 7:57 Archeoastronomy Animations: SINAI 361 Abstract: This animation shows the inscription on Sinai 361 rock inscription as a star map. The Sinai 361 rock inscription is shown against the background of stars from 2000 B.C. Additionally, the inscription is shown against the background of modern constellations and their boundaries and names. The celestial coordinates of 2000 B.C. of the inscription are also shown. An array of colored meridian lines emanating from the north celestial pole and curved horizon lines are shown for reference. The Sinai 361 inscription is also presented in an array of colors. The inscription is then rotated counter-clockwise in imitation of northern circumpolar stars. The graphics of the Sinai 361 inscription approximately fit the star maps for 2000 B.C. using a "ARC Zenital equidistant" projection for the chart coordinates. The Sinai 361 rock inscription approximately fit over these star groups for thousands of years previous to 2000 B.C. and it still fits today. The column formation of the Sinai 361 signs would have been seen sweeping through the night sky in counter-clockwise rotation. The columns of signs appear to be crude constellations that were recognized at the time. The inscription may have been incomplete because it has an uneven distribution of signs in the four columns. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 22 https://www.academia.edu/34364703/Animated_Sinai_361 https://youtu.be/6l4FWVGVFiY Published August 17, 2017 Duration: 5:58 Archeoastronomy Animations: Dispilio Tablet Abstract: The Dispilio Tablet may have astronomical significance. The Dispilio Tablet is a carved wooden tablet with an inscription found at modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in Kastoria, Greece. This animation shows the Dispilio Tablet signs over the night sky of 5202 BC. Then the Dispilio Tablet signs are compared to the Phaistos Disc Side B, which has a shield sign in the same place in the sky using star maps from 5202 B.C. Then the shield signs are compared using star maps from 2000 B.C. The coincidence of having two inscriptions with a similar sign in the same stellar position may indicate that the shield sign was observed for thousands of years in that particular spot in the sky. https://www.academia.edu/35543834/Animated_Dispilio_Tablet https://youtu.be/sNYPsKayrvM Published July 22, 2017 Duration: 8:00 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zhuangqiao Axes and Oracle Bones Abstract: Zhuangqiao Axes and Oracle Bones may be astronomical. Inscriptions of primitive writing found on two stone axes from the Zhuangqiao relics site in Shanghai, China are shown animated as primitive star charts rotating counterclockwise around the north celestial pole. This animation shows that the lines on the axes are astronomical and align with particular lines of bright stars in the northern circumpolar region. Then, several Chinese Oracle Bone inscriptions are shown animated as star charts, indicating that the Oracle Bone signs had astronomical significance. A Sumerian planisphere inscription is compared to Zhuangqiao Axes signs. An Eastern Han mirror is also shown in celestial motion. 2000 B.C. is used as the star date. That date is a midpoint between the Zhuangqiao inscriptions, from about 3000 B.C. or earlier, and the Oracle Bones which date from late 2nd millennium B.C. https://www.academia.edu/34276591/Animated_Zhuangqiao_Axes_and_Oracle_Bones https://youtu.be/O2R6ir4mCqc Published: July 15, 2017 Duration: 27:30 Archeoastronomy Animations: Paestum Silver Disc Abstract: The Paestum Silver Disc is a miniature silver disc with a circular inscription in the Achaean alphabet that may be a dedication that is based on astronomical configurations as shown in this archeoastronomy animation. Also, Inscriptions from the Arkalochori Axe, Troulos at Archanes TL Za 1, Phaistos Disc sides A & B, Magliano Disc sides recto and verso, a Linear A cup, and a Poppy Goddess seal are shown over the Paestum Disc inscription in this archeoastronomy animation to show how each of these inscriptions overlap in the sky. https://www.academia.edu/35543840/Animated_Paestum_Silver_Disc https://youtu.be/e3almTC4zI0 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter Published: June 24, 2017 23 Duration: 7:29 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zakros Pithos Inscription Abstract: The astronomical significance of two lines of Linear A writing on a pithos (a very large earthenware jar) from Zakros, Crete are shown in rotation in the stars of 2000 B.C. in this archeoastronomy animation. https://www.academia.edu/35543841/Animated_Zakros_Pithos_Inscription https://youtu.be/Ntvon0fcqLA Published: June 22, 2017 Duration: 4:35 Archeoastronomy Animations: Zakros ZA Zg 35 Abstract: This archeoastronomy animation shows that Minoan Linear A tablet ZA Zg 35, which is a clay tablet inscribed with one line of Linear A writing from Zakros, Crete, is astronomical. https://www.academia.edu/35543850/Animated_Zakros_ZA_Zg_35 https://youtu.be/8X7_MsaNwj0 Published: June 20, 2017 Duration: 4:55 Archeoastronomy Animations: Haghia Triada HT 10 Abstract: A Linear A tablet HT 10 found at Villa, room 59, at Haghia Triada, Crete, is shown in an astronomical animation over northern stars of 2000 B.C. Linear A signs or letters are not spaced evenly in this context because the groupings of stars which the signs are based on are not spaced evenly. The orientation of the same sign or letter may be different depending on where and how the sign is superimposed over a star group or ancient asterism. The edges of some tablets appear to be cut and shaped to form the outlines around the signs and provide an orientation to the horizon, meridian, and divisions of the heavens. The signs are arranged in horizontal lines that can be read from left to right or right to left, but the orientation of the lines and signs will change due to the counter-clockwise rotation of the northern night sky. Linear A is evidently an astronomical script that was probably intended for votive texts or as records of offerings. The repetition of various signs indicates that sign patterns were not fixed in particular locations in the sky, but could be found in various locations depending on the need for a particular sign shape. The linguistic interpretation of the text may depend on its astronomical context and not its use as an administrative tool as was the case with Linear B. https://www.academia.edu/35543937/Animated_Haghia_Triada_HT_10 https://youtu.be/nZrS3Qzq_Mk Published: June 14, 2017 Duration: 8:28 (Upload this to YouTube Fix) Archeoastronomy Animations: Nineveh Celestial Planisphere Abstract: A heavily plastered fragment of a circular clay tablet with Babylonian cuneiform and depictions of constellations as a planisphere (Nineveh Celestial Planisphere) might have represented the night sky over Nineveh as shown in this archeoastronomy animation. The Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 24 planisphere photo and planisphere graphic are shown over reference star maps of 2000 BC. The planisphere type sky map is divided into eight sections. It could have been used as an instrument for astronomical or astrological calculations. This planisphere appears to be centered on the star Alpha Draconis (Thuban) in the constellation Draco. The planisphere was found at Nineveh, North Iraq, (Kouyunjik). https://www.academia.edu/35543942/Animated_Nineveh_Celestial_Planisphere https://youtu.be/Sl_-oXbNsgA Published June 12, 2017 Duration: 4:50 Archeoastronomy Animations: King Mursilis II Hittite Seal Impression Abstract: A King Mursilis II Hittite Seal Impression is shown in a astronomical animation as an ancient planisphere in counter-clockwise rotation in the night sky of 2000 B.C. to illustrate the seal's location in modern constellations. Multi-colored meridian lines are also shown illustrating the seal's astronomical design. https://www.academia.edu/35543944/Animated_King_Mursilis_II_Hittite_Seal_Impression https://youtu.be/yskmZQwKhVc Published: June 10, 2017 Duration: 4:50 Archeoastronomy Animations: Four women on Golden Seal Abstract: Four women in cultic gestures on a Minoan/Mycenaean seal ring made of gold. Animation shows the seal in the night sky of 2000 B.C. https://www.academia.edu/35543950/Animated_Four_women_on_Golden_Seal https://youtu.be/RiCSDPxPW28 Published: June 8, 2017 Duration: 4:29 Archeoastronomy Animations: Knossos Clay Medallion Abstract: A Cretan Hieroglyphic script inscription on a circular clay medallion from the Knossos, Crete 'Hieroglyphic Deposit' dated to the 18th century B.C. is shown in an astronomical animation to depict it as a partial planisphere of ancient asterisms or small constellations using star maps from 2000 B.C. in counter-clockwise rotation. Multi-colored meridian and horizon lines are shown for reference. The Cretan Hieroglyphic script inscription is also compared to a Linear A cup inscription. https://www.academia.edu/35543951/Animated_Knossos_Clay_Medallion https://youtu.be/utJ3D-aYCIY Published: June 7, 2017 Duration: 5:30 Archeoastronomy Animations: Archanes TL Za 1 Abstract: The Linear A Inscription (TL Za 1) from Troulos, Archanes "Archanes TL Za 1" is a shield or heart shaped ladle or tool (ritual vessel or utensil similar to a spoon, bowl, or cup used for votive offerings) that is made of white translucent alabaster and engraved with a Linear A inscription with 24 signs that could have an astronomical significance. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 25 It is from Troulos, at the present town of Archanes, Crete. I suspect that the Archanes TL Za 1 artifact could be used as an astronomical instrument if it were filled with water on a clear night and aligned with the 24 signs in the sky seen in the stars reflected on the water surface. https://www.academia.edu/35543957/Animated_Archanes_TL_Za_1 https://youtu.be/ESgB_CuIQ_A Published: June 6, 2017 Duration: 4:50 Archeoastronomy Animations: Arkalochori Cave Axe IDAMATE Signs Abstract: The Arkalochori Cave Axes with I-DA-MA-TE Inscriptions appear to be astronomical. These are Double axes from the Arkalochori Cave on Crete, from the Late Minoan IA Period, dating to c.1550-1500 BC. One axe was made from a thin sheet of gold (AR Zf 1) and one made of silver (AR Zf 2). Both have the same Linear A inscription of a word phonetically transcribed as I-DA-MA-TE. This animation identifies the celestial location of the IDAMATE signs in an archeoastronomy animation set for 2000 B.C. and provides reference graphics to other Linear A inscriptions on a Linear A cup, a gold ring, and the Phaistos Disc inscriptions, and the bronze Arkalochori Axe inscription, which has 15 signs aligned in three columns. https://www.academia.edu/35543965/Animated_Arkalochori_Cave_Axe_IDAMATE_Signs https://youtu.be/43xry7WGrOA Published: June 4, 2017 Duration: 7:11 Archeoastronomy Animations: Linear A on Mavrospilio Gold Ring Abstract: An inscription in Linear A on an Mavrospilio Gold Ring appears to have astronomical significance. This gold ring with Cretan Linear A signs in a spiral configuration on a round bezel is from a cemetery at Mavrospilio Knossos, Crete. https://www.academia.edu/35543968/Animated_Linear_A_on_Mavrospilio_Gold_Ring https://youtu.be/UjIyIszwyNQ Published: June 2, 2017 Duration: 4:39 Archeoastronomy Animations: A Circular Trojan Inscription Abstract: A circular Trojan Inscription appears to be astronomical and is shown as an astronomical inscription over star maps of 2000 B.C. https://www.academia.edu/34278045/Animated_Trojan_Inscription https://youtu.be/xjxYyCASbfM Published May 31, 2017 Duration: 4:18 Archeoastronomy Animations: Phaistos Disc Side B and Dispilio Tablet Abstract: The Phaistos Disc Side B can be seen as a Planisphere in this archeoastronomy animation. The Phaistos Disc Side B is shown over star maps of 2000 BC to illustrate how the Phaistos Disc signs could have been used as a planisphere. The Phaistos Disc inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations that appear to depict a way of Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 26 drawing celestial signs that portray the northern sky of 2000 BC or earlier. The spirals of 248 stamped hieroglyphic signs that comprise 45 distinct signs on sides A and B are superimposed upon star charts calculated for 2000 BC to show how the Phaistos Disc inscriptions could be ancient star maps that may have had use as an astronomical instrument similar to a planisphere by using the horizon at the site, which is above the surrounding landscape. The Phaistos Disc was a planisphere or celestial slide rule - a type of analog computer similar to the Antikythera mechanism or an astrolabe. This decipherment does not include a linguistic interpretation of the Phaistos Disc. The graphic inscriptions on the disc are converted to color and shown in different opacity levels, different colors, and in counter-clockwise rotation. https://www.academia.edu/34278009/Animated_Phaistos_Disc_Side_B_and_Dispilio_Tablet https://youtu.be/yZMGdzkJeek Published May 24, 2017 Duration: 7:29 Archeoastronomy Animations: Phaistos Disc Side A Abstract: The Phaistos Disc Side A is shown over star maps of 2000 B.C. to illustrate how the Phaistos Disc signs could have been used as a planisphere. The Phaistos Disc inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations that appear to depict a way of drawing celestial signs that portray the northern sky of 2000 B.C. or earlier. The spirals of 248 stamped hieroglyph tokens that comprise 45 distinct signs on sides A and B are superimposed upon star charts calculated for 2000 B.C. to show how the Phaistos Disc inscriptions could be ancient star maps that may have had use as an astronomical instrument similar to a planisphere by using the horizon at the site, which is above the surrounding landscape. The Phaistos Disc was a planisphere or celestial slide rule - a type of analog computer similar to the Antikythera mechanism or an astrolabe. This decipherment does not include a linguistic interpretation of the Phaistos Disc. The graphic inscriptions on the disc are converted to color and shown in different opacity levels, different colors, and in counter-clockwise rotation. Other inscriptions such as the Dispilio Tablet inscription, the Arkalochori Axe inscription, a Linear A cup inscription and other inscriptions are also demonstrated to be ancient star maps in these animations. Stardate: 2000 B.C., Observatory: Phaistos, Crete. Coordinates: 35°03′ N, 24°48′ E. https://www.academia.edu/34277962/Animated_Phaistos_Disc_Side_A https://youtu.be/EWnPBVLhVzY Published: May 23, 2017 Duration: 5:27 Archeoastronomy Animations: King Ur-Engur Gate Socket Inscription Abstract: The King Ur-Engur gate/door socket inscription is shown in the stars of 2000 BC to show that some ancient inscriptions were written in the stars as well as in stone. Description: Diorite gate/door socket bearing a dedicatory inscription of King Ur-Engur, an early king of the city of Ur. Original location: Sumer, southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq. https://www.academia.edu/34276962/Animated_King_Ur-Engur_Gate_Socket_Inscription https://youtu.be/UnuWF5jVyGc Published: May 23, 2017 Duration: 4:35 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 27 ARCHEOASTRONOMY ANIMATIONS: Linear A Cup Abstract: A Linear A ink-written inscription from around the inner surface of a Third Middle Minoan cup is shown over the northern circumpolar stars of 2000 B.C. https://www.academia.edu/34276926/Animated_Linear_A_Cup https://youtu.be/abSOPKB_sVQ Published: May 22, 2017 Duration: 5:10 ARCHEOASTRONOMY ANIMATIONS: Linear A Tablet Abstract: A Linear A inscription on clay tablet is shown in this astronomical animation. Current location of tablet is musée archéologique de la Canée - Crète. https://www.academia.edu/34276900/Animated_Linear_A_Tablet https://youtu.be/wFsBih7F1MA Published: May 22, 2017 Duration: 4:46 Archeoastronomy Animations: Arkalochori Axe Abstract: This archeoastronomy animation shows the Arkalochori Axe signs as ancient asterisms or small constellations superimposed over northern stars of 2000 BC with modern constellation boundaries and coordinates. https://www.academia.edu/34276842/Animated_Arkalochori_Axe https://youtu.be/PPkKmqSyv_s Published: May 20, 2017 Duration: 4:55 Television Shows These “Technology Trends” television shows feature Lance Carlyle Carter as guest explaining his theories about astral art and astral epigraphy. Technology Trends TV show: Archeoastronomy Animations This Technology Trends TV show presents archeoastronomy animations that identify the celestial location of ancient inscriptions found on some ancient artifacts and demonstrates how some artifacts such as the Phaistos Disc could be used as astronomical instruments similar to a planisphere, which is a circular star map that shows a projection of the heavens at a specific time and place. The inscriptions are placed in the night sky and animated: Phaistos Disc: Sides A and B of the Phaistos Disc as displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Heraklion is shown to be an ancient planisphere. Dispilio Tablet: An inscribed wooden tablet found at modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in Kastoria, Greece is shown to have a sign in common with side B of the Phaistos Disc. Magliano Disc: Round shaped lead disc with two sides inscribed with Etruscan writing spiraling from the outside to the center is shown to have similar graphics to the Phaistos Disc. Arkalochori Axe: The bronze Arkalochori Axe is a Minoan votive double axe (labrys) that could be used to find a line of constellations across the sky. The central socket of Axe is inscripted in three columns of undeciphered signs. Linear A Cup: Linear A Ink-witten inscriptions round the inner surface of cup (Third Middle Minoan) is shown to be a map of northern polar asterisms of 2000 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 28 BC that could be used for timekeeping or calendar purposes. Linear A Tablet: Linear A inscription on a clay tablet show how inscriptions could be written in the heavens. King Ur-Engur inscription: Diorite gate/door socket bearing a dedicatory inscription of Ur-Engur, An Early King of The City Of Ur shows another inscription in the sky. Dendera Planisphere: Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling in the Hathor temple at Dendera is shown to be a planisphere and not a zodiac. Guest: Lance Carlyle Carter. Host: Steve Nagy. (Available on the KMVT15 Silicon Valley Television YouTube channel.) Technology Trends TV show: Celestial Arts and Scripts The show begins by introducing "The San Jose Portable Pebble", which is a Stone Age artifact with hole patterns that resemble star patterns and notches that can be used to find celestial north. Cave drawings are presented as representations of prehistoric constellations picturing mammoth, bison, and extinct animals. Then the show focuses on how ancient writing systems used star patterns to form the signs and letters used for writing. The Phaistos Disc and other major inscriptions are shown to be star patterns and petroglyphs from all over the world are shown to be based on ancient constellations. Guest: Lance Carter. Host: Steve Nagy. Tech Trends - Celestial Arts and Scripts https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXHzRxmVgnA Technology Trends - The Alphabet Deciphered In this television show the ancient alphabet is shown to be a form astronomical notation. Lance Carlyle Carter is interviewed by Steve Nagy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NpqZWyuwSQ Published on Nov 30, 2015 KMVT15 56:09 minutes Papers about Scripts, Inscriptions, Writing, and the Alphabet Astronomical Alphabet Archives Abstract: The ancient alphabet may be based on asterisms. This is a astronomical graphics archive of epigraphic studies into the ancient alphabet from various times and places. https://www.academia.edu/15081480/Astronomical_Alphabet_Archives Celestial Arkalochori Axe Inscription Abstract: The Arkalochori Axe inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20657453/Celestial_Arkalochori_Axe_Inscription Celestial Beth-​Shemesh Inscription Abstract:​ The Beth​-Shemesh inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20447678/Celestial_Beth-_Shemesh_Inscription Celestial Biqa Arrow-head Abstract: The Biqa Arrow-head inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter https://www.academia.edu/20656344/Celestial_Biqa_Arrow-head Celestial Chinese Oracle Bone Scapula Abstract: ​ This Chinese Oracle Bone Scapula appear to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618184/Celestial_Chinese_Oracle_Bone_Scapula Celestial Clay Linear A Inscription Abstract: This clay Linear A inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/20662593/Celestial_Clay_Linear_A_Inscription Celestial Crete Bronze Bowl Abstract: This Crete Bronze Bowl appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20447473/Celestial_Crete_Bronze_Bowl Celestial Cuneiform Inscriptions ​Abstract: Cuneiform inscriptions appear to be based on or written over ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20420651/Celestial_Cuneiform_Inscriptions Celestial Dispilio Tablet Inscription Abstract: The Dispilio Tablet inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/35494682/Celestial_Dispilio_Tablet_Inscription Celestial Gezer Proto-​Hebrew Abstract: This Gezer Proto-​Hebrew Inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618523/Celestial_Gezer_Proto-_Hebrew CELESTIAL GRAFFITO From Lower Nubia Abstract: A rock inscription graffito from Lower Nubia appears to represent asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/9700886/CELESTIAL_GRAFFITO_From_Lower_Nubia Celestial Greek Bowl Inscription Abstract: This Greek bowl inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618807/Celestial_Greek_Bowl_Inscription Celestial Glozel Inscriptions Abstract: The Glozel inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/22559455/Celestial_Glozel_Inscriptions 29 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 30 Celestial Hebrew Bowl Inscription Abstract: This Hebrew Bowl Inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618455/Celestial_Hebrew_Bowl_Inscription Celestial Hieratic Script Signs Abstract: This Hieratic ​ pottery​ shard inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618773/Celestial_Hieratic_Script_Signs Celestial Hieroglyphic Section A V Inscriptions Abstract: These Hieroglyphic Section A V inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/20661112/Celestial_Hieroglyphic_Section_A_V_Inscriptions Celestial Hittite Urhitessub Seal Inscription Abstract: The Hittite Urhitessub Seal inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618864/Celestial_Hittite_Urhitessub_Seal_Inscription Celestial Incised Jerusalem Pithos Abstract: The Jerusalem Pithos inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/23670670/Celestial_Incised_Jerusalem_Pithos Celestial Indus Valley Inscriptions Abstract: These Indus Valley inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618896/Celestial_Indus_Valley_Inscriptions Celestial Khirbet Qeiyafa Pottery Shard Abstract: The ​ Khirbet Qeiyafa Pottery Shard​ ​ appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Stardate: 10th Century B.C.E. Observatory: ​ Khirbet Qeiyafa, Israel. Alternate name: Elah Fortress Coordinates: 31.6963°N 34.9575°E. The following star charts show the Khirbet Qeiyafa Ostracon against the stars of 1000 B.C.E. https://www.academia.edu/24188099/Celestial_Khirbet_Qeiyafa_Pottery_Shard Celestial Lachish Ewer Abstract: This Lachish Ewer inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20447040/Celestial_Lachish_Ewer Celestial Lahun Heddle Jack Abstract: ​ The Lahun Heddle Jack inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20445290/Celestial_Lahun_Heddle_Jack Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 31 Celestial Linear A ARKH Zc 8 Inscription Abstract: The Linear A ARKH Zc 8 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22619184/Celestial_Linear_A_ARKH_Zc_8_Inscription Celestial Linear A Cup Abstract: This Linear A Cup appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22616494/Celestial_Linear_A_Cup Celestial Magliano Disc Deciphered Abstract: This paper graphically shows how the Magliano Disc inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations and are compared to the Phaistos Disc inscriptions. The Magliano Disc inscriptions appear to depict a way of drawing celestial signs that portray the northern sky. This paper shows that the Phaistos Disc may not be an isolated document. https://www.academia.edu/31038379/Celestial_Magliano_Disc_Deciphered Celestial Mammen Axe Head Inscription Abstract: The Mammen Axe Head inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22619717/Celestial_Mammen_Axe_Head_Inscription Celestial Middle Elamite Inscription Abstract: This Middle Elamite Carnelian cylinder inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/22667862/Celestial_Middle_Elamite_Inscription Celestial Nora Fragment Inscription Abstract: The Nora Fragment inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/22667895/Celestial_Nora_Fragment_Inscription Celestial Numidian Inscriptions These Numidian inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618700/Celestial_Numidian_Inscriptions Celestial Ophel Inscription Abstract: The Ophel Inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446379/Celestial_Ophel_Inscription Celestial Ostracon Petrie 50 Inscription Abstract: The Ostracon Petrie 50 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/22618956/Celestial_Ostracon_Petrie_50_Inscription Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 32 Celestial Phaistos Disk Inscription Abstract: ​The Phaistos Disc inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. The inscriptions appear to depict a way of drawing celestial signs that portray the northern sky of 2000 BC or earlier. The spirals of 248 stamped hieroglyph tokens that comprise 45 distinct signs on sides A and B are superimposed upon star charts calculated for 2000 BC to show how the Phaistos Disc inscriptions might be ancient star maps that may have had use as an astronomical instrument similar to a planisphere by using the horizon at the site which is above the surrounding landscape. This decipherment does not include a linguistic interpretation of the Phaistos Disc. The graphic inscriptions on the disc are converted to color and compared to other inscriptions such as Tablet Ph-1, the Dispilio Tablet inscription, the Arkalochori Axe inscription, and a Linear A cup inscription. Stardates: 2000 BC, 2500 BC. https://www.academia.edu/26063554/Celestial_Phaistos_Disk_Inscription Celestial Pseudo-​Hieroglyphic Inscription Abstract: This Pseudo-​Hieroglyphic inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22667795/Celestial_Pseudo-_Hieroglyphic_Inscription Celestial Roman Bowl Inscription Abstract: This Roman Bowl inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20653030/Celestial_Roman_Bowl_Inscription Celestial Rosetta Stone Inscriptions Abstract: The Rosetta Stone inscriptions in Egyptian, Demotic, and Greek appear to be based on asterisms or small groups of stars that are written in lines across the sky. The Rosetta Stone was written in the stars. These scripts all use the same area of the sky for the text and are shown superimposed. https://www.academia.edu/20387883/Celestial_Rosetta_Stone_Inscriptions Celestial Scripts and Inscriptions Abstract: ​Ancient scripts and inscriptions appear to be based on an ancient system of using asterisms to form signs, hieroglyphs, glyphs, and letters. Royal and sacred documents and inscriptions from many civilizations were written in the stars. A section of the northern sky was used as a template for the letters or glyphs, etc. These glyphs or letters can be seen as long sentences and memorized. Page after page of a manuscript or inscription could be superimposed upon a previous page and all conform to the same celestial location. Small groups of different magnitude stars or asterisms can be seen to resemble letters or hieroglyphs in these examples that present the celestial location of the Rosetta Stone Egyptian, Demotic, and Greek. Script and inscription examples include hieratic, Iberian, early Arabic, the Capua Tile, the Cyrus Cylinder cuneiform, Pseudo-​Hieroglyphic, a section of the Behistun inscription, Sumerian star charts and art. A page from the Leningrad Codex is shown. The Rosetta Stone inscription is used to the compare scripts. Celestial scripts are based on celestial configurations. A celestial inscription is a representation of the starry sky. https://www.academia.edu/24135605/Celestial_Scripts_and_Inscriptions Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 33 Celestial Star of David Abstract: ​The ​ Star of David ​ appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. The Star of David shown here is from the oldest surviving complete copy of the Masoretic text, the Leningrad Codex, dated 1008. It is also known as the “Shield of David”. https://www.academia.edu/22955331/Celestial_Star_of_David Celestial ​Tanak ​Aleppo Codex & Leningrad Codex Abstract: ​The Hebrew alphabet writing in the ​ Aleppo Codex ,​ the ​ Leningrad Codex​ and other early Hebrew manuscripts including the ​ Dead Sea Scrolls​ appear to be based on ancient asterisms, or signs. Star Chart Date: 1 CE. Observatory: Jerusalem, Israel. https://www.academia.edu/23005837/Celestial_Tanak_Aleppo_Codex_and_Leningrad_Codex Celestial Timna Stone Abstract:​ The Timna Stone inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446369/Celestial_Timna_Stone Review: "The Alphabet and the Ancient Calendar Signs" Abstract: ​The subject of the First Edition of The Alphabet and the Ancient Calendar Signs regards the origins of the earliest Western alphabets and their relationship to the Chinese lunar calendar and horary signs. Dr. Moran focused his attention on the striking correspondences between the word meanings attributed to the letters of the Hebrew alphabet to their one-to-one relationship to certain Chinese lunar mansions. Dr. Moran’s hypothesis was that attributes of the Western alphabet was somehow derived from the Chinese lunar calendar. His thesis was that the meanings of each of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet had a one-to-one correspondence to the meanings of twenty-two Chinese lunar mansions, while omitting six lunar mansions in his correspondence. The Chinese lunar mansions were actually constellations in a band in the sky that the Moon traversed, which is the same band that the Sun travels, but is called the zodiac in the solar context. Moran compared the meanings and etymology of these two sets and found many similarities that he documented in his book. https://www.academia.edu/8459993/Review_The_Alphabet_and_the_Ancient_Calendar_Signs_ Walk Like an Egyptian - Ishtar, Isis, Hathor and Horus in Ursae Minoris Thesis: The sometimes awkward poses of gods, goddesses, and figures on some ancient Mesopotamian, Assyrian, and Egyptian artwork picture astronomical scenes or ancient constellations. The figures are drawn or engraved in those postures with the intention to represent them as they could be seen in the sky. Some hieroglyphs and other symbols in the same artwork could be based on small celestial patterns that would only become visible under a clear sky. A strange stance or posture of a figure may simply be how the artist fit the art on the asterism. Pharaohs and others could become part of the celestial landscape by having their likeness in the sky. The precession of the equinox and north celestial pole may have influenced the positioning of figures so that their heads are oriented to the celestial north pole of the era, which suggests the possible revisions of the constellations from time to time. These may be special constellations, that were only used in a royal context. The proper motion of individual stars may contribute to a small change in stance of a figure over time. The objective is to show the reason why some ancient Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 34 figures are pictured in the manner that has been referred to as walking like an Egyptian. https://www.academia.edu/8714697/Walk_Like_an_Egyptian_-_Ishtar_Isis_Hathor_and_Horus_in_Ursae _Minoris Semitic Alphabet Inscription Study The following links are to research papers that place selected alphabetic inscriptions over stars of 2000 B.C.E. The inscriptions are from Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. Use of the graphics in this section is courtesy of Gordon J. Hamilton. Some of the graphics used may have been cleaned up isolate the inscription from the drawing of the rock, etc. Additionally, many of the faint parts of an inscription are included although they may not be easily visible or agreed that a letter exists in such a place on the inscription. Artwork is also included in the decipherment when it appears. Sign graphics courtesy G. Hamilton. “Origin of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts”, The Catholic Biblical Quarterly Monograph Series 40, 2006, Washington D.C. Celestial Wadi el-Hol Abstract: The two Wadi el-Hol alphabetic-like inscriptions and ankh inscription found in Middle Egypt by John and Deborah Darnell appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Pages 324, 327, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by G. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20363980/Celestial_Wadi_el-H%C3%B4l Celestial Sinai 345 Abstract: The Sinai 345 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Pages 332,333, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by G. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/35543990/Celestial_Sinai_345_Inscriptions Celestial Sinai 346 Abstract: The Sinai 346 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 335, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20391305/Celestial_Sinai_346 Celestial Sinai 347 Abstract: The Sinai 347 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 338, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441036/Celestial_Sinai_347 Celestial Sinai 349 Abstract: The Sinai 349 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 339, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20392394/Celestial_Sinai_349 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 35 Celestial Sinai 350 Abstract: The Sinai 350 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 341, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20392714/Celestial_Sinai_350 Celestial Sinai 351 Abstract: The Sinai 351 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 343, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441101/Celestial_Sinai_351 Celestial Sinai 352 Abstract: The Sinai 352 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 345, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441251/Celestial_Sinai_352 Celestial Sinai 353 Abstract: The Sinai 353 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 347, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441347/Celestial_Sinai_353 Celestial Sinai 354 Abstract: The Sinai 354 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 350, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441328/Celestial_Sinai_354 Celestial Sinai 356 Abstract: The Sinai 356 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 352, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441364/Celestial_Sinai_356 Celestial Sinai 357 Abstract: The Sinai 357 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 354, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20441404/Celestial_Sinai_357 Celestial Sinai 358 Abstract: ​ The Sinai 358 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs See: Page 357, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/35529632/Celestial_Sinai_358_Inscription Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 36 Celestial Sinai 359 Abstract: ​ The Sinai 359 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs See: Page 359, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442256/Celestial_Sinai_359 Celestial Sinai 360 Abstract: The Sinai 360 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 360, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442315/Celestial_Sinai_360 Celestial Sinai 361 Abstract: The Sinai 361 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 361, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442526/Celestial_Sinai_361 Celestial Sinai 362 Abstract: The Sinai 362 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 362, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442719/Celestial_Sinai_362 Celestial Sinai 363 Abstract: The Sinai 363 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 364, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442837/Celestial_Sinai_363 Celestial Sinai 364 Abstract: The Sinai 364 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 367, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20442962/Celestial_Sinai_364 Celestial Sinai 365 Inscription Abstract: ​The Sinai 365 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 368, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443264/Celestial_Sinai_365_Inscription Celestial Sinai 367 Abstract:​ The Sinai 367 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 370, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443300/Celestial_Sinai_367 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 37 Celestial Sinai 374 Inscription Abstract: The Sinai 374 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 371, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443326/Celestial_Sinai_374_Inscription Celestial Sinai 375 Inscriptions Abstract: ​ The Sinai 375 inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 372+374+347, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by G. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443424/Celestial_Sinai_375_Inscriptions Celestial Sinai 376 Inscription Abstract: The Sinai 376 inscription appears appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 378, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/35531072/Celestial_Sinai_376_Inscription Celestial Sinai 377 Inscription Abstract: The Sinai 377 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 381, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443499/Celestial_Sinai_377_Inscription Celestial Sinai 378 Inscription Abstract: The Sinai 378 inscription appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 383, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443550/Celestial_Sinai_378_Inscription Celestial Sinai 379 Abstract: The Sinai 379 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 384, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443561/Celestial_Sinai_379 Celestial Sinai 380 Abstract: The Sinai 380 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 385, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443583/Celestial_Sinai_380 Celestial Sinai 527 Abstract: The Sinai 527 inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 387, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20443680/Celestial_Sinai_527 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 38 Celestial Lachish Dagger Abstract: The Lachish Dagger inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 390, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445270/Celestial_Lachish_Dagger Celestial Tell en-​Nagila Sherd Abstract:​ The Tell en​-Nagila Sherd inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 391, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445403/Celestial_Tell_en-_Nagila_Sherd Celestial Shechem Plaque Abstract:​ ​ The Shechem Plaque inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 393, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445343/Celestial_Shechem_Plaque Celestial Gezer Sherd Abstract: ​ The Gezer Sherd inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 396, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445255/Celestial_Gezer_Sherd Celestial Grossman / St. Louis / Goetze Seal Abstract: The Grossman/St.Louis/Goetze Seal inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. See: Page 397, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445313/Celestial_Grossman_St._Louis_Goetze_Seal Celestial Tel el-​Hesi Sherd Abstract​ ​ The Tel el-Hesi Sherd inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. See: Page 398, Appendix I of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. https://www.academia.edu/20445381/Celestial_Tel_en_Hesi_Sherd END of graphics study of ​The Origins of the West Semitic Alphabet in Egyptian Scripts​ by Gordon J. Hamilton. Runes and Ogham inscriptions Celestial Celto-​Etruscan Inscription Abstract: This Celto​-Etruscan inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20656917/Celestial_Celto-_Etruscan_Inscription Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 39 Celestial Newton Stone Abstract: ​ The inscription on the ​ Newton Stone ​ appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. Star chart date: 568 BC. Latitude: 57° 21' 24.35" N, Longitude: 2° 33' 40.84" W. https://www.academia.edu/23541110/Celestial_Newton_Stone Celestial Rune Ivsta Vastanland Inscription Abstract: The Ivsta Vastanland inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/20661939/Celestial_Rune_Ivsta_Vastanland_Inscription Celestial Ekeby Uppland Inscription Abstract: The Ekeby Uppland inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22770059/Celestial_Ekeby_Uppland_Inscription Celestial Brandsbut Pictish Ogham Stone Inscription Abstract: The Brandsbut Pictish Ogham Stone inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20653386/Celestial_Brandsbut_Pictish_Ogham_Stone_Inscription Celestial Clocha Oghaim Stone Inscription Abstract:​ The Clocha Oghaim Stone inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20653165/Celestial_Clocha_Oghaim_Stone_Inscription Celestial Maulinward Stone Inscription Abstract: The Maulinward Stone inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20653133/Celestial_Maulinward_Stone_Inscription Celestial Bishop's Cross Slab Inscription Abstract: The Bishop's Cross Slab inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20652897/Celestial_Bishops_Cross_Slab_Inscription Celestial Kongsberg Inscription Abstract: This Kongsberg Inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618682/Celestial_Kongsberg_Inscription Celestial Rok Runestone and a Medieval Sword Abstract: The Rök Runestone appears to be based on ancient asterisms, signs, or constellations. A Medieval sword in the British Museum also appears to be based on ancient asterisms, or constellations. https://www.academia.edu/27737504/ Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter Celestial Mayan and Olmec Inscriptions Celestial Mayan and Olmec Inscriptions Abstract: These Mayan inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446813/Celestial_Mayan_Inscriptions Celestial Olmec Estela C de Tres Zapote Abstract:​ The Olmec Estela C de Tres Zapote and other Olmec glyphs appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446714/Celestial_Olmec_Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapote Celestial Palenque Tablet Glyphs Abstract: The Palenque Tablet glyphs appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446606/Celestial_Palenque_Tablet_Glyphs Celestial Aztec Calendar Stone Abstract: The Aztec Calendar Stone appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20446526/Celestial_Aztec_Calendar_Stone Celestial Mayan 1 Imix Inscription Abstract: This Mayan 1 Imix inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20445767/Celestial_Mayan_1_Imix_Inscription Celestial Dresden Codex Inscriptions Abstract:​ ​ The Dresden Codex inscriptions appear to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20445740/Celestial_Dresden_Codex_Inscriptions Celestial Chichen ​Itza Inscription Abstract: The Chichen ​Itza inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20445698/Celestial_Chichen_Itza_Inscription Celestial Tortuguero Monument Inscription Abstract: The Tortuguero Monument inscription appears to be based on ancient asterisms or signs. https://www.academia.edu/20445534/Celestial_Tortuguero_Monument_Inscription Celestial La Mojarra Stela Abstract: The La Mojarra Stela appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22618556/Celestial_La_Mojarra_Stela 40 Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 41 Celestial Tuxtla Statuette Abstract: The Tuxtla Statuette appears to be based on ancient asterisms. https://www.academia.edu/22616066/Celestial_Tuxtla_Statuette Conclusions Why was ancient art drawn the way it was? Why were the letters and lines in ancient inscriptions so warped and appear disoriented? Was this because ancient peoples only learned to write in straight lines in recent times or because it was necessary to find the astral configuration of what was to be inscribed in clay or in rock? It appears that the letters in the astral configuration of the inscription might be at strange orientations and spacings with additional dots that indicate brighter stars in some cases. This investigation involved the creation of star charts from dates from 102000 B.C. to modern times. Many studies were not published or converted to animations due to time restrictions and other factors such as not knowing exactly where the inscription or petroglyph originated or not getting permission to use a photo or drawing in an astronomical context. The first attempts were crude in comparison to the latest animations, but this was a learning curve for me in regard to use of astronomical and graphics software. The refinement of methodology leads to recommendations for artists, epigraphers, linguists, historians, and others who would want to see if their ancient art or inscription has an astral context. Seeing the history of art and writing by looking at it from an astronomical perspective take a leap of faith for some. Use of a standard pixel grid is necessary to be able to layer the art into the greater context of all other art from that point in time. The astronomical context of the astral art and astral inscriptions requires that the center of the graphic be at the celestial north pole at that point in time. That way the graphic can be rotated in counter-clockwise rotation to show what the artwork or inscription would look like in the sky. The artwork or inscription can be shown in various opacity levels and color variations to show the art or inscription more clearly. The task of sizing the art or inscription to fit the sky is fun if you like that sort of thing. I have observed that some inscription sites use a similar celestial format, such as with Linear A. In many cases the papers only had one astronomical graphic, which leaves a lot of information out, such as celestial coordinates, constellations and boundaries, etc. Animations can easily show this information which can be generated by layering the graphics. These studies did not rely on much linguistic interpretation of the graphemes. This was primarily a graphic study which resulted in some drawings having a hundred layers or more. Converting the essential part of an image into a transparency such as shown in these animations and graphics makes it easier to see why a letter or sign or artwork is portrayed in the manner it is. Changes in opacity allow layers above or below to become visible or invisible if using software such as Adobe Premiere or PowerDirector or other video editing programs. Graphics should be prepared for mounting of artwork as layers if you want to place art or epigraphs over star maps of the actual or hypothetical date. Future papers will include links to standard astronomical graphics used for the animations, but those graphics would take gallons of ink if accidently printed and are not included here. Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 42 It was discovered that actual inscriptions tended to be easier to adjust to astral patterns because when the actual graphic gets distorted by an artistic rendition or other graphic manipulation then the decipherment becomes either difficult or impossible. Working from photographs and good drawings gave the best results in terms of identification of astronomical locations of inscriptions. The photograph might be traced to give a better look at the inscription, as was done in many of these graphics. For best results, the entire inscription is used to decipher the astral location. The choice of celestial location was based on the location of the north celestial pole at the time, the complexity of the inscription in terms of fitting across the sky, and the overall look at the sky at that time from those different times and what might have been seen in the patterns of stars and void areas, where no bright stars are seen. Then the predominant patterns are identified in the inscription closest to the center of the inscription. It is usually easy to align the signs with bright asterisms or see an almost abstract rendition of the night sky in cave art or petroglyphs. The sections below describe some of the methods used. - Lance Carlyle Carter, December 31, 2017. Appendix The Grids Graphics of 1080 pixels by 1080 pixels were selected as the size for the graphics in the animation studies, but other resolutions were used for individual graphic drawings such as an inscription.​ ​Graphics are placed in 1080 x 1080 pixel drawings using the ​Pixel Coordinate System​.​ ​Coordinates are indicated by X,Y pixel location. Photoshop places 0,0 on the upper left. Example pixel coordinates are 0,0 (Upper Left) or 540,540 (Middle) or 1079,1079 (Lower Right). Images are RGB (Red, Green, Blue).​ ​Some drawings are shown with grids of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines that are of different spacings such as a dot every tenth pixel. Close-ups of graphics may use other pixel resolutions depending on the FOV (Field Of View). (See Dispilio Tablet for close-ups of a small area and the additional detail that perspective offers.) The grids allow the underlying star maps, art, and inscriptions to be divided into squares like street maps and easily read. The squares are demarcated by a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines which are used as a reference for locating points. Most photos or drawings​ can be converted ​an image composed of 1080 rows and 1080 columns of different colored dots is seen as a 1080-by-1080 matrix. In many cases the 1080x1080 image is Black and White and has only one layer or one dimension and no color information. If the image was from a color photograph and additional precision is desired for mixing and changing the colors of images, then additional layers (planes) can be added. If no Black and White version of the image is available, then it might be created from the available color images. The Black and White layer might be omitted if three color layers (planes) are created: R represents the red pixel intensities, G represents the green pixel intensities, B represents the blue pixel intensities. First plane in the third dimension represents the red pixel intensities, the second plane Astral Art and Astral Epigraphy ​by Lance Carlyle Carter 43 represents the green pixel intensities, and the third plane represents the blue pixel intensities. For context of a full sky view, use 1920x1080 pixels with the north celestial pole in the center. Input Pictures are input to be digitally placed in the drawing such as a digital photograph or digital photo of an oil or watercolor painting, a digitized drawing, sketch, print, canvas, portrait, portrayal, illustration, artwork, depiction, likeness, representation, image, icon, etc. These pictures might be from wax impressions of tablets or seals or hand drawn graphic representations of what was seen in situ or advanced photographic depictions of artifact graphics. Photographs of inscriptions, digital scans of drawings or art, stills from video clips, etc. A visual representation of an artifact such as an inscription might be a photo taken in a museum or from an authoritative text. Metadata The following metadata might be important to the decipherment. 1st sentence description from Wikipedia Found at location: Latitude/Longitude of site location: Closest city to that location: Dated to: Dated to Credits: Discovered By: Birth-dates of "Discovered By" if possible: Date Discovered: Language of inscription if applicable: Language URL: Language deciphered by: Birth-dates if possible of decipherers: Script of inscription: Material: (Clay, stone, wood, ?) Type: Inscription: Present Location of art or inscription: Accessible for Tourists? (Information or Links): Identification: (Museum Identification Number): Images URL: Image/Photo Credit (Name): Image File Name: