Sadık Metin OkayRelated papers
Longitudinal Strains in Beams
Problem 5.4-1 Determine the maximum normal strain ⑀ max produced in a steel wire of diameter d ϭ 1/16 in. when it is bent around a cylindrical drum of radius R ϭ 24 in. (see .
Innovative International Venture “Be’er-Sheva – Moscow” at Kaye Academic College of Education: Teaching Hebrew as an Additional Language in an Online Environment
Academia Letters, 2022
In October 2020, when the Corona pandemic was peaking, a professional cooperation agreement was signed between Kaye Academic College of Education in Israel and the Kosygin State University of Russia in Moscow. In the 2020-2021 academic year, as part of this agreement, an innovative semester course 'Studying and Teaching-Teaching Hebrew as a Second Language in an Online Environment" to Jewish and Bedouin students, which I built and taught focusing on the Hebrew language at Kaye College in 2018-2020; became an annual international online project titled "Be'er-Sheva-Moscow".
GENDER REFLECTIONS IN MAINSTREAM HINDI CINEMA
Cinema is meant and believed to entertain, to take the viewer to a world that is starkly different from the real one, a world which provides escape from the daily grind of life. Cinema is a popular media of mass consumption which plays a key role in moulding opinions, constructing images and reinforcing dominant cultural values. The paper deals with representations of women characters in mainstream Bollywood movies. It is deemed appropriate to examine this issue because women are a major chunk of the country " s population and hence their portrayal on screen is crucial in determining the furtherance of already existing stereotypes in the society. The paper begins with a discussion on the field of feminist film criticism and how mainstream Hindi Cinema has restricted itself to defined sketches of womanhood. It also undertakes some glimpses from popular films to analyse this process of stereotyping the " other " – considering that reality in mainstream cinema is constructed from the male view point. A section is devoted to discussion on contemporary realistic brand of cinema and its understanding of women. In conclusion, a debate ensues on whether mainstream Hindi cinema has been successful in portraying Indian women of different shades in a society dominated by patriarchal values. Feminist Film Criticism The issues of media, identity and gender are being discussed all over today. They have become integral to the discipline of media studies. The reason is the popularity and diversity of media as a source of mass consumption and its influence on constructing ideas and generating debate. The media scene in India has expanded in the recent times as there is a plethora of media choices available to the audiences. Media structures and systems have also undergone a sea change with privatization and globalization. Huge corporations with their own profit motives own media houses. Media has been able to transcend borders and look at issues more holistically rather than in the context of nationalism. Hence, these developments are bound to affect the manner in which media scrutinizes and covers any issue – gender being an important one. Women are also major consumers of mass media and thus the way they are represented in media coverage is a major concern for the discipline. Several international forums have recognized the ramifications of such a transformed media environment on women " s access to media, their role in the media structure and the presentation of their perspective in media coverage. i In this paper, there has been an attempt to examine the relationship between women and popular Hindi cinema. While cinema in India is in itself a diverse strand of expression incorporating mainstream cinema which holds popular appeal, art/parallel cinema that engages with social issues, middle cinema and regional language cinema. The explorations in this paper are limited to mainstream/popular Hindi cinema better known as
Particle Learning for Sequential Bayesian Computation*
Bayesian Statistics 9, 2011
Particle learning provides a simulation-based approach to sequential Bayesian computation. To sample from a posterior distribution of interest we use an essential state vector together with a predictive and propagation rule to build a resampling-sampling framework. Predictive inference and sequential Bayes factors are a direct by-product. Our approach provides a simple yet powerful framework for the construction of sequential posterior sampling strategies for a variety of commonly used models.
>i/i<: o lugar do Império Otomano na obra de Leopold von Ranke
Starting from the Intellectual History's perspective, the objective was to identify the place of the Ottoman Empire, notably the Balkan portion of its territory, in the work of the German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886). Initially, a dialogue was established with Ranke's critical fortune in order to show how the issue thematic scope in his work is a point of debate among commentators who are divided between those who see Ranke as Eurocentric and those who see him as a researcher who has worked with a worldwide geographic framework and has included several cultures in his extensive historiographical work. Then, it was understood that a panoramic perspective helps to show how the Ottoman Empire is a frequent theme in Ranke's work, which was brought through a survey guided by the lexical quantification of words linked to the Ottoman world in all of the historian's works. Having established the argument that there is a constant presence of the Ottoman Empire in Rankean writings, it came to be understood under what statutes and relations the Ottomans appearfirstly in the politicaldiplomatic context of the Eastern Question and secondly in the academicintellectual context of growing professionalization of Orientalist studies in Germany. In addition to these contexts, it was noticed that the Ottoman Empire in Ranke has a close relationship with a psychological element that dates back centuries, as the Ottoman presence participates in the Germanic imagination in an ambiguous way-evoking fear and mystery, repulsion and enchantment. Ranke takes part in this traditional intellectual, political, and sentimental evocation of the Ottoman world and also in his work the Ottoman Empire contributes to the formation of European identity by offering a perennial dialogue full of political, intellectual and emotional complexity.
ARAPLARIN GÖZÜNDEN HAÇLI SEFERLERİ KİTAP İNCELEMESİ
Lübnan asıllı Arap tarihçi ve edebiyatçı olan Amin Maalouf tarafından yazılan "Arapların Gözünden Haçlı Seferleri" eserinin incelendiği bu çalışmada ilk olarak eser hakkında hem teknik açıdan hem de içerik açısından genel bir bilgi verilecektir. Daha sonrasında ise eserin genel bir incelenmesi yapılacaktır. Genel değerlendirmeden sonra ise eserde tarafımızca tespit edilebilen kültürel olaylar, durumlar, ilişkiler, etkileşimler ve örnekler verilecektir. Amin Maalouf tarafından 1983 yılında "Les croisades vues par les Arabes" orijinal adıyla Fransızca olarak basılan eser Ali Berktay tarafından Türkçeye çevrilmiş ve Yapı Kredi Yayınları tarafından basılmıştır.
What Governance Lessons Should be Learnt from the Société Générale's Kerviel Affair?
Belying its reputation as a pioneer in derivative product management and market risk control, the French banking institution Société Générale (SG) suffered in January 2008 the largest ever trading loss in financial market history. The origins of this loss and the way in which the bank managed the situation via its President Daniel Bouton and Board of Directors is highly instructive at several levels. This text will try to draw lessons to improve governance of large listed international banks. Such lessons, both positive and negative, can be divided into three categories: communications with regulators, markets and shareholders; the structure of internal control bodies and Board reports; and the organisation and composition of the Board itself, notably in regards to the role of a Crisis Management Committee, which would benefit from the defined of a specific status and the identification of more clearly identified borders within the Board of Directors.
1
Tension, Compression,
and Shear
P1
Normal Stress and Strain
A
Problem 1.2-1 A solid circular post ABC (see figure) supports
a load P1 2500 lb acting at the top. A second load P2 is
uniformly distributed around the shelf at B. The diameters of
the upper and lower parts of the post are dAB 1.25 in. and
dBC 2.25 in., respectively.
dAB
P2
B
(a) Calculate the normal stress AB in the upper part of the post.
(b) If it is desired that the lower part of the post have the
same compressive stress as the upper part, what should be
the magnitude of the load P2?
dBC
C
Solution 1.2-1
P1 2500 lb
Circular post in compression
ALTERNATE SOLUTION FOR PART (b)
P1 P2 P1 P2
2
ABC
4 dBC
P1
P1
sAB
2 sBC sAB
AAB 4 dAB
dAB 1.25 in.
sBC
dBC 2.25 in.
(a) NORMAL STRESS IN PART AB
P1
2500 lb
sAB
2040 psi
AAB 4 (1.25 in.) 2
dBC 2
P1 P2
P1
2 or P2 P1 B ¢
≤ 1R
2
dAB
dBC
dAB
dBC
1.8
dAB
∴ P2 2.24 P1 5600 lb
(b) LOAD P2 FOR EQUAL STRESSES
sBC
P1 P2 2500 lb P2
2
ABC
4 (2.25 in.)
P1
AB 2040 psi
A
Solve for P2: P2 5600 lb
P2
B
C
1
2
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.2-2 Calculate the compressive stress c in the circular
piston rod (see figure) when a force P 40 N is applied to the
brake pedal.
Assume that the line of action of the force P is parallel to the
piston rod, which has diameter 5 mm. Also, the other dimensions
shown in the figure (50 mm and 225 mm) are measured perpendicular to the line of action of the force P.
50 mm
5 mm
225 mm
P = 40 N
Piston rod
Solution 1.2-2
Free-body diagram of brake pedal
50 mm
©MA 0
A
F
EQUILIBRIUM OF BRAKE PEDAL
F(50 mm) P(275 mm) 0
225 mm
P = 40 N
F compressive force in piston rod
d diameter of piston rod
F P¢
275 mm
275
≤ (40 N) ¢
≤ 220 N
50 mm
50
COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN PISTON ROD (d 5 mm)
sc
F
220 N
11.2 MPa
A 4 (5 mm) 2
5 mm
Problem 1.2-3 A steel rod 110 ft long hangs inside a
tall tower and holds a 200-pound weight at its lower end
(see figure).
If the diameter of the circular rod is 1⁄4 inch, calculate the maximum normal stress max in the rod, taking
into account the weight of the rod itself. (Obtain the
weight density of steel from Table H-1, Appendix H.)
110 ft
1
— in.
4
200 lb
SECTION 1.2
Solution 1.2-3
3
Normal Stress and Strain
Long steel rod in tension
P 200 lb
smax
L 110 ft
d
gL (490 lbft3 )(110 ft) ¢
d 1⁄4 in.
L
WP
P
gL
A
A
1 ft2
≤
144 in.2
374.3 psi
P
200 lb
4074 psi
A 4 (0.25 in.) 2
Weight density: 490 lb/ft3
W Weight of rod
(Volume)
max 374 psi 4074 psi 4448 psi
AL
Rounding, we get
max 4450 psi
P = 200 lb
Problem 1.2-4 A circular aluminum tube of length L 400
mm is loaded in compression by forces P (see figure). The outside and inside diameters are 60 mm and 50 mm, respectively. A
strain gage is placed on the outside of the bar to measure normal
strains in the longitudinal direction.
Strain gage
P
P
L = 400 mm
(a) If the measured strain is 550 106, what is the
shortening of the bar?
(b) If the compressive stress in the bar is intended to be 40
MPa, what should be the load P?
Solution 1.2-4
Aluminum tube in compression
Strain gage
P
e 550 106
L 400 mm
P
(b) COMPRESSIVE LOAD P
d1 50 mm
40 MPa
A [d22 d12] [ (60 mm) 2 (50 mm) 2 ]
4
4
863.9 mm2
(a) SHORTENING OF THE BAR
P A (40 MPa)(863.9 mm2)
d2 60 mm
eL (550 106)(400 mm)
0.220 mm
34.6 kN
4
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
y
Problem 1.2-5 The cross section of a concrete pier that is loaded
uniformly in compression is shown in the figure.
20 in.
(a) Determine the average compressive stress c in
the concrete if the load is equal to 2500 k.
(b) Determine the coordinates x and y of the point where the
resultant load must act in order to produce uniform normal
stress.
16 in.
16 in.
48 in.
16 in.
O
Solution 1.2-5
(a) AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRESS c
P 2500 k
16 in.
x
C
16 in.
2
1
y
16 in.
O
x
16 in.
Concrete pier in compression
y
48 in.
20 in.
20 in.
16 in.
3
4
x
(b) COORDINATES OF CENTROID C
1
From symmetry, y (48 in.) 24 in.
2
© xi Ai
(see Chapter 12, Eq. 12-7a)
A
1
x (x1 A1 2x2 A2 x3 A3 )
A
x
USE THE FOLLOWING AREAS:
A1 (48 in.)(20 in.) 960 in.2
1
A2 A4 (16 in.)(16 in.) 128 in.2
2
A3 (16 in.)(16 in.) 256 in.2
1
[ (10 in.)(960 in.2 )
1472 in.2
2(25.333 in.)(128 in.2)
A A1 A2 A3 A4
(960 128 256 128)
P
2500 k
1.70 ksi
A 1472 in.2
sc
(28 in.)(256 in.2)]
in.2
1472 in.2
15.8 in.
Problem 1.2-6 A car weighing 130 kN when fully loaded
is pulled slowly up a steep inclined track by a steel cable
(see figure). The cable has an effective cross-sectional area
of 490 mm2, and the angle of the incline is 30°.
Calculate the tensile stress t in the cable.
Cable
SECTION 1.2
Solution 1.2-6
5
Normal Stress and Strain
Car on inclined track
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF CAR
W
TENSILE STRESS IN THE CABLE
W Weight of car
R2
R1
st
T W sin
A
A
T Tensile force in
cable
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Angle of incline
W 130 kN 30
A Effective area of
cable
A 490 mm2
st
R1, R2 Wheel reactions (no friction force between
wheels and rails)
(130 kN)(sin 30)
490 mm2
133 MPa
EQUILIBRIUM IN THE INCLINED DIRECTION
©FT 0Q b T W sin 0
T W sin
Problem 1.2-7 Two steel wires, AB and BC, support a lamp
weighing 18 lb (see figure). Wire AB is at an angle 34°
to the horizontal and wire BC is at an angle 48°. Both
wires have diameter 30 mils. (Wire diameters are often
expressed in mils; one mil equals 0.001 in.)
Determine the tensile stresses AB and BC in the
two wires.
C
A
B
Solution 1.2-7 Two steel wires supporting a lamp
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF POINT B
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
TAB(0.82904) TBC(0.66913) 0
TBC
TAB
34
d 30 mils 0.030 in.
y
W = 18 lb
0
48
A
x
d 2
706.9 10 6 in.2
4
TAB(0.55919) TBC(0.74314) 18 0
SOLVE THE EQUATIONS:
TAB 12.163 lb TBC 15.069 lb
TENSILE STRESSES IN THE WIRES
TAB
17,200 psi
A
TBC
sBC
21,300 psi
A
sAB
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
Fx 0
Fy 0
TAB cos TBC cos 0
TAB sin TBC sin W 0
6
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.2-8 A long retaining wall is braced by wood
shores set at an angle of 30° and supported by concrete
thrust blocks, as shown in the first part of the figure. The
shores are evenly spaced, 3 m apart.
For analysis purposes, the wall and shores are idealized
as shown in the second part of the figure. Note that the base
of the wall and both ends of the shores are assumed to be
pinned. The pressure of the soil against the wall is assumed
to be triangularly distributed, and the resultant force acting
on a 3-meter length of the wall is F 190 kN.
If each shore has a 150 mm 150 mm square cross section, what is the compressive stress c in the shores?
Solution 1.2-8
F
30°
1.5 m
A
C
0.5 m
4.0 m
A area of one shore
Shore
F
30°
1.5 m
A
A (150 mm)(150 mm)
C
22,500 mm2
0.5 m
0.0225 m2
4.0 m
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF WALL AND SHORE
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS ABOUT POINT A
©MA 0
B
F(1.5 m)CV (4.0 m)CH (0.5 m) 0
30°
A
AH
CH
CV
30°
C
AV
C compressive force in wood shore
CH horizontal component of C
CV vertical component of C
CV C sin 30
30°
B
F 190 kN
Wall
CH C cos 30
Retaining
wall
Concrete
Shore thrust
block
Retaining wall braced by wood shores
B
F
1.5 m
Soil
or
(190 kN)(1.5 m) C(sin 30)(4.0 m) C(cos 30)(0.5 m) 0
∴ C 117.14 kN
COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE SHORES
sc
C 117.14 kN
A 0.0225 m2
5.21 MPa
SECTION 1.2
Problem 1.2-9 A loading crane consisting of a steel girder
ABC supported by a cable BD is subjected to a load P
(see figure). The cable has an effective cross-sectional area
A 0.471 in2. The dimensions of the crane are H 9 ft,
L1 12 ft, and L2 4 ft.
7
Normal Stress and Strain
D
Cable
H
(a) If the load P 9000 lb, what is the average tensile
stress in the cable?
(b) If the cable stretches by 0.382 in., what is the average
strain?
Girder
B
A
L1
C
L2
P
Solution 1.2-9
Loading crane with girder and cable
EQUILIBRIUM
D
©MA 0
TV (12 ft) (9000 lb)(16 ft) 0
TV 12,000 lb
TH L1 12 ft
TV H
9 ft
12
∴ TH TV ¢ ≤
9
H
B
A
L1
H 9 ft
C
L2
P = 9000 lb
L1 12 ft
L2 4 ft
TH (12,000 lb) ¢
12
≤
9
16,000 lb
A effective area of cable
A 0.471
TENSILE FORCE IN CABLE
in.2
T TH2 TV2 (16,000 lb) 2 (12,000 lb) 2
P 9000 lb
20,000 lb
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF GIRDER
T
(a) AVERAGE TENSILE STRESS IN CABLE
TV
s
TH
A
12 ft
B
C
P 9000 lb
(b) AVERAGE STRAIN IN CABLE
L length of cableL H 2 L21 15 ft
4 ft
P = 9000 lb
T tensile force in cable
T 20,000 lb
42,500 psi
A 0.471 in.2
stretch of cable
e
0.382 in.
0.382 in.
2120 10 6
L (15 ft)(12 in.ft)
8
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.2-10 Solve the preceding problem if the load P 32 kN; the
cable has effective cross-sectional area A 481 mm2; the dimensions of
the crane are H 1.6 m, L1 3.0 m, and L2 1.5 m; and the cable
stretches by 5.1 mm. Figure is with Prob. 1.2-9.
Solution 1.2-10
Loading crane with girder and cable
D
H
B
A
L1
H 1.6 m
L1 3.0 m
L2 1.5 m
A effective area of cable
A 481 mm2
P 32 kN
C
L2
P = 32 kN
TENSILE FORCE IN CABLE
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF GIRDER
T
TH
A
3.0 m
TV
T = tensile force
in cable
B
C
T TH2 TV2 (90 kN) 2 (48 kN) 2
102 kN
(a) AVERAGE TENSILE STRESS IN CABLE
1.5 m
P = 32 kN
EQUILIBRIUM
©MA 0
TV (3.0 m) (32 kN)(4.5 m) 0
TV 48 kN
TH L1 3.0 m
TV H 1.6 m
3.0
∴ TH TV ¢ ≤
1.6
3.0
TH (48 kN) ¢ ≤
1.6
s
T
102 kN
212 MPa
A 481 mm2
(b) AVERAGE STRAIN IN CABLE
L length of cable
L H 2 L21 3.4 m
stretch of cable
5.1 mm
e
5.1 mm
1500 10 6
L
3.4 m
90 kN
Problem 1.2-11 A reinforced concrete slab 8.0 ft square and 9.0 in.
thick is lifted by four cables attached to the corners, as shown in
the figure. The cables are attached to a hook at a point 5.0 ft above
the top of the slab. Each cable has an effective cross-sectional area
A 0.12 in2.
Determine the tensile stress t in the cables due to the weight of
the concrete slab. (See Table H-1, Appendix H, for the weight density
of reinforced concrete.)
Cables
Reinforced
concrete slab
SECTION 1.2
Solution 1.2-11
9
Normal Stress and Strain
Reinforced concrete slab supported by four cables
W
T tensile force in a cable
Cable AB:
A
TV
H
T
LAB
H
Cable
TV T ¢
t
H
H L22
2
≤
(Eq. 1)
EQUILIBRIUM
B
Fvert 0 ↑ ↓
L
L
W 4TV 0
H height of hook above slab
TV
L length of side of square slab
t thickness of slab
W
4
(Eq. 2)
COMBINE EQS. (1) & (2):
weight density of reinforced concrete
T¢
W weight of slab L2t
D length of diagonal of slab L2
H
H L 2
T
2
2
≤
W
4
W H 2 L22 W
1 L22H 2
4
H
4
DIMENSIONS OF CABLE AB
TENSILE STRESS IN A CABLE
A
LAB
H
B
LAB length of cable
L2
H2
B
2
D= L
2
2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF HOOK AT POINT A
A effective cross-sectional area of a cable
st
T W
1 L22H2
A 4A
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES AND OBTAIN t :
H 5.0 ft
L 8.0 ft
150
A 0.12
lb/ft3
t 9.0 in. 0.75 ft
in.2
W L2t 7200 lb
W
TH
st
A
T
T
W
1 L22H2 22,600 psi
4A
TV
T
T
T
Problem 1.2-12 A round bar ACB of length 2L (see figure) rotates about
an axis through the midpoint C with constant angular speed (radians
per second). The material of the bar has weight density .
(a) Derive a formula for the tensile stress x in the bar as a function of
the distance x from the midpoint C.
(b) What is the maximum tensile stress max?
A
C
L
B
x
L
10
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Solution 1.2-12
D
Rotating Bar
dM
B
C
x
d
L
angular speed (rad/s)
A cross-sectional area
weight density
Consider an element of mass dM at distance from the
midpoint C. The variable ranges from x to L.
g
dM g A dj
dF Inertia force (centrifugal force) of element of mass dM
g
dF (dM)(j 2 ) g A 2jdj
Fx
B
dF
D
g
g mass density
x
L
g
gA 2 2
A 2jdj
(L x 2)
g
2g
(a) TENSILE STRESS IN BAR AT DISTANCE x
Fx g 2 2
(L x 2) —
A
2g
sx
We wish to find the axial force Fx in the bar at
Section D, distance x from the midpoint C.
The force Fx equals the inertia force of the part of
the rotating bar from D to B.
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
x 0smax
g 2L2
—
2g
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Problem 1.3-1 Imagine that a long steel wire hangs vertically from a
high-altitude balloon.
(a) What is the greatest length (feet) it can have without yielding if the
steel yields at 40 ksi?
(b) If the same wire hangs from a ship at sea, what is the greatest
length? (Obtain the weight densities of steel and sea water from
Table H-1, Appendix H.)
Solution 1.3-1
Hanging wire of length L
W total weight of steel wire
S weight density of steel
L
Lmax
11,800 ft
490 lb/ft3
W weight density of sea water
63.8 lb/ft3
A cross-sectional area of wire
max 40 ksi (yield strength)
(b) WIRE HANGING IN SEA WATER
F tensile force at top of wire
F (gS gW ) ALsmax
Lmax
(a) WIRE HANGING IN AIR
W S AL
W
smax gSL
A
smax 40,000 psi
(144 in.2ft2 )
gS
490 lbft3
F
(gS gW )L
A
smax
gS gW
40,000 psi
(144 in.2ft2 )
(490 63.8)lbft3
13,500 ft
SECTION 1.3
Mechanical Properties of Materials
11
Problem 1.3-2 Imagine that a long wire of tungsten hangs vertically
from a high-altitude balloon.
(a) What is the greatest length (meters) it can have without breaking
if the ultimate strength (or breaking strength) is 1500 MPa?
(b) If the same wire hangs from a ship at sea, what is the greatest
length? (Obtain the weight densities of tungsten and sea water
from Table H-1, Appendix H.)
Solution 1.3-2
Hanging wire of length L
W total weight of tungsten wire
T weight density of tungsten
190
L
kN/m3
W weight density of sea water
10.0
kN/m3
A cross-sectional area of wire
max 1500 MPa (breaking strength)
(b) WIRE HANGING IN SEA WATER
F tensile force at top of wire
F (TW)AL
F
(gT gW )L
A
smax
Lmax
gT gW
smax
(a) WIRE HANGING IN AIR
8300 m
W T AL
smax
W
gTL
A
Lmax
smax 1500 MPa
gT
190 kNm3
1500 MPa
(190 10.0) kNm3
7900 m
Problem 1.3-3 Three different materials, designated A, B,
and C, are tested in tension using test specimens having
diameters of 0.505 in. and gage lengths of 2.0 in. (see figure).
At failure, the distances between the gage marks are found to
be 2.13, 2.48, and 2.78 in., respectively. Also, at the failure
cross sections the diameters are found to be 0.484, 0.398, and
0.253 in., respectively.
Determine the percent elongation and percent reduction
in area of each specimen, and then, using your own judgment,
classify each material as brittle or ductile.
P
Gage
length
P
12
CHAPTER 1
Solution 1.3-3
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Tensile tests of three materials
0.505 in
P
P
Percent reduction in area
¢1
2.0 in
Percent elongation
L1 L0
L1
(100) ¢ 1 ≤100
L0
L0
L0 2.0 in.
Percent elongation ¢
A0 A1
(100)
A0
L1
1 ≤ (100)
2.0
(Eq. 1)
where L1 is in inches.
A1
≤ (100)
A0
d0 initial diameter d1 final diameter
A1
d1 2
¢ ≤ d0 0.505 in.
A0
d0
Percent reduction in area
B1 ¢
d1 2
≤ R (100)
0.505
(Eq. 2)
where d1 is in inches.
Material
L1
(in.)
d1
(in.)
% Elongation
(Eq. 1)
A
2.13
0.484
6.5%
8.1%
Brittle
B
2.48
0.398
24.0%
37.9%
Ductile
C
2.78
0.253
39.0%
74.9%
Ductile
Problem 1.3-4 The strength-to-weight ratio of a structural
material is defined as its load-carrying capacity divided by
its weight. For materials in tension, we may use a characteristic tensile stress (as obtained from a stress-strain curve)
as a measure of strength. For instance, either the yield
stress or the ultimate stress could be used, depending upon
the particular application. Thus, the strength-to-weight ratio
RS/W for a material in tension is defined as
RS/W
Solution 1.3-4
% Reduction
(Eq. 2)
Brittle or
Ductile?
in which is the characteristic stress and is the weight
density. Note that the ratio has units of length.
Using the ultimate stress U as the strength parameter,
calculate the strength-to-weight ratio (in units of meters)
for each of the following materials: aluminum alloy
6061-T6, Douglas fir (in bending), nylon, structural steel
ASTM-A572, and a titanium alloy. (Obtain the material
properties from Tables H-1 and H-3 of Appendix H. When
a range of values is given in a table, use the average value.)
Strength-to-weight ratio
The ultimate stress U for each material is obtained
from Table H-3, Appendix H, and the weight density
is obtained from Table H-1.
The strength-to-weight ratio (meters) is
sU (MPa)
RSW
(103 )
g(kNm3 )
Values of U, , and RS/W are listed in the table.
Aluminum alloy
6061-T6
Douglas fir
Nylon
Structural steel
ASTM-A572
Titanium alloy
U
(MPa)
(kN/m3)
310
26.0
11.9 103
65
60
500
5.1
9.8
77.0
12.7 103
6.1 103
6.5 103
1050
44.0
23.9 103
RS/W
(m)
Titanium has a high strength-to-weight ratio, which is
why it is used in space vehicles and high-performance
airplanes. Aluminum is higher than steel, which makes
it desirable for commercial aircraft. Some woods are also
higher than steel, and nylon is about the same as steel.
SECTION 1.3
Problem 1.3-5 A symmetrical framework consisting of three pinconnected bars is loaded by a force P (see figure). The angle
between the inclined bars and the horizontal is 48°. The axial
strain in the middle bar is measured as 0.0713.
Determine the tensile stress in the outer bars if they are
constructed of aluminum alloy having the stress-strain diagram
shown in Fig. 1-13. (Express the stress in USCS units.)
Mechanical Properties of Materials
A
B
C
D
P
Solution 1.3-5
Symmetrical framework
L length of bar BD
A
B
C
L1 distance BC
L cot L(cot 48) 0.9004 L
L2 length of bar CD
L csc L(csc 48) 1.3456 L
D
Elongation of bar BD distance DE eBDL
P
eBDL 0.0713 L
Aluminum alloy
L3 distance CE
48
L3 L21 (L eBD L) 2
eBD 0.0713
Use stress-strain diagram of Figure 1-13
C
B
(0.9004L) 2 L2 (1 0.0713) 2
1.3994 L
elongation of bar CD
L3 L2 0.0538L
L
Strain in bar CD
L2
L3
D
0.0538L
0.0400
L2 1.3456L
From the stress-strain diagram of Figure 1-13:
BDL
E
s 31 ksi
13
14
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.3-6 A specimen of a methacrylate plastic is tested in tension
at room temperature (see figure), producing the stress-strain data listed in
the accompanying table.
Plot the stress-strain curve and determine the proportional limit,
modulus of elasticity (i.e., the slope of the initial part of the stress-strain
curve), and yield stress at 0.2% offset. Is the material ductile or brittle?
STRESS-STRAIN DATA FOR PROBLEM 1.3-6
P
P
Solution 1.3-6
Stress (MPa)
8.0
17.5
25.6
31.1
39.8
44.0
48.2
53.9
58.1
62.0
62.1
Strain
0.0032
0.0073
0.0111
0.0129
0.0163
0.0184
0.0209
0.0260
0.0331
0.0429
Fracture
Tensile test of a plastic
Using the stress-strain data given in the problem
statement, plot the stress-strain curve:
PL proportional limit PL 47 MPa
Modulus of elasticity (slope) 2.4 GPa
Y yield stress at 0.2% offset
60
Stress
(MPa)
Y 53 MPa
Y
PL
40
slope ≈ 40 MPa = 2.4 GPa
0.017
Material is brittle, because the strain after the
proportional limit is exceeded is relatively
small. —
20
0.2% offset
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
Strain
0.04
Problem 1.3-7 The data shown in the accompanying table were
obtained from a tensile test of high-strength steel. The test specimen
had a diameter of 0.505 in. and a gage length of 2.00 in. (see figure for
Prob. 1.3-3). At fracture, the elongation between the gage marks was
0.12 in. and the minimum diameter was 0.42 in.
Plot the conventional stress-strain curve for the steel and determine
the proportional limit, modulus of elasticity (i.e., the slope of the initial
part of the stress-strain curve), yield stress at 0.1% offset, ultimate stress,
percent elongation in 2.00 in., and percent reduction in area.
TENSILE-TEST DATA FOR PROBLEM 1.3-7
Load (lb)
1,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
12,000
12,900
13,400
13,600
13,800
14,000
14,400
15,200
16,800
18,400
20,000
22,400
22,600
Elongation (in.)
0.0002
0.0006
0.0019
0.0033
0.0039
0.0043
0.0047
0.0054
0.0063
0.0090
0.0102
0.0130
0.0230
0.0336
0.0507
0.1108
Fracture
SECTION 1.3
Solution 1.3-7
L0 2.00 in.
ENLARGEMENT OF PART OF THE STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
d02
0.200 in.2
4
Stress
(psi)
CONVENTIONAL STRESS AND STRAIN
s
YP
70,000
P
e
A0
L0
Load P
(lb)
1,000
2,000
6,000
10,000
12,000
12,900
13,400
13,600
13,800
14,000
14,400
15,200
16,800
18,400
20,000
22,400
22,600
YP ≈ 69,000 psi
(0.1% offset)
PL
Elongation
(in.)
0.0002
0.0006
0.0019
0.0033
0.0039
0.0043
0.0047
0.0054
0.0063
0.0090
0.0102
0.0130
0.0230
0.0336
0.0507
0.1108
Fracture
Stress
(psi)
5,000
10,000
30,000
50,000
60,000
64,500
67,000
68,000
69,000
70,000
72,000
76,000
84,000
92,000
100,000
112,000
113,000
PL ≈ 65,000 psi
60,000
0.1% pffset
50,000 psi
Slope ≈
0.00165
≈ 30 × 106 psi
Strain e
0.00010
0.00030
0.00100
0.00165
0.00195
0.00215
0.00235
0.00270
0.00315
0.00450
0.00510
0.00650
0.01150
0.01680
0.02535
0.05540
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
50,000
0
0.0020
0.0040
Strain
RESULTS
Proportional limit 65,000 psi
Modulus of elasticity (slope) 30 106 psi
Yield stress at 0.1% offset 69,000 psi
Ultimate stress (maximum stress)
113,000 psi
Percent elongation in 2.00 in.
L1 L0
(100)
L0
0.12 in.
(100) 6%
2.00 in.
Percent reduction in area
150,000
Stress
(psi)
A0 A1
(100)
A0
100,000
0.200 in.2 4 (0.42 in.) 2
(100)
0.200 in.2
31%
50,000
0
15
Tensile test of high-strength steel
d0 0.505 in.
A0
Mechanical Properties of Materials
0.0200
0.0400
Strain
0.0600
16
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Elasticity, Plasticity, and Creep
Problem 1.4-1 A bar made of structural steel having the stressstrain diagram shown in the figure has a length of 48 in. The yield
stress of the steel is 42 ksi and the slope of the initial linear part of
the stress-strain curve (modulus of elasticity) is 30 103 ksi. The
bar is loaded axially until it elongates 0.20 in., and then the load
is removed.
How does the final length of the bar compare with its original
length? (Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Fig. 1-18b.)
(ksi)
60
40
20
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
Solution 1.4-1
Steel bar in tension
ELASTIC RECOVERY eE
A
Y
B
eE
sB
42 ksi
0.00140
Slope 30 103 ksi
RESIDUAL STRAIN eR
E
eR eB eE 0.004170.00140
0
R
B
0.00277
L 48 in.
PERMANENT SET
Yield stress Y 42 ksi
eRL (0.00277)(48 in.)
Slope 30 103 ksi
0.20 in.
0.13 in.
Final length of bar is 0.13 in. greater than its original
length.
STRESS AND STRAIN AT POINT B
B Y 42 ksi
eB
0.20 in.
0.00417
L
48 in.
Problem 1.4-2 A bar of length 2.0 m is made of a structural
steel having the stress-strain diagram shown in the figure. The
yield stress of the steel is 250 MPa and the slope of the initial
linear part of the stress-strain curve (modulus of elasticity) is
200 GPa. The bar is loaded axially until it elongates 6.5 mm,
and then the load is removed.
How does the final length of the bar compare with its original
length? (Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Fig. 1-18b.)
(MPa)
300
200
100
0
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
SECTION 1.4
Solution 1.4-2
17
Steel bar in tension
ELASTIC RECOVERY eE
L 2.0 m 2000 mm
A
Y
B
eE
Yield stress Y 250 MPa
Slope 200 GPa
B
R
0
eR eB eE 0.003250.00125
0.00200
Permanent set eRL (0.00200)(2000 mm)
STRESS AND STRAIN AT POINT B
4.0 mm
B Y 250 MPa
Final length of bar is 4.0 mm greater than its
original length.
6.5 mm
0.00325
L 2000 mm
Problem 1.4-3 An aluminum bar has length L 4 ft and
diameter d 1.0 in. The stress-strain curve for the aluminum is shown in Fig. 1-13 of Section 1.3. The initial
straight-line part of the curve has a slope (modulus of elasticity) of 10 106 psi. The bar is loaded by tensile forces
P 24 k and then unloaded.
Solution 1.4-3
sB
250 MPa
0.00125
Slope 200 GPa
RESIDUAL STRAIN eR
6.5 mm
E
eB
Elasticity, Plasticity, and Creep
(a) What is the permanent set of the bar?
(b) If the bar is reloaded, what is the proportional limit?
(Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Figs. 1-18b and
1-19.)
Aluminum bar in tension
B
STRESS AND STRAIN AT POINT B
B
sB
A
P
24 k
31 ksi
A 4 (1.0 in.) 2
From Fig. 1-13: eB 0.04
ELASTIC RECOVERY eE
E
0
R
B
L 4 ft 48 in.
d 1.0 in.
P 24 k
eE
sB
31 ksi
0.0031
Slope 10 106 psi
RESIDUAL STRAIN eR
eR eB eE 0.04 0.0031 0.037
(Note: The accuracy in this result is very poor because
eB is approximate.)
See Fig. 1-13 for stress-strain diagram
Slope from O to A is 10 106 psi.
(a) PERMANENT SET
eRL (0.037)(48 in.)
1.8 in.
(b) PROPORTIONAL LIMIT WHEN RELOADED
B 31 ksi
18
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.4-4 A circular bar of magnesium alloy is 800 mm long.
The stress-strain diagram for the material is shown in the figure. The
bar is loaded in tension to an elongation of 5.6 mm, and then the load
is removed.
200
(MPa)
(a) What is the permanent set of the bar?
(b) If the bar is reloaded, what is the proportional limit?
(Hint: Use the concepts illustrated in Figs. 1-18b and 1-19.)
100
0
Solution 1.4-4
Slope
B
A
0.010
(sPL ) 1 88 MPa
44 GPa
eA
0.002
STRESS AND STRAIN AT POINT B
eB
R
5.6 mm
0.007
L 800 mm
From -e diagram: B (PL)2 170 MPa
E
0
0.005
Magnesium bar in tension
(PL )2
(PL )1
0
B
L 800 mm
ELASTIC RECOVERY eE
eE
5.6 mm
(PL )1 initial proportional limit
88 MPa (from stress-strain diagram)
(PL )2 proportional limit when the bar is
reloaded
INITIAL SLOPE OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
From -e diagram:
At point A: (PL )1 88 MPa
eA 0.002
Problem 1.4-5 A wire of length L 4 ft and diameter
d 0.125 in. is stretched by tensile forces P 600 lb.
The wire is made of a copper alloy having a stress-strain
relationship that may be described mathematically by the
following equation:
18,000
0 0.03 ( ksi)
1 300
in which is nondimensional and has units of kips per
square inch (ksi).
sB
(sPL ) 2 170 MPa
0.00386
Slope
Slope
44 GPa
RESIDUAL STRAIN eR
eR eB eE 0.007 0.00386
0.00314
(a) PERMANENT SET
eRL (0.00314)(800 mm)
2.51 mm
(b) PROPORTIONAL LIMIT WHEN RELOADED
(PL)2 B 170 MPa
(a) Construct a stress-strain diagram for the material.
(b) Determine the elongation of the wire due to the
forces P.
(c) If the forces are removed, what is the permanent
set of the bar?
(d) If the forces are applied again, what is the proportional
limit?
SECTION 1.5
Solution 1.4-5
Wire stretched by forces P
ALTERNATIVE FORM OF THE STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
L 4 ft 48 in. d 0.125 in.
Solve Eq. (1) for e in terms of :
s
e
0 s 54 ksi(s ksi) (Eq. 2)
18,000 300s
This equation may also be used when plotting the
stress-strain diagram.
P 600 lb
COPPER ALLOY
s
18,000e
1 300e
0
0.03 (s ksi)
e
(Eq. 1)
(b) ELONGATION OF THE WIRE
(a) STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM (From Eq. 1)
s
60
= 54 ksi
B
19
Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio
P
600 lb
48,900 psi 48.9 ksi
A 4 (0.125 in.) 2
From Eq. (2) or from the stress-strain diagram:
B
e 0.0147
40
eL (0.0147)(48 in.) 0.71 in.
(ksi)
STRESS AND STRAIN AT POINT B (see diagram)
20
B 48.9 ksi
E = B − R
R
0
0.01
ELASTIC RECOVERY eE
B
0.02
eB 0.0147
0.03
eE
sB
48.9 ksi
0.00272
Slope 18,000 ksi
INITIAL SLOPE OF STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
Take the derivative of with respect to e:
ds (1 300e)(18,000) (18,000e)(300)
de
(1 300e) 2
18,000
(1 300e) 2
At e 0,
ds
18,000 ksi
de
∴ Initial slope18,000 ksi
RESIDUAL STRAIN eR
eR eB eE 0.0147 0.0027 0.0120
(c) Permanent set eR L (0.0120)(48 in.)
0.58 in.
(d) Proportional limit when reloaded B
B49 ksi
Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio
When solving the problems for Section 1.5, assume that the material behaves
linearly elastically.
Problem 1.5-1 A high-strength steel bar used in a large crane has
diameter d 2.00 in. (see figure). The steel has modulus of elasticity
E 29 106 psi and Poisson’s ratio 0.29. Because of clearance
requirements, the diameter of the bar is limited to 2.001 in. when it is
compressed by axial forces.
What is the largest compressive load Pmax that is permitted?
d
P
P
20
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Solution 1.5-1
STEEL BAR
Steel bar in compression
d 2.00 in.
Max. d 0.001 in.
E 29 106 psi
0.29
LATERAL STRAIN
e¿
AXIAL STRESS
Ee (29 106 psi)(0.001724)
50.00 ksi (compression)
Assume that the yield stress for the high-strength
steel is greater than 50 ksi. Therefore, Hooke’s law is
valid.
¢d 0.001 in.
0.0005
d
2.00 in.
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE LOAD
AXIAL STRAIN
e¿
0.0005
e
0.001724
n
0.29
(shortening)
Pmax sA (50.00 ksi) ¢
157 k
Problem 1.5-2 A round bar of 10 mm diameter is made of
aluminum alloy 7075-T6 (see figure). When the bar is stretched
by axial forces P, its diameter decreases by 0.016 mm.
Find the magnitude of the load P. (Obtain the material properties from Appendix H.)
Solution 1.5-2
d 10 mm
d = 10 mm
P
P
7075-T6
Aluminum bar in tension
d 0.016 mm
AXIAL STRESS
Ee (72 GPa)(0.004848)
(Decrease in diameter)
349.1 MPa (Tension)
7075-T6
From Table H-2: E 72 GPa
0.33
Because < Y , Hooke’s law is valid.
From Table H-3: Yield stress Y 480 MPa
LOAD P (TENSILE FORCE)
LATERAL STRAIN
P sA (349.1 MPa) ¢
e¿
≤ (2.00 in.) 2
4
¢d 0.016 mm
0.0016
d
10 mm
≤ (10 mm) 2
4
27.4 kN
AXIAL STRAIN
e
e¿ 0.0016
n
0.33
0.004848 (Elongation)
Problem 1.5-3 A nylon bar having diameter d1 3.50 in. is placed inside
a steel tube having inner diameter d2 3.51 in. (see figure). The nylon bar
is then compressed by an axial force P.
At what value of the force P will the space between the nylon bar and
the steel tube be closed? (For nylon, assume E 400 ksi and 0.4.)
Steel
tube
d1 d2
Nylon
bar
SECTION 1.5
Solution 1.5-3
Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio
Nylon bar inside steel tube
AXIAL STRAIN
e¿
0.002857
0.007143
n
0.4
(Shortening)
e
d1 d2
AXIAL STRESS
Ee (400 ksi)(0.007143)
COMPRESSION
d13.50 in.
d1 0.01 in.
d23.51 in.
2.857 ksi
(Compressive stress)
Nylon: E 400 ksi
0.4
Assume that the yield stress is greater than and
Hooke’s law is valid.
LATERAL STRAIN
e¿
¢d1
(Increase in diameter)
d1
e¿
0.01 in.
0.002857
3.50 in.
FORCE P (COMPRESSION)
P sA (2.857 ksi) ¢
27.5 k
Problem 1.5-4 A prismatic bar of circular cross section is loaded
by tensile forces P (see figure). The bar has length L 1.5 m and
diameter d 30 mm. It is made of aluminum alloy with modulus
of elasticity E 75 GPa and Poisson’s ratio 1⁄3.
If the bar elongates by 3.6 mm, what is the decrease in
diameter d? What is the magnitude of the load P?
Solution 1.5-4
≤ (3.50 in.) 2
4
d
P
L
Aluminum bar in tension
L 1.5 m
d 30 mm
E 75 GPa
1⁄3
DECREASE IN DIAMETER
d e d (0.0008)(30 mm) 0.024 mm
3.6 mm (elongation)
AXIAL STRESS
AXIAL STRAIN
Ee (75 GPa)(0.0024)
e
P
3.6 mm
0.0024
L
1.5 m
180 MPa
(This stress is less than the yield stress, so Hooke’s law
is valid.)
LATERAL STRAIN
e¿ ne ( 13 )(0.0024)
0.0008
(Minus means decrease in diameter)
LOAD P (TENSION)
P sA (180 MPa) ¢
127 kN
≤ (30 mm) 2
4
21
22
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.5-5 A bar of monel metal (length L 8 in.,
diameter d 0.25 in.) is loaded axially by a tensile force
P 1500 lb (see figure from Prob. 1.5-4). Using the data in
Solution 1.5-5
L 8 in.
Table H-2, Appendix H, determine the increase in length of
the bar and the percent decrease in its cross-sectional area.
Bar of monel metal in tension
d 0.25 in.
P 1500 lb
From Table H-2: E 25,000 ksi
0.32
AXIAL STRESS
P
1500 lb
s
30,560 psi
A 4 (0.25 in.) 2
DECREASE IN CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
Original area: A0
Final area:
(d ¢d) 2
4
A1 [d2 2d¢d (¢d) 2 ]
4
Assume is less than the proportional limit, so that
Hooke’s law is valid.
A1
AXIAL STRAIN
Decrease in area:
e
s 30,560 psi
0.001222
E 25,000 ksi
d 2
4
A A0 A1
¢A
INCREASE IN LENGTH
(¢d)(2d ¢d)
4
e L (0.001222)(8 in.) 0.00978 in.
PERCENT DECREASE IN AREA
LATERAL STRAIN
Percent
e¿ ne (0.32)(0.001222)
0.0003910
DECREASE IN DIAMETER
(¢d)(2d ¢d)
¢A
(100)
(100)
A0
d2
(0.0000978)(0.4999)
(100)
(0.25) 2
0.078%
¢d e¿d (0.0003910)(0.25 in.)
0.0000978 in.
Problem 1.5-6 A tensile test is peformed on a brass specimen
10 mm in diameter using a gage length of 50 mm (see figure).
When the tensile load P reaches a value of 20 kN, the distance
between the gage marks has increased by 0.122 mm.
(a) What is the modulus of elasticity E of the brass?
(b) If the diameter decreases by 0.00830 mm, what is
Poisson’s ratio?
10 mm
50 mm
P
P
SECTION 1.5
Solution 1.5-6
Linear Elasticity, Hooke’s Law, and Poisson’s Ratio
Brass specimen in tension
d 10 mm
Gage length L 50 mm
P 20 kN
0.122 mm
(a) MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
d 0.00830 mm
E
AXIAL STRESS
P
20 kN
254.6 MPa
A 4 (10 mm) 2
Assume is below the proportional limit so that
Hooke’s law is valid.
s
e
(b) POISSON’S RATIO
e e
d e d ed
n
AXIAL STRAIN
s 254.6 MPa
104 GPa
e
0.002440
¢d
0.00830 mm
0.34
ed
(0.002440)(10 mm)
0.122 mm
0.002440
L
50 mm
P
Problem 1.5-7 A hollow steel cylinder is compressed by a force P
(see figure). The cylinder has inner diameter d1 3.9 in., outer diameter
d2 4.5 in., and modulus of elasticity E 30,000 ksi. When the force P
increases from zero to 40 k, the outer diameter of the cylinder increases
by 455 106 in.
(a) Determine the increase in the inner diameter.
(b) Determine the increase in the wall thickness.
(c) Determine Poisson’s ratio for the steel.
d1
d2
Solution 1.5-7
Hollow steel cylinder
d1 3.9 in.
(c) POISSON’S RATIO
d2 4.5 in.
d1 d2
t 0.3 in.
E 30,000 ksi
t
Axial stress: s
2
[d d21 ] [ (4.5 in.) 2 (3.9 in.) 2 ]
4 2
4
2
3.9584 in.
A
P 40 k (compression)
d2 455 106 in. (increase)
s
LATERAL STRAIN
¢d2 455 10 6 in.
e¿
0.0001011
d2
4.5 in.
P
A
P
40 k
A 3.9584 in.2
10.105 ksi (compression)
Y ; Hooke’s law is valid)
(
Axial strain:
(a) INCREASE IN INNER DIAMETER
¢d1 e¿d1 (0.0001011)(3.9 in.)
394 10 6 in.
(b) INCREASE IN WALL THICKNESS
¢t e¿t (0.0001011)(0.3 in.)
30 10 6 in.
e
s 10.105 ksi
E 30,000 ksi
0.000337
n
e¿ 0.0001011
e
0.000337
0.30
23
24
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.5-8 A steel bar of length 2.5 m with a
square cross section 100 mm on each side is subjected
to an axial tensile force of 1300 kN (see figure). Assume
that E 200 GPa and v 0.3.
Determine the increase in volume of the bar.
Solution 1.5-8
Length: L 2.5 m 2500 mm
Side: b 100 mm
E 200 GPa
DECREASE IN SIDE DIMENSION
e¿ ne 195 10 6
0.0195 mm
0.3
AXIAL STRESS
P P
A b2
s
2.5 m
¢b e¿b (195 10 6 )(100 mm)
Force: P 1300 kN
1300 kN
130 MPa
(100 mm) 2
Stress is less than the yield stress, so Hooke’s law
is valid.
AXIAL STRAIN
s 130 MPa
e
E 200 GPa
650 10 6
INCREASE IN LENGTH
¢L eL (650 10 6 )(2500 mm)
1.625 mm
100 mm
1300 kN
1300 kN
Square bar in tension
Find increase in volume.
s
100 mm
FINAL DIMENSIONS
L1 L ¢L 2501.625 mm
b1 b ¢b 99.9805 mm
FINAL VOLUME
V1 L1b21 25,006,490 mm3
INITIAL VOLUME
V Lb2 25,000,000 mm3
INCREASE IN VOLUME
V V1V 6490 mm3
SECTION 1.6
25
Shear Stress and Strain
Shear Stress and Strain
Problem 1.6-1 An angle bracket having thickness t 0.5 in. is attached
to the flange of a column by two 5⁄8-inch diameter bolts (see figure). A
uniformly distributed load acts on the top face of the bracket with a
pressure p 300 psi. The top face of the bracket has length L 6 in. and
width b 2.5 in.
Determine the average bearing pressure b between the angle bracket
and the bolts and the average shear stress aver in the bolts. (Disregard
friction between the bracket and the column.)
p
b
L
t
Solution 1.6-1
Angle bracket bolted to a column
p pressure acting on top of the bracket
300 psi
F
b
F resultant force acting on the bracket
pbL (300 psi) (2.5 in.) (6.0 in.) 4.50 k
L
BEARING PRESSURE BETWEEN BRACKET AND BOLTS
Ab bearing area of one bolt
dt (0.625 in.) (0.5 in.) 0.3125 in.2
t
Two bolts
d 0.625 in.
t thickness of angle 0.5 in.
b 2.5 in.
L 6.0 in.
sb
F
4.50 k
7.20 ksi
2Ab 2(0.3125 in.2 )
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE BOLTS
As Shear area of one bolt
d2 (0.625 in.) 2 0.3068 in.2
4
4
taver
F
4.50 k
7.33 ksi
2As 2(0.3068 in.2 )
26
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.6-2 Three steel plates, each 16 mm thick, are joined
by two 20-mm diameter rivets as shown in the figure.
(a) If the load P 50 kN, what is the largest bearing stress
acting on the rivets?
(b) If the ultimate shear stress for the rivets is 180 MPa, what
force Pult is required to cause the rivets to fail in shear?
(Disregard friction between the plates.)
Solution 1.6-2
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/2
P
P
P
Three plates joined by two rivets
P
sb
P
P
50 kN
2Ab 2dt 2(20 mm)(16 mm)
t
78.1 MPa
(b) ULTIMATE LOAD IN SHEAR
P
P
Shear force on two rivets
t thickness of plates 16 mm
d diameter of rivets 20 mm
P 50 kN
ULT
180 MPa (for shear in the rivets)
(a) MAXIMUM BEARING STRESS ON THE RIVETS
Maximum stress occurs at the middle plate.
Ab bearing area for one rivet
Shear force on one rivet
P
2
P
4
Let A cross-sectional area of one rivet
P4
P
P
Shear stress t
d 2
2
A
d
4( 4 )
2
or, P d
At the ultimate load:
PULT d 2tULT (20 mm) 2 (180 MPa)
226 kN
dt
Problem 1.6-3 A bolted connection between a vertical
column and a diagonal brace is shown in the figure. The
connection consists of three 5⁄8-in. bolts that join two 1⁄4-in.
end plates welded to the brace and a 5⁄8-in. gusset plate
welded to the column. The compressive load P carried
by the brace equals 8.0 k.
Determine the following quantities:
(a) The average shear stress aver in the bolts, and
(b) The average bearing stress b between the gusset plate
and the bolts. (Disregard friction between the plates.)
P
Column
Brace
End plates
for brace
Gusset
plate
SECTION 1.6
Solution 1.6-3
Shear Stress and Strain
27
Diagonal brace
P
End plates
(a) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE BOLTS
A cross-sectional area of one bolt
d2
0.3068 in.2
4
V shear force acting on one bolt
P
Gusset
plate
1 P
P
¢ ≤
3 2
6
V
P
8.0 k
taver
A 6A 6(0.3068 in.2 )
4350 psi
3 bolts in double shear
P compressive force in brace 8.0 k
d diameter of bolts 5⁄8 in. 0.625 in.
t1 thickness of gusset plate
5⁄8 in. 0.625 in.
t2 thickness of end plates
1⁄4 in. 0.25 in.
Problem 1.6-4 A hollow box beam ABC of length L is
supported at end A by a 20-mm diameter pin that passes through
the beam and its supporting pedestals (see figure). The roller
support at B is located at distance L/3 from end A.
(a) Determine the average shear stress in the pin due to a load
P equal to 10 kN.
(b) Determine the average bearing stress between the pin and
the box beam if the wall thickness of the beam is equal to
12 mm.
(b) AVERAGE BEARING STRESS AGAINST GUSSET PLATE
Ab bearing area of one bolt
t1d (0.625 in.)(0.625 in.) 0.3906 in.2
F bearing force acting on gusset plate from
one bolt
P
3
P
8.0 k
sb
6830 psi
3Ab 3(0.3906 in.2 )
P
Box beam
A
B
L
—
3
C
2L
—
3
Box beam
Pin at support A
28
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Solution 1.6-4
Hollow box beam
P
A
C
B
P 10 kN
d diameter of pin 20 mm
t wall thickness of box beam 12 mm
(a) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN PIN
L
—
3
2L
—
3
R = 2P
Double shear
taver
2P
2P
4P
2 31.8 MPa
2
d
2¢ d ≤
4
(b) AVERAGE BEARING STRESS ON PIN
R
=P
2
R
=P
2
sb
Problem 1.6-5 The connection shown in the figure consists of
five steel plates, each 3⁄16 in. thick, joined by a single 1⁄4-in.
diameter bolt. The total load transferred between the plates is
1200 lb, distributed among the plates as shown.
(a) Calculate the largest shear stress in the bolt, disregarding
friction between the plates.
(b) Calculate the largest bearing stress acting against the bolt.
Solution 1.6-5
2P
P
41.7 MPa
2(dt) dt
360 lb
600 lb
480 lb
600 lb
360 lb
Plates joined by a bolt
d diameter of bolt 1⁄4 in.
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN BOLT
Vmax 4Vmax
tmax d2
7330 psi
d2
4
t thickness of plates ⁄16 in.
3
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BOLT
(b) MAXIMUM BEARING STRESS
360 lb
480 lb
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
A
360 lb
600 lb
600 lb
Fmax maximum force applied by a plate
against the bolt
Fmax 600 lb
sb
Section A A: V 360 lb
Section B B: V 240 lb
Vmax max. shear force in bolt
360 lb
Fmax
12,800 psi
dt
SECTION 1.6
Problem 1.6-6 A steel plate of dimensions 2.5 1.2 0.1 m is
hoisted by a cable sling that has a clevis at each end (see figure).
The pins through the clevises are 18 mm in diameter and are
located 2.0 m apart. Each half of the cable is at an angle of 32°
to the vertical.
For these conditions, determine the average shear stress aver
in the pins and the average bearing stress b between the steel
plate and the pins.
Shear Stress and Strain
P
Cable sling
32°
32°
Clevis
2.0 m
Steel plate
(2.5 × 1.2 × 0.1 m)
Solution 1.6-6
Steel plate hoisted by a sling
Dimensions of plate: 2.5 1.2 0.1 m
TENSILE FORCE T IN CABLE
Volume of plate: V (2.5) (1.2) (0.1) m 0.300 m3
Fvertical 0
Weight density of steel: 77.0
kN/m3
T cos 32
Weight of plate: W V 23.10 kN
d diameter of pin through clevis 18 mm
T
t thickness of plate 0.1 m 100 mm
W
0
2
W
23.10 kN
13.62 kN
2 cos 32 2 cos 32
SHEAR STRESS IN THE PINS (DOUBLE SHEAR)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS OF SLING AND PIN
P=W
↑ ↓
T
32°
taver
T
13.62 kN
2Apin 2( 4 )(18 mm) 2
26.8 MPa
Pin
H
Cable
W
2
32°
32°
BEARING STRESS BETWEEN PLATE AND PINS
Ab bearing area
td
T
13.62 kN
sb
td (100 mm)(18 mm)
7.57 MPa
W
2
H
H
2.0 m
W
2
29
30
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.6-7 A special-purpose bolt of shank diameter d 0.50 in.
passes through a hole in a steel plate (see figure). The hexagonal head
of the bolt bears directly against the steel plate. The radius of the circumscribed circle for the hexagon is r 0.40 in. (which means that each side
of the hexagon has length 0.40 in.). Also, the thickness t of the bolt head
is 0.25 in. and the tensile force P in the bolt is 1000 lb.
Steel plate
d
(a) Determine the average bearing stress b between the hexagonal
head of the bolt and the plate.
(b) Determine the average shear stress aver in the head of the bolt.
Solution 1.6-7
t
Bolt in tension
d 0.50 in.
d
P
2r
(a) BEARING STRESS BETWEEN BOLT HEAD AND PLATE
r 0.40 in.
Ab bearing area
t 0.25 in.
Ab area of hexagon minus area of bolt
P 1000 lb
3r2 3 d2
2
4
3
2
2
Ab (0.40 in.) ( 3) ¢ ≤ (0.50 in.)
2
4
0.4157 in.20.1963 in.2
t
Area of one
equilateral triangle
r
0.2194 in.2
sb
r2 3
4
Area of hexagon
2r
P
2r
P
1000 lb
4560 psi
Ab 0.2194 in.2
(b) SHEAR STRESS IN HEAD OF BOLT
3r2 3
2
As shear area As dt
taver
P
P
1000 lb
As dt (0.50 in.)(0.25 in.)
2550 psi
Problem 1.6-8 An elastomeric bearing pad consisting of two
steel plates bonded to a chloroprene elastomer (an artificial
rubber) is subjected to a shear force V during a static loading test
(see figure). The pad has dimensions a 150 mm and b 250
mm, and the elastomer has thickness t 50 mm. When the force
V equals 12 kN, the top plate is found to have displaced laterally
8.0 mm with respect to the bottom plate.
What is the shear modulus of elasticity G of the chloroprene?
b
a
V
t
SECTION 1.6
Solution 1.6-8
Shear Stress and Strain
31
Bearing pad subjected to shear
d = 8.0 mm
taver
V
t = 50 mm
b = 250 mm
d 8.0 mm
gaver
0.16
t
50 mm
G
V 12 kN
V
12 kN
0.32 MPa
ab (150 mm)(250 mm)
t 0.32 MPa
2.0 MPa
g
0.16
Width of pad: a 150 mm
Length of pad: b 250 mm
d 8.0 mm
Problem 1.6-9 A joint between two concrete slabs A and B
is filled with a flexible epoxy that bonds securely to the
concrete (see figure). The height of the joint is h 4.0 in., its
length is L 40 in., and its thickness is t 0.5 in. Under the
action of shear forces V, the slabs displace vertically through
the distance d 0.002 in. relative to each other.
A
B
L
h
(a) What is the average shear strain aver in the epoxy?
(b) What is the magnitude of the forces V if the shear
modulus of elasticity G for the epoxy is 140 ksi?
t
d
A
B
h
V
V
t
Solution 1.6-9
Epoxy joint between concrete slabs
d
A
(a) AVERAGE SHEAR STRAIN
B
V
V
t
h
d
gaver 0.004
t
(b) SHEAR FORCES V
Average shear stress :
h 4.0 in.
t 0.5 in.
L 40 in.
d 0.002 in.
G 140 ksi
V
aver(hL)
aver
Gaver
Gaver(hL)
(140 ksi)(0.004)(4.0 in.)(40 in.)
89.6 k
32
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.6-10 A flexible connection consisting of rubber
pads (thickness t 9 mm) bonded to steel plates is shown in the
figure. The pads are 160 mm long and 80 mm wide.
(a) Find the average shear strain aver in the rubber if the
force P 16 kN and the shear modulus for the rubber is
G 1250 kPa.
(b) Find the relative horizontal displacement between the
interior plate and the outer plates.
160 mm
P
—
2
Rubber pad
X
P
P
—
2
Rubber pad
X
80 mm
t = 9 mm
t = 9 mm
Section X-X
Solution 1.6-10
Rubber pads bonded to steel plates
P
—
2
Thickness t
P
P
—
2
Rubber pad
Rubber pads: t 9 mm
Length L 160 mm
Width b 80 mm
(a) SHEAR STRESS AND STRAIN IN THE RUBBER PADS
P2
8 kN
625 kPa
bL
(80 mm)(160 mm)
taver
625 kPa
gaver
0.50
G
1250 kPa
taver
(b) HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT
avert (0.50)(9 mm) 4.50 mm
G 1250 kPa
P 16 kN
Problem 1.6-11 A spherical fiberglass buoy used in an
underwater experiment is anchored in shallow water by a
chain [see part (a) of the figure]. Because the buoy is positioned just below the surface of the water, it is not expected
to collapse from the water pressure. The chain is attached to
the buoy by a shackle and pin [see part (b) of the figure].
The diameter of the pin is 0.5 in. and the thickness of the
shackle is 0.25 in. The buoy has a diameter of 60 in. and
weighs 1800 lb on land (not including the weight of
the chain).
d
Pin
Shackle
(b)
(a) Determine the average shear stress aver in the pin.
(b) Determine the average bearing stress b between the
pin and the shackle.
(a)
SECTION 1.6
Solution 1.6-11
33
Shear Stress and Strain
Submerged buoy
d diameter of buoy
60 in.
dp
t
T tensile force in chain
dp diameter of pin
0.5 in.
t thickness of shackle
0.25 in.
T
W weight of buoy
EQUILIBRIUM
T FBW 2376 lb
(a) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN PIN
Ap area of pin
Ap d2p 0.1963 in.2
4
taver
T
6050 psi
2Ap
1800 lb
W weight density of sea water
Ab 2dpt 0.2500 in.2
63.8 lb/ft3
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BUOY
FB
W
sb
T
9500 psi
Ab
FB buoyant force of water pressure
(equals the weight of the
displaced sea water)
V volume of buoy
T
(b) BEARING STRESS BETWEEN PIN AND SHACKLE
d 3
65.45 ft3
6
FB W V 4176 lb
Problem 1.6-12 The clamp shown in the figure is used
to support a load hanging from the lower flange of a steel
beam. The clamp consists of two arms (A and B) joined
by a pin at C. The pin has diameter d 12 mm. Because
arm B straddles arm A, the pin is in double shear.
Line 1 in the figure defines the line of action of the
resultant horizontal force H acting between the lower
flange of the beam and arm B. The vertical distance from
this line to the pin is h 250 mm. Line 2 defines the line
of action of the resultant vertical force V acting between
the flange and arm B. The horizontal distance from this
line to the centerline of the beam is c 100 mm. The
force conditions between arm A and the lower flange are
symmetrical with those given for arm B.
Determine the average shear stress in the pin at C
when the load P 18 kN.
c Line 2
Arm A
Arm B
Line 1
P
h
Arm A
C
P
34
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Solution 1.6-12
Clamp supporting a load P
©MC 0
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF CLAMP
VcHh 0
c
H
H H
V
V
h
Arm
A
Vc Pc
3.6 kN
h
2h
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PIN
Arm
B
P
4
C
P
2
P
4
P
H (from arm A)
(from other half of arm B)
H
2
h 250 mm
c 100 mm
(from half of arm B)
H
2
SHEAR FORCE F IN PIN
P 18 kN
F
P
4
From vertical equilibrium:
P
9 kN
2
d diameter of pin at C 12 mm
V
H
2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS OF ARMS A AND B
c
V=
P
2
V=
F
P
2
4.847 kN
H
H
h
Arm
B
P
2
Arm
A
C
H
P
H
C
P
2
P 2
H 2
≤ ¢ ≤
B 4
2
¢
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE PIN
taver
F
F
2 42.9 MPa
Apin d4
SECTION 1.6
Problem 1.6-13 A specially designed wrench is used to twist
a circular shaft by means of a square key that fits into slots (or
keyways) in the shaft and wrench, as shown in the figure. The
shaft has diameter d, the key has a square cross section of
dimensions b b, and the length of the key is c. The key fits
half into the wrench and half into the shaft (i.e., the keyways
have a depth equal to b/2).
Derive a formula for the average shear stress aver in the
key when a load P is applied at distance L from the center of
the shaft.
Hints: Disregard the effects of friction, assume that the
bearing pressure between the key and the wrench is uniformly
distributed, and be sure to draw free-body diagrams of the
wrench and key.
Shear Stress and Strain
c
Shaft
Key
Lever
L
b
P
d
Solution 1.6-13
Wrench with keyway
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF KEY
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF WRENCH
b
2
P
Plane of shear
F
C
d
b
F
L
d
b
+
2
4
b
2
With friction disregarded, the bearing pressures
between the wrench and the shaft are radial.
Because the bearing pressure between the wrench
and the key is uniformly distributed, the force F
acts at the midpoint of the keyway.
(Width of keyway b/2)
©MC 0
d b
PL F ¢ ≤ 0
2 4
F
4PL
2d b
taver
F
bc
4PL
bc(2d b)
F
35
36
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.6-14 A bicycle chain consists of a series of small
links, each 12 mm long between the centers of the pins (see
figure). You might wish to examine a bicycle chain and observe
its construction. Note particularly the pins, which we will
assume to have a diameter of 2.5 mm.
In order to solve this problem, you must now make two
measurements on a bicycle (see figure): (1) the length L of
the crank arm from main axle to pedal axle, and (2) the radius
R of the sprocket (the toothed wheel, sometimes called the
chainring).
Links
Pin
12 mm
2.5 mm
T
F
Sprocket
(a) Using your measured dimensions, calculate the tensile
force T in the chain due to a force F 800 N applied
to one of the pedals.
(b) Calculate the average shear stress aver in the pins.
R
Chain
L
Solution 1.6-14
Bicycle chain
Pin
T
2
T
2
T
2
T
2
12 mm
T
L length of crank arm
(800 N)(162 mm)
1440 N
90 mm
(b) SHEAR STRESS IN PINS
R radius of sprocket
MEASUREMENTS (FOR AUTHOR’S BICYCLE)
(2) R 90 mm
taver
(a) TENSILE FORCE T IN CHAIN
FL TR T
Chain
L
F force applied to pedal800 N
Maxle 0
Sprocket
R
d = 2.5 mm
(1) L 162 mm
T
F
FL
R
Substitute numerical values:
Problem 1.6-15 A shock mount constructed as shown in the
figure is used to support a delicate instrument. The mount consists
of an outer steel tube with inside diameter b, a central steel bar of
diameter d that supports the load P, and a hollow rubber cylinder
(height h) bonded to the tube and bar.
(a) Obtain a formula for the shear stress in the rubber at a
radial distance r from the center of the shock mount.
(b) Obtain a formula for the downward displacement of the
central bar due to the load P, assuming that G is the shear
modulus of elasticity of the rubber and that the steel tube
and bar are rigid.
T2
T
2T
2
Apin 2( d4 ) d 2
2FL
d2R
Substitute numerical values:
taver
2(800 N)(162 mm)
147 MPa
(2.5 mm) 2 (90 mm)
Steel tube
r
P
Steel bar
d
Rubber
h
b
SECTION 1.7
Solution 1.6-15
Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
37
Shock mount
dr
d
r
b
r radial distance
from center of
shock mount to
element of
thickness dr
Steel tube
2rh
t
P
P
As 2rh
(b) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT
shear strain at distance r
Rubber
cylinder
g
t
P
G 2rhG
d downward displacement for element dr
P
d
d gdr
h
b
(a) SHEAR STRESS AT RADIAL DISTANCE r
P
2hG
As shear area at distance r
Pdr
2rhG
d
b2
d2
b2
d2
Pdr
2rhG
dr
P
b2
[ln r] d2
r
2hG
P
b
ln
2hG d
Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
Problem 1.7-1 A bar of solid circular cross section is loaded in tension by
forces P (see figure). The bar has length L 16.0 in. and diameter d 0.50
in. The material is a magnesium alloy having modulus of elasticity
E 6.4 106 psi. The allowable stress in tension is allow 17,000 psi,
and the elongation of the bar must not exceed 0.04 in.
What is the allowable value of the forces P?
Solution 1.7-1
d
P
P
L
Magnesium bar in tension
L
max Emax (6.4 106 psi)(0.00250)
d
P
P
16,000 psi
Pmax smax A (16,000 psi) ¢
L 16.0 in.
d 0.50 in.
E 6.4 106 psi
allow 17,000 psi max 0.04 in.
3140 lb
MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON TENSILE STRESS
Pmax sallow A (17,000 psi) ¢ ≤ (0.50 in.) 2
4
3340 lb
MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON ELONGATION
max 0.04 in.
emax
0.00250
L
16 in.
≤ (0.50 in.) 2
4
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Elongation governs.
Pallow 3140 lb
38
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.7-2 A torque T0 is transmitted between two flanged shafts
by means of four 20-mm bolts (see figure). The diameter of the bolt circle
is d 150 mm.
If the allowable shear stress in the bolts is 90 MPa, what is the
maximum permissible torque? (Disregard friction between the flanges.)
Solution 1.7-2
T0
d
T0
Shafts with flanges
F
F
T0 torque transmitted by bolts
F
F
dB bolt diameter 20 mm
d diameter of bolt circle
d
ALLOWABLE SHEAR FORCE IN ONE BOLT
F tallowAbolt (90 MPa) ¢
≤ (20 mm) 2
4
28.27 kN
150 mm
allow 90 MPa
MAXIMUM TORQUE
F shear force in one bolt
T0 2Fd 2(28.27 kN)(150 mm)
d
T0 4F ¢ ≤ 2Fd
2
8.48 kNm
P
Problem 1.7-3 A tie-down on the deck of a sailboat consists of a bent
bar bolted at both ends, as shown in the figure. The diameter dB of the
bar is 1⁄4 in., the diameter dW of the washers is 7⁄8 in., and the thickness t
of the fiberglass deck is 3⁄8 in.
If the allowable shear stress in the fiberglass is 300 psi, and the
allowable bearing pressure between the washer and the fiberglass is
550 psi, what is the allowable load Pallow on the tie-down?
dB
dB
t
dW
Solution 1.7-3
Bolts through fiberglass
P
2
dB
dB
Fiberglass
1
in.
4
7
in.
8
3
t in.
8
dW
t
dW
P1
309.3 lb
2
P1 619 lb
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON BEARING PRESSURE
b 550 psi
2
(d d2B )
4 W
2
2
P2
7
1
sb Ab (550 psi) ¢ ≤ B ¢ in. ≤ ¢ in. ≤ R
2
4
8
4
Bearing area Ab
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS IN
FIBERGLASS
allow
dW
300 psi
Shear area As dW t
P1
tallow As tallow (d W t)
2
7
3
(300 psi)() ¢ in. ≤¢ in. ≤
8
8
303.7 lb
P2 607 lb
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Bearing pressure governs.
Pallow 607 lb
SECTION 1.7
Problem 1.7-4 An aluminum tube serving as a compression brace in the fuselage of a small
airplane has the cross section shown in the figure. The outer diameter of the tube is d 25 mm
and the wall thickness is t 2.5 mm. The yield stress for the aluminum is Y 270 MPa and
the ultimate stress is U 310 MPa.
Calculate the allowable compressive force Pallow if the factors of safety with respect to the
yield stress and the ultimate stress are 4 and 5, respectively.
Solution 1.7-4
39
Allowable Loads
t
d
Aluminum tube in compression
d 25 mm
t
t 2.5 mm
d0 inner diameter
20 mm
d
Atube
2
(d d02) 176.7 mm2
4
YIELD STRESS
Y
ULTIMATE STRESS
270 MPa
U
F.S. 4
310 MPa
F.S. 5
270 MPa
4
67.5 MPa
sallow
sallow
310 MPa
5
62 MPa
The ultimate stress governs.
ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE FORCE
Pallow allow Atube (62 MPa )(176.7 mm2)
11.0 kN
Problem 1.7-5 A steel pad supporting heavy machinery rests
on four short, hollow, cast iron piers (see figure). The ultimate
strength of the cast iron in compression is 50 ksi. The outer
diameter of the piers is d 4.5 in. and the wall thickness is
t 0.40 in.
Using a factor of safety of 3.5 with respect to the ultimate
strength, determine the total load P that may be supported by
the pad.
Solution 1.7-5
U
50 ksi
n 3.5
d
sallow
d 4.5 in.
t 0.4 in.
d
Cast iron piers in compression
Four piers
t
t
sU 50 ksi
14.29 ksi
n
3.5
d0 d 2t 3.7 in.
2
(d d2o ) [ (4.5 in.) 2 (3.7 in.) 2 ]
4
4
2
5.152 in.
A
P1 allowable load on one pier
allow A (14.29 ksi)(5.152 in.2)
73.62 k
Total load P 4P1 294 k
40
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.7-6 A long steel wire hanging from a balloon carries a weight W at its lower end (see figure). The 4-mm diameter
wire is 25 m long.
What is the maximum weight Wmax that can safely be carried if the tensile yield stress for the wire is Y 350 MPa and a
margin of safety against yielding of 1.5 is desired? (Include the
weight of the wire in the calculations.)
d
L
W
Solution 1.7-6
Wire hanging from a balloon
d 4.0 mm
L 25 m
d
L
Y 350 MPa
Margin of safety 1.5
W
Factor of safety n 2.5
sY
sallow
140 MPa
n
Weight density of steel: 77.0 kN/m3
Weight of wire:
d 2
W0 gAL g ¢
≤ (L)
4
W0 (77.0 kNm3 ) ¢
≤ (4.0 mm) 2 (25 m)
4
24.19 N
Total load P Wmax W0
allow
A
Wmax sallow A W0
(140 MPa) ¢
d2
≤ 24.19 N
4
(140 MPa) ¢
≤ (4.0 mm) 2 24.19 N
4
1759.3 N 24.2 N 1735.1 N
Wmax 1740 N
SECTION 1.7
Problem 1.7-7 A lifeboat hangs from two ship’s davits, as shown
in the figure. A pin of diameter d 0.80 in. passes through each
davit and supports two pulleys, one on each side of the davit.
Cables attached to the lifeboat pass over the pulleys and wind
around winches that raise and lower the lifeboat. The lower parts of
the cables are vertical and the upper parts make an angle 15°
with the horizontal. The allowable tensile force in each cable is
1800 lb, and the allowable shear stress in the pins is 4000 psi.
If the lifeboat weighs 1500 lb, what is the maximum weight
that should be carried in the lifeboat?
Solution 1.7-7
T T
= 15°
Davit
Pulley
Pin
Cable
Lifeboat supported by four cables
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF ONE PULLEY
ALLOWABLE TENSILE FORCE IN ONE CABLE BASED
UPON SHEAR IN THE PINS
15°
Pulley
RH
Pin
Vallow tallow Apin (4000 psi) ¢
Vallow
1652 lb
1.2175
ALLOWABLE FORCE IN ONE CABLE BASED UPON
TENSION IN THE CABLE
T2 Tallow 1800 lb
T
Pin diameter d 0.80 in.
T tensile force in one cable
MAXIMUM WEIGHT
Shear in the pins governs.
Tallow 1800 lb
Tmax T1 1652 lb
allow 4000 psi
Total tensile force in four cables
W weight of lifeboat
Fvert 0
4Tmax 6608 lb
Wmax 4TmaxW
1500 lb
Fhoriz 0
≤ (0.80 in.) 2
4
2011 lb
V 1.2175TT1
RV
RH T cos 15 0.9659T
RV T T sin 15 0.7412T
V shear force in pin
V (RH ) 2 (RV ) 2 1.2175T
41
Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
6608 lb1500 lb
5110 lb
42
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.7-8 A ship’s spar is attached at the base of a mast
by a pin connection (see figure). The spar is a steel tube of outer
diameter d2 80 mm and inner diameter d1 70 mm. The steel
pin has diameter d 25 mm, and the two plates connecting the
spar to the pin have thickness t 12 mm.
The allowable stresses are as follows: compressive stress in
the spar, 70 MPa; shear stress in the pin, 45 MPa; and bearing
stress between the pin and the connecting plates, 110 MPa.
Determine the allowable compressive force Pallow in
the spar.
Solution 1.7-8
P
Pin
Spar
Connecting
plate
Pin connection for a ship’s spar
P
Spar: d2 80 mm
d1 70 mm
Spar
Pin:
d 25 mm
Plates: t 12 mm
Pin
Plate
ALLOWABLE LOAD P BASED UPON SHEAR IN THE PIN
(DOUBLE SHEAR)
allow 45 MPa
As 2 ¢
d 2
≤ (25 mm) 2 981.7 mm2
4
2
P2 allow As (45 MPa )(981.7 mm2) 44.2 kN
ALLOWABLE LOAD P BASED UPON COMPRESSION
IN THE SPAR
ALLOWABLE LOAD P BASED UPON BEARING
b 110 MPa
c 70 MPa
Ac (d22 d21 ) [ (80 mm) 2 (70 mm) 2 ]
4
4
1178.1 mm2
P1 cAc (70
Mast
Ab 2dt 2(25 mm)(12 mm) 600 mm2
P3 bAb (110 MPa )(600 mm2) 66.0 kN
ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE LOAD IN THE SPAR
MPa )(1178.1 mm2)
82.5 kN
Shear in the pin governs.
Pallow 44.2 kN
Problem 1.7-9 What is the maximum possible value of the
clamping force C in the jaws of the pliers shown in the figure
if a 3.75 in., b 1.60 in., and the ultimate shear stress in
the 0.20-in. diameter pin is 50 ksi?
What is the maximum permissible value of the applied
load P if a factor of safety of 3.0 with respect to failure of
the pin is to be maintained?
P
Pin
P
a
b
SECTION 1.7
Allowable Loads
Solution 1.7-9 Forces in pliers
V shear force in pin (single shear)
V
V
V R ∴ C
and P
a
b
1
1
a
b
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF ONE ARM
Pin
C
R
MAXIMUM CLAMPING FORCE Cult
ult 50 ksi
Vult ult Apin
P
a
b
(50 ksi) ¢
C clamping force
1571 lb
Vult
1571 lb
Cult
b
1.60 in.
1
1
a
3.75 in.
R reaction at pin
a 3.75 in.
b 1.60 in.
1100 lb
d diameter of pin
0.20 in.
MAXIMUM LOAD Pult
©Mpin 0Cb Pa 0
C
Pult
Pa
Cb C a
P
a
b
P b
Fvert 0
≤ (0.20 in.) 2
4
↑ ↓ P C R 0
R P C P ¢1
a
b
≤ C ¢1 ≤
a
b
Vult
1571 lb
469.8 lb
a
3.75 in.
1
1
b
1.60 in.
ALLOWABLE LOAD Pallow
Pallow
Problem 1.7-10 A metal bar AB of weight W is suspended by a
system of steel wires arranged as shown in the figure. The diameter
of the wires is 2 mm, and the yield stress of the steel is 450 MPa.
Determine the maximum permissible weight Wmax for a factor
of safety of 1.9 with respect to yielding.
Pult 469.8 lb
n
3.0
157 lb
0.75 m
0.75 m
2.5 m
1.75 m
1.75 m
W
A
B
43
44
CHAPTER 1
Solution 1.7-10
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Bar AB suspended by steel wires
3b
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF WIRE ACE
3b
10 b
W
2
E
F
CAB
E
Fhoriz 0
7b
C
TCD 2CAB
D
C
TCD
7b
A
B
W
b = 0.25 m
LAC LEC (3b) 2 (7b) 2 b58
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF POINT A
CAB
W
2
©Fvert 0TAC ¢
7b
b58
≤
W
2
CAB
W
2
ALLOWABLE TENSILE FORCE IN A WIRE
d 2 mm
Y 450 MPa
F.S. 1.9
d
≤
sY A
4
Tallow
n
n
450 MPa
¢
≤¢ ≤ (2 mm) 2 744.1 N
1.9
4
2
MAXIMUM TENSILE FORCES IN WIRES
TCD
W58
TAC
14
©Fhoriz 0TAC ¢
CAB
A
sY ¢
TAC
A
3W
7
3W
W58
TAC
7
14
Force in wire AC is larger.
3b
b58
≤ CAB
3W
14
Problem 1.7-11 Two flat bars loaded in tension by forces P
are spliced using two rectangular splice plates and two 5⁄8-in.
diameter rivets (see figure). The bars have width b 1.0 in.
(except at the splice, where the bars are wider) and thickness
t 0.4 in. The bars are made of steel having an ultimate stress
in tension equal to 60 ksi. The ultimate stresses in shear and
bearing for the rivet steel are 25 ksi and 80 ksi, respectively.
Determine the allowable load Pallow if a safety factor
of 2.5 is desired with respect to the ultimate load that can
be carried. (Consider tension in the bars, shear in the rivets,
and bearing between the rivets and the bars. Disregard friction
between the plates.)
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WEIGHT W
Wmax
14 TAC
58
1370 N
14 Tallow
58
14
58
(744.1 N)
b = 1.0 in.
P
P
Bar
Splice plate
t = 0.4 in.
P
P
SECTION 1.7
Solution 1.7-11
Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
45
Splice between two flat bars
t
P
P
P2 tult (2AR ) 2(25 ksi)(0.3068 in.2 )
15.34 k
ULTIMATE LOAD BASED UPON TENSION IN THE BARS
ULTIMATE LOAD BASED UPON BEARING
Cross-sectional area of bars:
Ab bearing area dt
A bt
b 1.0 in.
5
P3 sbAb (80 ksi) ¢ in. ≤ (0.4 in.) 20.0 k
8
t 0.4 in.
A 0.40 in.2
ULTIMATE LOAD
P1 ultA (60 ksi)(0.40 in.2) 24.0 k
Shear governs. Pult 15.34 k
ULTIMATE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR IN THE RIVETS
Double shear
d diameter of rivets
ALLOWABLE LOAD
d 5⁄8 in.
AR area of rivets
Pallow
AR
2
d 2 5
¢ in. ≤ 0.3068 in.2
4
4 8
(a) Obtain a formula for the allowable load Pallow that
the bar can carry in tension.
(b) Calculate the value of Pallow if the bar is made of brass
with diameter d 40 mm and allow 80 MPa.
Problem 1.7-12 A solid bar of circular cross section
(diameter d) has a hole of diameter d/4 drilled laterally
through the center of the bar (see figure). The allowable
average tensile stress on the net cross section of the bar
is allow.
d
P
Pult 15.34 k
6.14 k
n
2.5
(Hint: Use the formulas of Case 15, Appendix D.)
d
—
4
d
—
4
P
d
Solution 1.7-12
Bar with a hole
CROSS SECTION OF BAR
From Case 15, Appendix D:
A 2r2 ¢
d
—
4
d
ab
≤
r2
d
d
r a
2
8
d8
r
1
arc cos ¢ ≤
4
arc cos
B
r2 ¢
d2
1 15
¢ arc cos
≤ 0.5380 d 2
2
4
16
(a) ALLOWABLE LOAD IN TENSION
2
b
d d
¢ ≤ ¢ 15 ≤
d 2
1
8 8
A 2 ¢ ≤ B arc cos
R
2
4
(d2) 2
d
15 d
≤ d
15
8
B 64 8
Pallow allow A 0.5380d2 allow
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
allow 80 MPa
Pallow 68.9 kN
d 40 mm
46
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.7-13 A solid steel bar of diameter d1 2.25 in. has a
hole of diameter d2 1.125 in. drilled through it (see figure). A steel
pin of diameter d2 passes through the hole and is attached to supports.
Determine the maximum permissible tensile load Pallow in the
bar if the yield stress for shear in the pin is Y 17,000 psi, the yield
stress for tension in the bar is Y 36,000 psi, and a factor of safety of
2.0 with respect to yielding is required. (Hint: Use the formulas of
Case 15, Appendix D.)
Solution 1.7-13
r
C
a
d1
d1
P
d1 2.25 in.
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED ON TENSION IN THE BAR
d2 1.125 in.
P1
36,000 psi
sY
(1.5546 in.2 )
A
n
2.0
28.0 k
From Case 15, Appendix D:
ab
≤
r2
d1
r 1.125 in.
2
d22
d2
arc cos
arc cos
d12
d1
d2 1.125 in. 1
1
arc cos 1.0472 rad
d1
2.25 in.
2
2
d2
a 0.5625 in.
2
r
d1
Bar with a hole
A 2r2 ¢
d2
d2
b
b r2 a2 0.9743 in.
ab
A 2r2¢ 2 ≤
C
a
r
(0.5625 in.)(0.9743 in.)
A 2(1.125 in.) 2 B 1.0472
R
(1.125 in.) 2
2
1.5546 in.
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED ON SHEAR IN THE PIN
Double shear
As 2Apin 2 ¢
1.9880 in.2
P2
17,000 psi
tY
As
(1.9880 in.) 2
n
2.0
16.9 k
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Shear in the pin governs.
Pallow 16.9 k
Problem 1.7-14 The piston in an engine is attached to a connecting rod
AB, which in turn is connected to a crank arm BC (see figure). The piston
slides without friction in a cylinder and is subjected to a force P (assumed
to be constant) while moving to the right in the figure. The connecting
rod, which has diameter d and length L, is attached at both ends by pins.
The crank arm rotates about the axle at C with the pin at B moving in a
circle of radius R. The axle at C, which is supported by bearings, exerts
a resisting moment M against the crank arm.
(a) Obtain a formula for the maximum permissible force Pallow
based upon an allowable compressive stress c in the connecting rod.
(b) Calculate the force Pallow for the following data:
c 160 MPa, d 9.00 mm, and R 0.28L.
d22
≤
(1.125 in.) 2
4
2
Cylinder
P
Piston
Connecting rod
A
M
d
C
B
L
R
SECTION 1.7
Solution 1.7-14
Piston and connecting rod
A
P
Allowable Stresses and Allowable Loads
M
C
R
L
B
The maximum allowable force P occurs when cos
has its smallest value, which means that has its
largest value.
LARGEST VALUE OF
d diameter of rod AB
L2 − R2
A
C
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PISTON
R
L
RP
B
P
The largest value of occurs when point B is the
farthest distance from line AC. The farthest distance
is the radius R of the crank arm.
Therefore,
C
BC R
P applied force (constant)
Also, AC L2 R2
C compressive force in connecting rod
cos
RP resultant of reaction forces between cylinder
and piston (no friction)
Fhoriz 0 S
d
P C cos
0
P C cos
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE FORCE C IN CONNECTING ROD
Cmax
c
Ac
in which Ac area of connecting rod
d2
Ac
4
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FORCE P
P Cmax cos
sc Ac cos
L2 R2
R 2
1¢ ≤
L
B
L
(a) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE FORCE P
Pallow sc Ac cos
sc ¢
d 2
R 2
≤ 1¢ ≤
4 B
L
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
c 160 MPa
R 0.28L
Pallow 9.77 kN
d 9.00 mm
R/L 0.28
47
48
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
Problem 1.8-1 An aluminum tube is required to transmit an axial
tensile force P 34 k (see figure). The thickness of the wall of the
tube is to be 0.375 in.
What is the minimum required outer diameter dmin if the allowable
tensile stress is 9000 psi?
Solution 1.8-1
Aluminum tube in tension
P
P
SOLVE FOR d:
d
P
d
P
d
P
t
tsallow
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P 34 k
dmin
t 0.375 in.
allow 9000 psi
34 k
0.375 in.
(0.375 in.)(9000 psi)
3.207 in. 0.375 in.
A [d2 (d 2t) 2 ] (4t)(d t)
4
4
dmin 3.58 in.
t(d t)
P sallow A t(d t)sallow
Problem 1.8-2 A steel pipe having yield stress Y 270 MPa
is to carry an axial compressive load P 1200 kN (see figure).
A factor of safety of 1.8 against yielding is to be used.
If the thickness t of the pipe is to be one-eighth of its outer
diameter, what is the minimum required outer diameter dmin?
Solution 1.8-2
P 1200 kN
Y
270 MPa
n 1.8
d
A
d
Steel pipe in compression
d
t =—
8
allow 150 MPa
2
d 2
7d 2
B d ¢d ≤ R
4
4
64
P sallow A
7d2
s
64 allow
d
t =—
8
P
SOLVE FOR d:
d2
64 P
P
d 8
7sallow
B 7sallow
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
1200 kN
153 mm
B 7 (150 MPa)
dmin 8
SECTION 1.8
Problem 1.8-3 A horizontal beam AB supported by an
inclined strut CD carries a load P 2500 lb at the position
shown in the figure. The strut, which consists of two bars,
is connected to the beam by a bolt passing through the
three bars meeting at joint C.
If the allowable shear stress in the bolt is 14,000 psi,
what is the minimum required diameter dmin of the bolt?
4 ft
4 ft
B
C
A
3 ft
P
D
Beam AB
Bolt
Strut CD
Solution 1.8-3 Beam ACB supported by a strut CD
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
A
4 ft
B
3 ft
P
(RD)V
©MA 0
(RD ) H
3 ft
C
5 ft
D
FCD compressive force in strut RD
D
(RD)H
4 ft
4 ft
C
A
FCD (RD ) H ¢
P(8 ft) (RD ) H (3 ft) 0
8
P
3
(RD)H
5
5 8P
10P
≤¢ ≤¢
≤
4
4
3
3
SHEAR FORCE ACTING ON BOLT
V
REACTION AT JOINT D
FCD 5P
2
3
REQUIRED AREA AND DIAMETER OF BOLT
D
A
V
tallow
5P
d2
20P
A
d2
3tallow
4
3tallow
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P 2500 lb
(RD)V
RD
49
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
d2
0.3789 in.2
dmin 0.616 in.
allow 14,000 psi
50
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.8-4 Two bars of rectangular cross section (thickness
t 15 mm) are connected by a bolt in the manner shown in
the figure. The allowable shear stress in the bolt is 90 MPa and
the allowable bearing stress between the bolt and the bars is
150 MPa.
If the tensile load P 31 kN, what is the minimum required
diameter dmin of the bolt?
t
t
P
P
Solution 1.8-4
Bolted connection
BASED UPON SHEAR IN THE BOLT
t
P
P
t
One bolt in double shear.
P 31 kN
allow
b
90 MPa
Abolt
d2
2P
tallow
d1
2(31 kN)
2P
B tallow B (90 MPa)
14.8 mm
150 MPa
t 15 mm
P
d2
P
2tallow
4
2tallow
BASED UPON BEARING BETWEEN PLATE AND BOLT
Find minimum diameter of bolt.
Abearing
d
P
P
dt
sb
sb
P
31 kN
d2
13.8 mm
tsb
(15 mm) (150 MPa)
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF BOLT
Shear governs.
dmin 14.8 mm
P
P
SECTION 1.8
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
Problem 1.8-5 Solve the preceding problem if the bars have
thickness t 5⁄16 in., the allowable shear stress is 12,000 psi, the
allowable bearing stress is 20,000 psi, and the load P 1800 lb.
Solution 1.8-5
Bolted connection
BASED UPON SHEAR IN THE BOLT
t
P
P
t
One bolt in double shear.
P 1800 lb
allow
12,000 psi
b
20,000 psi
t 5⁄16 in.
Find minimum diameter of bolt.
Abolt
P
d2
P
2tallow
4
2tallow
d2
2P
tallow
d1
2(1800 lb)
2P
0.309 in.
t
B allow B (12,000 psi)
BASED UPON BEARING BETWEEN PLATE AND BOLT
P
P
Abearing dt
sb
sb
P
1800 lb
d
d2 5
0.288 in.
tsb
( 16 in.)(20,000 psi)
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF BOLT
Shear governs.
dmin 0.309 in.
Problem 1.8-6 A suspender on a suspension bridge consists of a
cable that passes over the main cable (see figure) and supports the
bridge deck, which is far below. The suspender is held in position by
a metal tie that is prevented from sliding downward by clamps around
the suspender cable.
Let P represent the load in each part of the suspender cable, and
let represent the angle of the suspender cable just above the tie.
Finally, let allow represent the allowable tensile stress in the metal tie.
(a) Obtain a formula for the minimum required cross-sectional area
of the tie.
(b) Calculate the minimum area if P 130 kN, 75°, and
allow 80 MPa.
Main
cable
Suspender
Collar
Tie
Clamp
P
P
51
52
CHAPTER 1
Solution 1.8-6
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Suspender tie on a suspension bridge
F
F
F tensile force in
cable above tie
FORCE TRIANGLE
P tensile force in
cable below tie
cot u
allow allowable tensile
stress in the tie
Tie
P
F
T P cot u
P
(a) MINIMUM REQUIRED AREA OF TIE
Amin
P
T
P
T
T
P cot u
sallow
sallow
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P 130 kN
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF HALF THE TIE
Note: Include a small amount of the cable in the
free-body diagram
75
allow 80 MPa
Amin 435 mm
2
T tensile force in the tie
F
T
P
Problem 1.8-7 A square steel tube of length L 20 ft and
width b2 10.0 in. is hoisted by a crane (see figure). The
tube hangs from a pin of diameter d that is held by the cables
at points A and B. The cross section is a hollow square with
inner dimension b1 8.5 in. and outer dimension b2 10.0
in. The allowable shear stress in the pin is 8,700 psi, and the
allowable bearing stress between the pin and the tube is
13,000 psi.
Determine the minimum diameter of the pin in order to
support the weight of the tube. (Note: Disregard the rounded
corners of the tube when calculating its weight.)
d
A
B
Square
tube
Square
tube
Pin
d
A
B
L
b2
b1
b2
SECTION 1.8
Solution 1.8-7
T
Tube hoisted by a crane
T tensile force in cable
T
W weight of steel tube
d diameter of pin
b1 inner dimension of tube
8.5 in.
b2
b2 outer dimension of tube
10.0 in.
b1
d
L length of tube 20 ft
allow 8,700 psi
b 13,000 psi
WEIGHT OF TUBE
A area of tube
b21
1 ft2
(490 lbft3 )(27.75 in.2 ) ¢
≤ (20 ft)
144 in.
1,889 lb
DIAMETER OF PIN BASED UPON SHEAR
2allow Apin W
Double shear.
2(8,700 psi) ¢
d 2
≤ 1889 lb
4
d2 0.1382 in.2
d1 0.372 in.
DIAMETER OF PIN BASED UPON BEARING
b1) d W
(13,000 psi)(10.0 in. 8.5 in.) d 1,889 lb
d2 0.097 in.
490 lb/ft3
b22
W gs AL
b(b2
s weight density of steel
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF PIN
(10.0 in.) (8.5 in.)
27.75 in.
2
2
Shear governs.
dmin 0.372 in.
Problem 1.8-8 Solve the preceding problem if the length L of the tube is 6.0 m,
the outer width is b2 250 mm, the inner dimension is b1 210 mm, the allowable shear stress in the pin is 60 MPa, and the allowable bearing stress is 90 MPa.
Solution 1.8-8
T
Tube hoisted by a crane
T tensile force in cable
T
W weight of steel tube
d diameter of pin
b1 inner dimension of tube
210 mm
b2 outer dimension of tube
b2
250 mm
b1
d
L length of tube
A area of tube
A b22 b21 18,400 mm2
W sAL (77.0 kN/m3)(18,400 mm2)(6.0 m)
8.501 kN
DIAMETER OF PIN BASED UPON SHEAR
Double shear.
2(60 MPa) ¢
6.0 m
allow 60 MPa
b 90 MPa
WEIGHT OF TUBE
s weight density of steel
77.0
kN/m3
2allow Apin W
2
≤d 8.501 kNd 2 90.20 mm2
4
d1 9.497 mm
DIAMETER OF PIN BASED UPON BEARING
b(b2
b1)d W
(90 MPa )(40 mm)d 8.501 kN d2 2.361 mm
MINIMUM DIAMETER OF PIN
Shear governs.
dmin 9.50 mm
53
54
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.8-9 A pressurized circular cylinder has a sealed cover plate
fastened with steel bolts (see figure). The pressure p of the gas in the cylinder
is 290 psi, the inside diameter D of the cylinder is 10.0 in., and the diameter dB
of the bolts is 0.50 in.
If the allowable tensile stress in the bolts is 10,000 psi, find the number
n of bolts needed to fasten the cover.
Cover plate
Steel bolt
p
Cylinder
D
Solution 1.8-9
Pressurized cylinder
NUMBER OF BOLTS
Bolt
p
D
p 290 psi
D 10.0 in.
db 0.50 in.
allow 10,000 psi
n number of bolts
F total force acting on the cover plate from
the internal pressure
D2
Fp¢
≤
4
P tensile force in one bolt
P
F pD2
n
4n
Ab area of one bolt d2b
4
P allow Ab
sallow
n
pD2
pD2
P
Ab (4n)( 4 )d2b nd2b
pD2
d2b sallow
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
n
(290 psi)(10 in.) 2
11.6
(0.5 in.) 2 (10,000 psi)
Use 12 bolts
SECTION 1.8
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
Problem 1.8-10 A tubular post of outer diameter d2 is guyed by two
cables fitted with turnbuckles (see figure). The cables are tightened
by rotating the turnbuckles, thus producing tension in the cables and
compression in the post. Both cables are tightened to a tensile force
of 110 kN. Also, the angle between the cables and the ground is 60°,
and the allowable compressive stress in the post is c 35 MPa.
If the wall thickness of the post is 15 mm, what is the minimum
permissible value of the outer diameter d2?
Cable
Turnbuckle
d2
Post
60°
Solution 1.8-10
30°
Tubular post with guy cables
30°
d2 outer diameter
T
d1 inner diameter
T
t wall thickness
P
15 mm
T tensile force in a cable
110 kN
d2
allow
35 MPa
P compressive force in post
2T cos 30
AREA OF POST
A
2
(d2 d21 ) [d22 (d2 2t) 2 ]
4
4
t(d2 t)
EQUATE AREAS AND SOLVE FOR d2:
2T cos 30
t(d2 t)
sallow
d2
2T cos 30
t
tsallow
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
REQUIRED AREA OF POST
(d2 ) min 131 mm
P
2T cos 30
A
sallow
sallow
Problem 1.8-11 A cage for transporting workers and supplies on a
construction site is hoisted by a crane (see figure). The floor of the cage
is rectangular with dimensions 6 ft by 8 ft. Each of the four lifting cables
is attached to a corner of the cage and is 13 ft long. The weight of the
cage and its contents is limited by regulations to 9600 lb.
Determine the required cross-sectional area AC of a cable if the
breaking stress of a cable is 91 ksi and a factor of safety of 3.5 with
respect to failure is desired.
60°
55
56
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Solution 1.8-11
Cage hoisted by a crane
From geometry:L2 ¢
W
b 2
c 2
≤ ¢ ≤ h2
2
2
(13 ft)2 (3 ft)2 (4 ft)2 h2
Solving, h 12 ft
B
FORCE IN A CABLE
T
TV
A
A
T force in one cable (cable AB)
TV vertical component of T
b
c
(Each cable carries the same load.)
W 9600 lb
W 9600 lb
2400 lb
4
4
T
L 13 ft
TV h 12 ft
13
T TV 2600 lb
12
Breaking stress of a cable:
REQUIRED AREA OF CABLE
Dimensions of cage:
∴ TV
b 6 ft
c 8 ft
Length of a cable: L 13 ft
Weight of cage and contents:
ult 91 ksi
AC
Factor of safety: n 3.5
sallow
sult 91 ksi
26,000 psi
n
3.5
GEOMETRY OF ONE CABLE (CABLE AB)
Point B is above the midpoint of the cage
B
L = 13 ft
h
A
b
2
c
2
b
c
3 ft 4 ft
2
2
h height from A to B
T
sallow
2,600 lb
0.100 in.2
26,000 psi
(Note: The diameter of the cable cannot be
calculated from the area AC, because a cable does not
have a solid circular cross section. A cable consists
of several strands wound together. For details, see
Section 2.2.)
SECTION 1.8
Problem 1.8-12 A steel column of hollow circular cross section is supported on a circular steel base plate and a concrete
pedestal (see figure). The column has outside diameter d
250 mm and supports a load P 750 kN.
d
P
Column
(a) If the allowable stress in the column is 55 MPa, what is
the minimum required thickness t? Based upon your result,
select a thickness for the column. (Select a thickness that
is an even integer, such as 10, 12, 14, . . ., in units of
millimeters.)
(b) If the allowable bearing stress on the concrete pedestal is
11.5 MPa, what is the minimum required diameter D of
the base plate if it is designed for the allowable load Pallow
that the column with the selected thickness can support?
Solution 1.8-12
P
Base plate
t
D
Hollow circular column
P
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES IN EQ. (1):
t2 250 t
d
t
(750 103 N)
0
(55 Nmm2 )
(Note: In this eq., t has units of mm.)
t2 250t 4,340.6 0
Solve the quadratic eq. for t:
t 18.77 mmtmin 18.8 mm
D
Use t 20 mm
d 250 mm
(b) DIAMETER D OF THE BASE PLATE
P 750 kN
For the column,
allow 55 MPa (compression in column)
A t(d t) Pallow allow t(d t)
D diameter of base plate
b
11.5 MPa (allowable pressure on concrete)
P
sallow
A
t(d t)
t2 td
t2 dt
P
sallow
d2
(d 2t) 2
4
4
(4t)(d t) t(d t)
4
P
D2 Pallow
sb
4
4(55 MPa)(20 mm)(230 mm)
11.5 MPa
D2 88,000 mm2D 296.6 mm
sallow
Dmin 297 mm
0
P
0
sallow
Area of base plate
D2 sallowt(d t)
sb
4
4sallowt(d t)
D2
sb
(a) THICKNESS t OF THE COLUMN
A
Pallow allow A
where A is the area of the column with t 20 mm.
t thickness of column
(Eq. 1)
57
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
58
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.8-13 A bar of rectangular cross section is subjected to an
axial load P (see figure). The bar has width b 2.0 in. and thickness
t 0.25 in. A hole of diameter d is drilled through the bar to provide
for a pin support. The allowable tensile stress on the net cross section
of the bar is 20 ksi, and the allowable shear stress in the pin is 11.5 ksi.
(a) Determine the pin diameter dm for which the load P will be
a maximum.
(b) Determine the corresponding value Pmax of the load.
Solution 1.8-13
P
b
d
t
P
Bar with pin connection
t
GRAPH OF EQS. (1) AND (2)
P
Load P
(lb)
d
P2
20,000
Eq.(2)
Width of bar b 2 in.
Eq.(1)
Thickness t 0.25 in.
10,000
Pmax
allow 20 ksi
P1
allow 11.5 ksi
d diameter of pin (inches)
0
P axial load (pounds)
P2
10,000 5,000d 18,064d 2
P1 allow Anet allow(b d)t
or 18,064d 2 5,000d 10,000 0
(20,000 psi)(2 in. d)(0.25 in.)
Eq. (1)
Solve quadratic equation:
d 0.6184 in.dm 0.618 in.
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR IN PIN
Double shear
d
4
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD
2
P2 2tallow ¢
1.0
(a) MAXIMUM LOAD OCCURS WHEN P1
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON TENSION IN BAR
5,000(2 d) 10,000 5,000d
0.5 dm
Diameter d (in.)
d
2
2
≤ tallow ¢
Substitute d 0.6184 in. into Eq. (1) or
≤
d 2
(11,500 psi) ¢
≤ 18,064d 2
2
Eq. (2):
Eq. (2)
Pmax 6910 lb
Problem 1.8-14 A flat bar of width b 60 mm and thickness
t 10 mm is loaded in tension by a force P (see figure). The bar is
attached to a support by a pin of diameter d that passes through a hole
of the same size in the bar. The allowable tensile stress on the net cross
section of the bar is T 140 MPa, the allowable shear stress in the
pin is S 80 MPa, and the allowable bearing stress between the pin
and the bar is B 200 MPa.
(a) Determine the pin diameter dm for which the load P will be a
maximum.
(b) Determine the corresponding value Pmax of the load.
d
P
b
t
P
SECTION 1.8
Solution 1.8-14
59
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
Bar with a pin connection
SHEAR IN THE PIN
d
PS 2tS Apin 2tS ¢
P
b
2(80 MPa) ¢
d 2
≤
4
2
1
≤ (d ) ¢
≤
4
1000
0.040 d2 0.12566d2
t
P
(Eq. 2)
BEARING BETWEEN PIN AND BAR
PB B td
d
(200 MPa)(10 mm)(d) ¢
b 60 mm
2.0 d
t 10 mm
(Eq. 3)
GRAPH OF EQS. (1), (2), AND (3)
d diameter of hole and pin
T 140 MPa
P (kN)
S 80 MPa
100
B 200 MPa
and are in N/mm2 (same as MPa)
Sh
Eq.(3)
25
b, t, and d are in mm
PB
ring
Bea
Pmax
50
P is in kN
PS
ea
r
P
Tens T
ion
75
UNITS USED IN THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS:
Eq.(1)
dm
Eq.(2)
0
0
10
30
20
d
(mm)
TENSION IN THE BAR
PT T (Net area) t(t)(b d)
1
(140 MPa)(10 mm)(60 mm d) ¢
≤
1000
1.40 (60 d)
1
≤
1000
(Eq. 1)
(a) PIN DIAMETER dm
PT PB or 1.40(60 d) 2.0 d
Solving, dm
84.0
mm 24.7 mm
3.4
(b) LOAD Pmax
Substitute dm into Eq. (1) or Eq. (3):
Pmax 49.4 kN
40
60
CHAPTER 1
Tension, Compression, and Shear
Problem 1.8-15 Two bars AC and BC of the same material support
a vertical load P (see figure). The length L of the horizontal bar is
fixed, but the angle can be varied by moving support A vertically
and changing the length of bar AC to correspond with the new
position of support A. The allowable stresses in the bars are the
same in tension and compression.
We observe that when the angle is reduced, bar AC becomes
shorter but the cross-sectional areas of both bars increase (because
the axial forces are larger). The opposite effects occur if the angle
is increased. Thus, we see that the weight of the structure (which is
proportional to the volume) depends upon the angle .
Determine the angle so that the structure has minimum weight
without exceeding the allowable stresses in the bars. (Note: The
weights of the bars are very small compared to the force P and may
be disregarded.)
Solution 1.8-15
A
θ
B
C
L
P
Two bars supporting a load P
Joint C
A
WEIGHT OF TRUSS
T
weight density of material
W (AACLAC ABCLBC)
θ
θ
C
L
P
T tensile force in bar AC
C compressive force in bar BC
©Fvert 0T
P
sin u
©Fhoriz 0C
P
tan u
AREAS OF BARS
gPL
1
1
¢
≤
sallow sin u cos u tan u
gPL 1 cos2u
¢
≤
sallow sin u cos u
C
C
B
P
, P, L, and allow are constants
W varies only with
Let k
(Nondimensional)
12
W 9
k
ABC
C
C
sallow sallow tan u
6
L
LBC L
cos u
(k has units of force)
GRAPH OF EQ. (2):
T
P
sallow sallow sin u
LAC
gPL
sallow
W
1 cos2u
k
sin u cos u
AAC
LENGTHS OF BARS
Eq. (1)
3
0
30°
60°
90°
Eq. (2)
SECTION 1.8
ANGLE THAT MAKES W A MINIMUM
Use Eq. (2)
Let f
1 cos2u
sin u cos u
df
0
du
df
(sin u cos u) (2) (cos u) (sin u) (1 cos2u) (sin2u cos2u)
du
sin2u cos2u
sin2u cos2u sin2u cos2u cos4u
sin2u cos2u
SET THE NUMERATOR
0 AND SOLVE FOR :
sin2 cos2 sin2 cos2 cos4 0
Replace sin2 by 1 cos2:
(1 cos2)(cos2) 1 cos2 cos2 cos4 0
Combine terms to simplify the equation:
1 3 cos2u 0cos u
u 54.7
1
3
Design for Axial Loads and Direct Shear
61
2
Axially Loaded Members
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.2-1 The T-shaped arm ABC shown in the figure
lies in a vertical plane and pivots about a horizontal pin at A.
The arm has constant cross-sectional area and total weight W.
A vertical spring of stiffness k supports the arm at point B.
Obtain a formula for the elongation of the spring due
to the weight of the arm.
Solution 2.2-1
k
A
B
C
b
b
b
T-shaped arm
F tensile force in the spring
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF ARM
©MA 0
F
A
C
B
W
3
W
3
F(b)
W
3
F
W b
W 3b
W
¢ ≤
¢ ≤ (2b) 0
3 2
3 2
3
4W
3
elongation of the spring
b
b
F 4W
k
3k
Problem 2.2-2 A steel cable with nominal diameter 25 mm (see Table
2-1) is used in a construction yard to lift a bridge section weighing 38 kN,
as shown in the figure. The cable has an effective modulus of elasticity
E 140 GPa.
(a) If the cable is 14 m long, how much will it stretch when the load is
picked up?
(b) If the cable is rated for a maximum load of 70 kN, what is the factor
of safety with respect to failure of the cable?
63
64
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.2-2
Bridge section lifted by a cable
A 304 mm2
(from Table 2-1)
W 38 kN
(b) FACTOR OF SAFETY
PULT 406 kN (from Table 2-1)
Pmax 70 kN
E 140 GPa
n
L 14 m
PULT 406 kN
5.8
Pmax
70 kN
(a) STRETCH OF CABLE
(38 kN)(14 m)
WL
EA (140 GPa)(304 mm2 )
12.5 mm
Problem 2.2-3 A steel wire and a copper wire have equal lengths and
support equal loads P (see figure). The moduli of elasticity for the steel
and copper are Es 30,000 ksi and Ec 18,000 ksi, respectively.
Copper
wire
(a) If the wires have the same diameters, what is the ratio of the
elongation of the copper wire to the elongation of the steel wire?
(b) If the wires stretch the same amount, what is the ratio of the
diameter of the copper wire to the diameter of the steel wire?
Steel
wire
P
P
Solution 2.2-3
Steel wire and copper wire
Copper
wire
Steel
wire
P
P
Equal lengths and equal
loads
(b) RATIO OF DIAMETERS (EQUAL ELONGATIONS)
Steel: Es 30,000 ksi
PL
PL
c s
orEc Ac Es As
Ec Ac Es As
Copper: Ec 18,000 ksi
Ec ¢
(a) RATIO OF ELONGATIONS
(EQUAL DIAMETERS)
d2c Es
d2s Ec
c
PL
PL
s
Ec A
Es A
c Es 30
1.67
s Ec 18
2
2
≤ d Es ¢ ≤ ds
4 c
4
Es
dc
30
1.29
ds B Ec B 18
SECTION 2.2
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.2-4 By what distance h does the cage shown in the
figure move downward when the weight W is placed inside it?
Consider only the effects of the stretching of the cable, which
has axial rigidity EA 10,700 kN. The pulley at A has diameter
dA 300 mm and the pulley at B has diameter dB 150 mm.
Also, the distance L1 4.6 m, the distance L2 10.5 m, and
the weight W 22 kN. (Note: When calculating the length of the
cable, include the parts of the cable that go around the pulleys at
A and B.)
L1
A
L2
B
Cage
W
Solution 2.2-4
Cage supported by a cable
L1
A
dA 300 mm
LENGTH OF CABLE
dB 150 mm
1
1
L L1 2L2 (dA ) (dB )
4
2
L1 4.6 m
L2 10.5 m
L2
EA 10,700 kN
W 22 kN
4,600 mm 21,000 mm 236 mm 236 mm
26,072 mm
ELONGATION OF CABLE
B
TL (11 kN)(26,072 mm)
26.8 mm
EA
(10,700 kN)
LOWERING OF THE CAGE
W
TENSILE FORCE IN CABLE
T
W
11 kN
2
h distance the cage moves downward
h
1
13.4 mm
2
Problem 2.2-5 A safety valve on the top of a tank containing
steam under pressure p has a discharge hole of diameter d (see
figure). The valve is designed to release the steam when the
pressure reaches the value pmax.
If the natural length of the spring is L and its stiffness is k,
what should be the dimension h of the valve? (Express your
result as a formula for h.)
h
d
p
65
66
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.2-5
Safety valve
pmax pressure when valve opens
L natural length of spring (L > h)
k stiffness of spring
h
FORCE IN COMPRESSED SPRING
F k(L h) (From Eq. 2-1a)
PRESSURE FORCE ON SPRING
d
P pmax ¢
h height of valve (compressed length of the
spring)
EQUATE FORCES AND SOLVE FOR h:
pmax d2
4
F Pk(L h)
d diameter of discharge hole
hL
p pressure in tank
Problem 2.2-6 The device shown in the figure consists of a
pointer ABC supported by a spring of stiffness k 800 N/m.
The spring is positioned at distance b 150 mm from the pinned
end A of the pointer. The device is adjusted so that when there
is no load P, the pointer reads zero on the angular scale.
If the load P 8 N, at what distance x should the load be
placed so that the pointer will read 3° on the scale?
Solution 2.2-6
d2
≤
4
pmax d2
4k
P
x
A
B
C
0
k
b
Pointer supported by a spring
©MA 0
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF POINTER
P
x
Px (k)b 0or
B
A
C
Px
kb
Let angle of rotation of pointer
F = k
b
P8N
k 800 N/m
b 150 mm
displacement of spring
F force in spring
k
Px
tan 2
b kb
x
kb2
tan
P
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
3
x
(800 Nm)(150 mm) 2
tan 3
8N
118 mm
SECTION 2.2
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.2-7 Two rigid bars, AB and CD, rest on a smooth
horizontal surface (see figure). Bar AB is pivoted end A and
bar CD is pivoted at end D. The bars are connected to each
other by two linearly elastic springs of stiffness k. Before the
load P is applied, the lengths of the springs are such that the
bars are parallel and the springs are without stress.
Derive a formula for the displacement C at point C when
the load P is acting. (Assume that the bars rotate through very
small angles under the action of the load P.)
Solution 2.2-7
b
b
b
A
B
C
P
D
Two bars connected by springs
b
b
B
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS
B
2
A
A
b
b
B
B
D
C
D
C
C
2
C
P
k stiffness of springs
B displacement of point B
C displacement at point C due to load P
C displacement of point C
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
1 elongation of first spring
A
b
b
F1
F1
b
C
B
2 shortening of second spring
F2
F2
B
2
B
b
C
D
C
2
Also,¢ 1
F1 4P
F2 2P
;¢ 2
k
3k
k
3k
P
SOLVE THE EQUATIONS:
F1 tensile force in first spring
F2 compressive force in second spring
¢ 1 ¢ 1C
B 4P
2
3k
EQUILIBRIUM
¢ 2 ¢ 2B
C 2P
2
3k
©MA 0
bF1 2bF2 0
©MD 0
2bP 2bF1 bF2 0
4P
2P
Solving, F1 F2
3
3
F1 2F2
F2 2F1 2P
Eliminate B and obtain C :
C
20P
9k
67
68
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.2-8 The three-bar truss ABC shown in the figure has a span
L 3 m and is constructed of steel pipes having cross-sectional area
A 3900 mm2 and modulus of elasticity E 200 GPa. A load P acts
horizontally to the right at joint C.
C
(a) If P 650 kN, what is the horizontal displacement of joint B?
(b) What is the maximum permissible load Pmax if the displacement of
joint B is limited to 1.5 mm?
45°
A
45°
L
Solution 2.2-8
Truss with horizontal load
C
P
From force triangle,
L
—
2
45°
A
FAB
P
(tension)
2
(a) HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT B
45°
B
P 650 kN
B
L
RB
L3m
FAB LAB
PL
EA
2EA
(650 kN)(3 m)
2(200 GPa)(3900 mm2 )
1.25 mm
A 3900 mm2
E 200 GPa
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD Pmax
©MA 0givesRB
max 1.5 mm
P
2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF JOINT B
Pmax P
max
Pmax P ¢
≤
max
Force triangle:
Pmax (650 kN) ¢
780 kN
FBC
B
FAB
RB =
P
2
FBC
FAB
1.5 mm
≤
1.25 mm
P
B
SECTION 2.2
Problem 2.2-9 An aluminum wire having a diameter
d 2 mm and length L 3.8 m is subjected to a tensile
load P (see figure). The aluminum has modulus of
elasticity E 75 GPa.
If the maximum permissible elongation of the wire
is 3.0 mm and the allowable stress in tension is 60 MPa,
what is the allowable load Pmax?
Solution 2.2-9
P
d
P
L
Aluminum wire in tension
P
Pmax
d
P
L
L 3.8 m
(75 GPa)(3.142 mm2 )
(3.0 mm)
3.8 m
MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON STRESS
E 75 GPa
d
3.142 mm2
4
2
sallow 60 MPas
PL
EA
P
A
Pmax Asallow (3.142 mm2 )(60 MPa)
189 N
MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON ELONGATION
max 3.0 mm
EA
L max
186 N
d 2 mm
A
69
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Elongation governs.Pmax 186 N
Problem 2.2-10 A uniform bar AB of weight W 25 N is supported
by two springs, as shown in the figure. The spring on the left has
stiffness k1 300 N/m and natural length L1 250 mm. The
corresponding quantities for the spring on the right are k2 400 N/m
and L2 200 mm. The distance between the springs is L 350 mm,
and the spring on the right is suspended from a support that is distance
h 80 mm below the point of support for the spring on the left.
At what distance x from the left-hand spring should a load
P 18 N be placed in order to bring the bar to a horizontal position?
h
k1
L1
k2
L2
W
A
B
P
x
L
70
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.2-10
Bar supported by two springs
Reference line
©MA 0
F2L PX
©Fvert 0 c
h
L1
WL
0
2
(Eq. 1)
T
F1 F2 P W 0
k1
L2
k2
1
A
2
B
P
W
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
F1 P¢ 1
L
—
2
UNITS: Newtons and meters
L
—
2
F1 (18) ¢ 1
W 25 N
k1 300 N/m
F2 (18) ¢
k2 400 N/m
L 350 mm
P 18 N
NATURAL LENGTHS OF SPRINGS
L2 200 mm
x
≤ 12.5 51.429x 12.5
0.350
1
F1
F1
0.10167 0.17143x
k1 300
2
F2
F2
0.12857x 0.031250
k2 400
BAR AB REMAINS HORIZONTAL
OBJECTIVE
Find distance x for bar AB to be horizontal.
Points A and B are the same distance below the
reference line (see figure above).
∴ L1 1 h L2 2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR AB
or
F1
F2
A
B
0.250 0.10167 0.17143 x
0.080 0.200 0.12857 x 0.031250
SOLVE FOR x:
0.300 x 0.040420
W
x
x 135 mm
L
—
2
x
≤ 12.5 30.5 51.429x
0.350
ELONGATIONS OF THE SPRINGS
h 80 mm
P
Px W
x
W
≤ F2
L
2
L
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
x
L1 250 mm
(Eq. 2)
L
—
2
x 0.1347 m
SECTION 2.2
Problem 2.2-11 A hollow, circular, steel column (E 30,000 ksi) is
subjected to a compressive load P, as shown in the figure. The column
has length L 8.0 ft and outside diameter d 7.5 in. The load P 85 k.
If the allowable compressive stress is 7000 psi and the allowable
shortening of the column is 0.02 in., what is the minimum required wall
thickness tmin?
P
t
L
d
Solution 2.2-11
Column in compression
P
REQUIRED AREA BASED UPON ALLOWABLE SHORTENING
(85 k)(96 in.)
PL
PL
A
EA
Eallow (30,000 ksi)(0.02 in.)
13.60 in.2
t
SHORTENING GOVERNS
Amin 13.60 in.2
L
d
MINIMUM THICKNESS tmin
A
2
[d (d 2t) 2 ]or
4
4A
d 2 (d 2t) 2
P 85 k
E 30,000 ksi
L 8.0 ft
d 7.5 in.
allow 7,000 psi
allow 0.02 in.
(d 2t) 2 d 2
4A
4A
ord 2t d 2
B
d
d 2 A
t ¢ ≤ or
2 B 2
d
d 2 Amin
tmin ¢ ≤
2 B 2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
REQUIRED AREA BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESS
P
P
85 k
s A
12.14 in.2
sallow 7,000 psi
A
71
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
tmin
7.5 in.
7.5 in. 2 13.60 in.2
¢
≤
2
B
2
tmin 0.63 in.
72
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.2-12 The horizontal rigid beam ABCD is
supported by vertical bars BE and CF and is loaded by
vertical forces P1 400 kN and P2 360 kN acting at
points A and D, respectively (see figure). Bars BE and CF are
made of steel (E 200 GPa) and have cross-sectional areas
ABE 11,100 mm2 and ACF 9,280 mm2. The distances
between various points on the bars are shown in the figure.
Determine the vertical displacements A and D of points
A and D, respectively.
1.5 m
1.5 m
B
A
2.1 m
C
D
2.4 m
P1 = 400 kN
P2 = 360 kN
F
0.6 m
E
Solution 2.2-12 Rigid beam supported by vertical bars
1.5 m
1.5 m
B
A
2.1 m
C
D
2.4 m
P1 = 400 kN
SHORTENING OF BAR BE
FBE LBE
(296 kN)(3.0 m)
BE
EABE
(200 GPa)(11,100 mm2 )
0.400 mm
P2 = 360 kN
F
SHORTENING OF BAR CF
0.6 m
CF
E
FCF LCF
(464 kN)(2.4 m)
EACF
(200 GPa)(9,280 mm2 )
0.600 mm
ABE 11,100 mm2
ACF 9,280 mm2
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
E 200 GPa
A
1.5 m
B
1.5 m
2.1 m
C
D
LBE 3.0 m
LCF 2.4 m
A
BE
P1 400 kN; P2 360 kN
CF
D
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR ABCD
1.5 m
A
1.5 m
B
BE A CF BE or
2.1 m
C
D
A 2BE CF
A 2(0.400 mm) 0.600 m
0.200 mm
(Downward)
P1 = 400 kN
FBE
FCF
P2 = 360 kN
©MB 0
(400 kN)(1.5 m) FCF (1.5 m) (360 kN)(3.6 m) 0
FCF 464 kN
©MC 0
(400 kN)(3.0 m) FBE (1.5 m) (360 kN)(2.1 m) 0
FBE 296 kN
2.1
( BE )
1.5 CF
12
7
orD
5 CF 5 BE
12
7
(0.600 mm) (0.400 mm)
5
5
D CF
0.880 mm
(Downward)
SECTION 2.2
Problem 2.2-13 A framework ABC consists of two rigid
bars AB and BC, each having length b (see the first part of
the figure). The bars have pin connections at A, B, and C
and are joined by a spring of stiffness k. The spring is
attached at the midpoints of the bars. The framework has a
pin support at A and a roller support at C, and the bars are
at an angle to the hoizontal.
B
b
—
2
P
B
b
—
2
k
A
C
Solution 2.2-13
When a vertical load P is applied at joint B (see the
second part of the figure) the roller support C moves to
the right, the spring is stretched, and the angle of the bars
decreases from to the angle .
Determine the angle and the increase in the
distance between points A and C. (Use the following data;
b 8.0 in., k 16 lb/in., 45°, and P 10 lb.)
b
—
2
b
—
2
A
C
Framework with rigid bars and a spring
WITH LOAD P
B
b
—
2
b
—
2
L2 span from A to C
2b cos
k
b
—
2
73
Changes in Lengths of Axially Loaded Members
A
S2 length of spring
b
—
2
C
L1
L2
b cos u
2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BC
P
WITH NO LOAD
B
F
L1 span from A to C
2b cos
h
S1 length of spring
h
—
2
P
—
2
F
h
—
2
L1
b cos
2
L
—2
2
P
B
C
P
—
2
h height from C to B b sin
L2
b cos u
2
A
L2
C
F force in spring due to load P
©MB 0
P L2
h
¢ ≤ F ¢ ≤ 0 or P cos F sin
2 2
2
(Eq. 1)
(Continued)
74
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
DETERMINE THE ANGLE
From Eq. (2): cos cos u
S elongation of spring
Therefore,
S2 S1 b(cos cos )
2b ¢ cos u cos u
For the spring: F k(S)
F bk(cos cos )
Substitute F into Eq. (1):
P cos bk(cos cos )(sin )
P
or cot u cos u cos 0
bk
P cot u
bk
P cot u
≤
bk
2P
cot u
b
(Eq. 3)
NUMERICAL RESULTS
(Eq. 2)
This equation must be solved numerically for the
angle .
b 8.0 in.
k 16 lb/in.
45
P 10 lb
0.078125 cot cos 0.707107 0
(Eq. 4)
Substitute into Eq. (2):
Solve Eq. (4) numerically:
DETERMINE THE DISTANCE
L2 L1 2b cos 2b cos
2b(cos cos )
u 35.1
Substitute into Eq. (3):
1.78 in.
Problem 2.2-14 Solve the preceding problem for the following data:
b 200 mm, k 3.2 kN/m, 45°, and P 50 N.
Solution 2.2-14
Framework with rigid bars and a spring
See the solution to the preceding problem.
Eq. (2):
P
cot u cos u cos 0
bk
Eq. (3):
2P
cot u
k
NUMERICAL RESULTS
b 200 mm
k 3.2 kN/m
45
P 50 N
Substitute into Eq. (2):
0.078125 cot cos 0.707107 0
Solve Eq. (4) numerically:
u 35.1
Substitute into Eq. (3):
44.5 mm
(Eq. 4)
SECTION 2.3
75
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Problem 2.3-1 Calculate the elongation of a copper bar
of solid circular cross section with tapered ends when it is
stretched by axial loads of magnitude 3.0 k (see figure).
The length of the end segments is 20 in. and the length
of the prismatic middle segment is 50 in. Also, the diameters
at cross sections A, B, C, and D are 0.5, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.5 in.,
respectively, and the modulus of elasticity is 18,000 ksi.
(Hint: Use the result of Example 2-4.)
A
B
C
3.0 k
D
20 in.
20 in.
50 in.
Solution 2.3-1 Bar with tapered ends
A
MIDDLE SEGMENT (L 50 in.)
B
C
3.0 k
D
20 in.
50 in.
20 in.
3.0 k
2
(3.0 k)(50 in.)
PL
EA (18,000 ksi)( 4 )(1.0 in.) 2
0.01061in.
dA dD 0.5 in.
P 3.0 k
dB dC 1.0 in.
E 18,000 ksi
END SEGMENT (L 20 in.)
From Example 2-4:
4PL
E dA dB
1
ELONGATION OF BAR
NL
a
21 2
EA
2(0.008488 in.) (0.01061 in.)
0.0276 in.
4(3.0 k)(20 in.)
0.008488 in.
(18,000 ksi)(0.5 in.)(1.0 in.)
Problem 2.3-2 A long, rectangular copper bar under a tensile load P
hangs from a pin that is supported by two steel posts (see figure). The
copper bar has a length of 2.0 m, a cross-sectional area of 4800 mm2,
and a modulus of elasticity Ec 120 GPa. Each steel post has a height
of 0.5 m, a cross-sectional area of 4500 mm2, and a modulus of elasticity
Es 200 GPa.
Steel
post
(a) Determine the downward displacement of the lower end of the
copper bar due to a load P 180 kN.
(b) What is the maximum permissible load Pmax if the displacement
is limited to 1.0 mm?
Copper
bar
P
3.0 k
76
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.3-2
Copper bar with a tensile load
(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT (P 180 kN)
Steel
post
Ls
c
Lc
0.625 mm
s
Copper
bar
PLc
(180 kN)(2.0 m)
Ec Ac (120 GPa)(4800 mm2 )
(P2)Ls
(90 kN)(0.5 m)
Es As
(200 GPa)(4500 mm2 )
0.050 mm
P
c s 0.625 mm 0.050 mm
Lc 2.0 m
0.675 mm
Ac 4800 mm2
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD Pmax (max 1.0 mm)
Ec 120 GPa
Pmax max
max
Pmax P ¢
≤
P
Ls 0.5 m
As 4500 mm2
Es 200 GPa
Pmax (180 kN) ¢
1.0 mm
≤ 267 kN
0.675 mm
Problem 2.3-3 A steel bar AD (see figure) has a cross-sectional area
of 0.40 in.2 and is loaded by forces P1 2700 lb, P2 1800 lb, and
P3 1300 lb. The lengths of the segments of the bar are a 60 in.,
b 24 in., and c 36 in.
P1
(a) Assuming that the modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi,
calculate the change in length of the bar. Does the bar elongate
or shorten?
(b) By what amount P should the load P3 be increased so that the
bar does not change in length when the three loads are applied?
Solution 2.3-3
A
P3 1300 lb
P1 2700 lb
E 30 106 psi
AXIAL FORCES
NAB P1 P2 P3 3200 lb
NBC P2 P3 500 lb
NCD P3 1300 lb
P2
B
60 in.
A 0.40
a
C
b
D
c
Steel bar loaded by three forces
P1
in.2
B
A
P2
P2 1800 lb
P3
C
24 in.
D
36 in.
(a) CHANGE IN LENGTH
Ni Li
a
Ei Ai
1
(N L NBC LBC NCD LCD )
EA AB AB
1
[(3200 lb)(60 in.)
6
(30 10 psi)(0.40 in.2 )
(500 lb)(24 in.) (1300 lb)(36 in.)]
0.0131 in. (elongation)
P3
SECTION 2.3
77
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
The force P must produce a shortening equal to 0.0131 in.
in order to have no change in length.
(b) INCREASE IN P3 FOR NO CHANGE IN LENGTH
P
∴ 0.0131 in.
120 in.
P increase in force P3
PL
EA
P(120 in.)
(30 106 psi)(0.40 in.2 )
P 1310 lb
Problem 2.3-4 A rectangular bar of length L has a slot in
the middle half of its length (see figure). The bar has width
b, thickness t, and modulus of elasticity E. The slot has
width b/4.
b
—
4
P
(a) Obtain a formula for the elongation of the bar due
to the axial loads P.
(b) Calculate the elongation of the bar if the material is
high-strength steel, the axial stress in the middle
region is 160 MPa, the length is 750 mm, and the
modulus of elasticity is 210 GPa.
Solution 2.3-4
L
—
4
b
L
—
4
t thickness
P
L
—
2
L
—
4
L length of bar
(a) ELONGATION OF BAR
Ni Li P(L4) P(L2) P(L4)
a
3
EAi
E(bt)
E(bt)
E( 4bt)
P
L
—
2
L
—
4
Bar with a slot
b
—
4
P
t
b
PL 1 4 1
7PL
¢ ≤
Ebt 4 6 4
6Ebt
STRESS IN MIDDLE REGION
P
P
4P
s 3
or
A ( 4bt)
3bt
P 3s
bt
4
Substitute into the equation for :
7PL 7L P
7L 3s
¢ ≤
¢
≤
6Ebt 6E bt
6E 4
7sL
8E
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
s 160 MPaL 750 mmE 210 GPa
7(160 MPa)(750 mm)
0.500 mm
8 (210 GPa)
78
CHAPTER 2 Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.3-5 Solve the preceding problem if the axial stress in the
middle region is 24,000 psi, the length is 30 in., and the modulus of
elasticity is 30 106 psi.
Solution 2.3-5
Bar with a slot
STRESS IN MIDDLE REGION
b
—
4
s
b
P
L
—
4
P
L
—
2
L
—
4
SUBSTITUTE INTO THE EQUATION FOR :
t thickness
L length of bar
(a) ELONGATION OF BAR
Ni Li P(L4)
P(L2)
P(L4)
a
3
EAi
E(bt)
E(bt)
E ( 4 bt)
PL 1 4 1
7PL
¢ ≤
Ebt 4 6 4
6Ebt
P
P
4P
P 3s
3
or
A ( 4 bt) 3bt
bt
4
7PL 7L P
7L 3s
¢ ≤
¢
≤
6Ebt 6E bt
6E 4
7sL
8E
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
s 24,000 psiL 30 in.
E 30 106 psi
7(24,000 psi)(30 in.)
0.0210 in.
8(30 106 psi)
Problem 2.3-6 A two-story building has steel columns AB in the first
floor and BC in the second floor, as shown in the figure. The roof load P1
equals 400 kN and the second-floor load P2 equals 720 kN. Each column
has length L 3.75 m. The cross-sectional areas of the first- and secondfloor columns are 11,000 mm2 and 3,900 mm2, respectively.
P1 = 400 kN
L = 3.75 m
P2 = 720 kN
(a) Assuming that E 206 GPa, determine the total shortening AC
of the two columns due to the combined action of the loads P1
and P2.
(b) How much additional load P0 can be placed at the top of the
column (point C) if the total shortening AC is not to exceed
4.0 mm?
Solution 2.3-6
C
Steel columns in a building
P1 = 400 kN
P2 = 720 kN
L length of each
column
3.75 m
E 206 GPa
L
A
B
L = 3.75 m
A
(a) SHORTENING AC OF THE TWO COLUMNS
Ni Li NAB L NBC L
AC a
Ei Ai EAAB
EABC
L
B
C
AAB 11,000 mm2
ABC 3,900 mm2
(1120 kN)(3.75 m)
(206 GPa)(11,000 mm2 )
(400 kN)(3.75 m)
(206 GPa)(3,900 mm2 )
1.8535 mm 1.8671 mm 3.7206 mm
AC 3.72 mm
SECTION 2.3
(b) ADDITIONAL LOAD P0 AT POINT C
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Solve for P0:
(AC)max 4.0 mm
P0
E0 AAB ABC
¢
≤
L AAB ABC
0 additional shortening of the two columns
due to the load P0
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
0 (AC)max AC 4.0 mm 3.7206 mm
E 206 109 Nm2
0.2794 mm
Also, 0
ABC 3,900 10 6 m2
P0 44,200 N 44.2 kN
Problem 2.3-7 A steel bar 8.0 ft long has a circular cross
section of diameter d1 0.75 in. over one-half of its length
and diameter d2 0.5 in. over the other half (see figure). The
modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi.
d1 = 0.75 in.
Bar in tension
d1 = 0.75 in.
P = 5000 lb
4.0 ft
P 5000 lb
E 30 106 psi
L 4 ft 48 in.
(a) ELONGATION OF NONPRISMATIC BAR
Ni Li PL
1
a
Ei Ai
E a Ai
(5000 lb)(48 in.)
30 106 psi
1
1
B
2
2R
4 (0.75 in)
4 (0.50 in.)
0.0589 in.
4.0 ft
Original bar: Vo A1L A2L L(A1 A2)
P = 5000 lb
4.0 ft
4.0 ft
(b) ELONGATION OF PRISMATIC BAR OF SAME VOLUME
d2 = 0.50 in.
P
d2 = 0.50 in.
P
(a) How much will the bar elongate under a tensile load
P 5000 lb?
(b) If the same volume of material is made into a bar of
constant diameter d and length 8.0 ft, what will be the
elongation under the same load P?
0 0.2794 10 3 m
L 3.75 m AAB 11,000 10 6 m2
P0 L
P0 L P0 L 1
1
¢
≤
EAAB EABC
E AAB ABC
Solution 2.3-7
79
Prismatic bar: Vp Ap(2L)
Equate volumes and solve for Ap:
Vo Vp
Ap
L(A1 A2) Ap(2L)
A1 A2 1
¢ ≤ (d21 d22 )
2
2 4
[ (0.75 in.) 2 (0.50 in.) 2 ] 0.3191 in.2
8
P(2L)
(5000 lb)(2)(48 in.)
EAp
(30 106 psi)(0.3191 in.2 )
0.0501 in.
NOTE: A prismatic bar of the same volume will
always have a smaller change in length than will a
nonprismatic bar, provided the constant axial load
P, modulus E, and total length L are the same.
80
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.3-8 A bar ABC of length L consists of two parts
of equal lengths but different diameters (see figure). Segment
AB has diameter d1 100 mm and segment BC has diameter
d2 60 mm. Both segments have length L/2 0.6 m. A
longitudinal hole of diameter d is drilled through segment AB
for one-half of its length (distance L/4 0.3 m). The bar is
made of plastic having modulus of elasticity E 4.0 GPa.
Compressive loads P 110 kN act at the ends of the bar.
If the shortening of the bar is limited to 8.0 mm, what
is the maximum allowable diameter dmax of the hole?
Solution 2.3-8
Bar with a hole
A
d2
B
C
d1
P
L
—
4
P 110 kN
P
L
—
4
L
—
2
L 1.2 m
E 4.0 GPa
d1 100 mm
P
d
d1
d2
P
dmax maximum allowable diameter of the hole
d2 60 mm
L
—
4
L
—
4
L
—
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (1) FOR
AND SOLVE FOR d dmax:
d diameter of hole
UNITS: Newtons and meters
SHORTENING OF THE BAR
0.008
Ni Li P
Li
a
a
Ei Ai E
Ai
B
L4
P
L4
L2
C
2 2S
E 2
(d1 d 2)
d
d
4
4 1 4 2
PL
1
1
2
¢
≤
E d21 d2 d21 d22
(110,000)(1.2)
(4.0 109 )
761.598
(Eq. 1)
NUMERICAL VALUES (DATA):
maximum allowable shortening of the bar
8.0 mm
1
1
2
R
2
2
2
(0.1) d
(0.1)
(0.06) 2
1
1
2
2
0.01
0.0036
0.01 d
1
761.598 100 555.556 106.042
0.01 d2
d2 569.81 10 6 m2
d 0.02387 m
dmax 23.9 mm
P
Problem 2.3-9 A wood pile, driven into the earth, supports a load P entirely
by friction along its sides (see figure). The friction force f per unit length of pile
is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the surface of the pile. The pile has
length L, cross-sectional area A, and modulus of elasticity E.
(a) Derive a formula for the shortening of the pile in terms of P, L, E,
and A.
(b) Draw a diagram showing how the compressive stress c varies throughout
the length of the pile.
f
L
SECTION 2.3
Solution 2.3-9
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Wood pile with friction
P
N(y) axial force
P
A
d
f
Py
c =
AL
P
f=
L
L
dy
y
N(y) fy
(Eq. 2)
N(y) dy fy dy
EA
EA
L
d
0
Compressive stress
in pile
f
EA
L
ydy
0
fL2
PL
2EA 2EA
PL
2EA
0
Friction force
per unit
length of pile
(b) COMPRESSIVE STRESS c IN PILE
sc
FROM FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PILE:
©Fvert 0c
P
T fL P 0f
L
N(y) fy Py
A
A AL
At the base (y 0): c 0
(Eq. 1)
(a) SHORTENING OF PILE:
At the top(y L): sc
P
A
See the diagram above.
At distance y from the base:
Problem 2.3-10 A prismatic bar AB of length L, cross-sectional area A, modulus
of elasticity E, and weight W hangs vertically under its own weight (see figure).
A
(a) Derive a formula for the downward displacement C of point C, located
at distance h from the lower end of the bar.
(b) What is the elongation B of the entire bar?
(c) What is the ratio of the elongation of the upper half of the bar to the
elongation of the lower half of the bar?
C
L
h
B
Solution 2.3-10
Prismatic bar hanging vertically
W Weight of bar
A
dy
(a) DOWNWARD
DISPLACEMENT
C
y
81
L
Consider an element at
distance y from the
lower end.
h
B
N(y)
Wy
N(y)dy Wydy
d
L
EA
EAL
L
C
d
h
C
C
h
L
Wydy
W
(L2 h2 )
EAL
2EAL
W
(L2 h2 )
2EAL
(b) ELONGATION OF BAR (h 0)
B
WL
2EA
(c) RATIO OF ELONGATIONS
Elongation of upper half of bar ¢ h
upper
L
≤:
2
3WL
8EA
Elongation of lower half of bar:
lower B upper
b
upper
lower
WL 3WL WL
2EA 8EA 8EA
38
3
18
82
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.3-11 A flat bar of rectangular cross section, length
L, and constant thickness t is subjected to tension by forces
P (see figure). The width of the bar varies linearly from b1 at
the smaller end to b2 at the larger end. Assume that the angle
of taper is small.
b2
t
(a) Derive the following formula for the elongation of the
bar:
P
b1
b
PL
ln 2
Et(b2 b1) b 1
L
P
(b) Calculate the elongation, assuming L 5 ft, t 1.0 in.,
P 25 k, b1 4.0 in., b2 6.0 in., and E 30 106 psi.
Solution 2.3-11
Tapered bar (rectangular cross section)
dx
x
P
0
b
b1
L0
From Eq. (1):
L0 L
x
≤b2 b1¢
≤
L0
L0
A(x) bt b1t ¢
(Eq. 1)
x
≤
L0
L0
PL0
d
Eb1t
PL0
ln x
Eb1t
L0 L ¢
(Eq. 3)
b1
≤
b2 b1
b2
PL
ln
Et(b2 b1 ) b1
(Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
L 5 ft 60 in.
L0 L
L0
L0 L
L0
Solve Eq. (3) for L0:
PL0 dx
Pdx
EA(x)
Eb1tx
L0 L
L0 L b2
L0
b1
Substitute Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
(a) ELONGATION OF THE BAR
d
P
L
t thickness (constant)
b b1¢
b2
dx
x
PL0
L0 L
ln
Eb1t
L0
t 10 in.
P 25 k
b1 4.0 in.
b2 6.0 in.
E 30 106 psi
From Eq. (5): 0.010 in.
(Eq. 2)
SECTION 2.3
83
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Problem 2.3-12 A post AB supporting equipment in a laboratory is
tapered uniformly throughout its height H (see figure). The cross
sections of the post are square, with dimensions b b at the top
and 1.5b 1.5b at the base.
Derive a formula for the shortening of the post due to the
compressive load P acting at the top. (Assume that the angle of
taper is small and disregard the weight of the post itself.)
P
A
A
b
b
H
B
B
1.5b
Solution 2.3-12
Tapered post
P
SHORTENING OF ELEMENT dy
d
A
b
Pdy
EAy
Pdy
2
E¢
b (H 0.5y) 2
≤
H2
y
SHORTENING OF ENTIRE POST
H
by
dy
PH2
d 2
Eb
H
0
From Appendix C:
1.5 b
B
Square cross sections
b width at A
1.5b width at B
by width at distance y
b (1.5b b)
y
H
b
(H 0.5y)
H
Ay cross-sectional area at distance y
(by ) 2
b2
(H 0.5y) 2
H2
dy
(H 0.5y) 2
(a bx)
dx
2
H
PH2
1
B
R
(0.5)(H 0.5y) 0
Eb2
PH2
1
1
R
2 B
(0.5)(1.5H) 0.5H
Eb
2PH
3Eb2
1
b(a bx)
1.5b
84
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.3-13 A long, slender bar in the shape of a right circular cone
with length L and base diameter d hangs vertically under the action of its
own weight (see figure). The weight of the cone is W and the modulus of
elasticity of the material is E.
Derive a formula for the increase in the length of the bar due to
its own weight. (Assume that the angle of taper of the cone is small.)
Solution 2.3-13
d
L
Conical bar hanging vertically
ELEMENT OF BAR
d
Ny
dy
L
y
TERMINOLOGY
Ay cross-sectional area at element dy
AB cross-sectional area at base of cone
d2
4
1
AB L
3
Vy volume of cone below element dy
1
A y
3 y
Wy weight of cone below element dy
Vy
V
(W)
Ny Wy
d
Ny dy
E Ay
AyyW
ABL
Wy dy
4W
y dy
E ABL d 2 EL
ELONGATION OF CONICAL BAR
V volume of cone
Wweight of cone
ELONGATION OF ELEMENT dy
Ny axial force acting on element dy
dy
Ny
d
4W
d 2 EL
L
y dy d E
2WL
2
0
SECTION 2.3
85
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
Problem 2.3-14 A bar ABC revolves in a horizontal plane about a
vertical axis at the midpoint C (see figure). The bar, which has length
2L and cross-sectional area A, revolves at constant angular speed .
Each half of the bar (AC and BC) has weight W1 and supports a weight
W2 at its end.
Derive the following formula for the elongation of one-half of the
bar (that is, the elongation of either AC or BC):
A
C
B
W1
W2
W1
L
L22
(W1 3W2)
3g EA
W2
L
in which E is the modulus of elasticity of the material of the bar and
g is the acceleration of gravity.
Solution 2.3-14
Rotating bar
W1
B
C
W2
Centrifugal force produced by weight W2
¢
F(x)
x
dx
W2
≤ (L2 )
g
d
AXIAL FORCE F(x)
L
F(x)
angular speed
jL
jx
W12
W2L2
jdj
g
gL
W12 2
W2L2
(L x2 )
g
2gL
A cross-sectional area
E modulus of elasticity
ELONGATION OF BAR BC
g acceleration of gravity
F(x) axial force in bar at distance x from point C
Consider an element of length dx at distance x from
point C.
To find the force F(x) acting on this element, we
must find the inertia force of the part of the bar from
distance x to distance L, plus the inertia force of the
weight W2.
Since the inertia force varies with distance from
point C, we now must consider an element of
length d at distance , where varies from x to L.
Mass of element dj
dj W1
¢
≤
L g
Acceleration of element 2
Centrifugal force produced by element
(mass)(acceleration)
W12
jdj
gL
EA
W
W L dx
(L x )dx
2gLEA
gEA
L
F(x) dx
0
L
L
2
1
2
0
0
W1
B
2gLEA
2
L
L2 dx
0
W1L22 W2L22
3gEA
gEA
2 2
L
(W 3W2 )
3gEA 1
2
2
2
0
L
x2 dx R
W2L2
gEA
0
L
dx
86
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.3-15 The main cables of a suspension bridge
[see part (a) of the figure] follow a curve that is nearly parabolic
because the primary load on the cables is the weight of the bridge
deck, which is uniform in intensity along the horizontal. Therefore,
let us represent the central region AOB of one of the main cables
[see part (b) of the figure] as a parabolic cable supported at points
A and B and carrying a uniform load of intensity q along the
horizontal. The span of the cable is L, the sag is h, the axial rigidity
is EA, and the origin of coordinates is at midspan.
(a)
y
(a) Derive the following formula for the elongation of cable
AOB shown in part (b) of the figure:
A
16h 2
qL3
(1 )
3L2
8hE A
L
—
2
L
—
2
B
h
(b) Calculate the elongation of the central span of one of
the main cables of the Golden Gate Bridge, for which the
dimensions and properties are L 4200 ft, h 470 ft,
q 12,700 lb/ft, and E 28,800,000 psi. The cable
consists of 27,572 parallel wires of diameter 0.196 in.
O
q
x
(b)
Hint: Determine the tensile force T at any point in the cable
from a free-body diagram of part of the cable; then determine
the elongation of an element of the cable of length ds; finally,
integrate along the curve of the cable to obtain an equation for
the elongation .
Solution 2.3-15
Cable of a suspension bridge
y
L
—
2
A
Equation of parabolic curve:
L
—
2
B
y
D
h
O
x
4hx2
L2
dy 8hx
2
dx
L
q
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF HALF OF CABLE
©MB 0
y
VB
B
HB
D
H
Hh
H
h
O
x
qL2
8h
©Fhorizontal 0
q
L
—
2
qL L
¢ ≤0
2 4
HB H
qL2
8h
(Eq. 1)
©Fvertical 0
VB
qL
2
(Eq. 2)
SECTION 2.3
(a) ELONGATION OF CABLE AOB
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF SEGMENT DB OF CABLE
y
VB
HB
B
T
0
h−
TH D
L2
4hx2
L2
TV
L
— −x
2
TH HB
qL2
8h
0
(Eq. 7)
L 4200 ft
q 12,700 lb/ft
A (27,572) ¢
≤ (0.196 in.) 2 831.90 in.2
4
Substitute into Eq. (7):
133.7 in 11.14 ft
TENSILE FORCE T IN CABLE
2 2
qL
≤ (qx) 2
B 8h
¢
qL2
64h2x2
1
8h B
L4
(Eq. 5)
ELONGATION d OF AN ELEMENT OF LENGTH ds
T
ds
dy
dx
Tds
d
EA
B
1¢
h 470 ft
E 28,800,000 psi
27,572 wires of diameter d 0.196 in.
(Eq. 4)
dy 2
≤
dx
2
8hx
dx 1 ¢ 2 ≤
B
L
64h2x2
L4
qL2
64h2x2
¢1
≤ dx
8h
L4
(b) GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE CABLE
(Eq. 3)
qx
dx 1
B
L2
qL3
16h2
¢1
≤
8hEA
3L2
qL qL
L
TV VB q ¢ x ≤
qx
2
2
2
ds (dx) 2 (dy) 2 dx
2
EA
TV
T
L
©Fvert 0VB TV q ¢ x ≤ 0
2
1 qL2
64h2x2
¢1
≤ dx
EA 8h
L4
D
T
T TH2 TV2
T ds
For both halves of cable:
x
TH
©Fhoriz 0
d EA
Substitute for T from Eq. (5) and for ds
from Eq. (6):
4hx2
q
x
Changes in Lengths under Nonuniform Conditions
(Eq. 6)
87
88
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Statically Indeterminate Structures
P
Problem 2.4-1 The assembly shown in the figure consists of a brass
core (diameter d1 0.25 in.) surrounded by a steel shell (inner diameter
d2 0.28 in., outer diameter d3 0.35 in.). A load P compresses the
core and shell, which have length L 4.0 in. The moduli of elasticity
of the brass and steel are Eb 15 106 psi and Es 30 106 psi,
respectively.
Steel shell
Brass core
L
(a) What load P will compress the assembly by 0.003 in.?
(b) If the allowable stress in the steel is 22 ksi and the allowable
stress in the brass is 16 ksi, what is the allowable compressive
load Pallow? (Suggestion: Use the equations derived in
Example 2-5.)
Solution 2.4-1
d1
d2
d3
Cylindrical assembly in compression
P
Substitute numerical values:
Es As Eb Ab (30 106 psi)(0.03464 in.2 )
(15 106 psi)(0.04909 in.2 )
Steel shell
1.776 106 lb
Brass core
P (1.776 106 lb) ¢
L
d1
0.003 in.
≤
4.0 in.
1330 lb
d2
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
d3
s22 ksi
b16 ksi
Use Eqs. (2-12a and b) of Example 2-5.
d1 0.25 in.
Eb15 106 psi
For steel:
d2 0.28 in.
Es30 106 psi
ss
d3 0.35 in.As
L 4.0 in.Ab
2
(d d22 ) 0.03464 in.2
4 3
2
d 0.04909 in.2
4 1
(a) DECREASE IN LENGTH ( 0.003 in.)
Use Eq. (2-13) of Example 2-5.
PL
or
Es As Eb Ab
P (Es As Eb Ab ) ¢
≤
L
PEs
ss
Ps (Es As Eb Ab )
Es As Eb Ab
Es
Ps (1.776 106 lb) ¢
22 ksi
≤ 1300 lb
30 106 psi
For brass:
sb
PEb
sb
Ps (Es As Eb Ab )
Es As Eb Ab
Eb
Ps (1.776 106 lb) ¢
16 ksi
≤ 1890 lb
15 106 psi
Steel governs.Pallow 1300 lb
SECTION 2.4
Statically Indeterminate Structures
Problem 2.4-2 A cylindrical assembly consisting of a brass core and
an aluminum collar is compressed by a load P (see figure). The length
of the aluminum collar and brass core is 350 mm, the diameter of the
core is 25 mm, and the outside diameter of the collar is 40 mm. Also, the
moduli of elasticity of the aluminum and brass are 72 GPa and 100 GPa,
respectively.
P
Aluminum collar
Brass core
350 mm
(a) If the length of the assembly decreases by 0.1% when the load
P is applied, what is the magnitude of the load?
(b) What is the maximum permissible load Pmax if the allowable
stresses in the aluminum and brass are 80 MPa and 120 MPa,
respectively? (Suggestion: Use the equations derived in
Example 2-5.)
Solution 2.4-2
25 mm
40 mm
Cylindrical assembly in compression
P
PL
or
Ea Aa Eb Ab
P (Ea Aa Eb Ab ) ¢
≤
L
Substitute numerical values:
350 mm
A
B
Ea Aa Eb Ab (72 GPa)(765.8 mm2)
(100 GPa)(490.9 mm2)
55.135 MN 49.090 MN
db
da
104.23 MN
0.350 mm
P (104.23 MN) ¢
≤
350 mm
104.2 kN
A aluminum
B brass
L 350 mm
da 40 mm
db 25 mm
Aa (d2a d2b )
4
765.8 mm2
Ea 72 GPaEb 100 GPaAb d2b
4
490.9 mm2
(a) DECREASE IN LENGTH
( 0.1% of L 0.350 mm)
Use Eq. (2-13) of Example 2-5.
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
a 80 MPa
b 120 MPa
Use Eqs. (2-12a and b) of Example 2-5.
For aluminum:
sa
PEa
sa
Pa (Ea Aa Eb Ab) ¢ ≤
Ea Aa Eb Ab
Ea
Pa (104.23 MN) ¢
80 MPa
≤ 115.8 kN
72 GPa
For brass:
sb
89
PEb
sb
Pb (Ea Aa Eb Ab ) ¢ ≤
Ea Aa Eb Ab
Eb
Pb (104.23 MN) ¢
120 MPa
≤ 125.1 kN
100 GPa
Aluminum governs.Pmax 116 kN
90
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-3 Three prismatic bars, two of material A and one of material B,
transmit a tensile load P (see figure). The two outer bars (material A) are identical.
The cross-sectional area of the middle bar (material B) is 50% larger than the
cross-sectional area of one of the outer bars. Also, the modulus of elasticity of
material A is twice that of material B.
(a) What fraction of the load P is transmitted by the middle bar?
(b) What is the ratio of the stress in the middle bar to the stress in the outer
bars?
(c) What is the ratio of the strain in the middle bar to the strain in the outer
bars?
Solution 2.4-3
A
B
P
A
Prismatic bars in tension
A
P
B
A
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF END PLATE
STRESSES:
sA
PA
2
PB
PA
2
P
PB
EBP
sB
AB EA AA EB AB
(a) LOAD IN MIDDLE BAR
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©Fhoriz 0
PA PB P 0
PB
EB AB
1
E
A
P
EA AA EB AB
A A
1
EB AB
EA
AA 1 1 4
Given:
2
EB
AB
1.5
3
(1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
A B
(2)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
∴
AA total area of both outer bars
A
PA
EAP
AA EA AA EB AB
PA L
PB L
B
EA AA
EB AB
(3)
(b) RATIO OF STRESSES
Substitute into Eq. (2):
PA L
PB L
EA AA
EB AB
PB
1
1
3
EA AA
P
8
11
¢
≤¢
≤1
1
EB AB
3
(4)
sB EB 1
sA EA 2
(c) RATIO OF STRAINS
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATIONS
All bars have the same strain
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (4):
EA AAP
EB ABP
PA
PB
EA AA EB AB
EA AA EB AB
Ratio 1
(5)
Substitute into Eq. (3):
A B
PL
EA AA EB AB
(6)
(7)
SECTION 2.4
Problem 2.4-4 A bar ACB having two different cross-sectional areas A1
and A2 is held between rigid supports at A and B (see figure). A load P
acts at point C, which is distance b1 from end A and distance b2 from
end B.
Statically Indeterminate Structures
A
(a) Obtain formulas for the reactions RA and RB at supports A and B,
respectively, due to the load P.
(b) Obtain a formula for the displacement C of point C.
(c) What is the ratio of the stress 1 in region AC to the stress 2 in
region CB?
Solution 2.4-4
A1
P
C
A2
b1
B
b2
Bar with intermediate load
C
A
B
P
b1
A1
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
RA
Solve Eq. (1) and Eq. (5) simultaneously:
C
A
b2
A2
B
RB
P
RA
b2 A1 P
b1 A2 P
RB
b1 A2 b2 A1
b1 A2 b2 A1
(b) DISPLACEMENT OF POINT C
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©Fhoriz 0
RA RB P
(Eq. 1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
s1
CB shortening of CB
(Eq. 2)
FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
RA b1
RB b2
AC
CB
EA1
EA2
(Eqs. 3&4)
(a) SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) into Eq. (2):
RA b1 RB b2
EA1
EA2
RA b1
b1 b2 P
EA1
E(b1 A2 b2 A1 )
(c) RATIO OF STRESSES
AC elongation of AC
AC CB
C AC
(Eq. 5)
RA
RB
(tension)s2
(compression)
A1
A2
s1 b2
s2 b1
(Note that if b1 b2, the stresses are numerically
equal regardless of the areas A1 and A2.)
91
92
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-5 Three steel cables jointly support a load of 12 k (see
figure). The diameter of the middle cable is 3⁄4 in. and the diameter of each
outer cable is 1⁄2 in. The tensions in the cables are adjusted so that each
cable carries one-third of the load (i.e., 4 k). Later, the load is increased
by 9 k to a total load of 21 k.
(a) What percent of the total load is now carried by the middle cable?
(b) What are the stresses M and O in the middle and outer cables,
respectively? (Note: See Table 2-1 in Section 2.2 for properties
of cables.)
Solution 2.4-5
Three cables in tension
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
1 in.
2
1 in.
2
M
3 in.
4
(3, 4)
SUBSTITUTE INTO COMPATIBILITY EQUATION:
PM L PO L PM PO
EAM EAO AM AO
P
AREAS OF CABLES (from Table 2-1)
Middle cable: AM 0.268
Po L
PM L
O
EAM
EAo
(5)
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1) AND (5):
in.2
PM P2 ¢
Outer cables: AO 0.119 in.2
AM
0.268 in.2
≤ (9 k) ¢
≤
AM 2AO
0.506 in.2
4.767 k
(for each cable)
Po P2 ¢
FIRST LOADING
P1 12 k ¢ Each cable carries
P1
or 4 k. ≤
3
Ao
0.119 in.2
≤ (9 k) ¢
≤
AM 2AO
0.506 in.2
2.117 k
FORCES IN CABLES
SECOND LOADING
Middle cable: Force 4 k 4.767 k 8.767 k
P2 9 k (additional load)
PO
Outer cables: Force 4 k 2.117 k 6.117 k
PM
PO
(for each cable)
(a) PERCENT OF TOTAL LOAD CARRIED BY MIDDLE CABLE
P2 = 9 k
Percent
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©Fvert 0
2PO PM P2 0
(1)
(b) STRESSES IN CABLES ( P/A)
8.767 k
32.7 ksi
0.268 in.2
6.117 k
Outer cables: sO
51.4 ksi
0.119 in.2
Middle cable: sM
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
M O
8.767 k
(100%) 41.7%
21 k
(2)
SECTION 2.4
Problem 2.4-6 A plastic rod AB of length L 0.5 m has a
diameter d1 30 mm (see figure). A plastic sleeve CD of length
c 0.3 m and outer diameter d2 45 mm is securely bonded
to the rod so that no slippage can occur between the rod and the
sleeve. The rod is made of an acrylic with modulus of elasticity
E1 3.1 GPa and the sleeve is made of a polyamide with
E2 2.5 GPa.
d1
d2
C
A
D
P
b
c
L
Plastic rod with sleeve
A
d1
C
d2
D
d1
B
P
P
b
c
b
L
P 12 kN
d1 30 mm
b 100 mm
L 500 mm
d2 45 mm
c 300 mm
Rod:
E1 3.1 GPa
Sleeve: E2 2.5 GPa
Rod: A1
d21
706.86 mm2
4
Sleeve: A2
2
(d d12) 883.57 mm2
4 2
E1A1 E2A2 4.400 MN
(a) ELONGATION OF ROD
Part AC: AC
Pb
0.5476 mm
E1A1
Part CD: CD
Pc
E1A1E2A2
0.81815 mm
(From Eq. 2-13 of Example 2-5)
2AC CD 1.91 mm
B
P
(a) Calculate the elongation of the rod when it is pulled by
axial forces P 12 kN.
(b) If the sleeve is extended for the full length of the rod,
what is the elongation?
(c) If the sleeve is removed, what is the elongation?
Solution 2.4-6
(b) SLEEVE AT FULL LENGTH
CD ¢
L
500 mm
≤ (0.81815 mm) ¢
≤
c
300 mm
1.36 mm
(c) SLEEVE REMOVED
93
Statically Indeterminate Structures
PL
2.74 mm
E1A1
b
94
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-7 The axially loaded bar ABCD shown in the figure is held
between rigid supports. The bar has cross-sectional area A1 from A to C
and 2A1 from C to D.
A1
(a) Derive formulas for the reactions RA and RD at the ends of the bar.
(b) Determine the displacements B and C at points B and C,
respectively.
(c) Draw a diagram in which the abscissa is the distance from the
left-hand support to any point in the bar and the ordinate is the
horizontal displacement at that point.
Solution 2.4-7
B
L
—
4
C
L
—
4
D
L
—
2
(a) REACTIONS
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (6):
2A1
A1
P
A
A
Bar with fixed ends
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR
RA
1.5A1
P
RD
B
L
—
4
C
L
—
4
RA
D
L
—
2
(b) DISPLACEMENTS AT POINTS B AND C
B AB
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©Fhoriz 0
2P
P
RD
3
3
RA RD P
RAL
PL
(To the right)
4EA1 6EA1
C CD
(Eq. 1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
AB BC CD 0
(Eq. 2)
RDL
4EA1
PL
(To the right)
12EA1
Positive means elongation.
(c) DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT EQUATIONS
AB
RA (L4)
(RA P)(L4)
BC
EA1
EA1
CD
Displacement
PL
——
6EA1
(Eqs. 3, 4)
RD (L2)
E(2A1 )
PL
——
12EA1
(Eq. 5)
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute Eqs. (3), (4), and (5) into Eq. (2):
RAL
(RA P)(L)
RDL
0 (Eq. 6)
4EA1
4EA1
4EA1
A
0
B
L
—
4
C
L
—
2
D Distance from
end A
L
SECTION 2.4
Problem 2.4-8 The fixed-end bar ABCD consists of three prismatic
segments, as shown in the figure. The end segments have crosssectional area A1 840 mm2 and length L1 200 mm. The middle
segment has cross-sectional area A2 1260 mm2 and length L2 250
mm. Loads PB and PC are equal to 25.5 kN and 17.0 kN, respectively.
A1
Solution 2.4-8
A1
A
PC
B
D
C
L1
L2
L1
Bar with three segments
A2
A1
PB
A
A2
PB
(a) Determine the reactions RA and RD at the fixed supports.
(b) Determine the compressive axial force FBC in the middle
segment of the bar.
95
Statically Indeterminate Structures
A1
B
PC
C
L1
L2
D
PB 25.5 kN
PC 17.0 kN
L1 200 mm
L2 250 mm
A1 840
A2 1260 mm2
mm2
m meter
L1
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
PC
PB
RA
A
B
C
RD
D
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
©Fhoriz 0 S
d
Substitute Eqs. (3), (4), and (5) into Eq. (2):
PB RD PC RA 0 or
RA
RA
1
1
¢ 238.095 ≤
¢ 198.413
≤
m
m
E
E
RA RD PB PC 8.5 kN
(Eq. 1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
AD elongation of entire bar
AD AB BC CD 0
PB
RD
1
1
¢ 198.413
≤
¢ 238.095
≤0
m
m
E
E
Simplify and substitute PB 25.5 kN:
(Eq. 2)
RA ¢ 436.508
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
AB
RAL1 RA
1
¢ 238.095
≤
m
EA1
E
BC
(RA PB )L2
EA2
CD
(Eq. 3)
1
1
≤ RD ¢ 238.095
≤
m
m
5,059.53
kN
m
(a) REACTIONS RA AND RD
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (6).
RA
PB
1
1
¢ 198.413
≤
¢ 198.413
≤
m
m
E
E
(Eq. 4)
RDL1 RD
1
¢ 238.095
≤
m
EA1
E
(Eq. 5)
From (1): RD RA 8.5 kN
Substitute into (6) and solve for RA:
RA ¢ 674.603
1
kN
≤ 7083.34
m
m
RA 10.5 kN
RD RA 8.5 kN 2.0 kN
(b) COMPRESSIVE AXIAL FORCE FBC
FBC PB RA PC RD 15.0 kN
(Eq. 6)
96
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-9 The aluminum and steel pipes shown in the figure are
fastened to rigid supports at ends A and B and to a rigid plate C at their
junction. The aluminum pipe is twice as long as the steel pipe. Two equal
and symmetrically placed loads P act on the plate at C.
A
Steel pipe
L
P
(a) Obtain formulas for the axial stresses a and s in the aluminum
and steel pipes, respectively.
(b) Calculate the stresses for the following data: P 12 k, cross-sectional
area of aluminum pipe Aa 8.92 in.2, cross-sectional area of steel
pipe As 1.03 in.2, modulus of elasticity of aluminum Ea 10 106
psi, and modulus of elasticity of steel Es 29 106 psi.
P
C
Aluminum
pipe
2L
B
Solution 2.4-9
Pipes with intermediate loads
RA
A
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
A
Es As
L
P
1
P
P
C
Substitute Eqs. (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
RAL
RB (2L)
0
Es As
Ea Aa
P
C
(Eq. 5)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
2
Ea Aa
2L
RA
4Es As P
2Ea Aa P
RB
Ea Aa 2Es As
Ea Aa 2Es As
(Eqs. 6, 7)
(a) AXIAL STRESSES
B
Aluminum: sa
B
RB
Steel: ss
4Es P
RA
As Ea Aa 2Es As
(Eq. 9)
(tension)
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
RA RB 2P
(Eq. 1)
(b) NUMERICAL RESULTS
P 12 k
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
AB AC CB 0
(Eq. 2)
(A positive value of means elongation.)
Aa 8.92 in.2
Ea 10 106 psi
Substitute into Eqs. (8) and (9):
ss 9,350 psi (tension)
(Eqs. 3, 4))
As 1.03 in.2
Es 29 106 psi
sa 1,610 psi (compression)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
RAL
RB (2L)
AC
BC
Es As
Ea Aa
(Eq. 8)
(compression)
Pipe 1 is steel.
Pipe 2 is aluminum.
©Fvert 0
2EaP
RB
Aa Ea Aa 2Es As
SECTION 2.4
Statically Indeterminate Structures
Problem 2.4-10 A rigid bar of weight W 800 N hangs from three
equally spaced vertical wires, two of steel and one of aluminum (see figure).
The wires also support a load P acting at the midpoint of the bar. The
diameter of the steel wires is 2 mm, and the diameter of the aluminum wire
is 4 mm.
What load Pallow can be supported if the allowable stress in the
steel wires is 220 MPa and in the aluminum wire is 80 MPa? (Assume
Es 210 GPa and Ea 70 GPa.)
S
A
S
Rigid bar
of weight W
P
Solution 2.4-10
Rigid bar hanging from three wires
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
S
A
Fs L
FAL
Es As EAAA
S
(Eq. 5)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
W = 800 N
FA (P W) ¢
EAAA
≤
EAAA 2Es As
(Eq. 6)
Fs (P W) ¢
Es As
≤
EAAA 2Es As
(Eq. 7)
P
STEEL WIRES
ds 2 mm
s 220 MPa
Es 210 GPa
ALUMINUM WIRES
dA 4 mm
A 80 MPa
EA 70 GPa
STRESSES IN THE WIRES
sA
FA
(P W)EA
AA EAAA 2Es As
(Eq. 8)
ss
Fs
(P W)Es
As EAAA 2Es As
(Eq. 9)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF RIGID BAR
ALLOWABLE LOADS (FROM EQS. (8) AND (9))
FS
FA
FS
P+W
©Fvert 0
(Eq. 2)
Fs L
FAL
A
Es As
EAAA
Ps
ss
(EAAA 2Es As ) W
Es
(Eq. 11)
As
(2 mm) 2 3.1416 mm2
4
AA
(4 mm) 2 12.5664 mm2
4
PA 1713 N
Ps 1504 N
FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
s
(Eq. 10)
(Eq. 1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
s A
sA
(EAAA 2Es As ) W
EA
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQS. (10) AND (11):
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
2Fs FA P W 0
PA
(Eqs. 3, 4)
Steel governs.Pallow 1500 N
97
98
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-11 A bimetallic bar (or composite bar) of square cross
section with dimensions 2b 2b is constructed of two different metals
having moduli of elasticity E1 and E2 (see figure). The two parts of the
bar have the same cross-sectional dimensions. The bar is compressed by
forces P acting through rigid end plates. The line of action of the loads
has an eccentricity e of such magnitude that each part of the bar is
stressed uniformly in compression.
E2
P
b
b
e
E1
b
b
(a) Determine the axial forces P1 and P2 in the two parts of the bar.
(b) Determine the eccentricity e of the loads.
(c) Determine the ratio 1/2 of the stresses in the two parts of the bar.
Solution 2.4-11
2b
Bimetallic bar in compression
E2
P2
P1
E1
P2
b2
E2
P1
b
b
E1
2b
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
(Plate at right-hand end)
b
2
b
2
P2
(a) AXIAL FORCES
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (3):
P
P1
e
P1
(b ECCENTRICITY OF LOAD P
Substitute P1 and P2 into Eq. (2) and solve for e:
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM
©F 0
P1 P2 P
b
b
©M 0 Pe P1¢ ≤ P2¢ ≤ 0
2
2
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
e
2 1
(Eq. 3)
b(E2 E1 )
2(E2 E1 )
(c) RATIO OF STRESSES
s1
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
P2L P1L
P2 P1
or
E2A E1A
E2 E1
PE1
PE2
P2
E1 E2
E1 E2
P1
P2 s1 P1 E1
s2
A
A s2 P2 E2
P
e
SECTION 2.4
Statically Indeterminate Structures
Problem 2.4-12 A circular steel bar ABC (E = 200 GPa) has crosssectional area A1 from A to B and cross-sectional area A2 from B to C
(see figure). The bar is supported rigidly at end A and is subjected to
a load P equal to 40 kN at end C. A circular steel collar BD having
cross-sectional area A3 supports the bar at B. The collar fits snugly at
B and D when there is no load.
Determine the elongation AC of the bar due to the load P.
(Assume L1 2L3 250 mm, L2 225 mm, A1 2A3 960 mm2,
and A2 300 mm2.)
A
A1
L1
B
L3
A3
D
A2
L2
C
P
Solution 2.4-12
Bar supported by a collar
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR ABC AND COLLAR BD
RA
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1) AND (3):
RA
A
A1
CHANGES IN LENGTHS (Elongation is positive)
L1
RD
AB
B
B
RD
PL3A1
PL1A3
RD
L1A3 L3A1
L1A3 L3A1
L3
A3
L2
A2
D
ELONGATION OF BAR ABC
AC AB AC
RD
C
PL1L3
RAL1
PL2
BC
EA1
E(L1A3 L3A1 )
EA2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P
P 40 kN
EQUILIBRIUM OF BAR ABC
L1 250 mm
©Fvert 0
RA RD P 0
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
A3 480 mm2
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
RESULTS:
RDL3
RAL1
BD
EA1
EA3
RA RD 20 kN
AB 0.02604 mm
Substitute into Eq. (2):
RAL1 RDL3
0
EA1
EA3
A1 960 mm2
A2 300 mm2
(Elongation is positive.)
AB
L2 225 mm
L3 125 mm
COMPATIBILITY (distance AD does not change)
AB(bar) BD(collar) 0
E 200 GPa
(Eq. 3)
BC 0.15000 mm
AC AB AC 0.176 mm
99
100
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-13 A horizontal rigid bar of weight W 7200 lb is
supported by three slender circular rods that are equally spaced (see
figure). The two outer rods are made of aluminum (E1 10 106 psi)
with diameter d1 0.4 in. and length L1 40 in. The inner rod is
magnesium (E2 6.5 106 psi) with diameter d2 and length L2. The
allowable stresses in the aluminum and magnesium are 24,000 psi and
13,000 psi, respectively.
If it is desired to have all three rods loaded to their maximum
allowable values, what should be the diameter d2 and length L2 of
the middle rod?
d2
L2
d1
d1
L1
W = weight of rigid bar
Solution 2.4-13
Bar supported by three rods
BAR 1 ALUMINUM
E1 10 106 psi
d1 0.4 in.
1
1
W = 7200 lb
d2 0.338 in.
BAR 2 MAGNESIUM
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
E2 6.5 106 psi
1 2
d2 ?
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
L2 ?
2 13,000 psi
F1 ©Fvert 0
F2
2F1 F2 W 0
d21
4
(Eq. 4)
2
F2L2
L2
s2 ¢ ≤
E2A2
E2
(Eq. 5)
L1
L2
≤ s2 ¢ ≤
E1
E2
Length L1 is known; solve for L2:
L2 L1 ¢
F2 2A2
A2
L2 (40 in.) ¢
24,000 psi 6.5 106 psi
≤¢
≤
13,000 psi 10 106 psi
48.0 in.
Diameter d1 is known; solve for d2:
4W 2s1d22
s2
s2
s1E2
≤
s2E1
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
d22
4
d21
d22
≤ s2¢
≤W
4
4
d22
F1L1
L1
s1 ¢ ≤
E1A1
E1
s1 ¢
Substitute into Eq. (1):
2s1¢
1
(Eq. 1)
FULLY STRESSED RODS
A1
(Eq. 3)
Substitute (4) and (5) into Eq. (3):
W
F1 1A1
2(24,000 psi) (0.4 in.) 2
4(7200 lb)
(13,000 psi)
13,000 psi
1 24,000 psi
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF RIGID BAR
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
F1
d22
0.70518 in.2 0.59077 in.2 0.11441 in.2
L1 40 in.
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 6)
SECTION 2.4
Problem 2.4-14 A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at point B and
supported by springs at A and D (see figure). The springs at A and D
have stiffnesses k1 10 kN/m and k2 25 kN/m, respectively, and the
dimensions a, b, and c are 250 mm, 500 mm, and 200 mm, respectively.
A load P acts at point C.
If the angle of rotation of the bar due to the action of the load P
is limited to 3°, what is the maximum permissible load Pmax?
Solution 2.4-14
a = 250 mm
A
b = 500 mm
B
C
P
c = 200 mm
k 2 = 25 kN/m
k1 = 10 kN/m
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
b
B
C
k1
A D
a
b
D
k2
P
(Eq. 2)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
c
A
NUMERICAL DATA
FA
FD
D
k1
k2
a 250 mm
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
b 500 mm
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
c 200 mm
k1 10 kN/m
FA
FD
ak1 bk2
k2 25 kN/m
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1) AND (5):
umax 3
rad
60
FA
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM AND DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
a
RB
FA
P
ack1P
bck2P
2 FD 2
a k1 b k2
a k1 b2k2
2
FD
D
bcP
cP
2
2
2 u
k2 a k1 b k2
b
a k1 b2k2
P
Pmax
A
C
D
(Eq. 5)
MAXIMUM LOAD
FD
c
B
u 2
(a k1 b2k2 )
c
umax 2
(a k1 b2k2 )
c
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
D
Pmax
60 rad
[ (250 mm) 2 (10 kNm)
200 mm
(500 mm) 2 (25 kNm) ]
C
1800 N
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©MB 0 FA (a) P(c) FD (b) 0
(Eqs. 3, 4)
ANGLE OF ROTATION
b
D
A
D
Rigid bar supported by springs
a
A
101
Statically Indeterminate Structures
(Eq. 1)
102
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.4-15 A rigid bar AB of length L 66 in. is hinged to a support
at A and supported by two vertical wires attached at points C and D (see
figure). Both wires have the same cross-sectional area (A 0.0272 in.2) and
are made of the same material (modulus E 30 106 psi). The wire at C
has length h 18 in. and the wire at D has length twice that amount. The
horizontal distances are c 20 in. and d 50 in.
2h
h
A
(a) Determine the tensile stresses C and D in the wires due to the
load P 340 lb acting at end B of the bar.
(b) Find the downward displacement B at end B of the bar.
C
D
B
c
d
P
L
Solution 2.4-15
Bar supported by two wires
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
TD
2h
TC
h
A
C
D
B
A
C
D
B
c
d
P
RA
P
L
h 18 in.
2h 36 in.
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
A
c 20 in.
C
D
C
d 50 in.
D
L 66 in.
E 30 106 psi
A 0.0272 in.2
P 340 lb
B
B
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©MA 0 TC (c) TD (d) PL
(Eq. 1)
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
C D
c
d
(Eq. 2)
SECTION 2.4
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
C
TC h
TD (2h)
D
EA
EA
Statically Indeterminate Structures
DISPLACEMENT AT END OF BAR
(Eqs. 3, 4)
B D ¢
2hTD L
L
2hPL2
≤
¢ ≤
d
EA d
EA(2c2 d2 )
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
2c2 d2 2(20 in.) 2 (50 in.) 2 3300 in.2
TC h TD (2h)
TC 2TD
or
c
cEA
dEA
d
(Eq. 5)
(a)
TENSILE FORCES IN THE WIRES
2cPL
dPL
2
2 TD
2c d
2c2 d2
sC
sD
(Eqs. 6, 7)
TD
dPL
sD
A
A(2c2 d2 )
2(20 in.)(340 lb)(66 in.)
2cPL
2
2
A(2c d )
(0.0272 in.2 )(3300 in.2 )
(Eq. 8)
(50 in.)(340 lb)(66 in.)
dPL
2
2
A(2c d ) (0.0272 in.2 )(3300 in.2 )
12,500 psi
TENSILE STRESSES IN THE WIRES
TC
2cPL
sC
A
A(2c2 d2 )
(Eq. 10)
10,000 psi
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
TC
103
(b)
(Eq. 9)
Problem 2.4-16 A trimetallic bar is uniformly compressed by an
axial force P 40 kN applied through a rigid end plate (see figure).
The bar consists of a circular steel core surrounded by brass and copper tubes. The steel core has diameter 30 mm, the brass tube has outer
diameter 45 mm, and the copper tube has outer diameter 60 mm. The
corresponding moduli of elasticity are Es 210 GPa, Eb 100 GPa,
and Ec 120 GPa.
Calculate the compressive stresses s, b, and c in the steel, brass,
and copper, respectively, due to the force P.
B
2hPL2
EA(2c2 d2 )
2(18 in.)(340 lb)(66 in.) 2
(30 106 psi)(0.0272 in.2 )(3300 in.2 )
0.0198 in.
P = 40 kN
Copper tube
Brass tube
Steel core
30
mm
45
mm
60
mm
104
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.4-16
Axially Loaded Members
Trimetallic bar in compression
Copper
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1), (6), AND (7):
Brass
Steel
Ps compressive force in steel core
Pb compressive force in brass tube
Ps P
Es As
Es As Eb Ab Ec Ac
Pb P
Eb Ab
Es As Eb Ab Ec Ac
Pc P
Ec Ac
Es As Eb Ab Ec Ac
Pc compressive force in copper tube
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF RIGID END PLATE
Let ©EA EsAs EbAb EcAc
P
ss
Ps
PEs
Pb
PEb
sb
As ©EA
Ab ©EA
sc
Pc
PEc
Ac ©EA
Ps
Pb
Pc
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
©Fvert 0
Ps Pb Pc P
(Eq. 1)
EQUATIONS OF COMPATIBILITY
s b
c s
(Eqs. 2)
P 40 kN
Es 210 GPa
Eb 100 GPa
Ec 120 GPa
d1 30 mm
d2 45 mm
As d21 706.86 mm2
4
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
Ps L
Pb L
Pc L
s
b
c
Es As
Eb Ab
Ec Ac
Ab
2
(d d21 ) 883.57 mm2
4 2
Ac
2
(d d22 ) 1237.00 mm2
4 3
(Eqs. 3, 4, 5)
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
©EA385.238 106 N
Substitute (3), (4), and (5) into Eqs. (2):
Pb Ps
Eb Ab
Ec Ac
Pc Ps
Es As
Es As
(Eqs. 6, 7)
ss
PEs
21.8 MPa
©EA
sb
PEb
10.4 MPa
©EA
sc
PEc
12.5 MPa
©EA
d3 60 mm
SECTION 2.5
Thermal Effects
Thermal Effects
Problem 2.5-1 The rails of a railroad track are welded together at their
ends (to form continuous rails and thus eliminate the clacking sound of
the wheels) when the temperature is 60°F.
What compressive stress is produced in the rails when they
are heated by the sun to 120°F if the coefficient of thermal expansion
6.5 106/°F and the modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi?
Solution 2.5-1
Expansion of railroad rails
The rails are prevented from expanding because of
their great length and lack of expansion joints.
¢T 120F 60F 60F
s E (¢T )
Therefore, each rail is in the same condition as a bar
with fixed ends (see Example 2-7).
The compressive stress in the rails may be calculated
from Eq. (2-18).
(30 106 psi)(6.5 10 6F)(60F)
s 11,700 psi
Problem 2.5-2 An aluminum pipe has a length of 60 m at a temperature
of 10°C. An adjacent steel pipe at the same temperature is 5 mm longer
than the aluminum pipe.
At what temperature (degrees Celsius) will the aluminum pipe
be 15 mm longer than the steel pipe? (Assume that the coefficients
of thermal expansion of aluminum and steel are a 23 106/°C
and s 12 106/°C, respectively.)
Solution 2.5-2 Aluminum and steel pipes
INITIAL CONDITIONS
La 60 m
T0 10C
Ls 60.005 m
T0 10C
a
23 106/C
s
12 106/C
FINAL CONDITIONS
s
a
s(T)Ls
La
¢T
s(T)Ls
¢L (Ls La )
a La s Ls
Steel pipe
s
Ls
From the figure above:
a La L s Ls
a
La
s
Ls 659.9 106 m/C
15 mm 5 mm
30.31C
659.9 10 6 mC
T T0 ¢T 10C 30.31C
40.3C
Aluminum pipe
L
La L
Solve for T:
¢T
T increase in temperature
a(T)La
a(T)La
Substitute numerical values:
Aluminum pipe is longer than the steel pipe by the
amount L 15 mm.
a
or,
Ls
105
106
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.5-3 A rigid bar of weight W 750 lb hangs from three
equally spaced wires, two of steel and one of aluminum (see figure).
The diameter of the wires is 1⁄8 in. Before they were loaded, all three
wires had the same length.
What temperature increase T in all three wires will result in the
entire load being carried by the steel wires? (Assume Es 30 106 psi,
s 6.5 106/°F, and a 12 106/°F.)
S
A
S
W = 750 lb
Solution 2.5-3
Bar supported by three wires
2 increase in length of a steel wire due to load
W/2
S
A
S
WL
2Es As
3 increase in length of aluminum wire due to
temperature increase T
S steel
a(T)L
W
Rigid
Bar
For no load in the aluminum wire:
1 2 3
A aluminum
W 750 lb
d
As
s (¢T)L
1
in.
8
or
d2
0.012272 in.2
4
¢T
Es 30 106 psi
W
2Es As (a s )
Substitute numerical values:
EsAs 368,155 lb
¢T
s 6.5 106/F
L Initial length of wires
S
A
S
1
3
W
2
750 lb
(2)(368,155 lb)(5.5 10 6F)
185F
a 12 106/F
2
W
2
1 increase in length of a steel wire due to
temperature increase T
s (T)L
WL
a (¢T )L
2Es As
NOTE: If the temperature increase is larger than T,
the aluminum wire would be in compression, which
is not possible. Therefore, the steel wires continue to
carry all of the load. If the temperature increase is
less than T, the aluminum wire will be in tension
and carry part of the load.
SECTION 2.5
Problem 2.5-4 A steel rod of diameter 15 mm is held snugly (but
without any initial stresses) between rigid walls by the arrangement
shown in the figure.
Calculate the temperature drop T (degrees Celsius) at which
the average shear stress in the 12-mm diameter bolt becomes 45 MPa.
(For the steel rod, use 12 106/°C and E 200 GPa.)
Solution 2.5-4
B
107
Thermal Effects
12 mm diameter bolt
15 mm
Steel rod with bolted connection
Solve for ¢T: ¢T
R
15 mm
AB
d2B
where dB diameter of bolt
4
12 mm diameter bolt
R rod
B bolt
P tensile force in steel rod due to temperature drop
T
AR cross-sectional area of steel rod
From Eq. (2-17) of Example 2-7: P EAR(T)
Bolt is in double shear.
V shear force acting over one cross section of the
bolt
1
V P2 EAR(¢T)
2
2tAB
EAR
AR
d2R
where dR diameter of steel rod
4
¢T
2td2B
Ed2R
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
45 MPa
dB 12 mm
12 106/C
¢T
dR 15 mm
E 200 GPa
2(45 MPa)(12 mm) 2
(200 GPa)(12 10 6C)(15 mm) 2
¢T 24C
average shear stress on cross section of the bolt
AB cross-sectional area of bolt
t
EAR (¢T)
V
AB
2AB
Problem 2.5-5 A bar AB of length L is held between rigid supports and
heated nonuniformly in such a manner that the temperature increase T at
distance x from end A is given by the expression T TBx3/L3, where
TB is the increase in temperature at end B of the bar (see figure).
Derive a formula for the compressive stress c in the bar. (Assume
that the material has modulus of elasticity E and coefficient of thermal
expansion .)
∆TB
∆T
0
A
B
x
L
108
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.5-5
Bar with nonuniform temperature change
d Elongation of element dx
∆TB
∆T
d (¢T )dx (¢TB ) ¢
0
A
x3
≤ dx
L3
elongation of bar
B
x
L
L
L
d
0
At distance x:
(¢T )
B
0
x3
¢ 3≤
L
dx
1
(¢TB )L
4
COMPRESSIVE FORCE P REQUIRED TO SHORTEN THE BAR
x3
¢T ¢TB ¢ 3 ≤
L
BY THE AMOUNT
P
REMOVE THE SUPPORT AT END B OF THE BAR:
A
B
COMPRESSIVE STRESS IN THE BAR
dx
x
EA 1
EA(¢TB )
L
4
sc
L
P E(¢TB )
A
4
Consider an element dx at a distance x from end A.
Problem 2.5-6 A plastic bar ACB having two different solid circular cross
sections is held between rigid supports as shown in the figure. The diameters
in the left- and right-hand parts are 50 mm and 75 mm, respectively. The
corresponding lengths are 225 mm and 300 mm. Also, the modulus of elasticity
E is 6.0 GPa, and the coefficient of thermal expansion is 100 106/°C. The
bar is subjected to a uniform temperature increase of 30°C.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the compressive force P in the bar;
(b) the maximum compressive stress c; and (c) the displacement C of point C.
Solution 2.5-6
75 mm
50 mm C
225 mm
300 mm
Bar with rigid supports
75 mm
50 mm
225 mm
300 mm
100 106/C
E 6.0 GPa
LEFT-HAND PART:
L1 225 mm
L2 300 mm
A2
d2 75 mm
2
d (75 mm) 2 4417.9 mm2
4 2 4
(a) COMPRESSIVE FORCE P
Remove the support at end B.
d1 50 mm
A1 d21 (50 mm) 2
4
4
1963.5 mm2
RIGHT-HAND PART:
B
C
A
T 30°C
A
C
B
C
B
A
A
L1
A1
L2
A2
P
B
SECTION 2.5
T elongation due to temperature
109
(b) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
P (T)(L1L2)
sc
1.5750 mm
P
51.78 kN
26.4 MPa
A1 1963.5 mm2
(c) DISPLACEMENT OF POINT C
P shortening due to P
Thermal Effects
C Shortening of AC
PL1 PL2
EA1 EA2
P(19.0986 109 m/N11.3177 109 m/N)
C
PL1
(¢T )L1
EA1
0.9890 mm 0.6750 mm
(30.4163 109 m/N)P
C 0.314 mm
(P newtons)
Compatibility: T P
(Positive means AC shortens and point C displaces to
the left.)
1.5750 103 m (30.4163 109 m/N)P
P 51,781 NorP 51.8 kN
d1
Problem 2.5-7 A circular steel rod AB (diameter d1 1.0 in., length
A
L1 3.0 ft) has a bronze sleeve (outer diameter d2 1.25 in., length
L2 1.0 ft) shrunk onto it so that the two parts are securely bonded
(see figure).
Calculate the total elongation of the steel bar due to a temperature rise
T 500°F. (Material properties are as follows: for steel, Es 30 106 psi
and s 6.5 106/°F; for bronze, Eb 15 106 psi and b 11 106/°F.)
Solution 2.5-7
d2
d1
B
L2
L1
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
s 6.5 106/F
b 11 106/F
L2
Es 30 106 psi
Eb 15 106 psi
L1
d1 1.0 in.
L2 12 in.
ELONGATION OF THE TWO OUTER PARTS OF THE BAR
1 s(T)(L1 L2)
As
2
d 0.78540 in.2
4 1
d2 1.25 in.
2
(d d12) 0.44179 in.2
4 2
(6.5 106/F)(500F)(36 in. 12 in.)
Ab
0.07800 in.
T 500F
ELONGATION OF THE MIDDLE PART OF THE BAR
The steel rod and bronze sleeve lengthen the same
amount, so they are in the same condition as the bolt
and sleeve of Example 2-8. Thus, we can calculate
the elongation from Eq. (2-21):
2
B
Steel rod with bronze sleeve
A
L1 36 in.
d2
(s Es As b Eb Ab )(¢T)L2
Es As Eb Ab
L2 12.0 in.
2 0.04493 in.
TOTAL ELONGATION
1 2 0.123 in.
110
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.5-8 A brass sleeve S is fitted over a steel bolt B (see figure),
and the nut is tightened until it is just snug. The bolt has a diameter
dB 25 mm, and the sleeve has inside and outside diameters
d1 26 mm and d2 36 mm, respectively.
Calculate the temperature rise T that is required to produce a
compressive stress of 25 MPa in the sleeve. (Use material properties
as follows: for the sleeve, S 21 106/°C and ES 100 GPa;
for the bolt, B 10 106/°C and EB 200 GPa.)
(Suggestion: Use the results of Example 2-8.)
Solution 2.5-8
dB
Sleeve (S)
Bolt (B)
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
S 25 MPa
B
d2 36 mm
Steel Bolt
Brass Sleeve
Subscript S means “sleeve”.
Subscript B means “bolt”.
Use the results of Example 2-8.
S compressive force in sleeve
EQUATION (2-20a):
(S B )(¢T)ES EB AB
(Compression)
ES AS EB AB
SOLVE FOR T:
¢T
d1
Brass sleeve fitted over a Steel bolt
S
sS
d2
sS (ES AS EB AB )
(S B )ES EB AB
d1 26 mm
ES 100 GPa
EB 200 GPa
S 21 106/C
B 10 106/C
AS
2
(d2 d21 ) (620 mm2 )
4
4
AB
(dB ) 2 (625 mm2 )
4
4
1
ES AS
1.496
EB AB
¢T
25 MPa (1.496)
(100 GPa)(11 10 6C)
¢T 34C
(Increase in temperature)
or
¢T
dB 25 mm
sS
ES AS
¢1
≤
ES (S B )
EB AB
Problem 2.5-9 Rectangular bars of copper and aluminum are held
by pins at their ends, as shown in the figure. Thin spacers provide a
separation between the bars. The copper bars have cross-sectional
dimensions 0.5 in. 2.0 in., and the aluminum bar has dimensions
1.0 in. 2.0 in.
Determine the shear stress in the 7/16 in. diameter pins if the
temperature is raised by 100°F. (For copper, Ec 18,000 ksi and
c 9.5 106/°F; for aluminum, Ea 10,000 ksi and
a 13 106/°F.) Suggestion: Use the results of Example 2-8.
Copper bar
Aluminum bar
Copper bar
SECTION 2.5
Solution 2.5-9
111
Thermal Effects
Rectangular bars held by pins
C
0.5 in. × 2.0 in.
1.0 in. × 2.0 in.
0.5 in. × 2.0 in.
A
C
Pin
Diameter of pin: dP
Area of pin: AP
Copper
Aluminum
7
in. 0.4375 in.
16
2
d 0.15033 in.2
4 P
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
(3.5 10 6F)(100F)(18,000 ksi)(2 in.2 )
Pa Pc
18 2.0
1¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
10 2.0
4,500 lb
Area of two copper bars: Ac 2.0 in.2
Area of aluminum bar: Aa 2.0 in.2
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF PIN AT THE LEFT END
T 100F
Copper: Ec 18,000 ksi
c 9.5 106/F
Aluminum: Ea 10,000 ksi
a 13 106/F
Pc
2
Pa
Pc
2
Use the results of Example 2-8.
Find the forces Pa and Pc in the aluminum bar and
copper bar, respectively, from Eq. (2-19).
Replace the subscript “S” in that equation by “a”
(for aluminum) and replace the subscript “B”
by “c” (for copper), because for aluminum
is larger than for copper.
(a c )(¢T)Ea Aa Ec Ac
Pa Pc
Ea Aa Ec Ac
Note that Pa is the compressive force in the
aluminum bar and Pc is the combined tensile
force in the two copper bars.
Pa Pc
V shear force in pin
Pc /2
2,250 lb
average shear stress on cross section of pin
t
V
2,250 lb
AP 0.15033 in.2
t 15.0 ksi
(a c )(¢T)Ec Ac
Ec Ac
1
Ea Aa
Problem 2.5-10 A rigid bar ABCD is pinned at end A and supported by
two cables at points B and C (see figure). The cable at B has nominal
diameter dB 12 mm and the cable at C has nominal diameter dC 20 mm.
A load P acts at end D of the bar.
What is the allowable load P if the temperature rises by 60°C and
each cable is required to have a factor of safety of at least 5 against its
ultimate load?
(Note: The cables have effective modulus of elasticity E 140 GPa
and coefficient of thermal expansion 12 106/°C. Other properties
of the cables can be found in Table 2-1, Section 2.2.)
dC
dB
A
C
B
2b
2b
D
b
P
112
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.5-10
Axially Loaded Members
Rigid bar supported by two cables
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR ABCD
TB
A
TC
C
B
RAH
SUBSTITUTE EQS. (3) AND (4) INTO EQ. (2):
2b
D
2b
b
RAV
P
TB force in cable B
dB 12 mm
TC force in cable C
E 140 GPa
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (5):
(Eq. 6)
2TB 4TC 5P
(Eq. 1)
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
B
TB 0.2494 P 3,480
(Eq. 7)
TC 1.1253 P 1,740
(Eq. 8)
in which P has units of newtons.
©MA 0 TB (2b) TC (4b) P(5b) 0
2b
(Eq. 5)
SOLVE SIMULTANEOUSLY EQS. (1) AND (6):
AC 173 mm2
12 106/C
A
2TB AC TC AB E(T)AB AC
in which TB and TC have units of newtons.
mm2
T 60C
or
or
TB(346) TC(76.7) 1,338,000
dC 20 mm
From Table 2-1:
AB 76.7
TC L
2TB L
(¢T)L
2(¢T)L
EAC
EAB
2b
C
b
D
SOLVE EQS. (7) AND (8) FOR THE LOAD P:
PB 4.0096 TB 13,953
(Eq. 9)
PC 0.8887 TC 1,546
(Eq. 10)
ALLOWABLE LOADS
From Table 2-1:
B
COMPATIBILITY:
(TB)ULT 102,000 N
Factor of safety 5
C
C 2B
(TC)ULT 231,000 N
(Eq. 2)
(TB)allow 20,400 N
(TC)allow 46,200 N
From Eq. (9): PB (4.0096)(20,400 N) 13,953 N
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT AND TEMPERATURE-
95,700 N
DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
From Eq. (10): PC (0.8887)(46,200 N) 1546 N
B
TB L
(¢T )L
EAB
(Eq. 3)
C
TC L
(¢T )L
EAC
(Eq. 4)
39,500 N
Cable C governs.
Pallow 39.5 kN
Problem 2.5-11 A rigid triangular frame is pivoted at C and held by two identical horizontal wires at points A and B (see figure). Each wire has axial rigidity
EA 120 k and coefficient of thermal expansion 12.5 106/°F.
(a) If a vertical load P 500 lb acts at point D, what are the tensile forces
TA and TB in the wires at A and B, respectively?
(b) If, while the load P is acting, both wires have their temperatures raised
by 180°F, what are the forces TA and TB?
(c) What further increase in temperature will cause the wire at B to become
slack?
A
b
B
b
D
C
P
2b
SECTION 2.5
Thermal Effects
Solution 2.5-11 Triangular frame held by two wires
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF FRAME
TA
A
(b) LOAD P AND TEMPERATURE INCREASE T
Force-displacement and temperaturedisplacement relations:
b
TB
B
b
D
C
A
TAL
(¢T)L
EA
(Eq. 8)
B
TBL
(¢T)L
EA
(Eq. 9)
2b
P
Substitute (8) and (9) into Eq. (2):
EQUATION OF EQUILIBRIUM
TAL
2TBL
(¢T)L
2(¢T)L
EA
EA
©MC 0
P(2b) TA(2b) TB(b) 0
or
2TA TB 2P (Eq. 1)
A
A
b
B
B
b
EQUATION OF COMPATIBILITY
A 2B
(Eq. 11)
2
TB [P EA(¢T ) ]
5
(Eq. 12)
P 500 lb
T 180F
C
(Eq. 2)
EA 120,000 lb
12.5 106/F
1
TA (2000 lb 270 lb) 454 lb
5
Force-displacement relations:
TA L
TB L
B
EA
EA
1
TA [4P EA(¢T ) ]
5
Substitute numerical values:
(a) LOAD P ONLY
(Eq. 3, 4)
2
TB (500 lb 270 lb) 92 lb
5
(L length of wires at A and B.)
(c) WIRE B BECOMES SLACK
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
Set TB 0 in Eq. (12):
P EA(T)
TA L 2TB L
EA
EA
or
or
TA 2TB
(Eq. 5)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
TA
4P
2P
TB
5
5
Numerical values:
(Eqs. 6, 7)
¢T
P
500 lb
EA (120,000 lb)(12.5 10 6F)
333.3F
Further increase in temperature:
¢T 333.3F 180F
P 500 lb
∴ TA 400 lb
(Eq. 10)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (10):
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
A
TA 2TB EA(T)
or
153F
TB 200 lb
113
114
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Misfits and Prestrains
Problem 2.5-12 A steel wire AB is stretched between rigid supports
(see figure). The initial prestress in the wire is 42 MPa when the
temperature is 20°C.
A
B
(a) What is the stress in the wire when the temperature drops
to 0°C?
(b) At what temperature T will the stress in the wire become zero?
(Assume 14 106/°C and E 200 GPa.)
Solution 2.5-12
Steel wire
Steel wire with initial prestress
A
B
From Eq. (2-18): 2 E(T)
s s1 s2 s1 E(¢T )
Initial prestress: 1 42 MPa
Initial temperature: T1 20C
E 200 GPa
14
42 MPa 56 MPa 98 MPa
(b) TEMPERATURE WHEN STRESS EQUALS ZERO
106/C
(a) STRESS WHEN TEMPERATURE DROPS TO 0C
T2 0C
42 MPa (200 GPa)(14 10 6C)(20C)
T 20C
Note: Positive T means a decrease in temperature
and an increase in the stress in the wire.
Negative T means an increase in temperature and a
decrease in the stress.
1 2 0
¢T
1 E(T) 0
s1
E
(Negative means increase in temp.)
¢T
42 MPa
15C
(200 GPa)(14 10 6C)
T 20C 15C 35C
Stress equals the initial stress 1 plus the
additional stress 2 due to the temperature drop.
Problem 2.5-13 A copper bar AB of length 25 in. is placed in position
at room temperature with a gap of 0.008 in. between end A and a rigid
restraint (see figure).
Calculate the axial compressive stress c in the bar if the temperature
rises 50°F. (For copper, use 9.6 106/°F and E 16 106 psi.)
0.008 in.
A
25 in.
B
SECTION 2.5
Solution 2.5-13
S
115
Misfits and Prestrains
Bar with a gap
c stress in the bar
L 25 in.
A
EeC
S 0.008 in.
L
T 50F (increase)
9.6
B
EC E
[(¢T)L S]
L
L
Note: This result is valid only if (T)L S.
(Otherwise, the gap is not closed).
106/F
E 16 106 psi
Substitute numerical values:
elongation of the bar if it is free to expand
sc
(T)L
16 106 psi
[ (9.6 10 6F)(50F)(25 in.)
25 in.
0.008 in.] 2,560 psi
C elongation that is prevented by the support
(T)L S
eC strain in the bar due to the restraint
C /L
Problem 2.5-14 A bar AB having length L and axial rigidity EA is fixed
at end A (see figure). At the other end a small gap of dimension s exists
between the end of the bar and a rigid surface. A load P acts on the bar at
point C, which is two-thirds of the length from the fixed end.
If the support reactions produced by the load P are to be equal in
magnitude, what should be the size s of the gap?
Solution 2.5-14
2L
—
3
s
L
—
3
A
C
B
P
Bar with a gap (load P)
2L
—
3
S
L
—
3
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
1 2 S
or
2PL RBL
S
3EA
EA
A
L length of bar
P
B
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
S size of gap
RA
EA axial rigidity
RB
P
RA reaction at end A (to the left)
Reactions must be equal; find S.
RB reaction at end B (to the left)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
2L
—
3
(Eq. 1)
P RA RB
P
1
RB
2
1
P( 2L
3)
EA
Reactions must be equal.
2
RBL
EA
Substitute for RB in Eq. (1):
2PL
PL
PL
SorS
3EA 2EA
6EA
NOTE: The gap closes when the load reaches the
value P/4. When the load reaches the value P, equal
to 6EAs/L, the reactions are equal (RA RB P/2).
When the load is between P/4 and P, RA is greater
than RB. If the load exceeds P, RB is greater than RA.
∴ RA RB
P 2RB
RB
P
2
116
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.5-15 Wires B and C are attached to a support at the left-hand
end and to a pin-supported rigid bar at the right-hand end (see figure).
Each wire has cross-sectional area A 0.03 in.2 and modulus of elasticity
E 30 106 psi. When the bar is in a vertical position, the length of
each wire is L 80 in. However, before being attached to the bar, the
length of wire B was 79.98 in. and of wire C was 79.95 in.
Find the tensile forces TB and TC in the wires under the action of
a force P 700 lb acting at the upper end of the bar.
700 lb
B
b
C
b
b
80 in.
Solution 2.5-15
Wires B and C attached to a bar
P = 700 lb
Elongation of wires:
B
b
B SB 2
(Eq. 2)
C
b
C SC
(Eq. 3)
b
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
L = 80 in.
B
P 700 lb
TC L
TBL
C
EA
EA
A 0.03 in.2
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
E 30106 psi
Combine Eqs. (2) and (4):
TBL
SB 2
EA
LB 79.98 in.
LC 79.95 in.
TCL
SC
EA
P = 700 lb
TC
(Eq. 6)
Combine Eqs. (3) and (5):
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
TB
(Eqs. 4, 5)
b
©Mpin 0
Eliminate between Eqs. (6) and (7):
b
TC(b) TB(2b) P(3b)
TB 2TC
b
Pin
2TB TC 3P
(Eq. 1)
SC 80 in. LC 0.05 in.
(Eq. 8)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (8):
TB
6P EASB 2EASC
5
5L
5L
TC
3P 2EASB 4EASC
5
5L
5L
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
SB 80 in. LB 0.02 in.
EASB 2EASC
L
L
(Eq. 7)
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
B
SB
2
C
SC
L = 80 in.
EA
2250 lbin.
5L
TB 840 lb 45 lb 225 lb 660 lb
TC 420 lb 90 lb 450 lb 780 lb
(Both forces are positive, which means tension, as
required for wires.)
SECTION 2.5
Problem 2.5-16 A rigid steel plate is supported by three posts of
high-strength concrete each having an effective cross-sectional area
A 40,000 mm2 and length L 2 m (see figure). Before the load
P is applied, the middle post is shorter than the others by an amount
s 1.0 mm.
Determine the maximum allowable load Pallow if the allowable
compressive stress in the concrete is allow 20 MPa. (Use E 30 GPa
for concrete.)
Solution 2.5-16
Misfits and Prestrains
P
S
s
C
C
C
L
Plate supported by three posts
P
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Steel plate
P
2P1 P2 P
s
C
C
C
L
P1
P2
(Eq. 1)
P1
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
1 shortening of outer posts
2 shortening of inner post
s size of gap 1.0 mm
L length of posts 2.0 m
A 40,000 mm2
allow 20 MPa
E 30 GPa
C concrete post
DOES THE GAP CLOSE?
Stress in the two outer posts when the gap is just
closed:
s
1.0 mm
s Ee E ¢ ≤ (30 GPa) ¢
≤
L
2.0 m
15 MPa
Since this stress is less than the allowable stress, the
allowable force P will close the gap.
1 2 s
(Eq. 2)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
1
P1L
P2L
2
EA
EA
(Eqs. 3, 4)
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
P1L P2L
EAs
sorP1 P2
EA
EA
L
(Eq. 5)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
P 3P1
EAs
L
By inspection, we know that P1 is larger than P2.
Therefore, P1 will control and will be equal to
allow A.
Pallow 3sallow A
EAs
L
2400 kN 600 kN 1800 kN
1.8 MN
117
118
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.5-17 A copper tube is fitted around a steel bolt and the nut
is turned until it is just snug (see figure). What stresses s and c will be
produced in the steel and copper, respectively, if the bolt is now tightened
by a quarter turn of the nut?
The copper tube has length L 16 in. and cross-sectional area
Ac 0.6 in.2, and the steel bolt has cross-sectional area As 0.2 in.2 The
pitch of the threads of the bolt is p 52 mils (a mil is one-thousandth
of an inch). Also, the moduli of elasticity of the steel and copper are
Es 30 106 psi and Ec 16 106 psi, respectively.
Note: The pitch of the threads is the distance advanced by the nut
in one complete turn (see Eq. 2-22).
Solution 2.5-17
Copper tube
Steel bolt
Steel bolt and copper tube
Copper tube
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
c
Ps L
Pc L
s
Ec Ac
Es As
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
Steel bolt
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
L 16 in.
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
p 52 mils 0.052 in.
PsL
PcL
np
EcAc EsAs
1
n (See Eq. 2-22)
4
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
Steel bolt: As 0.2 in.2
npEs As Ec Ac
L(Es As Ec Ac )
Es 30 106 psi
Ps Pc
Copper tube: Ac 0.6 in.2
Substitute numerical values:
Ec 16 106 psi
Ps Pc 3,000 lb
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Pc
STRESSES
Steel bolt:
Ps
ss
Ps tensile force in steel bolt
Pc Ps
Ps 3,000 lb
15 ksi (tension)
As
0.2 in.2
Copper tube:
Pc compressive force in copper tube
(Eq. 1)
sc
Pc 3,000 lb
Ac
0.6 in.2
5 ksi (compression)
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
Ps Pc
np
c shortening of copper tube
s elongation of steel bolt
c s np
(Eq. 5)
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 6)
SECTION 2.5
Problem 2.5-18 A plastic cylinder is held snugly between a rigid plate
and a foundation by two steel bolts (see figure).
Determine the compressive stress p in the plastic when the nuts on
the steel bolts are tightened by one complete turn.
Data for the assembly are as follows: length L 200 mm, pitch of
the bolt threads p 1.0 mm, modulus of elasticity for steel Es 200 GPa,
modulus of elasticity for the plastic Ep 7.5 GPa, cross-sectional area of
one bolt As 36.0 mm2, and cross-sectional area of the plastic cylinder
Ap 960 mm2.
Solution 2.5-18
119
Misfits and Prestrains
Steel
bolt
L
Probs. 2.5-18 and 2.5-19
Plastic cylinder and two steel bolts
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
s
S
P
S
L 200 mm
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
P 1.0 mm
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
Es 200 GPa
As 36.0
mm2
Pp L
Ps L
p
Es As
Ep Ap
Pp L
Ps L
np
Es As Ep Ap
(for one bolt)
Ep 7.5 GPa
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
Ap 960 mm2
Pp
n 1 (See Eq. 2-22)
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
2npEs As Ep Ap
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
STRESS IN THE PLASTIC CYLINDER
Ps
Ps
sp
Pp
Ap
2 np Es As Ep
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
N Es As Ep 54.0 1015 N2/m2
Pp
D Ep Ap 2Es As 21.6 106 N
Ps tensile force in one steel bolt
Pp compressive force in plastic cylinder
Pp 2Ps
sp
(Eq. 1)
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
Ps
S
Pp
Ps
np
P
S
s elongation of steel bolt
p shortening of plastic cylinder
s p np
(Eq. 2)
2np N
2(1)(1.0 mm) N
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
L D
200 mm
D
25.0 MPa
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
120
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.5-19 Solve the preceding problem if the data for the
assembly are as follows: length L 10 in., pitch of the bolt threads
p 0.058 in., modulus of elasticity for steel Es 30 106 psi,
modulus of elasticity for the plastic Ep 500 ksi, cross-sectional
area of one bolt As 0.06 in.2, and cross-sectional area of the
plastic cylinder Ap 1.5 in.2
Solution 2.5-19
Plastic cylinder and two steel bolts
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
s
S
P
S
L 10 in.
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
p 0.058 in.
Substitute (3) and (4) into Eq. (2):
Es 30 106 psi
As 0.06
in.2
(for one bolt)
Ep 500 ksi
Ap 1.5
Pp L
Ps L
p
Es As
Ep Ap
Pp L
Ps L
np
Es As Ep Ap
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (5):
in.2
Pp
n 1 (see Eq. 2-22)
2 np Es As Ep Ap
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
STRESS IN THE PLASTIC CYLINDER
Ps tensile force in one steel bolt
sp
Pp compressive force in plastic cylinder
Pp 2Ps
(Eq. 1)
Ps
Pp
Ap
D Ep Ap 2Es As 4350 103 lb
2np N
2(1)(0.058 in.) N
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
L D
10 in.
D
2400 psi
Pp
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION
s elongation of steel bolt
p shortening of plastic cylinder
s p np
S
(Eq. 2)
Ps
np
P
L(Ep Ap 2Es As )
N Es As Ep 900 109 lb2/in.2
Ps
Pp
2 np Es As Ep
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
sP
Ps
S
(Eq. 3, Eq. 4)
(Eq. 5)
SECTION 2.5
Problem 2.5-20 Prestressed concrete beams are sometimes
manufactured in the following manner. High-strength steel wires are
stretched by a jacking mechanism that applies a force Q, as represented
schematically in part (a) of the figure. Concrete is then poured around
the wires to form a beam, as shown in part (b).
After the concrete sets properly, the jacks are released and the
force Q is removed [see part (c) of the figure]. Thus, the beam is
left in a prestressed condition, with the wires in tension and the
concrete in compression.
Let us assume that the prestressing force Q produces in the steel
wires an initial stress 0 620 MPa. If the moduli of elasticity of the
steel and concrete are in the ratio 12:1 and the cross-sectional areas are in
the ratio 1:50, what are the final stresses s and c in the two materials?
Misfits and Prestrains
Steel wires
Q
Q
(a)
Concrete
Q
Q
(b)
(c)
Solution 2.5-20
Prestressed concrete beam
L length
Steel wires
0 initial stress in wires
Q
Q
620 MPa
As
As total area of steel wires
Concrete
Ac area of concrete
50 As
Ps
Es 12 Ec
Pc
Ps final tensile force in steel wires
Pc final compressive force in concrete
EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION
Ps Pc
(Eq. 1)
COMPATIBILITY EQUATION AND
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
1 initial elongation of steel wires
s0L
QL
EsAs
Es
2 final elongation of steel wires
Ps L
Es As
3 shortening of concrete
Pc L
Ec Ac
s0 L Ps L
Pc L
1 2 3or
(Eq. 2, Eq. 3)
Es
Es As Ec Ac
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (3):
s0 As
Ps Pc
Es As
1
Ec Ac
STRESSES
ss
sc
121
Ps
As
s0
Es As
1
Ec Ac
s0
Pc
Ac Ac Es
As Ec
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Es
As
1
s0 620 MPa 12
Ec
Ac 50
ss
620 MPa
500 MPa (Tension)
12
1
50
sc
620 MPa
10 MPa (Compression)
50 12
122
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Stresses on Inclined Sections
Problem 2.6-1 A steel bar of rectangular cross section
(1.5 in. 2.0 in.) carries a tensile load P (see figure). The
allowable stresses in tension and shear are 15,000 psi and
7,000 psi, respectively.
Determine the maximum permissible load Pmax.
Solution 2.6-1
2.0 in.
P
P
1.5 in.
Rectangular bar in tension
2.0 in.
P
Maximum shear stress: tmax
sx
P
2
2A
allow 15,000 psi allow 7,000 psi
P
Because allow is less than one-half of allow, the
shear stress governs.
1.5 in.
A 1.5 in. 2.0 in.
Pmax 2allow A 2(7,000 psi) (3.0 in.2)
3.0 in.2
42,000 lb
Maximum Normal Stress:
sx
P
A
Problem 2.6-2 A circular steel rod of diameter d is subjected to a tensile
force P 3.0 kN (see figure). The allowable stresses in tension and shear
are 120 MPa and 50 MPa, respectively.
What is the minimum permissible diameter dmin of the rod?
Solution 2.6-2
P
d
Steel rod in tension
P
P 3.0 kNA
d 2
4
d
P
Because allow is less than one-half of allow, the
shear stress governs.
Maximum normal stress: sx
P
A
tmax
Maximum shear stress: tmax
sx
P
2
2A
Solve for d: dmin 6.18 mm
allow 120 MPa
allow 50 MPa
P
3.0 kN
or50 MPa
2A
d2
(2) ¢
≤
4
P = 3.0 kN
SECTION 2.6
Problem 2.6-3 A standard brick (dimensions 8 in. 4 in. 2.5 in.)
is compressed lengthwise by a force P, as shown in the figure. If the
ultimate shear stress for brick is 1200 psi and the ultimate compressive
stress is 3600 psi, what force Pmax is required to break the brick?
Solution 2.6-3
123
P
8 in.
4 in.
2.5 in.
Standard brick in compression
Maximum shear stress:
P
tmax
8 in.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
4 in.
2.5 in.
sx
P
2
2A
ult 3600 psi
ult 1200 psi
Because ult is less than one-half of ult, the shear
stress governs.
tmax
A 2.5 in. 4.0 in. 10.0 in.2
Pmax 2(10.0 in.2 )(1200 psi)
Maximum normal stress:
sx
P
orPmax 2Atult
2A
P
A
24,000 lb
Problem 2.6-4 A brass wire of diameter d 2.42 mm is stretched tightly
between rigid supports so that the tensile force is T 92 N (see figure).
What is the maximum permissible temperature drop T if the allowable
shear stress in the wire is 60 MPa? (The coefficient of thermal expansion for
the wire is 20 106/°C and the modulus of elasticity is 100 GPa.)
Solution 2.6-4
d
T
Probs. 2.6-4 and 2.6-5
Brass wire in tension
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
d
T
T
tmax
d 2.42 mm
A
Solve for temperature drop T:
d2
4.60 mm2
4
20 106/C E 100 GPa
allow 60 MPa
Initial tensile force: T 92 N
T
A
Stress due to temperature drop: x E(T)
Stress due to initial tension: sx
(see Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5)
T
Total stress: sx E(¢T )
A
sx 1 T
B E(¢T )R
2
2 A
¢T
2tmax TA
tmax tallow
E
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
¢T
2(60 MPa) (92 N)(4.60 mm2 )
(100 GPa)(20 10 6C)
120 MPa 20 MPa
50C
2 MPaC
T
124
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.6-5 A brass wire of diameter d 1/16 in. is stretched
between rigid supports with an initial tension T of 32 lb (see figure).
(a) If the temperature is lowered by 50°F, what is the maximum shear
stress max in the wire?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 10,000 psi, what is the maximum
permissible temperature drop? (Assume that the coefficient of
thermal expansion is 10.6 106/°F and the modulus of elasticity
is 15 106 psi.)
Solution 2.6-5
Brass wire in tension
T
d
T
1
d
in.
16
A
tmax
d2
4
(Eq. 1)
tmax 9,190 psi
(b) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE DROP IF
allow 10,000 psi
10.6 106/F
E 15 106 psi
Solve Eq. (1) for T:
Initial tensile force: T 32 lb
T
A
Stress due to temperature drop: x E(T )
(see Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5)
T
Total stress: sx E(¢T )
A
sx 1 T
B E(¢T )R
2
2 A
Substitute numerical values:
0.003068 in.2
Stress due to initial tension: sx
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS WHEN TEMPERATURE
DROPS 50F
2tmax TA
tmax tallow
E
Substitute numerical values:
¢T
¢T 60.2F
Problem 2.6-6 A steel bar with diameter d 12 mm is subjected to a
tensile load P 9.5 kN (see figure).
(a) What is the maximum normal stress max in the bar?
(b) What is the maximum shear stress max?
(c) Draw a stress element oriented at 45° to the axis of the bar and show
all stresses acting on the faces of this element.
P
d = 12 mm
P = 9.5 kN
SECTION 2.6
Solution 2.6-6
Steel bar in tension
d = 12 mm
P
125
Stresses on Inclined Sections
P = 9.5 kN
(c) STRESS ELEMENT AT 45
9,000
9,000
P 9.5 kN
9,000
0
(a) MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS
P
9.5 kN
sx
84.0 MPa
A 4 (12 mm) 2
= 45°
y
x
9,000
9,000
9,000
NOTE: All stresses have units of MPa.
smax 84.0 MPa
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
The maximum shear stress is on a 45 plane and
equals x /2.
tmax
sx
42.0 MPa
2
Problem 2.6-7 During a tension test of a mild-steel specimen
(see figure), the extensometer shows an elongation of 0.00120
in. with a gage length of 2 in. Assume that the steel is stressed
below the proportional limit and that the modulus of elasticity
E 30 106 psi.
(a) What is the maximum normal stress max in the specimen?
(b) What is the maximum shear stress max?
(c) Draw a stress element oriented at an angle of 45° to the
axis of the bar and show all stresses acting on the faces
of this element.
2 in.
T
T
126
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.6-7
Axially Loaded Members
Tension test
2 in.
T
T
Elongation: 0.00120 in.
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
(2 in. gage length)
The maximum shear stress is on a 45 plane and
equals x /2.
Strain: e
0.00120 in.
0.00060
L
2 in.
tmax
Hooke’s law : x Ee (30 106 psi)(0.00060)
18,000 psi
sx
9,000 psi
2
(c) STRESS ELEMENT AT 45
NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
(a) MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS
x is the maximum normal stress.
9,000
9,000
smax 18,000 psi
= 45°
y
9,000
0
x
9,000
9,000
9,000
Problem 2.6-8 A copper bar with a rectangular cross section is held
without stress between rigid supports (see figure). Subsequently, the
temperature of the bar is raised 50°C.
Determine the stresses on all faces of the elements A and B,
and show these stresses on sketches of the elements.
(Assume 17.5 106/°C and E 120 GPa.)
Solution 2.6-8
45°
A
Copper bar with rigid supports
45°
A
B
STRESSES ON ELEMENTS A AND B
105
A
T 50C (Increase)
105
52.5
x E (T) (See Eq. 2-18 of Section 2.5)
105 MPa (Compression)
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
sx
2
52.5 MPa
0
= 45°
B
y
E 120 GPa
STRESS DUE TO TEMPERATURE INCREASE
52.5
52.5
17.5 106/C
tmax
B
x
52.5
52.5
NOTE: All stresses have units of MPa.
52.5
SECTION 2.6
Stresses on Inclined Sections
Problem 2.6-9 A compression member in a bridge truss is fabricated from a wide-flange steel section (see figure). The
cross-sectional area A 7.5 in.2 and the axial load P 90 k.
P
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on all faces of
stress elements located in the web of the beam and oriented at (a) an
angle 0°, (b) an angle 30°, and (c) an angle 45°. In each
case, show the stresses on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 2.6-9
Truss member in compression
P
P
x sin cos (12.0 ksi)(sin 120) (cos 120)
5.2 ksi
P 90 k
A 7.5 in.2
sx
3.0
P
90 k
A
7.5 in.2
9.0
5.2
y
= 30°
x
0
3.0
12.0 ksi (Compression)
9.0
(a) 0
5.2
NOTE: All stresses have units of ksi.
y
12.0 ksi
12.0 ksi
0
x
(b) 30
Use Eqs. (2-29a) and (2-29b):
x cos2 (12.0 ksi)(cos 30)2
(c) 45
x cos2 (12.0 ksi)(cos 45)2 6.0 ksi
x sin cos (12.0 ksi)(sin 45) (cos 45)
6.0 ksi
6.0
6.0
9.0 ksi
x sin cos (12.0 ksi)(sin 30)(cos 30)
0
5.2 ksi
30 90 120
x cos2 (12.0 ksi)(cos 120)2 3.0 ksi
6.0
= 45°
6.0
y
6.0
x
6.0
NOTE: All stresses have units of ksi.
127
P
128
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.6-10 A plastic bar of diameter d 30 mm is compressed
in a testing device by a force P 170 N applied as shown in the figure.
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on all faces of stress
elements oriented at (a) an angle 0°, (b) an angle 22.5°, and
(c) an angle 45°. In each case, show the stresses on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.
P = 170 N
100 mm
300 mm
Plastic bar
d = 30 mm
Solution 2.6-10
Plastic bar in compression
100 mm
300 mm
P = 170 N
x sin cos
(962.0 kPa)(sin 22.5)(cos 22.5)
340 kPa
Plastic bar
d = 30 mm
22.5 90 112.5
x cos2 (962.0 kPa)(cos 112.5)2
141 kPa
x sin cos
(962.0 kPa)(sin 112.5)(cos 112.5)
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
340 kPa
141
P = 170 N
100 mm
340
300 mm
0
F Compressive force in plastic bar
821
PLASTIC BAR (ROTATED TO THE HORIZONTAL)
F
x
F
NOTE: All stresses have units of kPa.
x cos2 (962.0 kPa)(cos 45)2
481 kPa
d = 30 mm
sx
141
(c) 45
0
x sin cos
F
680 N
2
A
4 (30 mm)
(962.0 kPa)(sin 45)(cos 45) 481 kPa
962.0 kPa (Compression)
481
(a) 0
962 kPa
y
0
x
962 kPa
(b) 22.5
Use Eqs. (2-29a) and (2-29b)
x cos2 (962.0 kPa)(cos 22.5)2
821 kPa
= 22.5°
x
340
F 4P 4(170 N)680 N
y
821
y
F
0
481
481
481
y
481
= 45°
x
481
NOTE: All stresses have units of kPa.
SECTION 2.6
Stresses on Inclined Sections
Problem 2.6-11 A plastic bar fits snugly between rigid supports at
room temperature (68°F) but with no initial stress (see figure). When
the temperature of the bar is raised to 160°F, the compressive stress
on an inclined plane pq becomes 1700 psi.
p
(a) What is the shear stress on plane pq? (Assume 60 106/°F
and E 450 103 psi.)
(b) Draw a stress element oriented to plane pq and show the stresses
acting on all faces of this element.
Solution 2.6-11
q
Probs. 2.6-11 and 2.6-12
Plastic bar between rigid supports
p
q
60 106/F E 450 103 psi
(b) STRESS ELEMENT ORIENTED TO PLANE pq
Temperature increase:
34.18 1700 psi 1150 psi
T 160F 68F 92F
34.18 90 124.18
x cos2 (2484 psi)(cos 124.18)2
NORMAL STRESS x IN THE BAR
x E(T ) (See Eq. 2-18 in Section 2.5)
x (450 103 psi)(60 106/F)(92F)
2484 psi (Compression)
x
784
1150 1700
y
psi)(cos2)
1700 psi
0.6844
2484 psi
cos 0.8273
(2484 psi)(sin 124.18)(cos 124.18)
For plane pq: 1700 psi
Therefore, 1700 psi (2484
cos2u
x sin cos
1150 psi
ANGLE TO PLANE pq
cos2
784 psi
34.18
(a) SHEAR STRESS ON PLANE pq
x sin cos
(2484 psi)(sin 34.18)(cos 34.18)
1150 psi (Counter clockwise)
0
1700
= 34.18°
x
1150
784
NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
129
130
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.6-12 A copper bar is held snugly (but without any initial
stress) between rigid supports (see figure). The allowable stresses on the
inclined plane pq, for which 55°, are specified as 60 MPa in
compression and 30 MPa in shear.
(a) What is the maximum permissible temperature rise T if the
allowable stresses on plane pq are not to be exceeded? (Assume
17 106/°C and E 120 GPa.)
(b) If the temperature increases by the maximum permissible amount,
what are the stresses on plane pq?
Solution 2.6-12
Copper bar between rigid supports
p
Shear stress governs. x 63.85 MPa
Due to temperature increase T:
q
x E(T) (See Eq. 2-18 in Section 2.5)
63.85 MPa (120 GPa)(17 106/C)(T)
17 106/C
¢T 31.3C
E 120 GPa
Plane pq: 55
(b) STRESSES ON PLANE pq
Allowable stresses on plane pq:
allow 60 MPa (Compression)
allow 30 MPa (Shear)
(a) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TEMPERATURE RISE T
x cos2
60 MPa x (cos 55)2
x 182.4 MPa
x sin cos
30 MPa x (sin 55)(cos 55)
x 63.85 MPa
x cos2 (63.85 MPa)(cos 55)2
21.0 MPa (Compression)
x sin cos
(63.85 MPa)(sin 55)(cos 55)
30.0 MPa (Counter clockwise)
x 63.85 MPa
Problem 2.6-13 A circular brass bar of diameter d is composed
of two segments brazed together on a plane pq making an angle
36° with the axis of the bar (see figure). The allowable
stresses in the brass are 13,500 psi in tension and 6500 psi in
shear. On the brazed joint, the allowable stresses are 6000 psi
in tension and 3000 psi in shear.
If the bar must resist a tensile force P 6000 lb, what is
the minimum required diameter dmin of the bar?
P
d
p
q
P
SECTION 2.6
Solution 2.6-13
P
d
Brass bar in tension
p
n
= 54°
Tensile stress: x cos2
P
sx
q
6000 psi
sallow
2
cos u (cos 54) 2
17,370 psi
36
(3)
90 54
Shear stress: x sin cos
P 6000 lb
sx `
A
d2
4
3,000 psi
tallow
`
sin ucos u
(sin 54)(cos 54)
6,310 psi
(4)
STRESS x BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESSES
ALLOWABLE STRESS
IN THE BRASS
Compare (1), (2), (3), and (4).
Tensile stress ( 0): allow 13,500 psi
x 13,500 psi
Shear stress on the brazed joint governs.
(1)
Shear stress ( 45): allow 6500 psi
tmax
131
Stresses on Inclined Sections
x 6310 psi
DIAMETER OF BAR
sx
2
A
P
6000 lb
0.951 in.2
sx 6310 psi
A
d2
4A
4A
d2 dmin
4
B
x 2 allow
13,000 psi
(2)
STRESS x BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESSES ON THE
BRAZED JOINT ( 54)
dmin 1.10 in.
allow 6000 psi (tension)
allow 3000 psi (shear)
Problem 2.6-14 Two boards are joined by gluing along a scarf joint,
as shown in the figure. For purposes of cutting and gluing, the angle
between the plane of the joint and the faces of the boards must be
between 10° and 40°. Under a tensile load P, the normal stress in the
boards is 4.9 MPa.
(a) What are the normal and shear stresses acting on the glued
joint if 20°?
(b) If the allowable shear stress on the joint is 2.25 MPa, what
is the largest permissible value of the angle ?
(c) For what angle will the shear stress on the glued joint be
numerically equal to twice the normal stress on the joint?
P
P
132
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.6-14
Axially Loaded Members
Two boards joined by a scarf joint
y
P
P
x
10 40
33.34 or
Due to load P: x 4.9 MPa
90
(a) STRESSES ON JOINT WHEN 20
n
‹ 56.66 or
33.34
Since must be between 10 and 40, we select
33.3
Note: If is between 10 and 33.3,
=
90° a
|| 2.25 MPa.
If is between 33.3 and 40,
||
90 70
x cos2 (4.9 MPa)(cos 70)2
0.57 MPa
(c)
2.25 MPa.
WHAT IS
if 2?
Numerical values only:
x sin cos
|| x sin cos
(4.9 MPa)(sin 70)(cos 70)
1.58 MPa
(b) LARGEST ANGLE IF allow 2.25 MPa
allow x sin cos
The shear stress on the joint has a negative sign. Its
numerical value cannot exceed allow 2.25 MPa.
Therefore,
2.25 MPa (4.9 MPa)(sin )(cos ) or
sin cos 0.4592
From trigonometry: sin u cos u
1
sin 2u
2
Therefore: sin 2 2(0.4592) 0.9184
Solving : 2 66.69 or
56.66
113.31
`
|| x cos2
tu
` 2
su
x sin cos 2xcos2
sin 2 cos
or
tan 2
63.43 90
a 26.6
NOTE: For 26.6 and 63.4, we find
0.98 MPa and 1.96 MPa.
Thus, `
tu
` 2 as required.
su
SECTION 2.6
Problem 2.6-15 Acting on the sides of a stress element cut from a bar in
uniaxial stress are tensile stresses of 10,000 psi and 5,000 psi, as shown
in the figure.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
5,000 psi
(a) Determine the angle and the shear stress and show all stresses
on a sketch of the element.
(b) Determine the maximum normal stress max and the maximum
shear stress max in the material.
10,000 psi
Solution 2.6-15
= 10,000 psi
5,000 psi
Bar in uniaxial stress
From Eq. (1) or (2):
5,000 psi
sx 15,000 psi
tu sx sin u cos u
(15,000 psi)(sin 35.26)(cos 35.26)
7,070 psi
10,000 psi
Minus sign means that acts clockwise on the plane
for which 35.26.
10,000 psi
5,000
5,000 psi
0
10,000 psi
10,000 psi
su
cos2u
cos2u
(1)
PLANE AT ANGLE 90
10,000 psi 5,000 psi
cos2u
sin2u
1
1
tan2u tan u
u 35.26
2
2
10,000
5,000
smax sx 15,000 psi
su90 5,000 psi
Equate (1) and (2):
7,070
(b) MAXIMUM NORMAL AND SHEAR STRESSES
sx sin2u
su90 5,000 psi
sin2u
sin2u
x
NOTE: All stresses have units of psi.
su90 sx [cos(u 90) ] 2 sx [sin u] 2
sx
= 35.26°
7,070
x cos2
sx
10,000
y
(a) ANGLE AND SHEAR STRESS
(2)
tmax
sx
7,500 psi
2
133
134
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.6-16 A prismatic bar is subjected to an axial force that
produces a tensile stress 63 MPa and a shear stress 21 MPa
on a certain inclined plane (see figure).
Determine the stresses acting on all faces of a stress element oriented
at 30° and show the stresses on a sketch of the element.
Solution 2.6-16
63 MPa
21 MPa
Bar in uniaxial stress
STRESS ELEMENT AT 30
su sx cos2u (70 MPa)(cos 30) 2
52.5 MPa
tu sx sin u cos u
(70 MPa)(sin 30)(cos 30)
30.31 MPa
63 MPa
Plane at 30 90 120
21 MPa
su (70 MPa)(cos 120) 2 17.5 MPa
INCLINED PLANE AT ANGLE
tu ( 70 MPa)(sin 120)(cos 120)
xcos2
63 MPa
30.31 MPa
xcos2
63 MPa
sx
cos2u
17.5
(1)
30°
y
tu sx sin u cos u
30.31
21 MPa sx sin u cos u
21 MPa
sx
sin u cos u
52.5
0
x
30.31
(2)
52.5
Equate (1) and (2):
63 MPa
21 MPa
sin u cos u
cos2u
or
tan u
21 1
u 18.43
63 3
From (1) or (2): x70.0 MPa (tension)
NOTE: All stresses have units of MPa.
SECTION 2.6
Problem 2.6-17 The normal stress on plane pq of a prismatic bar in
tension (see figure) is found to be 7500 psi. On plane rs, which makes
an angle 30° with plane pq, the stress is found to be 2500 psi.
Determine the maximum normal stress max and maximum shear
stress max in the bar.
Stresses on Inclined Sections
p
r
P
P
s
q
Solution 2.6-17
Bar in tension
p
r
P
P
s
q
Eq. (2-29a):
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (2):
xcos2
7500 psi
cos u1
3 1.7321
cos(u1 30) B 2500 psi
30
PLANE pq: 1 xcos21
PLANE rs: 2
xcos2(1
1 7500 psi
)
2 2500 psi
Equate x from 1 and 2:
s1
s2
sx
2
2
cos u1 cos (u1 b)
(Eq. 1)
cos2 u1
s1
cos u1
s1
cos2 (u1 b) s2 cos(u1 b) B s2
Solve by iteration or a computer program:
1 30
MAXIMUM NORMAL STRESS (FROM EQ. 1)
smax sx
7500 psi
s1
cos2u1
cos230
10,000 psi
or
135
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
(Eq. 2)
tmax
sx
5,000 psi
2
136
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.6-18 A tension member is to be constructed of two pieces of
plastic glued along plane pq (see figure). For purposes of cutting and
gluing, the angle must be between 25° and 45°. The allowable stresses
on the glued joint in tension and shear are 5.0 MPa and 3.0 MPa,
P
respectively.
q
(a) Determine the angle so that the bar will carry the largest load P.
(Assume that the strength of the glued joint controls the design.)
(b) Determine the maximum allowable load Pmax if the cross-sectional
area of the bar is 225 mm2.
Solution 2.6-18
p
Bar in tension with glued joint
p
P
P
q
25 45
(a) DETERMINE ANGLE FOR LARGEST LOAD
A 225
Point A gives the largest value of x and hence the
largest load. To determine the angle corresponding
to point A, we equate Eqs. (1) and (2).
mm2
On glued joint: allow 5.0 MPa
allow 3.0 MPa
5.0 MPa
3.0 MPa
sin u cos u
cos2u
ALLOWABLE STRESS x IN TENSION
su sx cos2usx
su
5.0 MPa
cos2u
cos2u
(1)
tan u
3.0
u 30.96
5.0
xsin cos
(b) DETERMINE THE MAXIMUM LOAD
Since the direction of is immaterial, we can write:
|| xsin cos
From Eq. (1) or Eq. (2):
or
sx
tu
sin u cos u
3.0 MPa
sin u cos u
(2)
(MPa)
15
Eq.(1)
10
A
Eq.(2)
5
25°
0
15°
45°
30°
45°
u
5.0 MPa
3.0 MPa
6.80 MPa
2
sin u cos u
cos u
Pmax sx A (6.80 MPa)(225 mm2 )
1.53 kN
GRAPH OF EQS. (1) AND (2)
sx
sx
60°
75°
90°
P
SECTION 2.7
137
Strain Energy
Strain Energy
When solving the problems for Section 2.7, assume that the material
behaves linearly elastically.
Problem 2.7-1 A prismatic bar AD of length L, cross-sectional area A,
and modulus of elasticity E is subjected to loads 5P, 3P, and P acting at
points B, C, and D, respectively (see figure). Segments AB, BC, and CD
have lengths L/6, L/2, and L/3, respectively.
5P
A
3P
B
L
—
6
P
C
L
—
2
D
L
—
3
(a) Obtain a formula for the strain energy U of the bar.
(b) Calculate the strain energy if P 6 k, L 52 in., A 2.76 in.2,
and the material is aluminum with E 10.4 106 psi.
Solution 2.7-1
Bar with three loads
5P
A
3P
B
L
—
6
P
C
D
L
—
2
L
—
3
P6k
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BAR (EQ. 2-40)
L 52 in.
N2i Li
U a
2Ei Ai
E 10.4 106 psi
A 2.76 in.2
INTERNAL AXIAL FORCES
NAB 3P
NBC 2P
NCD P
1
L
L
L
B(3P) 2 ¢ ≤ (2P) 2 ¢ ≤ (P) 2 ¢ ≤ R
2EA
6
2
3
P2L 23
23P2L
¢ ≤
2EA 6
12EA
LENGTHS
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
L
L
L
LAB LBC LCD
6
2
3
U
23(6 k) 2 (52 in.)
12(10.4 106 psi)(2.76 in.2 )
125 in.-lb
138
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.7-2 A bar of circular cross section having two different
diameters d and 2d is shown in the figure. The length of each segment
of the bar is L/2 and the modulus of elasticity of the material is E.
2d
(a) Obtain a formula for the strain energy U of the bar due to the
load P.
(b) Calculate the strain energy if the load P 27 kN, the length
L 600 mm, the diameter d 40 mm, and the material is brass
with E 105 GPa.
Solution 2.7-2
2d
L
—
2
d
L
—
2
P 27 kN
Add the strain energies of the two segments of the
bar (see Eq. 2-40).
d 40 mm
U a
i1 2 Ei Ai
2
L
—
2
P
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BAR
N2i Li
L
—
2
P
Bar with two segments
P
2
d
P
2
P (L2)
1
1
B
2
2 R
2E
(2d)
(d
)
4
4
L 600 mm
E 105 GPa
2
U
5(27 kN) (600 mm)
4(105 GPa)(40 mm) 2
1.036 N m 1.036 J
2
PL 1
1
5P L
≤
¢
E 4d2 d2
4Ed2
(b) SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Problem 2.7-3 A three-story steel column in a building supports roof
and floor loads as shown in the figure. The story height H is 10.5 ft, the
cross-sectional area A of the column is 15.5 in.2, and the modulus of
elasticity E of the steel is 30 106 psi.
Calculate the strain energy U of the column assuming P1 40 k and
P2 P3 60 k.
P1
P2
P3
H
H
H
SECTION 2.7
Solution 2.7-3
139
Strain Energy
Three-story column
Upper segment: N1 P1
P1
Middle segment: N2 (P1 P2)
Lower segment: N3 (P1 P2 P3)
H
P2
STRAIN ENERGY
N2i Li
U a
2Ei Ai
H
P3
H
H
[P2 (P1 P2 ) 2 (P1 P2 P3 ) 2 ]
2EA 1
H
[Q]
2EA
[Q] (40 k)2 (100 k)2 (160 k)2 37,200 k2
H 10.5 ft
E 30 106 psi
A 15.5 in.2
P1 40 k
2EA 2(30 106 psi)(15.5 in.2) 930 106 lb
U
P2 P3 60 k
To find the strain energy of the column, add the
strain energies of the three segments (see Eq. 2-40).
(10.5 ft)(12 in.ft)
[37,200 k2 ]
930 106 lb
5040 in.-lb
Problem 2.7-4 The bar ABC shown in the figure is loaded by a force
P acting at end C and by a force Q acting at the midpoint B. The bar
has constant axial rigidity EA.
(a) Determine the strain energy U1 of the bar when the force P acts
alone (Q 0).
(b) Determine the strain energy U2 when the force Q acts alone (P 0).
(c) Determine the strain energy U3 when the forces P and Q act
simultaneously upon the bar.
Solution 2.7-4
A
P
B
L/2
(a) FORCE P ACTS ALONE (Q 0)
P2L
2EA
(b) FORCE Q ACTS ALONE (P 0)
U2
A
P
B
L/2
C
L/2
Bar with two loads
Q
U1
Q
Q2 (L2) Q2L
2EA
4EA
C
(c) FORCES P AND Q ACT SIMULTANEOUSLY
Segment BC: UBC
P2 (L2) P2L
2EA
4EA
Segment AB: UAB
(P Q) 2 (L2)
2EA
L/2
U3 UBC UAB
P2L PQL Q2L
4EA 2EA 4EA
P2L PQL Q2L
2EA 2EA 4EA
(Note that U3 is not equal to U1 U2. In this case,
U3 > U1 U2. However, if Q is reversed in
direction, U3 U1 U2. Thus, U3 may be larger or
smaller than U1 U2.)
140
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.7-5 Determine the strain energy per unit volume (units of
psi) and the strain energy per unit weight (units of in.) that can be stored
in each of the materials listed in the accompanying table, assuming that
the material is stressed to the proportional limit.
DATA FOR PROBLEM 2.7-5
Material
Mild steel
Tool steel
Aluminum
Rubber (soft)
Weight
density
(lb/in.3)
Modulus of
elasticity
(ksi)
Proportional
limit
(psi)
0.284
0.284
0.0984
0.0405
30,000
30,000
10,500
0.300
36,000
75,000
60,000
300
Solution 2.7-5 Strain-energy density
DATA:
STRAIN ENERGY PER UNIT WEIGHT
Material
Weight
density
(lb/in.3)
Modulus of
elasticity
(ksi)
Proportional
limit
(psi)
Mild steel
0.284
30,000
36,000
U
P2L
2EA
Weight W AL
weight density
U
s2
W 2gE
Tool steel
0.284
30,000
75,000
uW
Aluminum
0.0984
10,500
60,000
At the proportional limit:
Rubber (soft) 0.0405
0.300
300
STRAIN ENERGY PER UNIT VOLUME
uW
s2PL
2gE
RESULTS
2
U
PL
2EA
uR
(psi)
Volume V AL
Stress s
P
A
U s2
u
V 2E
At the proportional limit:
u uR modulus of resistance
uR
s2PL
2E
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 1)
uW
(in.)
Mild steel
22
76
Tool steel
94
330
Aluminum
171
1740
Rubber (soft)
150
3700
SECTION 2.7
Problem 2.7-6 The truss ABC shown in the figure is subjected to a
horizontal load P at joint B. The two bars are identical with crosssectional area A and modulus of elasticity E.
P
B
(a) Determine the strain energy U of the truss if the angle 60°.
(b) Determine the horizontal displacement B of joint B by equating
the strain energy of the truss to the work done by the load.
Strain Energy
A
C
L
Solution 2.7-6 Truss subjected to a load P
P
B
A
C
L
60
Axial forces: NAB P (tension)
LAB LBC L
NBC P (compression)
sin b 32
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF TRUSS (EQ. 2-40)
cos 1/2
N2i Li
(NAB ) 2L (NBC ) 2L
U a
2EiAi
2EA
2EA
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF JOINT B
B
P
FAB
©Fvert 0
(b) HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT OF JOINT B (EQ. 2-42)
B
FBC
↑ ↓
FAB sin FBC sin 0
FAB FBC
(Eq. 1)
©Fhoriz 0 →
←
FAB cos FBC cos P 0
FAB FBC
P2L
EA
P
P
P
2 cos b 2(12)
(Eq. 2)
2U 2 P2L
2PL
¢
≤
P
P EA
EA
141
142
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
A
Problem 2.7-7 The truss ABC shown in the figure supports a horizontal
load P1 300 lb and a vertical load P2 900 lb. Both bars have
cross-sectional area A 2.4 in.2 and are made of steel with
E 30 106 psi.
(a) Determine the strain energy U1 of the truss when the load P1 acts
alone (P2 0).
(b) Determine the strain energy U2 when the load P2 acts alone
(P10).
(c) Determine the strain energy U3 when both loads act simultaneously.
30°
C
B P1 = 300 lb
P2 = 900 lb
60 in.
Solution 2.7-7 Truss with two loads
Force P1 alone
A
LAB
30°
C
B P1
LBC
FAB
0
FBC
300 lb
P2 alone
P1 and P2
1800 lb
1800 lb
1558.8 lb
1258.8 lb
(a) LOAD P1 ACTS ALONE
U1
P2
(FBC ) 2LBC (300 lb) 2 (60 in.)
2EA
144 106 lb
0.0375 in.-lb
P1 300 lb
(b) LOAD P2 ACTS ALONE
P2 900 lb
U2
A 2.4 in.2
E 30 106 psi
LBC 60 in.
30
1
sin sin 30
2
cos b cos 30
3
2
LBC
120
LAB
in. 69.282 in.
cos 30 3
2EA 2(30 106 psi)(2.4 in.2) 144 106 lb
1
B (FAB ) 2LAB (FBC ) 2LBC R
2EA
1
B (1800 lb) 2 (69.282 in.)
2EA
( 1558.8 lb) 2 (60 in.) R
370.265 106 lb2-in.
2.57 in.-lb
144 106 lb
(c) LOADS P1 AND P2 ACT SIMULTANEOUSLY
U3
FORCES FAB AND FBC IN THE BARS
From equilibrium of joint B:
FAB 2P2 1800 lb
FBC P1 P2 3 300 lb 1558.8 lb
1
B (FAB ) 2LAB (FBC ) 2LBC R
2EA
1
B (1800 lb) 2 (69.282 in.)
2EA
( 1258.8 lb) 2 (60 in.) R
319.548 106 lb2-in.
144 106 lb
2.22 in.-lb
NOTE: The strain energy U3 is not equal to U1 U2.
SECTION 2.7
Problem 2.7-8 The statically indeterminate structure shown in the
figure consists of a horizontal rigid bar AB supported by five equally
spaced springs. Springs 1, 2, and 3 have stiffnesses 3k, 1.5k, and k,
respectively. When unstressed, the lower ends of all five springs lie
along a horizontal line. Bar AB, which has weight W, causes the
springs to elongate by an amount .
1
(a) Obtain a formula for the total strain energy U of the springs
in terms of the downward displacement of the bar.
(b) Obtain a formula for the displacement by equating the strain
energy of the springs to the work done by the weight W.
(c) Determine the forces F1, F2, and F3 in the springs.
(d) Evaluate the strain energy U, the displacement , and the
forces in the springs if W 600 N and k 7.5 N/mm.
k
1.5k
3k
2
3
1.5k
2
A
2
3
W
2
1
W
k1 3k
(c) FORCES IN THE SPRINGS
k2 1.5k
F1 3k
k3 k
downward displacement of rigid bar
For a spring: U
k2
Eq. (2-38b)
2
U2¢
3k
2
≤2¢
1.5k
2
2
3W
3W
F2 1.5k
10
20
W
10
(d) NUMERICAL VALUES
(a) STRAIN ENERGY U OF ALL SPRINGS
2
F3 k
W 600 N k 7.5 N/mm 7500 N/mm
2
≤
k
2
5k2
Work done by the weight W equals
U 5k2 5k ¢
W
2
W
8.0 mm
10k
F1
3W
180 N
10
F2
3W
90 N
20
F3
W
60 N
10
Strain energy of the springs equals 5k 2
W
W
∴
5k2and
2
10k
W 2 W2
≤
10k
20k
2.4 N m 2.4 J
(b) DISPLACEMENT
1
3k
B
Solution 2.7-8 Rigid bar supported by springs
1
143
Strain Energy
NOTE: W 2F1 2F2 F3 600 N (Check)
144
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.7-9 A slightly tapered bar AB of rectangular cross section
and length L is acted upon by a force P (see figure). The width of the
bar varies uniformly from b2 at end A to b1 at end B. The thickness t
is constant.
A
B
b1
b2
(a) Determine the strain energy U of the bar.
(b) Determine the elongation of the bar by equating the strain
energy to the work done by the force P.
L
Solution 2.7-9 Tapered bar of rectangular cross section
A
B
b2
b(x)
x
b1
P
dx
L
(b2 b1 )x
b(x) b2
L
Apply this integration formula to Eq. (1):
A(x) tb(x)
U
t B b2
(b2 b1 )x
R
L
(a) STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BAR
U
[N(x) ] 2dx
(Eq. 2-41)
2E A(x)
L
0
P2dx
P2
2Et b(x) 2Et
From Appendix C:
L
U
b (b b ) (1)
0
dx
2
2
x
1 L
a bx b ln (a bx)
dx
1
L
(b2 b1 )x
P2
1
B
ln
B
b
R
R
2
2Et (b2 b1 )( L1 )
L
0
P2
L
L
B
ln b1
ln b2 R
2Et (b2 b1 )
(b2 b1 )
b2
P2L
ln
2Et(b2 b1 ) b1
(b) ELONGATION OF THE BAR (EQ. 2-42)
b2
2U
PL
ln
P
Et(b2 b1 ) b1
NOTE: This result agrees with the formula derived in
Prob. 2.3-11.
Problem 2.7-10 A compressive load P is transmitted through a rigid
plate to three magnesium-alloy bars that are identical except that initially
the middle bar is slightly shorter than the other bars (see figure). The
dimensions and properties of the assembly are as follows: length L 1.0 m,
cross-sectional area of each bar A 3000 mm2, modulus of elasticity
E 45 GPa, and the gap s 1.0 mm.
(a) Calculate the load P1 required to close the gap.
(b) Calculate the downward displacement of the rigid plate when
P 400 kN.
(c) Calculate the total strain energy U of the three bars when
P 400 kN.
(d) Explain why the strain energy U is not equal to P/2.
(Hint: Draw a load-displacement diagram.)
P
s
L
P
SECTION 2.7
Solution 2.7-10
Strain Energy
Three bars in compression
P
(c) STRAIN ENERGY U FOR P 400 kN
s = 1.0 mm
EA2
U a
2L
L
Outer bars: 1.321 mm
Middle bar: 1.321 mm s
0.321 mm
U
s 1.0 mm
L 1.0 m
EA
[2(1.321 mm) 2 (0.321 mm) 2 ]
2L
For each bar:
1
(135 106 Nm)(3.593 mm2 )
2
A 3000 mm2
243 N m 243 J
E 45 GPa
EA
135 106 Nm
L
(a) LOAD P1 REQUIRED TO CLOSE THE GAP
In general,
PL
EA
and P
EA
L
For two bars, we obtain:
P1 2 ¢
EAs
≤ 2(135 106 Nm)(1.0 mm)
L
P1 270 kN
(b) DISPLACEMENT FOR P 400 kN
Since P P1, all three bars are compressed. The
force P equals P1 plus the additional force required
to compress all three bars by the amount s.
EA
P P1 3¢ ≤ ( s)
L
or 400 kN 270 kN 3(135 106 N/m)( 0.001 m)
Solving, we get 1.321 mm
(d) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
U 243 J 243 N . m
P 1
(400 kN)(1.321 mm) 264 N m
2
2
P
because the
2
load-displacement relation is not linear.
The strain energy U is not equal to
B
400 kN
400
270 kN
300
A
Load P
(kN) 200
= 1.0 mm
= 1.321 mm
100
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Displacement (mm)
2.0
U area under line OAB.
P
area under a straight line from O to B,
2
which is larger than U.
145
146
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.7-11 A block B is pushed against three springs by a force
P (see figure). The middle spring has stiffness k1 and the outer springs
each have stiffness k2. Initially, the springs are unstressed and the middle
spring
is longer than the outer springs (the difference in length is denoted s).
s
k2
P
k1
B
k2
(a) Draw a force-displacement diagram with the force P as ordinate and
the displacement x of the block as abscissa.
(b) From the diagram, determine the strain energy U1 of the springs when
x 2s.
(c) Explain why the strain energy U1 is not equal to P/2, where 2s.
Solution 2.7-11
x
Block pushed against three springs
s
k2
P
k1
B
k2
x
(b) STRAIN ENERGY U1 WHEN x 2s
Force P0 required to close the gap:
P0 k1s
(1)
U1 Area below force-displacement curve
+
+
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATION BEFORE GAP IS CLOSED
=
P k1x
1
1
1
P0 s P0 s (P1 P0 )s P0 s P1 s
2
2
2
(0 x s)(0 P P0)
(2)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATION AFTER GAP IS CLOSED
All three springs are compressed. Total stiffness
equals k1 2k2. Additional displacement equals
x s. Force P equals P0 plus the force required to
compress all three springs by the amount x s.
U1 (2k1 k2 )s2
(c) STRAIN ENERGY U1 IS NOT EQUAL TO
P P0 (k1 2k2 )(x s)
For 2s:
k1s (k1 2k2 )x k1s 2k2s
P (k1 2k2 )x 2k2s(x s); (P P0)
(3)
P1 force P when x 2s
Substitute x 2s into Eq. (3):
P1 2(k1 k2)s
(4)
B
P
is not equal to the strain energy because
2
the force-displacement relation is not linear.
A
Displacement x
0
s
Slope = k1
2s
P 1
P1 (2 s) P1s 2(k1 k2 )s2
2
2
P
area under a straight line from O to B, which
2
is larger than U1.
Slope = k1 + 2k2
P0
P
2
U1 area under line OAB.
Eq (3)
Eq (2)
(5)
(This quantity is greater than U1.)
Thus,
(a) FORCE-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
Force P
P1
k1s2 (k1 k2 )s2
SECTION 2.7
Problem 2.7-12 A bungee cord that behaves linearly elastically has an
unstressed length L0 760 mm and a stiffness k 140 N/m.
The cord is attached to two pegs, distance b 380 mm apart, and
pulled at its midpoint by a force P 80 N (see figure).
A
b
(a) How much strain energy U is stored in the cord?
(b) What is the displacement C of the point where the load is
applied?
(c) Compare the strain energy U with the quantity PC/2.
(Note: The elongation of the cord is not small compared to its
original length.)
147
Strain Energy
B
C
P
Solution 2.7-12 Bungee cord subjected to a load P.
DIMENSIONS BEFORE THE LOAD P IS APPLIED
A
From triangle ACD:
L0
2
d
b D
C
L0
2
L1
b 2
¢ ≤ x2
2 B 2
(2)
L1 b2 4x2
(3)
EQUILIBRIUM AT POINT C
Let F tensile force in bungee cord
B
L0
L0 760 mm 380 mm
2
b 380 mm
F
F
C
Bungee cord:
P = 80 N
k 140 N/m
L0 = 760 mm
P
C
P/2
F
L12
F
P L1 1
F ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
x
P2
2 2 x
From triangle ACD:
1
d L20 b2 329.09 mm
2
(1)
P
b 2
1¢ ≤
2B
2x
(4)
DIMENSIONS AFTER THE LOAD P IS APPLIED
ELONGATION OF BUNGEE CORD
Let elongation of the entire bungee cord
A
L1
2
C
x
b D
P 80 N
P
L1
2
F P
b2
1 2
k 2kB
4x
(5)
Final length of bungee cord original length
L1 L0 L0
P
b2
1 2
2kB
4x
(6)
B
Let x distance CD
Let L1 stretched length of bungee cord
(Continued)
148
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS
From Eq. (5):
Combine Eqs. (6) and (3):
L1 L0
or
P
b2
1 2 b2 4x2
2kB
4x
L1 L0
L0 ¢ 1
1
U (140 Nm)(305.81 mm) 2 6.55 N m
2
U 6.55 J
P
b2 4x2 b2 4x2
4kx
P
≤ b2 4x2
4kx
(7)
(b) DISPLACEMENT C OF POINT C
C x d 497.88 mm 329.09 mm
This equation can be solved for x.
168.8 mm
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO EQ. (7):
(c) COMPARISON OF STRAIN ENERGY U WITH THE
PC /2
(80 N)(1000 mmm)
760 mm B 1
R
4(140 Nm)x
760 ¢ 1
P
b2
1 2 305.81 mm
2kB
4x
QUANTITY
U 6.55 J
(380 mm) 2 4x2
(8)
142.857
≤ 144,400 4x2(9)
x
(9)
Units: x is in millimeters
Solve for x (Use trial & error or a computer
program):
x 497.88 mm
(a) STRAIN ENERGY U OF THE BUNGEE CORD
PC 1
(80 N)(168.8 mm) 6.75 J
2
2
The two quantities are not the same. The work done
by the load P is not equal to PC /2 because the loaddisplacement relation (see below) is non-linear when
the displacements are large. (The work done by the
load P is equal to the strain energy because the
bungee cord behaves elastically and there are no
energy losses.)
U area OAB under the curve OA.
k2
U
k 140 NmP 80 N
2
PC
area of triangle OAB, which is greater
2
than U.
Load
P
Large
displacements
80 N
0
A
B
C
Small
displacements
Displacement
SECTION 2.8
Impact Loading
Impact Loading
The problems for Section 2.8 are to be solved on the basis of the
assumptions and idealizations described in the text. In particular, assume
that the material behaves linearly elastically and no energy is lost during
the impact.
Collar
Problem 2.8-1 A sliding collar of weight W 150 lb falls from a height
h 2.0 in. onto a flange at the bottom of a slender vertical rod (see figure).
The rod has length L 4.0 ft, cross-sectional area A 0.75 in.2, and
modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi.
L
Rod
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the maximum downward
displacement of the flange, (b) the maximum tensile stress in the rod,
and (c) the impact factor.
h
Flange
Probs. 2.8-1, 2.8-2, and 2.8-3
Solution 2.8-1 Collar falling onto a flange
(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE
st
WL
0.00032 in.
EA
Eq. of (2-53):
W
L
max st B 1 ¢ 1
h
Flange
2h 12
≤ R
st
0.0361 in.
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)
smax
W 150 lb
Emax
22,600 psi
L
(c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
h 2.0 in.
L 4.0 ft 48 in.
E 30 106 psi
A 0.75 in.2
Impact factor
max
0.0361 in.
st
0.00032 in.
113
149
150
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-2 Solve the preceding problem if the collar has mass
M 80 kg, the height h 0.5 m, the length L 3.0 m, the cross-sectional
area A 350 mm2, and the modulus of elasticity E 170 GPa.
Solution 2.8-2
Collar falling onto a flange
(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE
st
W
WL
0.03957 mm
EA
Eq. (2-53):max st B 1 ¢ 1
L
2h 12
≤ R
st
6.33 mm
h
Flange
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)
smax
M 80 kg
W Mg
Emax
359 MPa
L
(c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
(80 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
Impact factor
784.8 N
max
6.33 mm
st
0.03957 mm
160
h 0.5 m
L 3.0 m
E 170 GPa
A 350 mm2
Problem 2.8-3 Solve Problem 2.8-1 if the collar has weight W 50 lb,
the height h 2.0 in., the length L 3.0 ft, the cross-sectional area
A 0.25 in.2, and the modulus of elasticity E 30,000 ksi.
Solution 2.8-3
Collar falling onto a flange
(a) DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF FLANGE
st
WL
0.00024 in.
EA
Eq. (2-53):max st B 1 ¢ 1
W
0.0312 in.
L
h
Flange
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (EQ. 2-55)
smax
Emax
26,000 psi
L
(c) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
W 50 lb
h 2.0 in.
L 3.0 ft 36 in.
E 30,000 psi
A 0.25 in.2
2h 12
≤ R
st
Impact factor
max
0.0312 in.
st
0.00024 in.
130
SECTION 2.8
Problem 2.8-4 A block weighing W 5.0 N drops inside a cylinder
from a height h 200 mm onto a spring having stiffness k 90 N/m
(see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum shortening of the spring due to the
impact, and (b) determine the impact factor.
Block
Cylinder
k
Prob. 2.8-4 and 2.8-5
Solution 2.8-4
Block dropping onto a spring
W
h
k
W 5.0 N
h 200 mm
k 90 N/m
(a) MAXIMUM SHORTENING OF THE SPRING
st
W
5.0 N
55.56 mm
k
90 Nm
Eq. (2-53):max st B 1 ¢ 1
215 mm
(b) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
Impact factor
max
215 mm
st
55.56 mm
3.9
2h 12
≤ R
st
Impact Loading
h
151
152
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-5 Solve the preceding problem if the block weighs
W 1.0 lb, h 12 in., and k 0.5 lb/in.
Solution 2.8-5 Block dropping onto a spring
(a) MAXIMUM SHORTENING OF THE SPRING
st
W
h
W
1.0 lb
2.0 in.
k
0.5 lbin.
Eq. (2-53):max st B 1 ¢ 1
2h 12
≤ R
st
9.21 in.
k
(b) IMPACT FACTOR (EQ. 2-61)
Impact factor
W 1.0 lb
h 12 in.
max 9.21 in.
st
2.0 in.
4.6
k 0.5 lb/in.
Problem 2.8-6 A small rubber ball (weight W 450 mN) is attached
by a rubber cord to a wood paddle (see figure). The natural length of the
cord is L0 200 mm, its cross-sectional area is A 1.6 mm2, and its
modulus of elasticity is E 2.0 MPa. After being struck by the paddle,
the ball stretches the cord to a total length L1 900 mm.
What was the velocity v of the ball when it left the paddle? (Assume
linearly elastic behavior of the rubber cord, and disregard the potential
energy due to any change in elevation of the ball.)
Solution 2.8-6
Rubber ball attached to a paddle
WHEN THE RUBBER CORD IS FULLY STRETCHED:
U
EA2 EA
(L L0 ) 2
2L0
2L0 1
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 EA
KE U
(L L0 ) 2
2g
2L0 1
g 9.81 m/s2
A
E 2.0 MPa
1.6 mm2
L0 200 mm
L1 900 mm
W 450 mN
v2
gEA
(L L0 ) 2
WL0 1
v (L1 L0 )
gEA
B WL0
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
WHEN THE BALL LEAVES THE PADDLE
Wv2
KE
2g
v (700 mm)
13.1 ms
(9.81 ms2 )(2.0 MPa)(1.6 mm2 )
B
(450 mN)(200 mm)
SECTION 2.8
Impact Loading
Problem 2.8-7 A weight W 4500 lb falls from a height h onto
a vertical wood pole having length L 15 ft, diameter d 12 in.,
and modulus of elasticity E 1.6 106 psi (see figure).
If the allowable stress in the wood under an impact load is
2500 psi, what is the maximum permissible height h?
W = 4,500 lb
h
d = 12 in.
L = 15 ft
Solution 2.8-7
Weight falling on a wood pole
STATIC STRESS
W
h
d
sst
W
4500 lb
39.79 psi
A 113.10 in.2
MAXIMUM HEIGHT hmax
Eq. (2-59):smax sst B 1 ¢ 1
L
2hE 12
≤ R
Lsst
or
smax
2hE 12
1 ¢1
≤
sst
Lsst
Square both sides and solve for h:
h hmax
W 4500 lb
d 12 in.
L 15 ft 180 in.
A
d2
113.10 in.2
4
E 1.6 106 psi
allow 2500 psi ( max)
Find hmax
Lsmax smax
¢
2≤
sst
2E
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
hmax
(180 in.)(2500 psi) 2500 psi
¢
2≤
39.79 psi
2(1.6 106 psi)
8.55 in.
153
154
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-8 A cable with a restrainer at the bottom hangs vertically
from its upper end (see figure). The cable has an effective cross-sectional
area A 40 mm2 and an effective modulus of elasticity E 130 GPa.
A slider of mass M 35 kg drops from a height h 1.0 m onto the
restrainer.
If the allowable stress in the cable under an impact load is 500 MPa,
what is the minimum permissible length L of the cable?
Cable
Slider
L
h
Restrainer
Probs. 2.8-8 and 2.8-9
Solution 2.8-8
Slider on a cable
STATIC STRESS
sst
W 343.4 N
8.585 MPa
A 40 mm2
MINIMUM LENGTH Lmin
Eq. (2-59):smax sst B 1 ¢ 1
L
W
2hE 12
≤ R
Lsst
or
smax
2hE 12
1 ¢1
≤
sst
Lsst
h
Square both sides and solve for L:
L Lmin
W Mg (35 kg)(9.81 m/s2) 343.4 N
A
40 mm2
h 1.0 m
E 130 GPa
allow max 500 MPa
2Ehsst
smax (smax 2sst )
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Lmin
Find minimum length Lmin
Problem 2.8-9 Solve the preceding problem if the slider has weight
W 100 lb, h 45 in., A 0.080 in.2, E 21 106 psi, and the
allowable stress is 70 ksi.
2(130 GPa)(1.0 m)(8.585 MPa)
(500 MPa) [500 MPa 2(8.585 MPa) ]
9.25 mm
SECTION 2.8
Solution 2.8-9
155
Impact Loading
Slider on a cable
MINIMUM LENGTH Lmin
Eq. (2-59):smax sst B 1 ¢ 1
2hE 12
≤ R
Lsst
or
smax
2hE 12
1 ¢1
≤
sst
Lsst
Square both sides and solve for L:
L
W
L Lmin
W 100 lb
A 0.080 in.2 E 21 106 psi
h
h 45 in allow max 70 ksi
Find minimum length Lmin
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Lmin
2(21 106 psi)(45 in.)(1250 psi)
(70,000 psi) [70,000 psi 2(1250 psi) ]
500 in.
STATIC STRESS
sst
2Ehsst
smax (smax 2sst )
W
100 lb
1250 psi
A 0.080 in.2
Problem 2.8-10 A bumping post at the end of a track in a railway
yard has a spring constant k 8.0 MN/m (see figure). The maximum
possible displacement d of the end of the striking plate is 450 mm.
What is the maximum velocity vmax that a railway car of weight
W 545 kN can have without damaging the bumping post when it
strikes it?
Solution 2.8-10
v
k
d
Bumping post for a railway car
STRAIN ENERGY WHEN SPRING IS COMPRESSED TO THE
v
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE AMOUNT
k
d
k 8.0 MN/m
W 545 kN
d maximum displacement of spring
d max 450 mm
U
k2max kd2
2
2
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
Wv2 kd2
kd2
KE U
v2
2g
2
Wg
k
B Wg
v vmax d
Find vmax
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
KINETIC ENERGY BEFORE IMPACT
vmax (450 mm)
KE
Mv2 Wv2
2
2g
8.0 MNm
B (545 kN)(9.81 ms2 )
5400 mms 5.4 ms
156
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-11 A bumper for a mine car is constructed with a spring
of stiffness k 1120 lb/in. (see figure). If a car weighing 3450 lb is
traveling at velocity v 7 mph when it strikes the spring, what is the
maximum shortening of the spring?
Solution 2.8-11
v
k
Bumper for a mine car
v
k
k 1120 lb/in.
W 3450 lb
v 7 mph 123.2 in./sec
g 32.2 ft/sec2 386.4 in./sec2
Find the shortening max of the spring.
Conservation of energy
Wv2 k2max
KE U
2g
2
Solve for max:max
Wv2
B gk
KINETIC ENERGY JUST BEFORE IMPACT
Mv2 Wv2
KE
2
2g
STRAIN ENERGY WHEN SPRING IS FULLY COMPRESSED
U
k2max
2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
max
(3450 lb)(123.2 in.sec) 2
B (386.4 in.sec2 )(1120 lbin.)
11.0 in.
SECTION 2.8
Impact Loading
Problem 2.8-12 A bungee jumper having a mass of 55 kg leaps from
a bridge, braking her fall with a long elastic shock cord having axial
rigidity EA 2.3 kN (see figure).
If the jumpoff point is 60 m above the water, and if it is desired to
maintain a clearance of 10 m between the jumper and the water, what
length L of cord should be used?
Solution 2.8-12
Bungee jumper
SOLVE QUADRATIC EQUATION FOR max:
max
h
WL
WL 2
WL 12
B¢
≤ 2L ¢
≤R
EA
EA
EA
WL
2EA 12
B 1 ¢1
≤ R
EA
W
VERTICAL HEIGHT
C
h C L max
hCL
W Mg (55 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
539.55 N
SOLVE FOR L:
L
EA 2.3 kN
WL
2EA 12
B 1 ¢1
≤ R
EA
W
Height: h 60 m
hC
W
2EA 12
1
B 1 ¢1
≤ R
EA
W
Clearance: C 10 m
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Find length L of the bungee cord.
539.55 N
W
0.234587
EA
2.3 kN
P.E. Potential energy of the jumper at the top of
bridge (with respect to lowest position)
W(L max)
Numerator h C 60 m 10 m 50 m
Denominator 1 (0.234587)
U strain energy of cord at lowest position
B 1 ¢1
EA2max
2L
1.9586
L
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
P.E. UW(L max )
or2max
EA2max
2L
2WL
2WL2
max
0
EA
EA
50 m
25.5 m
1.9586
12
2
≤ R
0.234587
157
158
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.8-13 A weight W rests on top of a wall and is attached to one
end of a very flexible cord having cross-sectional area A and modulus of
elasticity E (see figure). The other end of the cord is attached securely to
the wall. The weight is then pushed off the wall and falls freely the full
length of the cord.
W
W
(a) Derive a formula for the impact factor.
(b) Evaluate the impact factor if the weight, when hanging statically,
elongates the band by 2.5% of its original length.
Solution 2.8-13
Weight falling off a wall
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
P.E. U W(L max )
or
2max
W Weight
EA2max
2L
2WL
2WL2
max
0
EA
EA
Properties of elastic cord:
SOLVE QUADRATIC EQUATION FOR max:
E modulus of elasticity
max
A cross-sectional area
WL
WL 2
WL 12
B¢
≤ 2L ¢
≤R
EA
EA
EA
L original length
STATIC ELONGATION
max elongation of elastic cord
st
P.E. potential energy of weight before fall (with
respect to lowest position)
P.E. W(L max)
Let U strain energy of cord at lowest position
U
EA2max
2L
WL
EA
IMPACT FACTOR
max
2EA 12
1 B1
R
st
W
NUMERICAL VALUES
st (2.5%)(L) 0.025L
st
WL
EA
W
0.025
EA
EA
40
W
Impact factor 1 [1 2(40) ] 12 10
Problem 2.8-14 A rigid bar AB having mass M 1.0 kg and length
L 0.5 m is hinged at end A and supported at end B by a nylon cord BC
(see figure). The cord has cross-sectional area A 30 mm2, length
b 0.25 m, and modulus of elasticity E 2.1 GPa.
If the bar is raised to its maximum height and then released, what is
the maximum stress in the cord?
C
b
A
B
W
L
SECTION 2.8
Solution 2.8-14
Impact Lading
Falling bar AB
From line AD : sin 2u
2h 2h
AD
L
From Appendix C: sin 2u 2 sin u cos u
C
∴
b
A
and
B
W
2h
b
L
2bL
2¢
≤¢
≤ 2
2
2
2
2
L
b L2
b L
b L
h
bL2
b2 L2
(Eq. 1)
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
L
P.E. potential energy of raised bar AD
RIGID BAR:
W ¢h
W Mg (1.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2)
9.81 N
max
≤
2
U strain energy of stretched cord
L 0.5 m
NYLON CORD:
A 30 mm2
b 0.25 m
E 2.1 GPa
P.E. UW ¢ h
max
EA2max
≤
2
2b
For the cord: max
smaxb
E
EA2max
2b
(Eq. 2)
Substitute into Eq. (2) and rearrange:
Find maximum stress max in cord BC.
GEOMETRY OF BAR AB AND CORD BC
s2max
s2max
C
CG
h
A
max
2
b
B
max
CG
L
W
2WL2E
smax
0
A
A(b2 L2 )
SOLVE FOR max:
smax
W
8L2EA
B1 1
R
2A
B
W(b2 L2 )
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
smax 33.3 MPa
CD CB b
AD AB L
h height of center of gravity of raised bar AD
max elongation of cord
From triangle ABC: sin u
cos u
(Eq. 3)
Substitute from Eq. (1) into Eq. (3):
D
h
W
2WhE
smax
0
A
bA
b
b L2
L
2
b2 L2
(Eq. 4)
159
160
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Stress Concentrations
The problems for Section 2.10 are to be solved by considering the
stress-concentration factors and assuming linearly elastic behavior.
P
P
d
b
Problem 2.10-1 The flat bars shown in parts (a) and (b) of the figure are
subjected to tensile forces P 3.0 k. Each bar has thickness t 0.25 in.
(a) For the bar with a circular hole, determine the maximum stresses
for hole diameters d 1 in. and d 2 in. if the width b 6.0 in.
(b) For the stepped bar with shoulder fillets, determine the maximum
stresses for fillet radii R 0.25 in. and R 0.5 in. if the bar
widths are b 4.0 in. and c 2.5 in.
(a)
R
P
c
b
(b)
Probs. 2.10-1 and 2.10-2
Solution 2.10-1
Flat bars in tension
R = radius
P
d
b
P
P
P
c
b
(b)
(a)
P 3.0 k
t 0.25 in.
(a) BAR WITH CIRCULAR HOLE (b 6 in.)
Obtain K from Fig. 2-63
FOR d 1 in.:
c b d 5 in.
P
3.0 k
snom
2.40 ksi
ct (5 in.)(0.25 in.)
1
d/b
K 2.60
6
max knom 6.2 ksi
FOR d 2 in.: c b d 4 in.
P
3.0 k
3.00 ksi
ct (4 in.)(0.25 in.)
1
d/b
K 2.31
3
max Knom 6.9 ksi
snom
(b) STEPPED BAR WITH SHOULDER FILLETS
b 4.0 in.
snom
c 2.5 in.; Obtain k from Fig. 2-64
P
3.0 k
4.80 ksi
ct (2.5 in.)(0.25 in.)
FOR R 0.25 in.: R/c 0.1
b/c 1.60
k 2.30 max Knom 11.0 ksi
FOR R 0.5 in.: R/c 0.2
K 1.87
b/c 1.60
max Knom 9.0 ksi
P
SECTION 2.10
Stress Concentrations
Problem 2.10-2 The flat bars shown in parts (a) and (b) of the figure are
subjected to tensile forces P 2.5 kN. Each bar has thickness t 5.0 mm.
(a) For the bar with a circular hole, determine the maximum stresses for
hole diameters d 12 mm and d 20 mm if the width b 60 mm.
(b) For the stepped bar with shoulder fillets, determine the maximum
stresses for fillet radii R 6 mm and R 10 mm if the bar widths are
b 60 mm and c 40 mm.
Solution 2.10-2
Flat bars in tension
R = radius
P
d
b
P
P
c
b
P
(b)
(a)
P 2.5 kN t 5.0 mm
(a) BAR WITH CIRCULAR HOLE (b 60 mm)
Obtain K from Fig. 2-63
FOR d 12 mm: c b d 48 mm
P
2.5 kN
10.42 MPa
ct (48 mm)(5 mm)
1
d/b
K 2.51
5
snom
max Knom 26 MPa
FOR d 20 mm: c b d 40 mm
P
2.5 kN
12.50 MPa
ct (40 mm)(5 mm)
1
d/b
K 2.31
3
max Knom 29 MPa
snom
(b) STEPPED BAR WITH SHOULDER FILLETS
b 60 mm
c 40 mm;
Obtain K from Fig. 2-64
snom
P
2.5 kN
12.50 MPa
ct (40 mm)(5 mm)
FOR R 6 mm: R/c 0.15
K 2.00
max Knom 25 MPa
FOR R 10 mm: R/c 0.25
K 1.75
b/c 1.5
b/c 1.5
max Knom 22 MPa
161
162
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.10-3 A flat bar of width b and thickness t has a hole of
diameter d drilled through it (see figure). The hole may have any
diameter that will fit within the bar.
What is the maximum permissible tensile load Pmax if the
allowable tensile stress in the material is t?
Solution 2.10-3
P
P
b
P
d
Flat bar in tension
b
d
d
b
P
t thickness
K
P*
0
3.00
0.333
0.1
2.73
0.330
0.2
2.50
0.320
t allowable tensile stress
0.3
2.35
0.298
Find Pmax
0.4
2.24
0.268
Find K from Fig. 2-64
Pmax snomct
st
smax
ct (b d)t
K
K
st
d
bt ¢ 1 ≤
K
b
Because t, b, and t are constants, we write:
P*
Pmax 1
d
¢1 ≤
st bt K
b
Problem 2.10-4 A round brass bar of diameter d1 20 mm
has upset ends of diameter d2 26 mm (see figure). The lengths
of the segments of the bar are L1 0.3 m and L2 0.1 m.
Quarter-circular fillets are used at the shoulders of the bar,
and the modulus of elasticity of the brass is E 100 GPa.
If the bar lengthens by 0.12 mm under a tensile load P,
what is the maximum stress max in the bar?
We observe that Pmax decreases as d/b increases.
Therefore, the maximum load occurs when the hole
becomes very small.
(
d
S 0andK S 3)
b
Pmax
P
st bt
3
d2
L2
d2
d1
L1
Probs. 2.10-4 and 2.10-5
L2
P
SECTION 2.10
Solution 2.10-4
Round brass bar with upset ends
d2 = 26 mm
P
d1 = 20 mm
L1
L2
P
Use Fig. 2-65 for the stress-concentration factor:
snom
L2
E 100 GPa
0.12 mm
EA2
P
E
A1
A1 2L2 A1 L1 A2 2L2 ( A2 ) L1
E
d
2L2 ( d12 ) 2
L1
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
L2 0.1 m
snom
L1 0.3 m
R radius of fillets
2¢
Stress Concentrations
26 mm 20 mm
3 mm
2
(0.12 mm)(100 GPa)
2
2(0.1 m)( 20
26 ) 0.3 m
28.68 MPa
R
3 mm
0.15
D1 20 mm
PL2
PL1
≤
EA2
EA1
Use the dashed curve in Fig. 2-65. K 1.6
smax Ksnom (1.6)(28.68 MPa)
EA1 A2
Solve for P:P
2L2 A1 L1 A2
46 MPa
Problem 2.10-5 Solve the preceding problem for a bar of monel metal
having the following properties: d1 1.0 in., d2 1.4 in., L1 20.0 in.,
L2 5.0 in., and E 25 106 psi. Also, the bar lengthens by 0.0040 in.
when the tensile load is applied.
Solution 2.10-5
Round bar with upset ends
d2 = 1.4 in.
P
d1 = 1.0 in
L1
L2
P
L2
Use Fig. 2-65 for the stress-concentration factor.
snom
E 25 106 psi
0.0040 in.
snom
L2 5 in.
R radius of filletsR
1.4 in. 1.0 in.
2
L1
(0.0040 in.)(25 106 psi)
2
2(5 in.)( 1.0
1.4 ) 20 in.
3,984 psi
R
0.2 in.
0.2
D1 1.0 in.
Use the dashed curve in Fig. 2-65. K 1.53
0.2 in.
PL2
PL1
≤
EA2
EA1
Solve for P: P
E
d
2L2 ( d12 ) 2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
L1 20 in.
2¢
EA2
P
E
A1 2L2A1 L1A2 2L2 ( AA12 ) L1
EA1A2
2L2A1 L1A2
smax Ksnom (1.53)(3984 psi)
6100 psi
163
164
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.10-6 A prismatic bar of diameter d0 20 mm is being
compared with a stepped bar of the same diameter (d1 20 mm) that
is enlarged in the middle region to a diameter d2 25 mm (see figure).
The radius of the fillets in the stepped bar is 2.0 mm.
P1
(a) Does enlarging the bar in the middle region make it stronger
than the prismatic bar? Demonstrate your answer by determining
the maximum permissible load P1 for the prismatic bar and the
maximum permissible load P2 for the enlarged bar, assuming
that the allowable stress for the material is 80 MPa.
(b) What should be the diameter d0 of the prismatic bar if it is to
have the same maximum permissible load as does the
stepped bar?
P2
d0
d1
P1
d2
d1
P2
Soluton 2.10-6 Prismatic bar and stepped bar
Stepped bar: See Fig. 2-65 for the stressconcentration factor.
P1
R 2.0 mm
D1 20 mm D2 25 mm
RD 0.10D2 D 1.25K 1.75
1
1
P2
P2
P2
snom 2
A1
4 d1
d0
d1
P1
P2 snom A1
¢
d2
d1
d0 20 mm
P2
smax
K
st
smax
A A
K 1 K 1
80 MPa
≤¢ ≤ (20 mm) 2
1.75
4
14.4 kN
Enlarging the bar makes it weaker, not stronger. The
ratio of loads is P1P2 K 1.75
d1 20 mm
d2 25 mm
(b) DIAMETER OF PRISMATIC BAR FOR THE SAME
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Fillet radius: R 2 mm
Allowable stress: t 80 MPa
P1 P2st ¢
(a) COMPARISON OF BARS
Prismatic bar:P1 st A0 st ¢
(80 MPa) ¢
snom
d02
≤
4
≤ (20 mm) 2 25.1 kN
4
d0
d02
st d12
d12
2
≤
¢
≤d0
4
K 4
K
d1
K
20 mm
1.75
15.1 mm
SECTION 2.10
Problem 2.10-7 A stepped bar with a hole (see figure) has widths
b 2.4 in. and c 1.6 in. The fillets have radii equal to 0.2 in.
What is the diameter dmax of the largest hole that can be drilled
through the bar without reducing the load-carrying capacity?
Solution 10-7
P
b
d
d
P
P
c
b
b 2.4 in.
BASED UPON HOLE (Use Fig. 2-63)
c 1.6 in.
b 2.4 in.
Fillet radius: R 0.2 in.
d diameter of the hole (in.) c1 b d
Pmax snom c1t
Find dmax
BASED UPON FILLETS (Use Fig. 2-64)
b/c 1.5
c
Stepped bar with a hole
P
b 2.4 in.
165
Stress Concentrations
c 1.6 in.
R 0.2 in.
d
1
¢ 1 ≤ btsmax
K
b
R/c 0.125
K 2.10
Pmax snomct
smax
(b d)t
K
smax
smax c
ct
¢ ≤ (bt)
K
K b
0.317 bt smax
d (in.)
d/b
K
Pmax btsmax
0.3
0.125
2.66
0.329
0.4
0.167
2.57
0.324
0.5
0.208
2.49
0.318
0.6
0.250
2.41
0.311
0.7
0.292
2.37
0.299
Based upon hole
0.33
Based upon fillets
0.32
Pmax
btmax
0.317
0.31
dmax ≈ 0.51 in.
d (in.)
0.30
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
166
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Nonlinear Behavior (Changes in Lengths of Bars)
Problem 2.11-1 A bar AB of length L and weight density hangs
vertically under its own weight (see figure). The stress-strain relation
for the material is given by the Ramberg-Osgood equation (Eq. 2-71):
0
E
E 0
A
m
Derive the following formula
L
L2
L
L
0
2E
(m 1)E 0
m
for the elongation of the bar.
Solution 2.11-1
B
Bar hanging under its own weight
STRAIN AT DISTANCE x
Let A cross-sectional area
Let N axial force at distance x
dx
s s0 s m gx s0 gx m
¢ ≤
¢
≤
E
E s0
E
E s0
ELONGATION OF BAR
L N Ax
N
s gx
A
x
e
L
e dx
0
0
L
s0
gx
dx
E
E
L
¢
0
gx m
≤ dx
s0
s0L
gL2
gL m
¢
≤ Q.E.D.
2E
(m 1)E s0
Problem 2.11-2 A prismatic bar of length L 1.8 m and cross-sectional
area A 480 mm2 is loaded by forces P1 30 kN and P2 60 kN (see
figure). The bar is constructed of magnesium alloy having a stress-strain
curve described by the following Ramberg-Osgood equation:
45,000
1
618
170
10
A
( MPa)
B
2L
—
3
P1 C
L
—
3
in which has units of megapascals.
(a) Calculate the displacement C of the end of the bar when the load
P1 acts alone.
(b) Calculate the displacement when the load P2 acts alone.
(c) Calculate the displacement when both loads act simultaneously.
Solution 2.11-2
A
B
2L
—
3
L 1.8 m
Axially loaded bar
P1 C
L
—
3
P2
A 480 mm2
P1 30 kN P2 60 kN
RambergOsgood Equation:
e
1
s 10
s
¢
≤ (s MPa)
45,000 618 170
Find displacement at end of bar.
P2
SECTION 2.11
(a) P1 ACTS ALONE
(c) BOTH P1 AND P2 ARE ACTING
P1
30 kN
AB: s
62.5 MPa
A 480 mm2
AB: s
e 0.001389
P1 P2
90 kN
187.5 MPa
A
480 mm2
e 0.008477
2L
c e ¢ ≤ 1.67 mm
3
AB e ¢
BC: s
(b) P2 ACTS ALONE
ABC: s
167
Nonlinear Behavior
P2
60 kN
125 MPa
A 480 mm2
2L
≤ 10.17 mm
3
P2
60 kN
125 MPa
A 480 mm2
e 0.002853
BC e ¢
e 0.002853
c eL 5.13 mm
L
≤ 1.71 mm
3
C AB BC 11.88 mm
(Note that the displacement when both loads act
simultaneously is not equal to the sum of the
displacements when the loads act separately.)
Problem 2.11-3 A circular bar of length L 32 in. and diameter d 0.75
in. is subjected to tension by forces P (see figure). The wire is made of a
copper alloy having the following hyperbolic stress-strain relationship:
d
P
P
18,000
1 300
0 0.03
( ksi)
L
(a) Draw a stress-strain diagram for the material.
(b) If the elongation of the wire is limited to 0.25 in. and the maximum
stress is limited to 40 ksi, what is the allowable load P?
Solution 2.11-3
Copper bar in tension
d
P
P
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD P
Max. elongation max 0.25 in.
Max. stress max 40 ksi
L
L 32 in.
Based upon elongation:
d 0.75 in.
d2
0.4418 in.2
4
emax
max 0.25 in.
0.007813
L
32 in.
(a) STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
smax
18,000 emax
42.06 ksi
1 300 emax
A
s
18,000e
0 e 0.03(s ksi)
1 300e
Slope = 18,000 ksi
60
(ksi)
smax 40 ksi
Asymptote
equals 60 ksi
40
20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
BASED UPON STRESS:
Stress governs. P max A (40 ksi)(0.4418 in.2)
17.7 k
168
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.11-4 A prismatic bar in tension has length L 2.0 m
and cross-sectional area A 249 mm2. The material of the bar has the
stress-strain curve shown in the figure.
Determine the elongation of the bar for each of the following axial
loads: P 10 kN, 20 kN, 30 kN, 40 kN, and 45 kN. From these results,
plot a diagram of load P versus elongation (load-displacement diagram).
200
(MPa)
100
0
Solution 2.11-4
0
0.005
0.010
Bar in tension
P
P
50
L
40
L 2.0 m
30
A 249 mm2
P (kN)
20
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
10
(See the problem statement for the diagram)
0
10
5
15
(mm)
20
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
P
(kN)
P/A
(MPa)
e
(from diagram)
eL
(mm)
10
40
0.0009
1.8
20
80
0.0018
3.6
30
120
0.0031
6.2
40
161
0.0060
12.0
45
181
0.0081
16.2
NOTE: The load-displacement curve has the same
shape as the stress-strain curve.
Problem 2.11-5 An aluminum bar subjected to tensile forces P has
length L 150 in. and cross-sectional area A 2.0 in.2 The stress-strain
behavior of the aluminum may be represented approximately by the
bilinear stress-strain diagram shown in the figure.
Calculate the elongation of the bar for each of the following axial
loads: P 8 k, 16 k, 24 k, 32 k, and 40 k. From these results, plot a
diagram of load P versus elongation (load-displacement diagram).
12,000
psi
E2 = 2.4 × 106 psi
E1 = 10 × 106 psi
0
SECTION 2.11
Solution 2.11-5
Nonlinear Behavior
Aluminum bar in tension
P
P
LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
P
(k)
P/A
(psi)
L 150 in.
8
4,000
0.00040
0.060
A 2.0 in.2
16
8,000
0.00080
0.120
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
24
12,000
0.00120
0.180
32
16,000
0.00287
0.430
40
20,000
0.00453
0.680
L
e
eL
(from Eq. 1 or Eq. 2) (in.)
E2
1
40 k
40
E1
30
1
0
24 k
P (k) 20
0.68 in.
0.18 in.
10
E1 10 106 psi
E2 2.4 106 psi
(in.)
0
1 12,000 psi
e1
12,000 psi
s1
E1 10 106 psi
0.0012
For 0 s s1:
s
s
(s psi)
E2 10 106 psi
For s s1:
e
e e1
Eq. (1)
s s1
s 12,000
0.0012
E2
2.4 106
s
0.0038(s psi) Eq. (2)
2.4 106
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
169
170
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.11-6 A rigid bar AB, pinned at end A, is supported by a wire
CD and loaded by a force P at end B (see figure). The wire is made of
high-strength steel having modulus of elasticity E 210 GPa and yield
stress Y 820 MPa. The length of the wire is L 1.0 m and its
diameter is d 3 mm. The stress-strain diagram for the steel is defined
by the modified power law, as follows:
E
E
Y
C
L
A
0 Y
n
D
B
Y
P
Y
(a) Assuming n 0.2, calculate the displacement B at the end of the
bar due to the load P. Take values of P from 2.4 kN to 5.6 kN in
increments of 0.8 kN.
(b) Plot a load-displacement diagram showing P versus B.
Solution 2.11-6
2b
Rigid bar supported by a wire
From Eq. (2):e
C
A
B
D
Stress in wire: s
P
2b
Wire: E 210 GPa
Y 820 MPa
L 1.0 m
d 3 mm
d2
7.0686 mm2
4
STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
s sY ¢
(1)
Ee n
≤ (s sY )(n 0.2)
sY
3
3
eL
2
2
F 3P
A 2A
(6)
P
(kN)
(MPa)
Eq. (6)
e
Eq. (4) or (5)
B (mm)
Eq. (3)
2.4
509.3
0.002425
3.64
3.2
679.1
0.003234
4.85
4.0
848.8
0.004640
6.96
4.8
1018.6
0.01155
17.3
5.6
1188.4
0.02497
37.5
e 0.0039048
P 3.864 kN B 5.86 mm
(b) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
(3)
Obtain e from stress-strain equations:
s
From Eq. (1):e (0 s sY )
E
3P
2
For Y 820 MPa:
(2)
(a) DISPLACEMENT B AT END OF BAR
elongation of wireB
(5)
PROCEDURE: Assume a value of P
Calculate from Eq. (6)
Calculate e from Eq. (4) or (5)
Calculate B from Eq. (3)
b
s Ee(0 s sY )
sY s 1n
¢
≤
E sY
Axial force in wire: F
L
A
b
(4)
8
6
P
(kN) 4
P = 3.86 kN
Y = 820 MPa
2
B = 5.86 mm
0
20
40
60
B (mm)
SECTION 2.12
171
Elastoplastic Analysis
Elastoplastic Analysis
The problems for Section 2.12 are to be solved assuming that the
material is elastoplastic with yield stress Y , yield strain Y , and
modulus of elasticity E in the linearly elastic region (see Fig. 2-70).
A
Problem 2.12-1 Two identical bars AB and BC support a vertical
load P (see figure). The bars are made of steel having a stress-strain
curve that may be idealized as elastoplastic with yield stress Y.
Each bar has cross-sectional area A.
Determine the yield load PY and the plastic load PP.
C
B
P
Solution 2.12-1
A
Two bars supporting a load P
C
YA
YA
B
B
P
P
Structure is statically determinate. The yield load PY
and the plastic lead PP occur at the same time,
namely, when both bars reach the yield stress.
JOINT B
Fvert 0
(2Y A) sin P
PY PP 2sY A sin u
Problem 2.12-2 A stepped bar ACB with circular cross sections
is held between rigid supports and loaded by an axial force P at
midlength (see figure). The diameters for the two parts of the bar
are d1 20 mm and d2 25 mm, and the material is elastoplastic
with yield stress Y 250 MPa.
Determine the plastic load PP.
A
d1
C
L
—
2
d2
P
L
—
2
B
172
CHAPTER 2
Solution 2.12-2
Axially Loaded Members
Bar between rigid supports
d1
A
d2
C
B
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P
PP (250 MPa) ¢
L
—
2
d1 20 mm
L
—
2
d2 25 mm
(250 MPa) ¢
Y 250 MPa
2
2
≤ (d1 d2 )
4
≤ [ (20 mm) 2 (25 mm) 2 ]
4
201 kN
DETERMINE THE PLASTIC LOAD PP:
At the plastic load, all parts of the bar are stressed to
the yield stress.
P
Point C:
FAC
FCB
FAC Y A1
FCB Y A2
P FAC FCB
PP sYA1 sYA2 sY (A1 A2 )
Problem 2.12-3 A horizontal rigid bar AB supporting a load P is hung
from five symmetrically placed wires, each of cross-sectional area A
(see figure). The wires are fastened to a curved surface of radius R.
R
(a) Determine the plastic load PP if the material of the wires is
elastoplastic with yield stress Y.
(b) How is PP changed if bar AB is flexible instead of rigid?
(c) How is PP changed if the radius R is increased?
A
B
P
Solution 2.12-3
Rigid bar supported by five wires
F
F
F
F
A
F
B
P
A
B
P
(a) PLASTIC LOAD PP
At the plastic load, each wire is stressed to the yield
stress. ∴ PP 5sY A
F Y A
(b) BAR AB IS FLEXIBLE
At the plastic load, each wire is stressed to the yield
stress, so the plastic load is not changed.
(c) RADIUS R IS INCREASED
Again, the forces in the wires are not changed, so the
plastic load is not changed.
SECTION 2.12
173
Elastoplastic Analysis
Problem 2.12-4 A load P acts on a horizontal beam that is supported
by four rods arranged in the symmetrical pattern shown in the figure.
Each rod has cross-sectional area A and the material is elastoplastic
with yield stress Y.
Determine the plastic load PP.
P
Solution 2.12-4
Beam supported by four rods
F
F
F
F
P
F Y A
P
At the plastic load, all four rods are stressed to the
yield stress.
Sum forces in the vertical direction and solve for the
load:
PP 2F 2F sin
PP 2sY A (1 sin )
Problem 2.12-5 The symmetric truss ABCDE shown in the figure is
constructed of four bars and supports a load P at joint E. Each of the
two outer bars has a cross-sectional area of 0.307 in.2, and each of
the two inner bars has an area of 0.601 in.2 The material is elastoplastic
with yield stress Y 36 ksi.
Determine the plastic load PP.
21 in.
A
54 in.
21 in.
C
B
D
36 in.
E
P
174
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.12-5
Truss with four bars
21 in.
27 in.
B
A
27 in.
C
3
PLASTIC LOAD PP
At the plastic load, all bars are stressed to the yield
stress.
D
FAE Y AAE
5
4
5
21 in.
36 in.
3
PP
4
E
6
8
s A s A
5 Y AE 5 Y BE
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
AAE 0.307 in.2 ABE 0.601 in.2
P
LAE 60 in.
FBE Y ABE
Y 36 ksi
LBE 45 in.
6
8
PP (36 ksi)(0.307 in.2 ) (36 ksi)(0.601 in.2 )
5
5
JOINT E
Equilibrium:
FBE
FAE
2FAE ¢
E
13.26 k 34.62 k 47.9 k
3
4
≤ 2FBE ¢ ≤ P
5
5
or
P
P
6
8
FAE FBE
5
5
b
Problem 2.12-6 Five bars, each having a diameter of 10 mm,
support a load P as shown in the figure. Determine the plastic
load PP if the material is elastoplastic with yield stress
Y 250 MPa.
b
b
b
2b
P
Solution 2.12-6
b
Truss consisting of five bars
b
b
F
b
F
F
F
F
At the plastic load, all five bars are
stressed to the yield stress
F Y A
2b
P
PP 2F ¢
d 10 mm
A
P
d2
78.54 mm2
4
Y 250 MPa
Sum forces in the vertical direction
and solve for the load:
1
2
≤ 2F ¢
2
5
≤F
sY A
(52 45 5)
5
4.2031 sY A
Substitute numerical values:
PP (4.2031)(250 MPa)(78.54 mm2)
82.5 kN
SECTION 2.12
Problem 2.12-7 A circular steel rod AB of diameter d 0.60 in. is
stretched tightly between two supports so that initially the tensile stress
in the rod is 10 ksi (see figure). An axial force P is then applied to the
rod at an intermediate location C.
B
A
d
(a) Determine the plastic load PP if the material is elastoplastic
with yield stress Y 36 ksi.
(b) How is PP changed if the initial tensile stress is doubled to
20 ksi?
Solution 2.12-7
175
Elastoplastic Analysis
A
P
B
C
Bar held between rigid supports
A
P
B
POINT C:
A
C
P
A
d
C
d 0.6 in.
Y 36 ksi
Initial tensile stress 10 ksi
PP 2sY A (2)(36 ksi) ¢
≤ (0.60 in.) 2
4
20.4 k
(a) PLASTIC LOAD PP
(B) INITIAL TENSILE STRESS IS DOUBLED
The presence of the initial tensile stress does not
affect the plastic load. Both parts of the bar must
yield in order to reach the plastic load.
PP is not changed.
Problem 2.12-8 A rigid bar ACB is supported on a fulcrum at
C and loaded by a force P at end B (see figure). Three identical
wires made of an elastoplastic material (yield stress Y and
modulus of elasticity E) resist the load P. Each wire has
cross-sectional area A and length L.
(a) Determine the yield load PY and the corresponding yield
displacement Y at point B.
(b) Determine the plastic load PP and the corresponding
displacement P at point B when the load just reaches
the value PP.
(c) Draw a load-displacement diagram with the load P as
ordinate and the displacement B of point B as abscissa.
L
A
L
C
B
P
a
a
a
a
176
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Solution 2.12-8
Rigid bar supported by wires
(b) PLASTIC LOAD PP
L
A
C
B
Y A
Y A
P
L
a
a
a
a
A
C
B
(a) YIELD LOAD PY
Y A
Yielding occurs when the most highly stressed wire
reaches the yield stress Y.
Y A
2
At the plastic load, all wires reach the yield stress.
©MC 0
Y A
PP
A
C
PP
B
4sY A
3
At point A:
PY
Y A
2
A (sY A) ¢
sYL
L
≤
EA
E
At point B:
MC 0
B 3A P
PY sY A
At point A:
A ¢
(c) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
sY A
sY L
L
≤¢
≤
2
EA
2E
At point B:
B 3A Y
3sY L
E
P
PP
PP
4
P
3 Y
P 2Y
PY
3sYL
2E
0
Problem 2.12-9 The structure shown in the figure consists of a
horizontal rigid bar ABCD supported by two steel wires, one of length
L and the other of length 3L/4. Both wires have cross-sectional area A
and are made of elastoplastic material with yield stress Y and modulus
of elasticity E. A vertical load P acts at end D of the bar.
(a) Determine the yield load PY and the corresponding yield
displacement Y at point D.
(b) Determine the plastic load PP and the corresponding displacement
P at point D when the load just reaches the value PP.
(c) Draw a load-displacement diagram with the load P as ordinate and
the displacement D of point D as abscissa.
Y
P
B
L
A
3L
4
B
C
D
P
2b
b
b
SECTION 2.12
Solution 2.12-9
177
Elastoplastic Analysis
Rigid bar supported by two wires
STRESSES
L
A
sB
3L
4
B
C
FC
FB
sC ∴ sC 2sB
A
A
(7)
Wire C has the larger stress. Therefore, it will yield first.
D
(a) YIELD LOAD
P
2b
b
sC sYsB
b
A cross-sectional area
FC sY AFB
Y yield stress
1
s A
2 Y
From Eq. (3):
E modulus of elasticity
1
2 ¢ sY A ≤ 3(sY A) 4P
2
DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
A
sC sY
(From Eq. 7)
2
2
B
C
C
B
P PY sY A
D
From Eq. (4):
D
B
FBL sY L
EA
2E
From Eq. (2):
COMPATIBILITY:
D Y 2B
3
C B
2
(1)
D 2B
(2)
sY L
E
(b) PLASTIC LOAD
At the plastic load, both wires yield.
B Y C
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
FB
FC
FB FC Y A
From Eq. (3):
2(Y A) 3(Y A) 4P
A
B
C
D
5
P PP sY A
4
From Eq. (4):
P
2b
b
b
B
EQUILIBRIUM:
From Eq. (2):
©MA 0 FB (2b) FC (3b) P(4b)
2FB 3FC 4P
(3)
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
3
FC ¢ L ≤
FBL
4
B
C
EA
EA
D P 2B
2sY L
E
(c) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
P
(4, 5)
PP
PP
PY
Substitute into Eq. (1):
3FCL 3FBL
4EA
2EA
FC 2FB
FBL sY L
EA
E
5
P
4 Y
P 2Y
(6)
0
Y
P
D
178
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
Problem 2.12-10 Two cables, each having a length L of approximately 40 m, support a
loaded container of weight W (see figure). The cables, which have effective cross-sectional
area A 48.0 mm2 and effective modulus of elasticity E 160 GPa, are identical except
that one cable is longer than the other when they are hanging separately and unloaded. The
difference in lengths is d 100 mm. The cables are made of steel having an elastoplastic
stress-strain diagram with Y 500 MPa. Assume that the weight W is initially zero and is
slowly increased by the addition of material to the container.
L
(a) Determine the weight WY that first produces yielding of the shorter cable. Also,
determine the corresponding elongation Y of the shorter cable.
(b) Determine the weight WP that produces yielding of both cables. Also, determine the
elongation P of the shorter cable when the weight W just reaches the value WP.
(c) Construct a load-displacement diagram showing the weight W as ordinate and the
elongation of the shorter cable as abscissa. (Hint: The load displacement diagram
is not a single straight line in the region 0 W WY.)
Solution 2.12-10
1
2
Two cables supporting a load
L 40 m A 48.0 mm2
(b) PLASTIC LOAD WP
E 160 GPa
F1 sY AF2 sY A
d difference in length 100 mm
WP 2sY A 48 kN
INITIAL STRETCHING OF CABLE 1
2P elongation of cable 2
sYL
L
F2 ¢ ≤
0.125 mm 125 mm
EA
E
Initially, cable 1 supports all of the load.
1P 2P d 225 mm
Y 500 MPa
L
Let W1 load required to stretch cable 1
to the same length as cable 2
W1
W
s1
EA
d 19.2 kN
L
1 100 mm (elongation of cable 1 )
P 1P 225 mm
(c) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
40
30
(a) YIELD LOAD WY
20
Cable 1 yields first. F1 Y A 24 kN
Y 1Y 125 mm
2Y elongation of cable 2
1Y d 25 mm
EA
4.8 kN
L 2Y
WY F1 F2 24 kN 4.8 kN
28.8 kN
WY
W1
10
1Y total elongation of cable 1
F1L sYL
1Y
0.125 m 125 mm
EA
E
WP
W 50
(kN)
W1 Ed
400 MPa (s1 6 sY ∴ OK)
A
L
F2
W
1 Y
0
100
P
200
300
WY
Y
1.5 1.25
W1
1
P
WP
1.667 1.8
WY
Y
0
W
W1: slope 192,000 N/m
W1
W
WY: slope 384,000 N/m
WY
W
WP: slope 192,000 N/m
(mm)
SECTION 2.12
Problem 2.12-11 A hollow circular tube T of length L 15 in.
is uniformly compressed by a force P acting through a rigid plate
(see figure). The outside and inside diameters of the tube are 3.0
and 2.75 in., repectively. A concentric solid circular bar B of 1.5 in.
diameter is mounted inside the tube. When no load is present, there
is a clearance c 0.010 in. between the bar B and the rigid plate. Both
bar and tube are made of steel having an elastoplastic stress-strain
diagram with E 29 103 ksi and Y 36 ksi.
P
c
T
(a) Determine the yield load PY and the corresponding shortening
Y of the tube.
(b) Determine the plastic load PP and the corresponding shortening
P of the tube.
(c) Construct a load-displacement diagram showing the load P
as ordinate and the shortening of the tube as abscissa.
(Hint: The load-displacement diagram is not a single straight
line in the region 0 P PY.)
Solution 2.12-11
179
Elastoplastic Analysis
T
B
T
L
B
Tube and bar supporting a load
P
Clearance = c
T
T
B
T
L
B
BAR:
d 1.5 in.
L 15 in.
c 0.010 in.
E 29 103 ksi
Y 36 ksi
TUBE:
d2 3.0 in.
d1 2.75 in.
AT
2
(d d21 ) 1.1290 in.2
4 2
AB
d2
1.7671 in.2
4
INITIAL SHORTENING OF TUBE T
Initially, the tube supports all of the load.
Let P1 load required to close the clearance
P1
EAT
c 21,827 lb
L
Let 1 shortening of tube
s1
P1
19,330 psi
AT
1 c 0.010 in.
(s1 6 sY ∴ OK)
(Continued)
180
CHAPTER 2
Axially Loaded Members
(a) YIELD LOAD PY
Because the tube and bar are made of the same
material, and because the strain in the tube is larger
than the strain in the bar, the tube will yield first.
(c) LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM
PP
P 100
(kips)
80
FT Y AT 40,644 lb
60
TY shortening of tube at the yield stress
TY
FTL sYL
0.018621 in.
EAT
E
40
1
BY shortening of bar
0
TY c 0.008621 in.
EAB
FB
29,453 lb
L BY
PY FT FB 40,644 lb 29,453 lb
70,097 lb
PY 70,100 lb
(b) PLASTIC LOAD PP
FB Y AB
PP FT FB sY (AT AB )
104,300 lb
BP shortening of bar
FB ¢
sYL
L
≤
0.018621 in.
EAB
E
TP BP c 0.028621 in.
P TP 0.02862 in.
P1
20
Y TY 0.01862 in.
FT Y AT
PY
0.01
Y
0.02
PY
Y
3.21 1.86
P1
1
PP
P
1.49 1.54
PY
Y
P1:
slope 2180 k/in.
0
P
P1
P
PY: slope 5600 k/in.
PY
P
PP: slope 3420 k/in.
P
0.03
(in.)
3
Torsion
Torsional Deformations
d
Problem 3.2-1 A copper rod of length L 18.0 in. is to be twisted
by torques T (see figure) until the angle of rotation between the ends
of the rod is 3.0°.
If the allowable shear strain in the copper is 0.0006 rad, what is
the maximum permissible diameter of the rod?
Solution 3.2-1
T
T
L
Probs. 3.2-1 and 3.2-2
Copper rod in torsion
d
T
T
L
L 18.0 in.
From Eq. (3-3):
f 3.0 (3.0) ¢
≤ rad
180
0.05236 rad
allow 0.0006 rad
gmax
rf df
L
2L
dmax
2Lgallow (2)(18.0 in.)(0.0006 rad)
f
0.05236 rad
dmax 0.413 in.
Find dmax
Problem 3.2-2 A plastic bar of diameter d 50 mm is to be twisted by
torques T (see figure) until the angle of rotation between the ends of the
bar is 5.0°.
If the allowable shear strain in the plastic is 0.012 rad, what is the
minimum permissible length of the bar?
Solution 3.2-2
Plastic bar in torsion
d 50 mm
d
f 5.0 (5.0) ¢
≤ rad 0.08727 rad
180
T
L
allow 0.012 rad
Lmin
Find Lmin
From Eq. (3-3): gmax
T
rf df
L
2L
df
(50 mm)(0.08727 rad)
2gallow
(2)(0.012 rad)
Lmin 182 mm
181
182
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.2-3
A circular aluminum tube subjected to pure torsion
by torques T (see figure) has an outer radius r2 equal to twice the inner
radius r1.
T
(a) If the maximum shear strain in the tube is measured as
400 106 rad, what is the shear strain 1 at the inner
surface?
(b) If the maximum allowable rate of twist is 0.15 degrees
per foot and the maximum shear strain is to be kept at
400 106 rad by adjusting the torque T, what is the
minimum required outer radius (r2)min?
Solution 3.2-3
L
r2
r1
Problems 3.2-3, 3.2-4, and 3.2-5
Circular aluminum tube
r2 2r1
r2
max 400 106 rad
r1
uallow 0.15ft
(0.15ft) ¢
rad
1 ft
≤¢
≤
180 degree 12 in.
218.2 10 6 radin.
(a) SHEAR STRAIN AT INNER SURFACE
From Eq. (3-5b):
g1
T
1
1
g (400 10 6 rad)
2 2 2
g1 200 10 6 rad
Problem 3.2-4 A circular steel tube of length L 0.90 m is loaded in
torsion by torques T (see figure).
(a) If the inner radius of the tube is r1 40 mm and the measured
angle of twist between the ends is 0.5°, what is the shear strain
1 (in radians) at the inner surface?
(b) If the maximum allowable shear strain is 0.0005 rad and the angle
of twist is to be kept at 0.5° by adjusting the torque T, what is the
maximum permissible outer radius (r 2)max?
(b) MINIMUM OUTER RADIUS
From Eq. (3-5a):
gmax r2
f
r2u
L
(r2 ) min
gmax
400 10 6 rad
uallow 218.2 10 6 rad in.
(r2 ) min 1.83 in.
SECTION 3.2
Solution 3.2-4
Torsional Deformations
Circular steel tube
r2
L 0.90 m
(b) MAXIMUM OUTER RADIUS
r1
r1 40 mm
From Eq. (3-5a):
f 0.5 (0.5) ¢
rad
≤
180 degree
0.008727 rad
gmax g2 r2
(r2 ) max
gmax 0.0005 rad
(a) SHEAR STRAIN AT INNER SURFACE
gmax L
f
; r2
L
f
(0.0005 rad)(900 mm)
0.008727 rad
(r2 ) max 51.6 mm
From Eq. (3-5b):
f (40 mm)(0.008727 rad)
L
900 mm
gmin g1 r1
g1 388 10 6 rad
Problem 3.2-5 Solve the preceding problem if the length L 50 in.,
the inner radius r1 1.5 in., the angle of twist is 0.6°, and the allowable
shear strain is 0.0004 rad.
Solution 3.2-5
Circular steel tube
r2
L 50 in.
r1
r1 1.5 in.
From Eq. (3-5a):
f 0.6 (0.6) ¢
rad
≤
180 degree
0.010472 rad
gmax 0.0004 rad
(a) SHEAR STRAIN AT INNER SURFACE
From Eq. (3-5b):
gmin g1 r1
(b) MAXIMUM OUTER RADIUS
f (1.5 in.)(0.010472 rad)
L
50 in.
g1 314 10 6 rad
gmax g2 r2
(r2 ) max
gmaxL
f
; r2
L
f
(0.0004 rad)(50 in.)
0.010472 rad
(r2 ) max 1.91 in.
183
184
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Circular Bars and Tubes
Problem 3.3-1 A prospector uses a hand-powered winch
(see figure) to raise a bucket of ore in his mine shaft. The axle
of the winch is a steel rod of diameter d 0.625 in. Also, the
distance from the center of the axle to the center of the lifting
rope is b 4.0 in.
If the weight of the loaded bucket is W 100 lb,
what is the maximum shear stress in the axle due to torsion?
P
W
d
b
W
Solution 3.3-1
Hand-powered winch
Axle
d 0.625 in.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE AXLE
b 4.0 in.
From Eq. (3-12):
W 100 lb
d
tmax
16T
d 3
tmax
(16)(400 lb-in)
(0.625in.) 3
Torque T applied to the axle:
T Wb 400 lb-in.
b
W
tmax 8,340 psi
Problem 3.3-2 When drilling a hole in a table leg, a furniture maker
uses a hand-operated drill (see figure) with a bit of diameter d 4.0 mm.
(a) If the resisting torque supplied by the table leg is equal to 0.3 Nm,
what is the maximum shear stress in the drill bit?
(b) If the shear modulus of elasticity of the steel is G 75 GPa, what
is the rate of twist of the drill bit (degrees per meter)?
d
SECTION 3.3
Solution 3.3-2
185
Circular Bars and Tubes
Torsion of a drill bit
d
T
T
(b) RATE OF TWIST
From Eq. (3-14):
d 4.0 mm
T 0.3 N m
G 75 GPa
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
u
u
From Eq. (3-12):
tmax
16T
d 3
tmax
16(0.3 N m)
(4.0 mm) 3
T
GIP
0.3 N m
(75 GPa) ¢ ≤ (4.0 mm) 4
32
u 0.1592 rad m 9.12m
tmax 23.8 MPa
Problem 3.3-3 While removing a wheel to change a tire, a
driver applies forces P 25 lb at the ends of two of the arms
of a lug wrench (see figure). The wrench is made of steel with
shear modulus of elasticity G 11.4 106 psi. Each arm of the
wrench is 9.0 in. long and has a solid circular cross section of
diameter d 0.5 in.
(a) Determine the maximum shear stress in the arm that is
turning the lug nut (arm A).
(b) Determine the angle of twist (in degrees) of this same
arm.
P
9.0
in.
A
9.0
in.
d = 0.5 in.
P = 25 lb
Solution 3.3-3
Lug wrench
P 25 lb
P
L 9.0 in.
d
L
d 0.5 in.
L
P
T torque acting on arm A
Arm A
T
T
G 11.4 106 psi
T P(2L) 2(25 lb)(9.0 in.)
450 lb-in.
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
From Eq. (3-12):
tmax
16T (16)(450 lb-in.)
d 3
(0.5 in.) 3
tmax 18,300 psi
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
From Eq. (3-15):
(450 lb-in.)(9.0 in.)
(11.4 106 psi) ¢ ≤ (0.5 in.) 4
32
f 0.05790 rad 3.32
f
TL
GIP
186
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.3-4 An aluminum bar of solid circular cross section is
twisted by torques T acting at the ends (see figure). The dimensions
and shear modulus of elasticity are as follows: L 1.2 m,
d 30 mm, and G 28 GPa.
d
T
T
(a) Determine the torsional stiffness of the bar.
(b) If the angle of twist of the bar is 4°, what is the maximum
shear stress? What is the maximum shear strain (in radians)?
Solution 3.3-4
L
Aluminum bar in torsion
d
T
From Eq. (3-11):
T
tmax
GIPf d
Tr Td
¢
≤¢
≤
IP 2IP
L
2IP
tmax
Gdf
2L
L
L 1.2 m
d 30 mm
G 28 GPa
4
(a) TORSIONAL STIFFNESS
(28 GPa)(30 mm)(0.069813 rad)
2(1.2 m)
24.43 MPa
GIP Gd 4 (28 GPa)()(30 mm) 4
kT
L
32L
32(1.2 m)
tmax 24.4 MPa
k T 1860 N . m
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
Hooke’s Law:
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
tmax 24.43 MPa
G
28 GPa
f 4 (4)(p 180)rad 0.069813 rad
gmax
From Eq. (3-15):
gmax 873 10 6 rad
f
GIPf
TL
T
GIP
L
Problem 3.3-5 A high-strength steel drill rod used for boring a hole in
the earth has a diameter of 0.5 in. (see figure).The allowable shear stress
in the steel is 40 ksi and the shear modulus of elasticity is 11,600 ksi.
What is the minimum required length of the rod so that one
end of the rod can be twisted 30° with respect to the other end
without exceeding the allowable stress?
T
d = 0.5 in.
T
L
SECTION 3.3
Solution 3.3-5
Steel drill rod
T
T
d
From Eq. (3-15): f
L
T
G 11,600 psi
d 0.5 in.
f 30 (30) ¢
≤ rad 0.52360 rad
180
Lmin
MINIMUM LENGTH
From Eq. (3-12): tmax
16T
d 3
(1)
TL
32TL
GIP Gd 4
Gd 4f
; substitute T into Eq. (1):
32L
tmax ¢
allow 40 ksi
Gdf
16 Gd 4f
≤
3≤ ¢
32L
2L
d
Gdf
2tallow
(11,600 ksi)(0.5 in.)(0.52360 rad)
2(40 ksi)
Lmin 38.0 in.
Problem 3.3-6 The steel shaft of a socket wrench has a diameter
of 8.0 mm. and a length of 200 mm (see figure).
If the allowable stress in shear is 60 MPa, what is the
maximum permissible torque Tmax that may be exerted with
the wrench?
Through what angle (in degrees) will the shaft twist under
the action of the maximum torque? (Assume G 78 GPa and
disregard any bending of the shaft.)
Solution 3.3-6
Circular Bars and Tubes
d = 8.0 mm
T
L = 200 mm
Socket wrench
ANGLE OF TWIST
d
T
From Eq. (3-15): f
L
d 8.0 mm
L 200 mm
allow 60 MPa
G 78 GPa
TmaxL
GIP
From Eq. (3-12): Tmax
f¢
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE TORQUE
d 3tmax
16
d 3tmax
L
d 4
≤¢
≤IP
16
GIP
32
f
d 3tmaxL(32) 2tmaxL
Gd
16G(d 4 )
d 3tmax
Tmax
16
f
2(60 MPa)(200 mm)
0.03846 rad
(78 GPa)(8.0 mm)
(8.0 mm) 3 (60 MPa)
Tmax
16
Tmax 6.03 N # m
f (0.03846 rad) ¢
From Eq. (3-12): tmax
16T
d 3
180
degrad ≤ 2.20
187
188
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.3-7 A circular tube of aluminum is subjected to
torsion by torques T applied at the ends (see figure). The bar is
20 in. long, and the inside and outside diameters are 1.2 in. and
1.6 in., respectively. It is determined by measurement that the
angle of twist is 3.63° when the torque is 5800 lb-in.
Calculate the maximum shear stress max in the tube, the
shear modulus of elasticity G, and the maximum shear strain
max (in radians).
T
T
20 in.
1.2 in.
1.6 in.
Solution 3.3-7
Aluminum tube in torsion
L 20 in.
d1 1.2 in.
SHEAR MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
d1
d2 1.6 in.
T 5800 lb-in.
3.63 0.063355 rad
IP (d24 d14 ) 0.43982 in.4
32
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
tmax
Tr (5800 lb-in.)(0.8 in.)
IP
0.43982 in.4
d2
f
TL
TL
G
GIP
fIP
G
(5800 lb-in.)(20 in.)
(0.063355 rad)(0.43982 in.4 )
G 4.16 106 psi
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
gmax
tmax
G
gmax ¢
tmax 10,550 psi
gmax
rf
Tr fIP
≤¢
≤
IP TL
L
(0.8 in.)(0.063355 rad)
20 in.
gmax 0.00253 rad
Problem 3.3-8 A propeller shaft for a small yacht is made of a solid
steel bar 100 mm in diameter. The allowable stress in shear is 50 MPa,
and the allowable rate of twist is 2.0° in 3 meters.
Assuming that the shear modulus of elasticity is G 80 GPa,
determine the maximum torque Tmax that can be applied to the shaft.
SECTION 3.3
Solution 3.3-8
189
Circular Bars and Tubes
Propeller shaft
d
T
d 100 mm
G 80 GPa
MAX. TORQUE BASED UPON RATE OF TWIST
allow 50 MPa
1
u 2 in 3 m (2) ¢
≤ radm
3
180
0.011636 radm
MAX. TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
t
T
d 3tallow
16T
T
1
16
d 3
u
T
d 4
T2 GIPu G ¢
≤u
GIP
32
(80 GPa) ¢
≤ (100 mm) 4 (0.011636 rad m)
32
T2 9140 N m
RATE OF TWIST GOVERNS
Tmax 9140 N m
(100 mm) 3 (50 MPa)
16
T1 9820 N m
Problem 3.3-9 Three identical circular disks A, B, and C are welded to
the ends of three identical solid circular bars (see figure). The bars lie
in a common plane and the disks lie in planes perpendicular to the axes
of the bars. The bars are welded at their intersection D to form a rigid
connection. Each bar has diameter d1 0.5 in. and each disk has
diameter d2 3.0 in.
Forces P1, P2, and P3 act on disks A, B, and C, respectively, thus
subjecting the bars to torsion. If P1 28 lb, what is the maximum shear
stress max in any of the three bars?
P3
C
135°
P1
P3
d1
A
D
135°
P1
90°
d2
P2
P2
B
190
CHAPTER 3
Solution 3.3-9
Torsion
Three circular bars
T3
THE THREE TORQUES MUST BE IN EQUILIBRIUM
T1
C
135°
T1
T3
A
45°
135°
T2
90°
T3 is the largest torque
T3 T1 2 P1d2 2
B
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (Eq. 3-12)
T2
d1 diameter of bars
tmax
16T 16T3 16P1 d2 2
d 3 d13
d13
tmax
16(28 lb)(3.0 in.) 2
4840 psi
(0.5 in.) 3
0.5 in.
d2 diameter of disks
3.0 in.
P1 28 lb
T1 P1d2
T2 P2d2
T3 P3d2
Problem 3.3-10 The steel axle of a large winch on an ocean liner is
subjected to a torque of 1.5 kNm (see figure). What is the minimum
required diameter dmin if the allowable shear stress is 50 MPa and the
allowable rate of twist is 0.8°/m? (Assume that the shear modulus of
elasticity is 80 GPa.)
Solution 3.3-10
T
T
Axle of a large winch
T
T 1.5 kN m
d
T
G 80 GPa
allow 50 MPa
uallow 0.8m (0.8) ¢
≤ radm
180
0.013963 rad m
MIN. DIAMETER BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
16T
16T
3
t
3 d t
d
allow
16(1.5 kN m)
d
152.789 10 6 m3
(50 MPa)
3
d 0.05346 mdmin 53.5 mm
d
MIN. DIAMETER BASED UPON RATE OF TWIST
u
T
32T
32T
4
4 d
GIp Gd
Guallow
d4
32(1.5 kN m)
(80 GPa)(0.013963 radm)
0.00001368 m4
d 0.0608 mdmin 60.8 mm
RATE OF TWIST GOVERNS
dmin 60.8 mm
SECTION 3.3
191
Circular Bars and Tubes
Problem 3.3-11 A hollow steel shaft used in a construction auger
has outer diameter d2 6.0 in. and inner diameter d1 4.5 in. (see
figure). The steel has shear modulus of elasticity G 11.0 106 psi.
For an applied torque of 150 k-in., determine the following
quantities:
(a) shear stress 2 at the outer surface of the shaft,
(b) shear stress 1 at the inner surface, and
(c) rate of twist (degrees per unit of length).
d2
Also, draw a diagram showing how the shear stresses vary in magnitude along a radial line in the cross section.
d1
d2
Solution 3.3-11
C
Construction auger
d2 6.0 in.
r2 3.0 in.
d1 4.5 in.
r1 2.25 in.
G 11
d1
d2
106
psi
T 150 k-in.
IP (d24 d14) 86.98 in.4
32
(a) SHEAR STRESS AT OUTER SURFACE
Tr2 (150 k-in.)(3.0 in.)
t2
IP
86.98 in.4
5170 psi
(b) SHEAR STRESS AT INNER SURFACE
t1
Tr1 r1
t2 3880 psi
r2
IP
(c) RATE OF TWIST
(150 k-in.)
T
u
GIP (11 106 psi)(86.98 in.4 )
u 157 10 6 rad in. 0.00898in.
(d) SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
5170 psi
3880 psi
C
0
0.75
1.50
2.25
3.00
192
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.3-12 Solve the preceding problem if the shaft has outer
diameter d2 150 mm and inner diameter d1 100 mm. Also, the
steel has shear modulus of elasticity G 75 GPa and the applied
torque is 16 kNm.
Solution 3.3-12
Construction auger
d2 150 mm
r2 75 mm
d1 100 mm
r1 50 mm
(b) SHEAR STRESS AT INNER SURFACE
C
t1
G 75 GPa
T 16 kN m
IP (d24 d14) 39.88 106 mm4
32
(a) SHEAR STRESS AT OUTER SURFACE
Tr1 r1
t2 20.1 MPa
r2
IP
d1
d2
(c) RATE OF TWIST
u
T
16 kN m
GIP (75 GPa)(39.88 106 mm4 )
u 0.005349 rad m 0.306m
(d) SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
Tr2 (16 kN m)(75 mm)
t2
IP
39.88 106 mm4
30.1 MPa
20.1 MPa
30.1 MPa
C
25
0
Problem 3.3-13 A vertical pole of solid circular cross section is twisted
by horizontal forces P 1100 lb acting at the ends of a horizontal arm
AB (see figure). The distance from the outside of the pole to the line of
action of each force is c 5.0 in.
If the allowable shear stress in the pole is 4500 psi, what is the
minimum required diameter dmin of the pole?
50
75
r (mm)
c
P
c
B
A
P
d
SECTION 3.3
Solution 3.3-13
Circular Bars and Tubes
Vertical pole
c
P
c
tmax
B
A
P(2c d)d 16P(2c d)
d 416
d 3
(max)d 3 (16P)d 32Pc 0
P
d
P 1100 lb
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
c 5.0 in.
UNITS: Pounds, Inches
allow 4500 psi
()(4500)d 3 (16)(1100)d 32(1100)(5.0) 0
Find dmin
or
d3 1.24495d 12.4495 0
TORSION FORMULA
tmax
d 2.496 in.
Solve numerically:
Tr Td
IP 2IP
dmin 2.50 in.
T P(2c d)IP
d 4
32
Problem 3.3-14 Solve the preceding problem if the horizontal forces
have magnitude P 5.0 kN, the distance c 125 mm, and the allowable
shear stress is 30 MPa.
Solution 3.3-14
Vertical pole
TORSION FORMULA
c
P
c
B
A
P
tmax
Tr Td
IP 2IP
T P(2c d)IP
d
tmax
d 4
32
P(2c d)d 16P(2c d)
d 416
d 3
(max)d 3 (16P)d 32Pc 0
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P 5.0 kN
UNITS: Newtons, Meters
c 125 mm
()(30 106)d 3 (16)(5000)d 32(5000)(0.125) 0
allow 30 MPa
or
Find dmin
d 3 848.826 106d 212.207 106 0
Solve numerically:
d 0.06438 m
dmin 64.4 mm
193
194
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.3-15 A solid brass bar of diameter d 1.2 in. is
subjected to torques T1, as shown in part (a) of the figure.
The allowable shear stress in the brass is 12 ksi.
T1
(a) What is the maximum permissible value of the torques T1?
(b) If a hole of diameter 0.6 in. is drilled longitudinally
through the bar, as shown in part (b) of the figure, what is
the maximum permissible value of the torques T2?
(c) What is the percent decrease in torque and the percent
decrease in weight due to the hole?
d
T1
(a)
d
T2
T2
(b)
Solution 3.3-15
Brass bar in torsion
(c) PERCENT DECREASE IN TORQUE
(a) SOLID BAR
d 1.2 in.
d
allow 12 ksi
d1 1 T2
0.9375
d2 2 T1
Find max. torque T1
tmax
d 3tallow
16T
3 T1
16
d
(1.2 in.) 3 (12 ksi)
T1
16
4072 lb-in.
tmax
PERCENT DECREASE IN WEIGHT
d1 1 W2 3
d2 2 W1 4
d2 d 1.2 in.
% decrease 25%
d1 0.6 in.
NOTE: The hollow bar weighs 25% less than the solid
bar with only a 6.25% decrease in strength.
16Td2
Tr
Td2
4
4
IP 32 (d2 d1 ) (d24 d14)
T2
(d24 d14)tallow
16d2
T2
[ (1.2 in.) 4 (0.6 in.) 4 ] (12 ksi)
16(1.2 in.)
T2 3817 lb-in.
% decrease 6.25%
W2 A2 d22 d12
d1 2
1¢ ≤
2
W1 A1
d2
d2
(b) BAR WITH A HOLE
d1 d2
d1 4
T2 (d24 d14)tallow
16
1
¢
≤
T1
16d2
d2
d23tallow
SECTION 3.3
Circular Bars and Tubes
Problem 3.3-16 A hollow aluminum tube used in a roof structure has
an outside diameter d2 100 mm and an inside diameter d1 80 mm
(see figure). The tube is 2.5 m long, and the aluminum has shear modulus
G 28 GPa.
(a) If the tube is twisted in pure torsion by torques acting at the ends,
what is the angle of twist (in degrees) when the maximum shear
stress is 50 MPa?
(b) What diameter d is required for a solid shaft (see figure) to resist the
same torque with the same maximum stress?
(c) What is the ratio of the weight of the hollow tube to the weight of
the solid shaft?
Solution 3.3-16
d
Hollow aluminum tube
d1
d2
d2
100 mm
d1
80 mm
L
2.5 m
G
28 GPa
FOR THE SOLID SHAFT:
tmax
2Iptmax
Tr Td2
tmax
,T
Ip
2Ip
d2
2Iptmax L
TL
f
¢
≤¢
≤
GIp
d2
GIp
f
2tmaxL
Gd2
f
2(50 MPa)(2.5 m)
0.08929 rad
(28 GPa)(100 mm)
f 5.12
(b) DIAMETER OF A SOLID SHAFT
max is the same as for tube.
Torque is the same.
For the tube: T
T
2IPtmax
d2
2tmax
4
4
¢ ≤ (d d1 )
d2 32 2
16T
16 2tmax
4
4
¢
≤¢
≤ (d d1 )
3
32 2
d
d 3 d2
Solve for d 3: d 3
max 50 MPa
(a) ANGLE OF TWIST FOR THE TUBE
d
d1
d2
d3
d24 d14
d2
(100 mm) 4 (80 mm) 4
590,400 mm3
100 mm
d 83.9 mm
(c) RATIO OF WEIGHTS
Wtube Atube d22 d12
Wsolid Asolid
d2
Wtube (100 mm) 2 (80 mm) 2
0.51
Wsolid
(83.9 mm) 2
The weight of the tube is 51% of the weight of the
solid shaft, but they resist the same torque.
195
196
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.3-17 A circular tube of inner radius r1 and outer radius r2
is subjected to a torque produced by forces P 900 lb (see figure). The
forces have their lines of action at a distance b 5.5 in. from the outside
of the tube.
If the allowable shear stress in the tube is 6300 psi and the inner
radius r1 1.2 in., what is the minimum permissible outer radius r2?
P
P
P
r2
r1
P
b
Solution 3.3-17
SOLUTION OF EQUATION
r2
r1
UNITS: Pounds, Inches
Substitute numerical values:
P
2r2
b
6300 psi
4(900 lb)(5.5 in. r2 )(r2 )
[ (r42 ) (1.2 in.) 4 ]
P 900 lb
or
b 5.5 in.
r42 2.07360
0.181891 0
r2 (r2 5.5)
or
allow 6300 psi
r1 1.2 in.
Find minimum permissible radius r2
r42 0.181891 r22 1.000402 r2 2.07360 0
Solve numerically:
TORSION FORMULA
T 2P(br2)
IP
4
(r r41 )
2 2
tmax
b
Circular tube in torsion
P
b
2r2
Tr2 2P(b r2 )r2 4P(b r2 )r2
4
4
IP
(r42 r41 )
2 (r2 r1 )
All terms in this equation are known except r2.
r2 1.3988 in.
MINIMUM PERMISSIBLE RADIUS
r2 1.40 in.
SECTION 3.4
Nonuniform Torsion
197
Nonuniform Torsion
Problem 3.4-1 A stepped shaft ABC consisting of two solid
circular segments is subjected to torques T1 and T2 acting in
opposite directions, as shown in the figure. The larger segment
of the shaft has diameter d1 2.25 in. and length L1 30 in.;
the smaller segment has diameter d2 1.75 in. and length
L2 20 in. The material is steel with shear modulus
G 11 106 psi, and the torques are T1 20,000 lb-in.
and T2 8,000 lb-in.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the maximum shear
stress max in the shaft, and (b) the angle of twist C (in degrees)
at end C.
Solution 3.4-1
T1
d1
d2
B
A
L1
C
L2
Stepped shaft
T1
d1
L1
A
d1 2.25 in.
L1 30 in.
d2 1.75 in.
L2 20 in.
d2
B
SEGMENT BC
T2
L2
TBC T2 8,000 lb-in.
C
tBC
16 TBC 16(8,000 lb-in.)
7602 psi
d23
(1.75 in.) 3
fBC
TBC L2
G(Ip ) BC
(8,000 lb-in.)(20 in.)
(11 106 psi) ¢ ≤ (1.75 in.) 4
32
G 11 106 psi
0.015797 rad
T1 20,000 lb-in.
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
T2 8,000 lb-in.
Segment BC has the maximum stress
SEGMENT AB
tmax 7600 psi
TAB T2T1 12,000 lb-in.
16 TAB
16(12,000 lb-in.)
tAB `
`
5365 psi
d31
(2.25 in.) 3
TABL1
fAB
G(Ip ) AB
(12,000 lb-in.)(30 in.)
(11 106 psi) ¢ ≤ (2.25 in.) 4
32
0.013007 rad
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST AT END C
C AB BC (0.013007 0.015797) rad
fC 0.002790
rad 0.16
T2
198
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.4-2 A circular tube of outer diameter d3 70 mm and
inner diameter d2 60 mm is welded at the right-hand end to a fixed
plate and at the left-hand end to a rigid end plate (see figure). A solid
circular bar of diameter d1 40 mm is inside of, and concentric with,
the tube. The bar passes through a hole in the fixed plate and is
welded to the rigid end plate.
The bar is 1.0 m long and the tube is half as long as the bar. A
torque T 1000 N m acts at end A of the bar. Also, both the bar
and tube are made of an aluminum alloy with shear modulus of
elasticity G 27 GPa.
Tube
Fixed
plate
End
plate
Bar
T
A
Tube
(a) Determine the maximum shear stresses in both the bar and
tube.
(b) Determine the angle of twist (in degrees) at end A of the bar.
Bar
d1
d2
d3
Solution 3.4-2
Bar and tube
TORQUE
Tube
T 1000 N m
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
Bar
Bar: tbar
T
A
16T
79.6 MPa
d31
Tube: ttube
T(d32)
32.3 MPa
(Ip ) tube
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST AT END A
TUBE
d3 70 mm
d2 60 mm
Ltube 0.5 m
G 27 GPa
Bar: fbar
Tube: ftube
(Ip ) tube (d34 d24)
32
fA 9.43
BAR
(Ip ) bar
d14
32
Lbar 1.0 m
251.3 103 mm4
TL tube
0.0171 rad
G(Ip ) tube
A bar tube 0.1474 0.0171 0.1645 rad
1.0848 106 mm4
d1 40 mm
TL bar
0.1474 rad
G(Ip ) bar
G 27 GPa
SECTION 3.4
Problem 3.4-3 A stepped shaft ABCD consisting of solid circular
segments is subjected to three torques, as shown in the figure. The
torques have magnitudes 12.0 k-in., 9.0 k-in., and 9.0 k-in. The
length of each segment is 24 in. and the diameters of the segments
are 3.0 in., 2.5 in., and 2.0 in. The material is steel with shear
modulus of elasticity G 11.6 103 ksi.
12.0 k-in.
3.0 in.
(a) Calculate the maximum shear stress max in the shaft.
(b) Calculate the angle of twist D (in degrees) at end D.
Solution 3.4-3
24 in.
9.0 k-in.
2.5 in.
9.0 k-in.
2.0 in.
3.0 in.
B
A
C
D
TAB rAB
5660 psi
(Ip ) AB
tBC
TBC rBC
5870 psi
(Ip ) BC
tCD
TCD rCD
5730 psi
(Ip ) CD
G 11.6 103 ksi
rAB 1.5 in.
rBC 1.25 in.
rCD 1.0 in.
LAB LBC LCD 24 in.
tmax 5870 psi
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST AT END D
TORQUES
TAB 12.0 9.0 9.0 30 k-in.
TBC 9.0 9.0 18 k-in.
TCD 9.0 k-in.
POLAR MOMENTS OF INERTIA
(3.0 in.) 4 7.952 in.4
32
(Ip ) BC
(2.5 in.) 4 3.835 in.4
32
(Ip ) CD
24 in.
(a) SHEAR STRESSES
tAB
(2.0 in.) 4 1.571 in.4
32
fAB
TAB LAB
0.007805 rad
G(Ip ) AB
fBC
TBC LBC
0.009711 rad
G(Ip ) BC
fCD
TCD LCD
0.011853 rad
G(Ip ) CD
D AB BC CD 0.02937 rad
fD 1.68
9.0 k-in.
2.0 in.
D
C
Stepped shaft
12.0 k-in.
(Ip ) AB
9.0 k-in.
2.5 in.
B
A
199
Nonuniform Torsion
24 in.
200
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.4-4 A solid circular bar ABC consists of two segments,
as shown in the figure. One segment has diameter d1 50 mm and
length L1 1.25 m; the other segment has diameter d2 40 mm
and length L2 1.0 m.
What is the allowable torque Tallow if the shear stress is not to
exceed 30 MPa and the angle of twist between the ends of the bar
is not to exceed 1.5°? (Assume G 80 GPa.)
Solution 3.4-4
d1
d2
T
A
C
B
L1
L2
Bar consisting of two segments
d1 = 50 mm
T
A
L 1 = 1.25 m
d2 = 40 mm
L 2 = 1.0 m
B
T
C
allow 30 MPa
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON ANGLE OF TWIST
allow 1.5 0.02618 rad
G 80 GPa
TiLi
TL1
TL2
L2
T L1
f a
¢ ≤
GIPi GIP1 GIP2 G IP1 IP2
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
f
32T L1 L2
¢
≤
G d14 d24
Segment BC has the smaller diameter and hence the
larger stress.
tmax
16T
d 3
T
Tallow
Tallow
d23tallow
3.77 N # m
16
fallowG
348 N m
L1 L 2
32 ¢ 4 4≤
d1 d2
ANGLE OF TWIST GOVERNS
Tallow 348 N m
Problem 3.4-5 A hollow tube ABCDE constructed of
monel metal is subjected to five torques acting in the directions
shown in the figure. The magnitudes of the torques are
T1 1000 lb-in., T2 T4 500 lb-in., and T3 T5 800 lb-in.
The tube has an outside diameter d2 1.0 in. The allowable
shear stress is 12,000 psi and the allowable rate of twist is
2.0°/ft.
Determine the maximum permissible inside diameter d1
of the tube.
T2 =
T1 =
1000 lb-in. 500 lb-in.
A
B
T3 =
T4 =
800 lb-in. 500 lb-in.
C
D
d2 = 1.0 in.
T5 =
800 lb-in.
E
SECTION 3.4
Solution 3.4-5
Nonuniform Torsion
Hollow tube of monel metal
REQUIRED POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED UPON
d1
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
d2
d2 1.0 in.
tmax
allow 12,000 psi
allow 2/ft 0.16667/in.
REQUIRED POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED UPON
0.002909 rad/in.
ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST
From Table H-2, Appendix H: G 9500 ksi
u
TORQUES
Tmax
Tmax
IP
0.04704 in.4
GIP
Guallow
SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
T2
T1
A
Tmaxr
Tmax (d22)
IP
0.05417 in.4
tallow
IP
T3
B
C
T4
T5
D
E
Required IP 0.05417 in.4
IP
T1 1000 lb-in. T2 500 lb-in.
T4 500 lb-in.
T3 800 lb-in.
T5 800 lb-in.
INTERNAL TORQUES
4
(d d14)
32 2
d14 d24
32IP
32(0.05417 in.4 )
(1.0 in.) 4
0.4482 in.4
TAB T1 1000 lb-in.
d1 0.818 in.
TBC T1 T2 500 lb-in.
(Maximum permissible inside diameter)
TCD T1 T2 T3 1300 lb-in.
TDE T1 T2 T3 T4 800 lb-in.
Largest torque (absolute value only):
Tmax 1300 lb-in.
Problem 3.4-6 A shaft of solid circular cross section consisting of two
segments is shown in the first part of the figure. The left-hand segment
has diameter 80 mm and length 1.2 m; the right-hand segment has
diameter 60 mm and length 0.9 m.
Shown in the second part of the figure is a hollow shaft made of the
same material and having the same length. The thickness t of the hollow
shaft is d/10, where d is the outer diameter. Both shafts are subjected to
the same torque.
If the hollow shaft is to have the same torsional stiffness as the solid
shaft, what should be its outer diameter d?
80 mm
1.2 m
60 mm
0.9 m
d
2.1 m
d
t=—
10
201
202
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Solution 3.4-6
Solid and hollow shafts
SOLID SHAFT CONSISTING OF TWO SEGMENTS
80 mm
TORSIONAL STIFFNESS
kT
60 mm
T
f
Torque T is the same for both shafts.
‹ For equal stiffnesses, 1 2
1.2 m
f1 ©
TLi
GIPi
0.9 m
98,741 m 3
T(1.2 m)
T(0.9 m)
G ¢ ≤ (80 mm) 4 G ¢ ≤ (60 mm) 4
32
32
d4
3.5569 m
d4
3.5569
36.023 10 6 m4
98,741
d 0.0775 m 77.5 mm
32T
(29,297 m3 69,444 m3 )
G
32T
(98,741 m 3 )
G
HOLLOW SHAFT
d = outer diameter
d
t=—
10
2.1 m
d0 inner diameter 0.8d
f2
TL
GIp
T(2.1 m)
≤ [d 4 (0.8d) 4 ]
32
32T
2.1 m
32T 3.5569 m
¢
≤
¢
≤
G 0.5904 d 4
G
d4
G¢
UNITS: d meters
Problem 3.4-7 Four gears are attached to a circular shaft and transmit
the torques shown in the figure. The allowable shear stress in the shaft is
10,000 psi.
(a) What is the required diameter d of the shaft if it has a
solid cross section?
(b) What is the required outside diameter d if the shaft is
hollow with an inside diameter of 1.0 in.?
8,000 lb-in.
19,000 lb-in.
4,000 lb-in.
A
7,000 lb-in.
B
C
D
SECTION 3.4
Solution 3.4-7
203
Nonuniform Torsion
Shaft with four gears
(b) HOLLOW SHAFT
19,000 lb-in.
8,000 lb-in.
A
B
allow 10,000 psi
TAB 8000 lb-in.
4,000 lb-in.
C
7,000 lb-in.
D
TBC 11,000 lb-in.
Inside diameter d0 1.0 in.
d
Tmax¢ ≤
Tr
2
tmax tallow
Ip
Ip
(11,000 lb-in.) ¢
TCD 7000 lb-in.
10,000 psi
¢
(a) SOLID SHAFT
tmax
d3
16T
d 3
d
≤
2
≤ [d 4 (1.0 in.) 4 ]
32
UNITS: d inches
10,000
16Tmax 16(11,000 lb-in.)
5.602 in.3
tallow
(10,000 psi)
56,023 d
d4 1
or
Required d 1.78 in.
d4 5.6023 d 1 0
Solving, d 1.832
Required d 1.83 in.
Problem 3.4-8 A tapered bar AB of solid circular cross section
is twisted by torques T (see figure). The diameter of the bar varies
linearly from dA at the left-hand end to dB at the right-hand end.
For what ratio dB /dA will the angle of twist of the tapered bar
be one-half the angle of twist of a prismatic bar of diameter dA?
(The prismatic bar is made of the same material, has the same length,
and is subjected to the same torque as the tapered bar.) Hint: Use the
results of Example 3-5.
Solution 3.4-8
L
dA
TAPERED BAR (From Eq. 3-27)
Problems 3.4-8, 3.4-9 and 3.4-10
T
dB
L
ANGLE OF TWIST
dB
TL b b 1
¢
≤b
3
G(IP ) A
dA
3b
2
f1
b2 b 1 1
1
f2
2
2
3b3
or
PRISMATIC BAR
TL
G(IP ) A
dB
B
A
dA
f2
T
Tapered bar AB
T
f1
B
A
T
3b3 2b2 2b 2 0
SOLVE NUMERICALLY:
b
dB
1.45
dA
204
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.4-9 A tapered bar AB of solid circular cross section is twisted
by torques T 36,000 lb-in. (see figure). The diameter of the bar varies
linearly from dA at the left-hand end to dB at the right-hand end. The bar
has length L 4.0 ft and is made of an aluminum alloy having shear
modulus of elasticity G 3.9 106 psi. The allowable shear stress in
the bar is 15,000 psi and the allowable angle of twist is 3.0°.
If the diameter at end B is 1.5 times the diameter at end A, what is
the minimum required diameter dA at end A? (Hint: Use the results of
Example 3-5).
Solution 3.4-9
Tapered bar
T
B
A
dA
dB 1.5 dA
T 36,000 lb-in.
T
dB
L
MINIMUM DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE ANGLE
OF TWIST (From Eq. 3-27)
L 4.0 ft 48 in.
dB /dA 1.5
G 3.9 106 psi
f
allow 15,000 psi
b2 b 1
TL
TL
¢
≤
(0.469136)
3
G(IP ) A
G(IP ) A
3b
(36,000 lb-in.)(48 in.)
(0.469136)
4
6
(3.9 10 psi) ¢ ≤ dA
32
2.11728 in.4
dA4
allow 3.0
0.0523599 rad
MINIMUM DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE
SHEAR STRESS
16(36,000 lb-in.)
16T
16T
tmax 3 dA3
tallow
(15,000 psi)
dA
12.2231 in.3
dA 2.30 in.
dA4
2.11728 in.4
2.11728 in.4
fallow
0.0523599 rad
40.4370 in.4
dA 2.52 in.
ANGLE OF TWIST GOVERNS
Min. dA 2.52 in.
SECTION 3.4
Nonuniform Torsion
Problem 3.4-10 The bar shown in the figure is tapered linearly from
end A to end B and has a solid circular cross section. The diameter at the
smaller end of the bar is dA 25 mm and the length is L 300 mm.
The bar is made of steel with shear modulus of elasticity G 82 GPa.
If the torque T 180 N m and the allowable angle of twist is 0.3°,
what is the minimum allowable diameter dB at the larger end of the bar?
(Hint: Use the results of Example 3-5.)
Solution 3.4-10
Tapered bar
T
B
A
dA
dA 25 mm
T
dB
L
(0.3) ¢
L 300 mm
G 82 GPa
T 180 N m
allow 0.3
rad
≤
180 degrees
b2 b 1
(180 N # m)(0.3 m)
¢
≤
3b3
(82 GPa) ¢ ≤ (25 mm) 4
32
0.304915
Find dB
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST
(From Eq. 3-27)
b2 b 1
3b3
0.9147453 2 1 0
SOLVE NUMERICALLY:
1.94452
b
dB
dA
f
b b1
TL
4
¢
≤(IP ) A
d
3
G(IP ) A
32 A
3b
Min. dB bdA 48.6 mm
2
Problem 3.4-11 A uniformly tapered tube AB of hollow circular
cross section is shown in the figure. The tube has constant wall
thickness t and length L. The average diameters at the ends are
dA and dB 2dA. The polar moment of inertia may be represented
by the approximate formula IP d 3t/4 (see Eq. 3-18).
Derive a formula for the angle of twist of the tube when
it is subjected to torques T acting at the ends.
B
A
T
T
L
t
t
dA
dB = 2dA
205
206
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Solution 3.4-11
Tapered tube
t thickness (constant)
T
T
dA, dB average diameters at the ends
A
B
dB 2dA
L
IP
d 3t
(approximate formula)
4
ANGLE OF TWIST
L
L
dA
O
B
dB = 2dA
d(x)
dx
x
Take the origin of coordinates at point O.
For element of length dx:
x
x
d(x)
(d ) dA
2L B
L
df
IP (x)
[d(x) ] 3t td3A 3
x
4
4L3
Tdx
GIP (x)
Tdx
4TL3 # dx
tdA3
GtdA3 x3
G ¢ 3 ≤ x3
4L
For entire bar:
f
2L
df
L
Problem 3.4-12 A prismatic bar AB of length L and solid circular cross
section (diameter d) is loaded by a distributed torque of constant intensity
t per unit distance (see figure).
4TL3
GtdA3
2L
L
dx
3TL
3
x
2GtdA3
t
A
(a) Determine the maximum shear stress max in the bar.
(b) Determine the angle of twist between the ends of the bar.
B
L
Solution 3.4-12
Bar with distributed torque
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
t
Tmax tLtmax
A
B
dx
L
t intensity of distributed torque
d diameter
G shear modulus of elasticity
x
16Tmax 16tL
d3
d3
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
d 4
32
T(x)dx 32 tx dx
df
GIp
Gd 4
T(x) txIP
f
0
L
df
32t
Gd 4
L
x dx Gd
0
16tL2
4
SECTION 3.4
Problem 3.4-13 A prismatic bar AB of solid circular cross section
(diameter d) is loaded by a distributed torque (see figure). The intensity
of the torque, that is, the torque per unit distance, is denoted t(x) and
varies linearly from a maximum value tA at end A to zero at end B. Also,
the length of the bar is L and the shear modulus of elasticity of the
material is G.
Nonuniform Torsion
t(x)
A
(a) Determine the maximum shear stress max in the bar.
(b) Determine the angle of twist between the ends of the bar.
Solution 3.4-13
L
Bar with linearly varying torque
t(x)
A
B
dx
L
x
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
16Tmax 16TA 8tAL
d3
d3
d3
tmax
t(x) =
TA
x
L
tA
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
T(x) torque at distance x from end B
T(x)
t(x) intensity of distributed torque
tA maximum intensity of torque
d diameter
G shear modulus
TA maximum torque
1
tAL
2
df
f
207
t(x)x tAx2
d 4
IP
2
2L
32
T(x) dx 16tAx2 dx
GIP
GLd 4
0
L
df
16tA
GLd 4
0
L
x2dx
16tAL2
3Gd 4
B
208
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.4-14 A magnesium-alloy wire of diameter d 4 mm
and length L rotates inside a flexible tube in order to open or close
a switch from a remote location (see figure). A torque T is applied
manually (either clockwise or counterclockwise) at end B, thus
twisting the wire inside the tube. At the other end A, the rotation
of the wire operates a handle that opens or closes the switch.
A torque T0 0.2 N m is required to operate the switch.
The torsional stiffness of the tube, combined with friction between
the tube and the wire, induces a distributed torque of constant
intensity t 0.04 Nm/m (torque per unit distance) acting along
the entire length of the wire.
T0 = torque
Flexible tube
B
d
A
t
(a) If the allowable shear stress in the wire is allow 30 MPa,
what is the longest permissible length Lmax of the wire?
(b) If the wire has length L 4.0 m and the shear modulus of
elasticity for the wire is G 15 GPa, what is the angle
of twist (in degrees) between the ends of the wire?
Solution 3.4-14
Wire inside a flexible tube
t
T0
d
T
L
d 4 mm
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
T0 0.2 N m
L4m
t 0.04 N m/m
1 angle of twist due to distributed torque t
(a) MAXIMUM LENGTH Lmax
allow 30 MPa
16tL2
(from problem 3.4-12)
Gd 4
2 angle of twist due to torque T0
Equilibrium: T tL T0
d tmax
16T
3 T
16
d
3
From Eq. (3-12): tmax
G 15 GPa
d3tmax
16
1
(d 3tmax 16T0 )
L
16t
1
(d3tallow 16T0 )
Lmax
16t
tL T0
Substitute numerical values: Lmax 4.42 m
T0L 32 T0L
(from Eq. 3-15)
GIP
Gd4
total angle of twist
1 2
f
16L
(tL 2T0 )
Gd 4
Substitute numerical values:
f 2.971 rad 170
T
SECTION 3.5
Pure Shear
209
Pure Shear
Problem 3.5-1 A hollow aluminum shaft (see figure) has
outside diameter d2 4.0 in. and inside diameter d1 2.0 in.
When twisted by torques T, the shaft has an angle of twist per unit
distance equal to 0.54°/ft. The shear modulus of elasticity of the
aluminum is G 4.0 106 psi.
d2
T
T
L
(a) Determine the maximum tensile stress max in the shaft.
(b) Determine the magnitude of the applied torques T.
d1 d2
Problems 3.5-1, 3.5-2, and 3.5-3
Solution 3.5-1
Hollow aluminum shaft
T
T
d1 d2
d2 4.0 in.
G 4.0
d1 2.0 in.
106
0.54/ft
psi
(a) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
max occurs on a 45 plane and is equal to max.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
smax tmax 6280 psi
max Gr (from Eq. 3-7a)
(b) APPLIED TORQUE
r d2 /2 2.0 in.
u (0.54ft) ¢
1 ft
rad
≤¢
≤
12 in. 180 degree
785.40 10 6 radin.
max (4.0 106 psi)(2.0 in.)(785.40 106 rad/in.)
6283.2 psi
Use the torsion formula tmax
T
tmaxIP
IP [ (4.0 in.) 4 (2.0 in.) 4 ]
r
32
23.562 in.4
T
Tr
IP
(6283.2 psi)(23.562 in.4 )
2.0 in.
74,000 lb-in.
210
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.5-2 A hollow steel bar (G 80 GPa) is twisted by torques
T (see figure). The twisting of the bar produces a maximum shear strain
max 640 106 rad. The bar has outside and inside diameters of
150 mm and 120 mm, respectively.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile strain in the bar.
(b) Determine the maximum tensile stress in the bar.
(c) What is the magnitude of the applied torques T ?
Solution 3.5-2
Hollow steel bar
T
T
d1 d2
G 80 GPa
max 640 106 rad
d2 150 mm
d1 120 mm
4
(d d14)
32 2
[ (150 mm) 4 (120 mm) 4 ]
32
IP
29.343 106 mm4
(b) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
max Gmax (80 GPa)(640 106)
51.2 MPa
smax tmax 51.2 MPa
(c) APPLIED TORQUES
Torsion formula: tmax
(a) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRAIN
gmax
emax
320 10 6
2
T
2IPtmax 2(29.343 106 mm4 )(51.2 MPa)
d2
150 mm
20,030 N m
20.0 kN # m
Problem 3.5-3 A tubular bar with outside diameter d2 4.0 in. is
twisted by torques T 70.0 k-in. (see figure). Under the action of these
torques, the maximum tensile stress in the bar is found to be 6400 psi.
(a) Determine the inside diameter d1 of the bar.
(b) If the bar has length L 48.0 in. and is made of aluminum with
shear modulus G 4.0 106 psi, what is the angle of twist
(in degrees) between the ends of the bar?
(c) Determine the maximum shear strain max (in radians)?
Tr Td2
IP
2IP
SECTION 3.5
Solution 3.5-3
Pure Shear
211
Tubular bar
T
T
d1 d2
L
d2 4.0 in.
T 70.0 k-in. 70,000 lb-in.
max 6400 psi
L 48 in.
max max 6400 psi
f
(a) INSIDE DIAMETER d1
TL
GIp
From torsion formula, T
Tr Td2
Torsion formula: tmax
IP
2IP
∴ f
Td2
(70.0 k-in.)(4.0 in.)
IP
2tmax
2(6400 psi)
21.875 in.4
Also, Ip
4
(d2 d14) [ (4.0 in.) 4 d14 ]
32
32
Equate formulas:
[256 in.4 d14 ] 21.875 in.4
32
G 4.0 106 psi
2IPtmax
d2
2IPtmax L
2Ltmax
¢
≤
d2
GIP
Gd2
2(48 in.)(6400 psi)
0.03840 rad
(4.0 106 psi)(4.0 in.)
f 2.20
(c) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
gmax
6400 psi
tmax
G
4.0 106 psi
1600 10 6 rad
Solve for d1: d1 2.40 in.
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
Problem 3.5-4 A solid circular bar of diameter d 50 mm
(see figure) is twisted in a testing machine until the applied torque
reaches the value T 500 N m. At this value of torque, a
strain gage oriented at 45° to the axis of the bar gives a reading
339 106.
What is the shear modulus G of the material?
Solution 3.5-4
d = 50 mm
Strain gage
T
45°
Bar in a testing machine
T
T
45°
Strain gage at 45:
emax 339
SHEAR STRESS (FROM EQ. 3-12)
106
tmax
d 50 mm
T 500 N . m
SHEAR MODULUS
SHEAR STRAIN (FROM EQ. 3-33)
max 2emax 678
16T 16(500 N . m)
20.372 MPa
d 3
(0.050 m) 3
106
G
tmax 20.372 MPa
30.0 GPa
gmax 678 10 6
T = 500 N·m
212
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.5-5 A steel tube (G 11.5 106 psi) has an outer diameter
d2 2.0 in. and an inner diameter d1 1.5 in. When twisted by a torque
T, the tube develops a maximum normal strain of 170 106.
What is the magnitude of the applied torque T?
Solution 3.5-5
Steel tube
T
T
d1 d2
G 11.5 106 psi
d2 2.0 in.
d1 1.5 in.
emax 170 106
IP
2
(d d14) [ (2.0 in.) 4 (1.5 in.) 4 ]
32 2
32
1.07379 in.4
Equate expressions:
Td2
Ggmax
2IP
SOLVE FOR TORQUE
T
SHEAR STRAIN (FROM EQ. 3-33)
2GIPgmax
d2
2(11.5 106 psi)(1.07379 in.4 )(340 10 6 )
2.0 in.
max 2emax 340 106
SHEAR STRESS (FROM TORSION FORMULA)
4200 lb-in.
tmax
Tr Td2
IP
2IP
Also, max Gmax
Problem 3.5-6 A solid circular bar of steel (G 78 GPa) transmits a torque T 360
Nm. The allowable stresses in tension, compression, and shear are 90 MPa, 70 MPa,
and 40 MPa, respectively. Also, the allowable tensile strain is 220 106.
Determine the minimum required diameter d of the bar.
SECTION 3.5
Solution 3.5-6
G 78 GPa
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE TENSILE STRAIN
gmax 2emax; tmax Ggmax 2Gemax
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
tmax
Tension: 90 MPa Compression: 70 MPa
Shear: 40 MPa
Allowable tensile strain: emax 220 106
d3
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE STRESS
16T
16T
16T
3
3 d t
2Gemax
d
max
16(360 N . m)
2(78 GPa)(220 10 6 )
53.423 10 6 m3
The maximum tensile, compressive, and shear
stresses in a bar in pure torsion are numerically
equal. Therefore, the lowest allowable stress
(shear stress) governs.
TENSILE STRAIN GOVERNS
tallow 40 MPa
dmin 37.7 mm
16T
d 3
213
Solid circular bar of steel
T 360 N . m
tmax
Pure Shear
d3
d 0.0377 m 37.7 mm
16(360 N . m)
16T
tallow
(40 MPa)
d3 45.837 10 6 m3
d 0.0358 m 35.8 mm
Problem 3.5-7 The normal strain in the 45° direction on the
surface of a circular tube (see figure) is 880 106 when
the torque T 750 lb-in. The tube is made of copper alloy
with G 6.2 106 psi.
If the outside diameter d2 of the tube is 0.8 in., what is
the inside diameter d1?
Solution 3.5-7
Strain gage
T = 750 lb-in.
d 2 = 0.8 in.
T
45°
Circular tube with strain gage
T
T
d1 d2
45°
d2 0.80 in.
T 750 lb-in.
G 6.2 106 psi
Strain gage at 45: emax 880 106
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN
max 2emax
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
tmax Ggmax 2Gemax
tmax
T(d22)
Td2
Td2
IP
IP
2tmax 4Gemax
IP
Td2
4
(d2 d14)
32
4Gemax
d24 d14
8Td2
8Td2
d14 d24
Gemax
Gemax
INSIDE DIAMETER
Substitute numerical values:
8(750 lb-in.)(0.80 in.)
d14 (0.8 in.) 4
(6.2 106 psi)(880 10 6 )
0.4096 in.4 0.2800 in.4 0.12956 in.4
d1 0.60 in.
214
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.5-8 An aluminum tube has inside diameter d1 50 mm, shear modulus
of elasticity G 27 GPa, and torque T 4.0 kN m. The allowable shear stress in
the aluminum is 50 MPa and the allowable normal strain is 900 106.
Determine the required outside diameter d2.
Solution 3.5-8
Aluminum tube
T
T
d1 d2
d1 50 mm
G 27 GPa
NORMAL STRAIN GOVERNS
T 4.0 kN m allow 50 MPa eallow 900 106
allow 48.60 MPa
Determine the required diameter d2.
REQUIRED DIAMETER
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
(allow)1 50 MPa
ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS BASED ON NORMAL STRAIN
g
t
emax
t 2Gemax
2 2G
(allow)2 2Geallow 2(27 GPa)(900 106)
48.6 MPa
t
(4000 N # m)(d22)
Tr
48.6 MPa
4
IP
[d (0.050 m) 4 ]
32 2
Rearrange and simplify:
d24 (419.174 10 6 )d2 6.25 10 6 0
Solve numerically:
d2 0.07927 m
d2 79.3 mm
Problem 3.5-9 A solid steel bar (G 11.8 106 psi) of
diameter d 2.0 in. is subjected to torques T 8.0 k-in.
acting in the directions shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the maximum shear, tensile, and compressive
stresses in the bar and show these stresses on sketches of
properly oriented stress elements.
(b) Determine the corresponding maximum strains (shear,
tensile, and compressive) in the bar and show these
strains on sketches of the deformed elements.
T
d = 2.0 in.
T = 8.0 k-in.
SECTION 3.5
Solution 3.5-9
Solid steel bar
d = 2.0 in.
T
215
Pure Shear
T = 8.0 k-in.
G = 11.8x106 psi
(b) MAXIMUM STRAINS
gmax
T 8.0 k-in.
G 11.8 106 psi
432 10 6 rad
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
tmax
5093 psi
tmax
G
11.8 106 psi
emax
16T 16(8000 lb-in.)
d 3
(2.0 in.) 3
gmax
216 10 6
2
et 216 10 6ec 216 10 6
5093 psi
st 5090 psisc 5090 psi
max =
4.32 × 10−6
rad
c = 5090 psi
45°
y
0
x
Tmax =
5090 psi
45°
y
x
c =
216 × 10−6
0
t = 5090 psi
t = 216 × 10−6
1
Problem 3.5-10 A solid aluminum bar (G 27 GPa) of
diameter d 40 mm is subjected to torques T 300 N m
acting in the directions shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the maximum shear, tensile, and compressive
stresses in the bar and show these stresses on sketches of
properly oriented stress elements.
(b) Determine the corresponding maximum strains (shear,
tensile, and compressive) in the bar and show these
strains on sketches of the deformed elements.
d = 40 mm
T
1
T = 300 N·m
216
CHAPTER 3
Solution 3.5-10
Torsion
Solid aluminum bar
d = 40 mm
T = 300 N · m
T
G = 27 GPa
(b) MAXIMUM STRAINS
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
gmax
16T 16(300 N m)
tmax 3
d
(0.040 m) 3
tmax 23.87 MPa
G
27 GPa
884 10 6 rad
gmax
emax
442 10 6
2
et 442 10 6ec 442 10 6
23.87 MPa
st 23.9 MPasc 23.9 MPa
t = 23.9 MPa
max =
884 × 10−6
rad
45°
y
y
=
0 x
max
23.9 MPa
x
45°
0
c =
442 × 10−6
c = 23.9 MPa
1
1
t =
442 × 10−6
Transmission of Power
Problem 3.7-1 A generator shaft in a small hydroelectric plant turns
at 120 rpm and delivers 50 hp (see figure).
120 rpm
(a) If the diameter of the shaft is d 3.0 in., what is the maximum
shear stress max in the shaft?
(b) If the shear stress is limited to 4000 psi, what is the minimum
permissible diameter dmin of the shaft?
Solution 3.7-1
n 120 rpm
d
50 hp
Generator shaft
H 50 hp
d diameter
TORQUE
H
2nT
H hpn rpmT lb-ft
33,000
T
33,000 H (33,000)(50 hp)
2n
2(120 rpm)
2188 lb-ft 26,260 lb-in.
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS max
d 3.0 in.
tmax
16T 16(26,260 lb-in.)
d 3
(3.0 in.) 3
tmax 4950 psi
(b) MINIMUM DIAMETER dmin
tallow 4000 psi
d3
16(26,260 lb-in.)
16T
334.44 in.3
tallow
(4000 psi)
dmin 3.22 in.
SECTION 3.7
Problem 3.7-2 A motor drives a shaft at 12 Hz and delivers 20 kW of
power (see figure).
12 Hz
d
(a) If the shaft has a diameter of 30 mm, what is the maximum shear
stress max in the shaft?
20 kW
(b) If the maximum allowable shear stress is 40 MPa, what is the
minimum permissible diameter dmin of the shaft?
Solution 3.7-2
f 12 Hz
Motor-driven shaft
P 20 kW 20,000 N m/s
tmax
TORQUE
P 2f T P watts
f Hz s1
T Newton meters
T
P
20,000 W
265.3 N . m
2f 2(12 Hz)
16T 16(265.3 N . m)
d 3
(0.030 m) 3
50.0 MPa
(b) MINIMUM DIAMETER dmin
allow 40 MPa
d3
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS max
16(265.3 N . m)
16T
tallow
(40 MPa)
33.78 10 6 m3
d 30 mm
dmin 0.0323 m 32.3 mm
Problem 3.7-3 The propeller shaft of a large ship has outside
diameter 18 in. and inside diameter 12 in., as shown in the figure.
The shaft is rated for a maximum shear stress of 4500 psi.
18 in.
100 rpm
(a) If the shaft is turning at 100 rpm, what is the maximum
horsepower that can be transmitted without exceeding the
allowable stress?
(b) If the rotational speed of the shaft is doubled but the power
requirements remain unchanged, what happens to the shear
stress in the shaft?
Solution 3.7-3
TORQUE
2tallow IP
T(d2 2)
T
IP
d2
2(4500 psi)(8270.2 in.4 )
18 in.
4.1351 106 lb-in.
344,590 lb-ft.
T
12 in.
18 in.
Hollow propeller shaft
d2 18 in.
d1 12 in. allow 4500 psi
IP (d24 d14) 8270.2 in.4
32
tmax
217
Transmission of Power
(a) HORSEPOWER
2 nT
33,000
T lb-ft
H hp
n 100 rpmH
n rpm
2(100 rpm)(344,590 lb-ft)
33,000
6560 hp
H
(b) ROTATIONAL SPEED IS DOUBLED
H
2nT
33,000
If n is doubled but H remains the same, then T is halved.
If T is halved, so is the maximum shear stress.
∴ Shear stress is halved
218
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.7-4 The drive shaft for a truck (outer diameter 60 mm
and inner diameter 40 mm) is running at 2500 rpm (see figure).
2500 rpm
60 mm
(a) If the shaft transmits 150 kW, what is the maximum shear
stress in the shaft?
(b) If the allowable shear stress is 30 MPa, what is the maximum
power that can be transmitted?
40 mm
60 mm
Solution 3.7-4
Drive shaft for a truck
d2 60 mm
IP
d1 40 mm
n 2500 rpm
tmax
4
(d d41 ) 1.0210 10 6 m4
32 2
Td2 (572.96 N . m)(0.060 m)
2 IP
2(1.0210 10 6 m4 )
16.835 MPa
tmax 16.8 MPa
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS max
P power (watts) P 150 kW 150,000 W
(b) MAXIMUM POWER Pmax
T torque (newton meters)
tallow 30 MPa
n rpm
2nT
60P
P
T
60
2n
60(150,000 W)
T
572.96 N . m
2(2500 rpm)
.
Pmax P
tallow
30 MPa
(150 kW) ¢
≤
tmax
16.835 MPa
267 kW
Problem 3.7-5 A hollow circular shaft for use in a pumping station is
being designed with an inside diameter equal to 0.75 times the outside
diameter. The shaft must transmit 400 hp at 400 rpm without exceeding
the allowable shear stress of 6000 psi.
Determine the minimum required outside diameter d.
Solution 3.7-5
Hollow shaft
d outside diameter
d0 inside diameter
0.75 d
H 400 hp
4
[d (0.75 d) 4 ] 0.067112 d 4
32
TORQUE
H
2nT
33,000
T
T lb-ft
33,000 H (33,000)(400 hp)
2n
2(400 rpm)
5252.1 lb-ft 63,025 lb-in.
n 400 rpm
allow 6000 psi
IP
H hp n rpm
MINIMUM OUTSIDE DIAMETER
tmax
Td
Td
Td
IP
2IP
2tmax 2tallow
0.067112 d 4
(63,025 lb-in.)(d)
2(6000 psi)
d 3 78.259 in.3dmin 4.28 in.
SECTION 3.7
219
Transmission of Power
Problem 3.7-6 A tubular shaft being designed for use on a construction
site must transmit 120 kW at 1.75 Hz. The inside diameter of the shaft is
to be one-half of the outside diameter.
If the allowable shear stress in the shaft is 45 MPa, what is the
minimum required outside diameter d?
Solution 3.7-6
Tubular shaft
d outside diameter
T newton meters
d0 inside diameter
T
0.5 d
P 120 kW 120,000 W f 1.75 Hz
MINIMUM OUTSIDE DIAMETER
allow 45 MPa
IP
tmax
4
[d (0.5 d) 4 ] 0.092039 d 4
32
P watts
Td
Td
Td
IP
2IP
2tmax 2tallow
0.092039 d4
TORQUE
P 2f T
P
120,000 W
10,913.5 N . m
2f 2(1.75 Hz)
(10,913.5 N . m)(d)
2(45 MPa)
d3 0.0013175 m3d 0.1096 m
f Hz
dmin 110 mm
Problem 3.7-7 A propeller shaft of solid circular cross section and
diameter d is spliced by a collar of the same material (see figure). The
collar is securely bonded to both parts of the shaft.
What should be the minimum outer diameter d1 of the collar in
order that the splice can transmit the same power as the solid shaft?
Solution 3.7-7
d1
SOLID SHAFT
d 3tmax
16T1
3 T1
16
d
T2
4
(d1 d 4)
32
d
T
EQUATE TORQUES
HOLLOW COLLAR
IP
d
Splice in a propeller shaft
T
tmax
d1
tmax
T2r T2 (d12)
IP
IP
2tmaxIP 2tmax
¢
≤ (d14 d 4)
d1
d1 32
tmax 4
(d1 d 4)
16 d1
For the same power, the torques must be the same.
For the same material, both parts can be stressed to
the same maximum stress.
d3tmax tmax 4
∴ T1 T2
(d1 d 4)
16
16d1
or ¢
d1 4 d1
≤
10
d
d
MINIMUM OUTER DIAMETER
Solve Eq. (1) numerically:
Min. d1 1.221 d
(Eq. 1)
220
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.7-8 What is the maximum power that can be delivered
by a hollow propeller shaft (outside diameter 50 mm, inside diameter
40 mm, and shear modulus of elasticity 80 GPa) turning at 600 rpm
if the allowable shear stress is 100 MPa and the allowable rate of twist
is 3.0°/m?
Solution 3.7-8
d2 50 mm
G 80 GPa
Hollow propeller shaft
d1 40 mm
n 600 rpm
BASED UPON ALLOWABLE RATE OF TWIST
u
tallow 100 MPauallow 3.0m
IP (d24 d14) 362.3 10 9 m4
32
T2 (80 GPa)(362.3 10 9 m4 )(3.0m)
¢
rad degree ≤
180
BASED UPON ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
tmax
T2
T2 GIPuallow
GIP
2tallow IP
T1 (d22)
T1
IP
d2
T2 1517 N . m
SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
2(100 MPa)(362.3 10 9 m4 )
T1
0.050 m
1449 N . m
Tallow T1 1449 N . m
MAXIMUM POWER
P
2nT 2(600 rpm)(1449 N . m)
60
60
P 91,047 W
Pmax 91.0 kW
Problem 3.7-9 A motor delivers 275 hp at 1000 rpm to the end of
a shaft (see figure). The gears at B and C take out 125 and 150 hp,
respectively.
Determine the required diameter d of the shaft if the allowable shear
stress is 7500 psi and the angle of twist between the motor and gear C is
limited to 1.5°. (Assume G 11.5 106 psi, L1 6 ft, and L2 4 ft.)
Motor
C
A
d
B
L1
L2
SECTION 3.7
Solution 3.7-9
Motor-driven shaft
150 hp
125 hp
275 hp
A
B
L1
L2
C
L1 6 ft
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
The larger torque occurs in segment AB
tmax
L2 4 ft
d diameter
n 1000 rpm
G 11.5 106 psi
IP
TORQUES ACTING ON THE SHAFT
2nT
H hpn rpm
33,000
T lb-ft
fAB
33,000(275 hp)
2(1000 rpm)
1444 lb-ft
17,332 lb-in.
125
At point B: TB
TA 7878 lb-in.
275
150
TA 9454 lb-in.
At point C: TC
275
At point A: TA
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
A
d 4
TL
32TL
f
32
GIP Gd 4
Segment AB:
33,000 H
2n
TA = 17,332 lb-in.
6 ft
TA 17,332 lb-in.
TC 9454 lb-in.
16(17,332 lb-in.)
11.77 in.3
(7500 psi)
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST
(fAC ) allow 1.5 0.02618 rad
T
16TAB
16TAB
3
3 d t
d
allow
d 2.27 in.
allow 7500 psi
H
Transmission of Power
TC = 9454 lb-in.
B
4 ft
TB = 7878 lb-in.
C
fAB
32 TAB LAB
Gd 4
32(17,330 lb-in.)(6 ft)(12 in.ft)
(11.5 106 psi)d 4
1.1052
d4
Segment BC:
fBC
32 TBC LBC
Gd 4
32(9450 lb-in.)(4 ft)(12 in.ft)
(11.5 106 psi)d 4
fBC
0.4018
d4
From A to C: fAC fAB fBC
(AC)
allow
0.02618 rad
∴ 0.02618
1.5070
d4
d diameter
Angle of twist governs
TB 7878 lb-in.
d 2.75 in.
INTERNAL TORQUES
TAB 17,332 lb-in.
TBC 9454 lb-in.
1.5070
d4
and
d 2.75 in.
221
222
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.7-10 The shaft ABC shown in the figure is driven by a motor
that delivers 300 kW at a rotational speed of 32 Hz. The gears at B and C
take out 120 and 180 kW, respectively. The lengths of the two parts of the
shaft are L1 1.5 m and L2 0.9 m.
Determine the required diameter d of the shaft if the allowable shear
stress is 50 MPa, the allowable angle of twist between points A and C is
4.0°, and G 75 GPa.
Solution 3.7-10
Motor-driven shaft
300 kW
A
120 kW
B
L1
180 kW
L2
C
L1 1.5 m
INTERNAL TORQUES
TAB 1492 N m
TBC 895.3 N m
L2 0.9 m
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS
d diameter
The larger torque occurs in segment AB
f 32 Hz
tmax
allow 50 MPa
16 TAB
16 TAB 16(1492 N . m)
3
3 d t
(50 MPa)
d
allow
d3 0.0001520 m3d 0.0534 m 53.4 mm
G 75 GPa
(fAC ) allow 4 0.06981 rad
DIAMETER BASED UPON ALLOWABLE ANGLE OF TWIST
TORQUES ACTING ON THE SHAFT
IP
P 2f T
P watts
f Hz
d 4
TL
32TL
f
32
GIP Gd 4
Segment AB:
T newton meters
P
T
2f
300,000 W
At point A: TA
1492 N m
2(32 Hz)
fAB
32 TAB LAB 32(1492 N . m)(1.5 m)
Gd 4
(75 GPa)d 4
fAB
0.3039 10 6
d4
Segment BC:
120
At point B: TB
T 596.8 N m
300 A
fBC
180
T 895.3 N m
300 A
32 TBC LBC 32(895.3 N . m)(0.9 m)
Gd 4
(75 GPa)d 4
fBC
0.1094 10 6
d4
At point C: TC
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
TA = 1492 N . m
A
1.5 m
TA 1492 N m
TB 596.8 N m
TC 895.3 N m
d diameter
TC = 895.3 N . m
B
0.9 m
TB = 596.8 N . m
C
From A to C: fAC fAB fBC
(AC)allow 0.06981 rad
0.4133 10 6
d4
and d 0.04933 m
49.3 mm
∴ 0.06981
SHEAR STRESS GOVERNS
d 53.4 mm
0.4133 10 6
d4
SECTION 3.8
223
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
Problem 3.8-1 A solid circular bar ABCD with fixed supports is acted
upon by torques T0 and 2T0 at the locations shown in the figure.
Obtain a formula for the maximum angle of twist max of the bar.
(Hint: Use Eqs. 3-46a and b of Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive
torques.)
TA
A
T0
2T0
B
C
3L
—
10
D
3L
—
10
TD
4L
—
10
L
Solution 3.8-1
TA
Circular bar with fixed ends
ANGLE OF TWIST AT SECTION B
T0
A
B
TB
TA
LA
A
T0
2T0
B
C
TD
D
LB
3L
—
10
L
3L
—
10
4L
—
10
From Eqs. (3-46a and b):
T0LB
TA
L
TB
T0LA
L
fB fAB
9T0L
TA (3L10)
GIP
20GIP
ANGLE OF TWIST AT SECTION C
fC fCD
APPLY THE ABOVE FORMULAS TO THE GIVEN BAR:
TA T0 ¢
TD T0 ¢
15T0
7
4
≤ 2T0 ¢ ≤
10
10
10
15T0
3
6
≤ 2T0 ¢ ≤
10
10
10
TD (4L10) 3T0L
GIP
5GIP
MAXIMUM ANGLE OF TWIST
fmax fC
Problem 3.8-2 A solid circular bar ABCD with fixed supports at
ends A and D is acted upon by two equal and oppositely directed
torques T0, as shown in the figure. The torques are applied at points
B and C, each of which is located at distance x from one end of the
bar. (The distance x may vary from zero to L/2.)
(a) For what distance x will the angle of twist at points B and C
be a maximum?
(b) What is the corresponding angle of twist max?
(Hint: Use Eqs. 3-46a and b of Example 3-9 to obtain the
reactive torques.)
TA
3T0 L
5GIP
A
T0
T0
B
C
D
x
x
L
TD
224
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Solution 3.8-2
Circular bar with fixed ends
T0
TA
(a) ANGLE OF TWIST AT SECTIONS B AND C
A
TD
B
fB fAB
LA
LB
T0
dfB
(L 4x)
dx
GIPL
dfB
0; L 4x 0
dx
L
orx
4
L
From Eqs. (3-46a and b):
TA
T0 LB
L
TB
T0 LA
L
(b) MAXIMUM ANGLE OF TWIST
fmax (fB ) max (fB ) x L4
APPLY THE ABOVE FORMULAS TO THE GIVEN BAR:
TA
T0
TAx
(L 2x)(x)
GIP GIPL
A
T0
T0
B
C
D
T0L
8GIP
TD
x
x
L
TA
T0 (L x) T0 x T0
(L 2x)
L
L
L
TD TA
Disk
Problem 3.8-3 A solid circular shaft AB of diameter d is fixed against rotation at
both ends (see figure). A circular disk is attached to the shaft at the location shown.
What is the largest permissible angle of rotation max of the disk if the allowable
shear stress in the shaft is allow? (Assume that a b. Also, use Eqs. 3-46a and b of
Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive torques.)
Solution 3.8-3
TA
A
A
d
B
a
Shaft fixed at both ends
To
d
Disk
B
TB
Since a b, the larger torque (and hence the larger
stress) is in the right hand segment.
tmax
a
b
T0
L ab
TB (d2) T0 ad
IP
2LIP
2LIPtmax
ad
(T0 ) max
2LIPtallow
ad
ab
Assume that a torque T0 acts at the disk.
The reactive torques can be obtained from
Eqs. (3-46a and b):
TA
T0b
L
b
TB
T0a
L
ANGLE OF ROTATION OF THE DISK (FROM Eq. 3-49)
f
T0ab
GLIP
fmax
(T0 ) maxab 2btallow
GLIP
Gd
SECTION 3.8
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
Problem 3.8-4 A hollow steel shaft ACB of outside diameter 50 mm
and inside diameter 40 mm is held against rotation at ends A and B
(see figure). Horizontal forces P are applied at the ends of a vertical
arm that is welded to the shaft at point C.
Determine the allowable value of the forces P if the maximum
permissible shear stress in the shaft is 45 MPa. (Hint: Use Eqs. 3-46a
and b of Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive torques.)
225
200 mm
A
P
200 mm
C
B
P
600 mm
400 mm
Solution 3.8-4
Hollow shaft with fixed ends
GENERAL FORMULAS:
From Eqs. (3-46a and b):
TA
A
TO
B
LA
TB
TA
T0 LB
L
TB
T0 LA
L
LB
L
APPLY THE ABOVE FORMULAS TO THE GIVEN SHAFT
TA
The larger torque, and hence the larger shear
stress, occurs in part CB of the shaft.
A
TO
‹ Tmax TB 0.24 P
C
B
T0 P(400 mm)
400 mm
LB 400 mm
LA 600 mm
L LA LB 1000 mm
d1 40 mm
allow 45 MPa
T0 LB P(0.4 m)(400 mm)
TA
0.16 P
L
1000 mm
TB
T0 LA P(0.4 m)(600 mm)
0.24 P
L
1000 mm
UNITS: P Newtons
SHEAR STRESS IN PART CB
tmax
600 mm
d2 50 mm
TB
T Newton meters
Tmax (d2)
2tmaxIP
Tmax
IP
d
(Eq. 1)
UNITS: Newtons and meters
max 45 106N/m2
IP (d24 d14) 362.26 10 9m4
32
d d2 0.05 mm
Substitute numerical values into (Eq. 1):
2(45 106 Nm2 )(362.26 10 9m4 )
0.05 m
.
652.07 N m
652.07 N . m
P
2717 N
0.24 m
0.24P
Pallow 2710 N
226
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.8-5 A stepped shaft ACB having solid circular cross
sections with two different diameters is held against rotation at
the ends (see figure).
If the allowable shear stress in the shaft is 6000 psi, what is
the maximum torque (T0)max that may be applied at section C?
(Hint: Use Eqs. 3-45a and b of Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive
torques.)
Solution 3.8-5
1.50 in.
0.75 in.
C
A
B
T0
6.0 in.
15.0 in.
Stepped shaft ACB
dB
dA
TA
C
A
B
TB
T0
LA
LB
dA 0.75 in.
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
CB
dB 1.50 in.
IN SEGMENT
LA 6.0 in.
tCB
LB 15.0 in.
TB
allow 6000 psi
Find (T0)max
LBIPA
≤
LBIPA LAIPB
(1)
LAIPB
TB T0 ¢
≤
LBIPA LAIPB
(2)
LAIPB
1
d 3t
¢1
≤
16 A allow
LBIPA
LAdB4
1
dA3tallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LBdA4
Substitute numerical values:
(T0)AC 3678 lb-in.
LBIPA
1
dB3 tallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LAIPB
LBdA4
1
d3Btallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LAdB4
(6)
Substitute numerical values:
(T0 ) max 3680 lb-in.
NOTE: From Eqs. (4) and (6) we find that
(3)
Combine Eqs. (1) and (3) and solve for T0:
(T0 ) AC
(T0 ) CB
SEGMENT AC GOVERNS
16TA
tAC
d
1
1
dA3 tAC
d3 t
16
16 A allow
(5)
(T0)CB 4597 lb-in.
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
IN SEGMENT AC
TA
1
1
dB3tCB
d3 t
16
16 B allow
Combine Eqs. (2) and (5) and solve for T0:
REACTIVE TORQUES (from Eqs. 3-45a and b)
TA T0 ¢
16TB
dB3
(T0 ) AC
LA dB
¢ ≤¢ ≤
(T0 ) CB
LB dA
which can be used as a partial check on the results.
(4)
SECTION 3.8
Problem 3.8-6 A stepped shaft ACB having solid circular cross
sections with two different diameters is held against rotation at
the ends (see figure).
If the allowable shear stress in the shaft is 43 MPa, what is the
maximum torque (T0)max that may be applied at section C?
(Hint: Use Eqs. 3-45a and b of Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive
torques.)
Solution 3.8-6
227
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
20 mm
25 mm
B
C
A
T0
225 mm
450 mm
Stepped shaft ACB
dB
dA
TA
C
A
B
TB
T0
LA
LB
dA 20 mm
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
CB
dB 25 mm
IN SEGMENT
LA 225 mm
tCB
LB 450 mm
16TB
dB3
1
1
d 3t
d 3t
16 B CB 16 B allow
allow 43 MPa
TB
Find (T0)max
Combine Eqs. (2) and (5) and solve for T0:
REACTIVE TORQUES (from Eqs. 3-45a and b)
(T0 ) CB
LBIPA
≤
LBIPA LAIPB
(1)
LAIPB
TB T0 ¢
≤
LBIPA LAIPB
(2)
TA T0 ¢
Substitute numerical values:
(T ) 150.0 N . m
0 AC
Substitute numerical values:
(T ) 240.0 N . m
NOTE: From Eqs. (4) and (6) we find that
(3)
(T0 ) AC
LA dB
¢ ≤¢ ≤
(T0 ) CB
LB dA
which can be used as a partial check on the results.
LAIPB
1
d3Atallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LBIPA
LAdB4
1
dA3tallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LBdA4
(6)
(T0 ) max 150 N . m
Combine Eqs. (1) and (3) and solve for T0:
(T0 ) AC
LBdA4
1
d3Btallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LAdB4
SEGMENT AC GOVERNS
16TA
tAC
dA3
1
1
dA3tAC
d3 t
16
16 A allow
LBIPA
1
dB3tallow ¢ 1
≤
16
LAIPB
0 CB
ALLOWABLE TORQUE BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
IN SEGMENT AC
TA
(5)
(4)
228
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.8-7 A stepped shaft ACB is held against rotation at ends
A and B and subjected to a torque T0 acting at section C (see figure).
The two segments of the shaft (AC and CB) have diameters dA and dB,
respectively, and polar moments of inertia IPA and IPB, respectively.
The shaft has length L and segment AC has length a.
dA
A
C
IPB
B
T0
(a) For what ratio a/L will the maximum shear stresses be the same
in both segments of the shaft?
(b) For what ratio a/L will the internal torques be the same in
both segments of the shaft? (Hint: Use Eqs. 3-45a and b of
Example 3-9 to obtain the reactive torques.)
Solution 3.8-7
dB
IPA
a
L
Stepped shaft
dB
dA
TA
B
C
A
TB
T0
a
L
SEGMENT AC: dA, IPA
LA a
SEGMENT CB: dB, IPB
LB L a
LBIPA dA LAIPB dB
orLB dA LA dB
IPA
IPB
or
REACTIVE TORQUES (from Eqs. 3-45a and b)
LBIPA
LAIPB
TA T0 ¢
≤; TB T0 ¢
≤
LBIPA LAIPB
LBIPA LAIPB
(La)dA adB
dA
a
Solve for a L:
L dA dB
(b) EQUAL TORQUES
(a) EQUAL SHEAR STRESSES
TA TB or
TA (dA2)
TB (dB 2)
tAC
tCB
IPA
IPB
or
TAdA TB dB
tAC tCBor
IPA
IPB
(Eq. 1)
Substitute TA and TB into Eq. (1):
Problem 3.8-8 A circular bar AB of length L is fixed against
rotation at the ends and loaded by a distributed torque t(x) that
varies linearly in intensity from zero at end A to t0 at end B
(see figure).
Obtain formulas for the fixed-end torques TA and TB.
LB IPA LAIPB
(L a) IPA aIPB
IPA
a
Solve for a L:
L IPA IPB
dA4
a
4
L dA dB4
or
t0
t(x)
TA
TB
A
B
x
L
SECTION 3.8
Solution 3.8-8
229
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
Fixed-end bar with triangular load
t0
ELEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED LOAD
t(x)
TA
TB
A
t(x)dx
dTA
dTB
B
B
x
x
dx
dx
L
t0 x
L
T0 Resultant of distributed torque
t(x)
T0
L
t(x)dx
0
0
L
t0 x
t0 L
dx
L
2
dTA Elemental reactive torque
dTB Elemental reactive torque
From Eqs. (3-46a and b):
dTA t(x)dx ¢
Lx
x
≤dTB t(x)dx ¢ ≤
L
L
EQUILIBRIUM
TA TB T0
t0 L
2
REACTIVE TORQUES (FIXED-END TORQUES)
TA
TB
dTA
dTB
L
L
0
t0 L
Lx
≤ dx
L
6
x
L
t0 L
x
dx
L
3
¢ t0 ≤ ¢ ≤
0
NOTE: TA TB
Problem 3.8-9 A circular bar AB with ends fixed against rotation has
a hole extending for half of its length (see figure). The outer diameter
of the bar is d2 3.0 in. and the diameter of the hole is d1 2.4 in.
The total length of the bar is L 50 in.
At what distance x from the left-hand end of the bar should a torque
T0 be applied so that the reactive torques at the supports will be equal?
x
L
¢ t0 ≤ ¢
t0 L
2
25 in.
A
25 in.
T0
3.0 in.
B
x
2.4
in.
3.0
in.
230
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Solution 3.8-9
Bar with a hole
L/2
d2
A
TA
L/2
T0
B
TB
x
L 50 in.
Substitute Eq. (1) into Eq. (2) and simplify:
L/2 25 in.
fB
d2 outer diameter
3.0 in.
COMPATIBILITY B 0
d1 diameter of hole
∴
2.4 in.
T0 Torque applied at distance x
x
EQUILIBRIUM
∴ TA TB
T0
2
(1)
REMOVE THE SUPPORT AT END B
x
TB
T0
x
IPB
B Angle of twist at B
IPA Polar moment of inertia at left-hand end
IPB Polar moment of inertia at right-hand end
TB (L2) TB (L2) T0 (x L2)
GIPB
GIPA
GIPB
T0 (L2)
GIPA
d1 4
L
B2 ¢ ≤ R
4
d2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
IPA
fB
IPB
L
¢3
≤
4
IPA
IPB d24 d14
d1 4
1¢ ≤
4
IPA
d2
d2
L/2
x
x
3L
L
IPB 4IPB 4IPA
SOLVE FOR x:
Find x so that TA TB
TA TB T0
T0
L
L
x
L
L
B
R
G 4IPB 4IPA IPB 2IPB 2IPA
(2)
50 in.
2.4 in. 4
B2 ¢
≤ R 30.12 in.
4
3.0 in.
SECTION 3.8
Problem 3.8-10 A solid steel bar of diameter d1 25.0 mm is
enclosed by a steel tube of outer diameter d3 37.5 mm and inner
diameter d2 30.0 mm (see figure). Both bar and tube are held
rigidly by a support at end A and joined securely to a rigid plate
at end B. The composite bar, which has a length L 550 mm,
is twisted by a torque T 400 N m acting on the end plate.
Tube
A
B
T
Bar
(a) Determine the maximum shear stresses 1 and 2 in the bar and
tube, respectively.
(b) Determine the angle of rotation (in degrees) of the end plate,
assuming that the shear modulus of the steel is G 80 GPa.
(c) Determine the torsional stiffness kT of the composite bar.
(Hint: Use Eqs. 3-44a and b to find the torques in the bar and tube.)
End
plate
L
d1
d2
d3
Solution 3.8-10
Bar enclosed in a tube
Tube (2)
A
B
T = 400 N . m
Bar (1)
End
plate
d1
IP2
≤ 299.7217 N # m
IP1 IP2
T1 (d12)
32.7 MPa
IP1
Tube: t2
d3 37.5 mm
G 80 GPa
POLAR MOMENTS OF INERTIA
Bar: IP1
Tube: T2 T ¢
Bar: t1
d3
d2 30.0 mm
IP1
≤ 100.2783 N # m
IP1 IP2
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
d2
d1 25.0 mm
TORQUES IN THE BAR (1) AND TUBE (2)
FROM EQS. (3-44A AND B)
Bar: T1 T ¢
L = 550 mm
4
d 38.3495 10 9 m4
32 1
4
Tube: IP2
¢ d d24≤ 114.6229 10 9 m4
32 3
231
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
T2 (d3 2)
49.0 MPa
IP2
(b) ANGLE OF ROTATION OF END PLATE
f
T1L
T2L
0.017977 rad
GIP1 GIP2
f 1.03
(c) TORSIONAL STIFFNESS
kT
T
22.3 kN # m
f
232
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.8-11 A solid steel bar of diameter d1 1.50 in. is enclosed
by a steel tube of outer diameter d3 2.25 in. and inner diameter
d2 1.75 in. (see figure). Both bar and tube are held rigidly by a support
at end A and joined securely to a rigid plate at end B. The composite bar,
which has length L 30.0 in., is twisted by a torque T 5000 lb-in.
acting on the end plate.
(a) Determine the maximum shear stresses 1 and 2 in the bar and
tube, respectively.
(b) Determine the angle of rotation (in degrees) of the end plate,
assuming that the shear modulus of the steel is G 11.6 106 psi.
(c) Determine the torsional stiffness kT of the composite bar. (Hint:
Use Eqs. 3-44a and b to find the torques in the bar and tube.)
Solution 3.8-11
Bar enclosed in a tube
Tube (2)
A
TORQUES IN THE BAR (1) AND TUBE (2)
FROM EQS. (3-44A AND B)
B
T = 5000 lb-in.
Bar (1)
Bar: T1 T ¢
End
plate
L = 30.0 in.
d1
d3
d2 1.75 in.
Tube: T2 T ¢
d3 2.25 in.
(b) ANGLE OF ROTATION OF END PLATE
T1L
T2L
0.00618015 rad
GIP1 GIP2
G 11.6 106 psi
f
POLAR MOMENTS OF INERTIA
f 0.354
Bar: IP1
IP2
≤ 3812.32 lb-in.
IP1 IP2
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
T1 (d12)
Bar: t1
1790 psi
IP1
T2 (d3 2)
Tube: t2
2690 psi
IP2
d2
d1 1.50 in.
IP1
≤ 1187.68 lb-in.
IP1 IP2
4
d 0.497010 in.4
32 1
4
4
Tube: IP2
¢ d d2 ≤ 1.595340 in.4
32 3
(c) TORSIONAL STIFFNESS
kT
T
809 k-in.
f
SECTION 3.8
Problem 3.8-12 The composite shaft shown in the figure is
manufactured by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core so that
the two parts act as a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters
of the two parts are d1 40 mm for the brass core and d2 50 mm for
the steel sleeve. The shear moduli of elasticity are Gb 36 GPa for the
brass and Gs 80 GPa for the steel.
Assuming that the allowable shear stresses in the brass and steel are
b 48 MPa and s 80 MPa, respectively, determine the maximum
permissible torque Tmax that may be applied to the shaft. (Hint: Use
Eqs. 3-44a and b to find the torques.)
Solution 3.8-12
T
d1 d2
Total torque: T TB TS
GBIPB
≤
GBIPB GS IPS
0.237918 T
Brass core
B
Eq. (3-44a): TB T ¢
d1 40 mm
d2 50 mm
GSIPS
≤
GS IPB GS IPS
0.762082 T
Eq. (3-44b): TS T ¢
GS 80 GPa
Allowable stresses:
B 48 MPa
Steel sleeve
Brass core
TORQUES
d1 d2
GB 36 GPa
T
Composite shaft shrink fit
Steel sleeve
S
T TB TS
S 80 MPa
(CHECK)
ALLOWABLE TORQUE T BASED UPON BRASS CORE
BRASS CORE (ONLY)
tB
TB
TB (d12)
2tBIPB
TB
IPB
d1
Substitute numerical values:
TB 0.237918 T
TB
2(48 MPa)(251.327 10 9 m4 )
40 mm
4
d 251.327 10 9 m4
32 1
GBIPB 9047.79 N # m2
ALLOWABLE TORQUE T BASED UPON STEEL SLEEVE
STEEL SLEEVE (ONLY)
tS
IPB
T 2535 N m
TS
TS (d22)
2tS IPS
TS
IPS
d2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
TS 0.762082 T
TS
IPS
4
(d d14) 362.265 10 9 m4
32 2
GSIPS 28,981.2 N # m
2
233
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
2(80 MPa)(362.265 10 9 m4 )
50 mm
T 1521 N m
STEEL SLEEVE GOVERNS
Tmax 1520 N # m
234
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.8-13 The composite shaft shown in the figure is manufactured
by shrink-fitting a steel sleeve over a brass core so that the two parts act as
a single solid bar in torsion. The outer diameters of the two parts are
d1 1.6 in. for the brass core and d2 2.0 in. for the steel sleeve. The shear
moduli of elasticity are Gb 5400 ksi for the brass and Gs 12,000 ksi
for the steel.
Assuming that the allowable shear stresses in the brass and steel are
b 4500 psi and s 7500 psi, respectively, determine the maximum permissible torque Tmax that may be applied to the shaft. (Hint: Use Eqs. 3-44a
and b to find the torques.)
Solution 3.8-13
Composite shaft shrink fit
TORQUES
Steel sleeve
S
Total torque: T TB TS
d1 d2
Eq. (3-44a): TB T ¢
Brass core
B
0.237918 T
d1 1.6 in.
Eq. (3-44b): TS T ¢
d2 2.0 in.
GB 5,400 psi
GS 12,000 psi
GS IPS
≤
GB IPB GS IPS
0.762082 T
Allowable stresses:
B 4500 psi
GB IPB
≤
GB IPB GS IPS
T TB TS (CHECK)
S 7500 psi
ALLOWABLE TORQUE T BASED UPON BRASS CORE
BRASS CORE (ONLY)
tB
TB
TB (d12)
IPB
TB
2tB IPB
d1
Substitute numerical values:
TB 0.237918 T
TB
IPB
4
d 0.643398 in.4
32 1
2(4500 psi)(0.643398 in.4 )
1.6 in.
T 15.21 k-in.
GBIPB 3.47435 106 lb-in.2
ALLOWABLE TORQUE T BASED UPON STEEL SLEEVE
STEEL SLEEVE (ONLY)
tS
TS
TS (d22)
IPS
TS
2tS IPS
d2
Substitute numerical values:
TS
IPS (d24 d14) 0.927398 in.4
32
GSIPS 11.1288 106 lb-in.2
TS 0.762082 T
2(7500 psi)(0.927398 in.4 )
2.0 in.
T 9.13 k-in.
STEEL SLEEVE GOVERNS
Tmax 9.13 k-in.
SECTION 3.8
Problem 3.8-14 A steel shaft (Gs 80 GPa) of total
length L 4.0 m is encased for one-half of its length by a
brass sleeve (Gb 40 GPa) that is securely bonded to the
steel (see figure). The outer diameters of the shaft and
sleeve are d1 70 mm and d2 90 mm, respectively.
Brass
sleeve
d2 = 90 mm
Steel
shaft
d1 = 70 mm
T
T
A
B
C
Brass
sleeve
Composite shaft
d2 = 90 mm
Steel
shaft
d1 = 70 mm
T
T
A
B
C
L
= 2.0 m
2
L
= 2.0 m
2
GSIPS 188.574 103 N m2
PROPERTIES OF THE BRASS SLEEVE (b)
d2 90 mm
d1 70 mm
Gb 40 GPa
Allowable shear stress: b 70 MPa
4
(d d14) 4.0841 10 6 m4
32 2
TORQUES IN THE COMPOSITE BAR AB
TS Torque in the steel shaft AB
Tb Torque in the brass sleeve AB
GS IPS
≤
GSIPS Gb IPb
TS T (0.53582)
Tb T TS T (0.46418)
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
ANGLE OF TWIST OF THE COMPOSITE BAR AB
fAB
TS (L2) Tb (L2)
GS IPS
Gb IPb
(5.6828 10 6 )T
UNITS: T N m
rad
(Eqs. 3 and 4)
(b) ALLOWABLE TORQUE T2 BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
IN THE BRASS SLEEVE
tb
T(d2 2)
tb 70 MPa
Ipb
Tb 0.46418 T (From Eq. 2)
(0.46418T )(0.045 m)
70 MPa
4.0841 10 6 m4
Solve for T (Equal to T2 ): T2 13.69 kN . m
GbIPB 163.363 103 N m2
From Eq. (3-44a): TS T ¢
ANGLE OF TWIST OF THE ENTIRE SHAFT ABC
(a) ALLOWABLE TORQUE T1 BASED UPON ANGLE OF TWIST
fallow 8.0 0.13963 rad
f (16.2887 10 6 ) T 0.13963 rad
T1 8.57 kN . m
4
IPS
d 2.3572 10 6 m4
32 1
IPB
ANGLE OF TWIST OF PART BC OF THE STEEL SHAFT
T(L2)
fBC
(10.6059 10 6 )T
(Eq. 4)
GS IPS
AB BC
(16.2887 106) T
UNITS: rad
TNm
PROPERTIES OF THE STEEL SHAFT (s)
d1 70 mm
GS 80 GPa
Allowable shear stress: S 110 MPa
(Eq. 3)
235
(a) Determine the allowable torque T1 that may be applied
to the ends of the shaft if the angle of twist between
the ends is limited to 8.0°.
(b) Determine the allowable torque T2 if the shear stress
in the brass is limited to b 70 MPa.
(c) Determine the allowable torque T3 if the shear stress
in the steel is limited to s 110 MPa.
(d) What is the maximum allowable torque Tmax if all
three of the preceding conditions must be satisfied?
L
= 2.0 m
2
L
= 2.0 m
2
Solution 3.8-14
Statically Indeterminate Torsional Members
(c) ALLOWABLE TORQUE T3 BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS IN
THE STEEL SHAFT BC
T(d22)
tS
tS 110 MPa
IPS
T(0.035 m)
2.3572 10 6 m4
Solve for T (Equal to T3 ):
T3 7.41 kN . m
110 MPa
(d) MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TORQUE
Shear stress in steel governs
Tmax 7.41 kN . m
236
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Strain Energy in Torsion
Problem 3.9-1 A solid circular bar of steel (G 11.4 106 psi)
with length L 30 in. and diameter d 1.75 in. is subjected to
pure torsion by torques T acting at the ends (see figure).
d
T
(a) Calculate the amount of strain energy U stored in the bar
when the maximum shear stress is 4500 psi.
(b) From the strain energy, calculate the angle of twist
(in degrees).
Solution 3.9-1
L
Steel bar
(a) STRAIN ENERGY
d
T
T
T
U
d 3tmax 2 L
T 2L
32
¢
≤ ¢
≤¢
≤
2GIP
16
2G d 4
L
d 2Lt2max
16G
G 11.4 106 psi
Substitute numerical values:
L 30 in.
U 32.0 in.-lb
d 1.75 in.
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
max 4500 psi
d 3tmax
16 T
tmax
3 T
16
d
d 4
IP
32
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 1)
U
Tf
2U
f
2
T
Substitute for T and U from Eqs. (1) and (2):
f
2Ltmax
Gd
Substitute numerical values:
f 0.013534
rad 0.775
Problem 3.9-2 A solid circular bar of copper (G 45 GPa) with length
L 0.75 m and diameter d 40 mm is subjected to pure torsion by
torques T acting at the ends (see figure).
(a) Calculate the amount of strain energy U stored in the bar when the
maximum shear stress is 32 MPa.
(b) From the strain energy, calculate the angle of twist (in degrees)
(Eq. 3)
SECTION 3.9
Solution 3.9-2
T
(a) STRAIN ENERGY
U
L
G 45 GPa
L 0.75 m
d2Lt2max
16G
(Eq. 2)
U 5.36 J
max 32 MPa
IP
d 3tmax 2 L
T 2L
32
¢
≤ ¢
≤¢
≤
2GIP
16
2G d 4
Substitute numerical values:
d 40 mm
tmax
237
Copper bar
d
T
Strain Energy in Torsion
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
d 3tmax
16T
T
16
d 3
(Eq. 1)
d 4
32
U
Tf
2U
f
2
T
Substitute for T and U from Eqs. (1) and (2):
f
2Ltmax
Gd
(Eq. 3)
Substitute numerical values:
f 0.026667 rad 1.53
d2
Problem 3.9-3 A stepped shaft of solid circular cross sections
T
(see figure) has length L 45 in., diameter d2 1.2 in., and
6
diameter d1 1.0 in. The material is brass with G 5.6 10 psi.
Determine the strain energy U of the shaft if the angle of twist
is 3.0°.
Solution 3.9-3
d1
T
L
—
2
L
—
2
Stepped shaft
d2
d1
T
STRAIN ENERGY
T
L
—
2
d1 1.0 in.
d2 1.2 in.
L
—
2
16 T 2(L2) 16 T 2(L2)
T 2L
U a
2GIP
Gd24
Gd14
8T 2L 1
1
¢ ≤
G d24 d14
Also, U
Tf
2
(Eq. 1)
(Eq. 2)
L 45 in.
Equate U from Eqs. (1) and (2) and solve for T:
G 5.6 106 psi (brass)
T
Gd14 d24 f
16L(d14 d24)
U
Tf Gf2 d14 d24
¢
≤f radians
2
32L d14 d24
3.0 0.0523599 rad
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
U 22.6 in.-lb
238
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.9-4 A stepped shaft of solid circular cross sections (see figure)
has length L 0.80 m, diameter d2 40 mm, and diameter d1 30 mm.
The material is steel with G 80 GPa.
Determine the strain energy U of the shaft if the angle of twist is 1.0°.
Soluton 3.9-4
Stepped shaft
d2
Equate U from Eqs. (1) and (2) and solve for T:
d1
T
T
L
—
2
L
—
2
d1 30 mm
L 0.80 m
d2 40 mm
T
G d14 d24 f
16L(d14 d24)
U
Tf Gf2 d14 d24
¢
≤f radians
2
32L d14 d24
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
U 1.84 J
G 80 GPa (steel)
1.0 0.0174533 rad
STRAIN ENERGY
16T 2(L2) 16T 2(L2)
T 2L
U a
2GIP
Gd24
Gd14
8T 2L 1
1
¢ 4 4≤
G d2 d1
Also, U
(Eq. 1)
Tf
2
(Eq. 2)
Problem 3.9-5 A cantilever bar of circular cross section and length L is
fixed at one end and free at the other (see figure). The bar is loaded by a
torque T at the free end and by a distributed torque of constant intensity
t per unit distance along the length of the bar.
(a) What is the strain energy U1 of the bar when the load T acts alone?
(b) What is the strain energy U2 when the load t acts alone?
(c) What is the strain energy U3 when both loads act simultaneously?
Solution 3.9-5
Cantilever bar with distributed torque
G shear modulus
t
IP polar moment of inertia
T torque acting at free end
L
T
t torque per unit distance
t
L
T
SECTION 3.9
(c) BOTH LOADS ACT SIMULTANEOUSLY
(a) LOAD T ACTS ALONE (Eq. 3-51a)
T 2L
2GIP
t
(b) LOAD t ACTS ALONE
dx
U1
T
x
At distance x from the free end:
From Eq. (3-56) of Example 3-11:
U2
239
Strain Energy in Torsion
T(x) T tx
t 2L3
6GIP
U3
0
L
[T(x) ] 2
1
dx
2GIP
2GIP
L
(T tx) dx
2
0
T 2L
TtL2
t 2L3
2GIP 2GIP 6GIP
NOTE: U3 is not the sum of U1 and U2.
2T0
Problem 3.9-6 Obtain a formula for the strain energy U of the statically
indeterminate circular bar shown in the figure. The bar has fixed supports
at ends A and B and is loaded by torques 2T0 and T0 at points C and D,
respectively.
Hint: Use Eqs. 3-46a and b of Example 3-9, Section 3.8, to obtain the
reactive torques.
Solution 3.9-6
L
—
4
L
—
2
L
—
4
TB
L
—
4
n
Ti2Li
U a
i1 2Gi IPi
L
≤
7T0
4
L
4
T0 ¢
TB 3T0 TA
5T0
4
INTERNAL TORQUES
7T0
4
L
—
2
D
From Eq. (3-46a):
TAC
L
—
4
D
STRAIN ENERGY (from Eq. 3-53)
REACTIVE TORQUES
L
C
B
C
TA
B
T0
A
TA
3L
≤
4
A
Statically indeterminate bar
2T0
(2T0 ) ¢
T0
TCD
T0
4
TDB
5T0
4
U
1
L
2 L
2 L
B T 2 ¢ ≤ TCD
¢ ≤ TDB¢ ≤ R
2GIp AC 4
2
4
7T0 2 L
T0 2 L
5T0 2 L
1
B ¢
≤ ¢ ≤¢ ≤ ¢ ≤¢
≤ ¢ ≤R
2GIP
4
4
4
2
4
4
19T02L
32GIP
240
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.9-7 A statically indeterminate stepped shaft ACB is fixed at
ends A and B and loaded by a torque T0 at point C (see figure). The two
segments of the bar are made of the same material, have lengths LA and LB,
and have polar moments of inertia IPA and IPB.
Determine the angle of rotation of the cross section at C by using
strain energy.
Hint: Use Eq. 3-51b to determine the strain energy U in terms of the
angle . Then equate the strain energy to the work done by the torque T0.
Compare your result with Eq. 3-48 of Example 3-9, Section 3.8.
Solution 3.9-7
A
A
IPA
T0
C
IPB
LA
LB
Statically indeterminate bar
IPA
C
LA
T0
IPB
WORK DONE BY THE TORQUE T0
B
W
T0f
2
LB
EQUATE U AND W AND SOLVE FOR
T0f
Gf2 IPA IPB
¢
≤
2 LA
LB
2
STRAIN ENERGY (FROM EQ. 3-51B)
n
GIPif2i GIPAf2 GIPBf2
U a
2LA
2LB
i1 2Li
f
Gf2 IPA IPB
¢
≤
2 LA
LB
T0LALB
G(LBIPA LAIPB )
(This result agrees with Eq. (3-48) of Example 3-9,
Section 3.8.)
Problem 3.9-8 Derive a formula for the strain energy U of the cantilever
bar shown in the figure.
The bar has circular cross sections and length L. It is subjected
to a distributed torque of intensity t per unit distance. The intensity
varies linearly from t 0 at the free end to a maximum value t t 0
at the support.
t0
t
L
B
SECTION 3.9
Solution 3.9-8
Strain Energy in Torsion
Cantilever bar with distributed torque
t0
dx
t(x) = t0
x
L
x
x distance from right-hand end of the bar
d
L
STRAIN ENERGY OF ELEMENT dx
ELEMENT d
Consider a differential element d at distance from
the right-hand end.
dU
t0 2 4
[T(x) ] 2dx
1
¢
≤ x dx
2GIP
2GIP 2L
dT
STRAIN ENERGY OF ENTIRE BAR
d
U
L
dU
0
dT external torque acting on this element
j
t0 ¢ ≤ dj
L
U
ELEMENT dx AT DISTANCE x
T(x)
T(x)
dx
T(x) internal torque acting on this element
T(x) total torque from x 0 to x x
x
dT
0
t0x2
2L
x
t
0¢
0
j
≤ dj
L
t 02
8L2GIP
L
x dx
4
0
t02
L5
2
¢ ≤
8L GIP 5
dT t()d
T(x)
t02
x4 dx
8L GIP
2
t 20L3
40GIP
241
242
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.9-9 A thin-walled hollow tube AB of conical shape has
constant thickness t and average diameters dA and dB at the ends
(see figure).
B
A
T
T
(a) Determine the strain energy U of the tube when it is subjected
to pure torsion by torques T.
(b) Determine the angle of twist of the tube.
L
t
t
Note: Use the approximate formula IP d 3t/4 for a thin circular
ring; see Case 22 of Appendix D.
dB
dA
Solution 3.9-9
Thin-walled, hollow tube
B
A
T
x
Therefore,
T
d(x)
dx
L
0
L
dx
3
dB dA
B dA ¢
≤ xR
L
L
t thickness
dA average diameter at end A
dB average diameter at end B
d(x) average diameter at distance x from end A
d(x) dA ¢
dB dA
≤x
L
IP (x)
d t
4
Work of the torque T: W
2GI (x)
2
T dx
2T2
Gt
0
L
dx
3
dB dA x
≤
R
B dA ¢
L
From Appendix C:
(a bx)
dx
3
Tf
2
Tf T 2L(dA dB )
W U
2
Gt dA2dB2
P
0
2T 2 L(dA dB ) T 2L dA dB
¢
≤
Gt
Gt dA2 dB2
2dA2dB2
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST
(a) STRAIN ENERGY (FROM EQ. 3-54)
U
L(dA dB )
2dA2 dB2
U
3
dB dA
[d(x) ] 3t t
B dA ¢
≤ xR
4
4
L
L
2(dB dA )
Substitute this expression for the integral into the
equation for U (Eq. 1):
3
IP
4
2
dB dA
B dA ¢
≤x R
L
L
0
L
L
2(dB dA )(dB ) 2 2(dB dA )(dA ) 2
POLAR MOMENT OF INERTIA
1
1
2b(a bx) 2
(Eq. 1)
Solve for :
f
2TL(dA dB )
Gt dA2dB2
SECTION 3.9
Problem 3.9-10 A hollow circular tube A fits over the end of
a solid circular bar B, as shown in the figure. The far ends of both
bars are fixed. Initially, a hole through bar B makes an angle with
a line through two holes in tube A. Then bar B is twisted until the
holes are aligned, and a pin is placed through the holes.
When bar B is released and the system returns to equilibrium,
what is the total strain energy U of the two bars? (Let IPA and IPB
represent the polar moments of inertia of bars A and B, respectively.
The length L and shear modulus of elasticity G are the same for
both bars.)
Strain Energy in Torsion
IPA
IPB
Tube A
Bar B
L
L
Tube A
Bar B
Solution 3.9-10
Circular tube and bar
IPA
IPB
Tube A
Tube A
Bar B
Bar B
L
L
COMPATIBILITY
TUBE A
A B
A
FORCE-DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
T
fA
T torque acting on the tube
TL
TL
fB
GIPA
GIPB
Substitute into the equation of compatibility and
solve for T:
bG IPAIPB
¢
≤
L IPA IPB
A angle of twist
T
BAR B
STRAIN ENERGY
T
B
T 2L
T 2L
T 2L
U a
2GIP 2GIPA 2GIPB
T 2L 1
1
¢
≤
2G IPA IPB
Substitute for T and simplify:
U
T torque acting on the bar
B angle of twist
b2G IPA IPB
¢
≤
2L IPA IPB
243
244
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.9-11 A heavy flywheel rotating at n revolutions per minute is
rigidly attached to the end of a shaft of diameter d (see figure). If the
bearing at A suddenly freezes, what will be the maximum angle of twist
of the shaft? What is the corresponding maximum shear stress in the
shaft?
(Let L length of the shaft, G shear modulus of elasticity, and
Im mass moment of inertia of the flywheel about the axis of the shaft.
Also, disregard friction in the bearings at B and C and disregard the mass
of the shaft.)
Hint: Equate the kinetic energy of the rotating flywheel to the strain
energy of the shaft.
Solution 3.9-11
A
d
n (rpm)
B
C
Rotating flywheel
d diameter of shaft
Shaft
Flywheel
U
Gd 4f2
64L
UNITS:
G (force)/(length)2
IP (length)4
d diameter
n rpm
radians
L length
U (length)(force)
KINETIC ENERGY OF FLYWHEEL
K.E.
v
1
I v2
2 m
2n
60
K.E. U
f
2ImL
2n
2
15d B G
1
2n 2
Im ¢
≤
2
60
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
n Im
1800
t
2 2
2n2Im Gd 4f2
1800
64L
Solve for :
n rpm
K.E.
EQUATE KINETIC ENERGY AND STRAIN ENERGY
T(d2)
TL
f
IP
GIP
UNITS:
Eliminate T:
Im
Gdf
2L
2ImL
Gd 2n
tmax
2
2L 15d B G
(force)(length)(second)2
radians per second
K.E. (length)(force)
STRAIN ENERGY OF SHAFT (FROM EQ. 3-51b)
2
GIPf
2L
4
IP
d
32
U
t
tmax
2GIm
n
15d B L
SECTION 3.10
Thin-Walled Tubes
245
Thin-Walled Tubes
Problem 3.10-1 A hollow circular tube having an inside diameter of 10.0 in.
and a wall thickness of 1.0 in. (see figure) is subjected to a torque T 1200 k-in.
Determine the maximum shear stress in the tube using (a) the approximate
theory of thin-walled tubes, and (b) the exact torsion theory. Does the approximate
theory give conservative or nonconservative results?
Solution 3.10-1
10.0 in.
1.0 in.
Hollow circular tube
APPROXIMATE THEORY (EQ. 3-63)
t1
10.0 in.
T
1200 k-in.
6314 psi
2
2r t 2(5.5 in.) 2 (1.0 in.)
tapprox 6310 psi
1.0 in.
EXACT THEORY (EQ. 3-11)
t2
T 1200 k-in.
t 1.0 in.
r radius to median line
T(d2 2)
IP
Td2
2 ¢ ≤ d24 d14
32
16(1200 k-in.)(12.0 in.)
[ (12.0 in.) 4 (10.0 in.) 4 ]
6831 psi
r 5.5 in.
d2 outside diameter 12.0 in.
texact 6830 psi
d1 inside diameter 10.0 in.
Because the approximate theory gives stresses that
are too low, it is nonconservative. Therefore, the
approximate theory should only be used for very thin
tubes.
Problem 3.10-2 A solid circular bar having diameter d is to be replaced
by a rectangular tube having cross-sectional dimensions d 2d to the
median line of the cross section (see figure).
Determine the required thickness tmin of the tube so that the maximum shear stress in the tube will not exceed the maximum shear stress in
the solid bar.
Solution 3.10-2
t
d
d
2d
Bar and tube
Am (d)(2d) 2d 2
SOLID BAR
tmax
d
t
16T
d 3
(Eq. 3-12)
tmax
T
T
2tAm 4td 2
(Eq. 3-64)
(Eq. 3-61)
EQUATE THE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES AND SOLVE FOR t
RECTANGULAR TUBE
16T
T
d 3 4td 2
t
tmin
d
2d
d
64
If t tmin, the shear stress in the tube is less than the
shear stress in the bar.
246
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.10-3 A thin-walled aluminum tube of rectangular
cross section (see figure) has a centerline dimensions b 6.0 in.
and h 4.0 in. The wall thickness t is constant and equal to
0.25 in.
t
h
(a) Determine the shear stress in the tube due to a torque
T 15 k-in.
(b) Determine the angle of twist (in degrees) if the length L of
the tube is 50 in. and the shear modulus G is 4.0 106 psi.
b
Use with Prob. 3.10-4
Solution 3.10-3
Thin-walled tube
Eq. (3-64): Am bh 24.0 in.2
t
Eq. (3-71)witht1 t2 t:J
h
J 28.8 in.4
(a) SHEAR STRESS (EQ. 3-61)
b
t
b 6.0 in.
h 4.0 in.
T
1250 psi
2tAm
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST (EQ. 3-72)
t 0.25 in.
TL
0.0065104 rad
GJ
0.373
f
T 15 k-in.
L 50 in.
G 4.0 106 psi
Problem 3.10-4 A thin-walled steel tube of rectangular cross section
(see figure) has centerline dimensions b 150 mm and h 100 mm.
The wall thickness t is constant and equal to 6.0 mm.
(a) Determine the shear stress in the tube due to a torque T 1650 N m.
(b) Determine the angle of twist (in degrees) if the length L of the tube is
1.2 m and the shear modulus G is 75 GPa.
Solution 3.10-4
Thin-walled tube
b 150 mm
h 100 mm
t
h
t 6.0 mm
T 1650 N m
L 1.2 m
b
Eq. (3-64): Am bh 0.015
G 75 GPa
J 10.8 106 m4
t
T
9.17 MPa
2tAm
(b) ANGLE OF TWIST (Eq. 3-72)
f
TL
0.002444 rad
GJ
0.140
m2
Eq. (3-71)witht1 t2 t:J
(a) SHEAR STRESS (Eq. 3-61)
2b2h2t
bh
2b2h2t
bh
SECTION 3.10
Problem 3.10-5 A thin-walled circular tube and a solid circular bar of
the same material (see figure) are subjected to torsion. The tube and bar
have the same cross-sectional area and the same length.
What is the ratio of the strain energy U1 in the tube to the strain
energy U2 in the solid bar if the maximum shear stresses are the same in
both cases? (For the tube, use the approximate theory for thin-walled bars.)
Solution 3.10-5
Am r2
r
Bar (2)
J 2r3t A 2rt
SOLID BAR (2)
r2
A r22
T
T
tmax
2tAm 2r2t
T
Tube (1)
THIN-WALLED TUBE (1)
t
U1
247
Thin-Walled Tubes
tmax
2r 2tmax
T 2L (2r 2ttmax ) 2L
2GJ
2G(2r 3t)
IP
4
r
2 2
Tr2
2T
3
IP
r2
T
r23tmax
2
(r23 tmax ) 2L
r22t2maxL
T 2L
2GIP
4G
8G ¢ r24 ≤
2
At2maxL
But r22 A
∴ U2
4G
U2
rtt2maxL
G
A
2
At2 L
U1 max
2G
But rt
RATIO
U1
2
U2
Problem 3.10-6 Calculate the shear stress and the angle of twist (in
degrees) for a steel tube (G 76 GPa) having the cross section shown
in the figure. The tube has length L 1.5 m and is subjected to a torque
T 10 kN m.
t = 8 mm
r = 50 mm
r = 50 mm
b = 100 mm
Solution 3.10-6
Steel tube
t = 8 mm
r = 50 mm
SHEAR STRESS
r = 50 mm
G 76 GPa
L 1.5 m
t
10 kN . m
T
2tAm 2(8 mm)(17,850 mm2 )
35.0 MPa
T 10 kN . m
b = 100 mm
Am (50 mm)22(100 mm)(50 mm)
17,850 mm2
Lm 2b2r
2(100 mm)2(50 mm)
514.2 mm
4tA2m 4(8 mm)(17,850 mm2 ) 2
Lm
514.2 mm
19.83 106 mm4
J
Am r22br
ANGLE OF TWIST
f
(10 kN . m) (1.5 m)
TL
GJ (76 GPa)(19.83 106 mm4 )
0.00995 rad
0.570
248
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.10-7 A thin-walled steel tube having an elliptical cross
section with constant thickness t (see figure) is subjected to a torque
T 18 k-in.
Determine the shear stress and the rate of twist (in degrees
per inch) if G 12 106 psi, t 0.2 in., a 3 in., and b 2 in.
(Note: See Appendix D, Case 16, for the properties of an ellipse.)
t
2b
2a
Solution 3.10-7
Elliptical tube
t
FROM APPENDIX D, CASE 16:
Am ab (3.0 in.)(2.0 in.) 18.850 in.2
2b
Lm p[1.5(a b) ab]
[1.5(5.0 in.) 6.0 in.2 ] 15.867 in.
4tA2m 4(0.2 in.)(18.850 in.2 ) 2
Lm
15.867 in.
4
17.92 in.
J
2a
T 18 k-in.
G 12 106 psi
SHEAR STRESS
t constant
t 0.2 in a 3.0 in.
b 2.0 in.
t
T
18 k-in.
2tAm 2(0.2 in.)(18.850 in.2 )
2390 psi
ANGLE OF TWIST PER UNIT LENGTH (RATE OF TWIST)
u
f
T
18 k-in.
6
L GJ (12 10 psi)(17.92 in.4 )
u 83.73 10 6 radin. 0.0048in.
Problem 3.10-8 A torque T is applied to a thin-walled tube having
a cross section in the shape of a regular hexagon with constant wall
thickness t and side length b (see figure).
Obtain formulas for the shear stress and the rate of twist .
t
b
SECTION 3.10
Solution 3.10-8
Thin-Walled Tubes
Regular hexagon
SHEAR STRESS
t
t
T
T3
2tAm
9b2t
ANGLE OF TWIST PER UNIT LENGTH (RATE OF TWIST)
4A2mt
4A2mt 9b3t
J Lm
Lm
2
dS
b
t
0
T
2T
2T
u
3
GJ G(9b t) 9Gb3t
b Length of side
t Thickness
(radians per unit length)
Lm 6b
FROM APPENDIX D, CASE 25:
60 n 6
b 6b2
nb2
cot
cot 30
4
2
4
Am
33b2
2
Problem 3.10-9 Compare the angle of twist 1 for a thin-walled circular tube
(see figure) calculated from the approximate theory for thin-walled bars with the
angle of twist 2 calculated from the exact theory of torsion for circular bars.
t
r
C
(a) Express the ratio 1/2 in terms of the nondimensional ratio r/t.
(b) Calculate the ratio of angles of twist for 5, 10, and 20. What conclusion
about the accuracy of the approximate theory do you draw from these results?
Solution 3.10-9
Thin-walled tube
(a) RATIO
t
f1 4r2 t2
t2
1
f2
4r2
4r2
r
C
r
Let b
t
APPROXIMATE THEORY
f1
TL
GJ
J 2r3t
f1
TL
2Gr3t
EXACT THEORY
f2
TL
GIP
From Eq. (3-17): Ip
TL
2TL
f2
GIP Grt(4r2 t2 )
rt
(4r2 t2 )
2
(b)
f1
1
1 2
f2
4b
1/2
5
1.0100
10
1.0025
20
1.0006
As the tube becomes thinner and becomes larger,
the ratio 1/2 approaches unity. Thus, the thinner
the tube, the more accurate the approximate theory
becomes.
249
250
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.10-10 A thin-walled rectangular tube has uniform thickness t
and dimensions a b to the median line of the cross section (see figure).
How does the shear stress in the tube vary with the ratio a/b if
the total length Lm of the median line of the cross section and the torque T
remain constant?
From your results, show that the shear stress is smallest when the
tube is square ( 1).
t
b
a
Solution 3.10-10
Rectangular tube
t
T, t, and Lm are constants.
Let k
b
(1 b) 2
2T
constantt
k
b
tL2m
8
a
6
k 4
t thickness (constant)
2
a, b dimensions of the tube
0
b
a
b
t
k
Lm 2(a b) constant
SHEAR STRESS
Lm
2(1 b)
Am ab bb2
Am b B
Lm
R
2(1 b)
bL2m
Am
4(1 b) 2
t
min
3
a
b
8T
tL2m
ALTERNATE SOLUTION
t
Lm 2b(1 b) constant
b
tmin
2
From the graph, we see that is minimum when
1 and the tube is square.
T constant
T
t
2tAm
4
¢ ≤
1
T(4)(1 b) 2 2T(1 b) 2
T
2tAm
2tbL2m
tL2mb
2
2T (1 b) 2
B
R
b
tL2m
dt
2T b(2)(1 b) (1 b) 2 (1)
2B
R 0
db tLm
b2
or 2 (1)(1)2 0
1
Thus, the tube is square and is either a minimum
or a maximum. From the graph, we see that is a
minimum.
SECTION 3.10
Problem 3.10-11 A tubular aluminum bar (G 4 106 psi) of square
cross section (see figure) with outer dimensions 2 in. 2 in. must resist a
torque T 3000 lb-in.
Calculate the minimum required wall thickness tmin if the allowable
shear stress is 4500 psi and the allowable rate of twist is 0.01 rad/ft.
Thin-Walled Tubes
t
2 in.
2 in.
Solution 3.10-11
Square aluminum tube
THICKNESS t BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
t
t
2 in.
2 in.
T
2tAm
T
2t
t(b t) 2
UNITS: t in.
b in.
t(2.0 in. t) 2
3000 lb-in.
1
in.3
2(4500 psi) 3
T
2t
T lb-in. psi
3t(2 t) 2 1 0
Solve for t: t 0.0915 in.
Outer dimensions:
2.0 in. 2.0 in.
THICKNESS t BASED UPON RATE OF TWIST
G 4 106 psi
u
T 3000 lb-in.
allow 4500 psi
uallow 0.01 radft
0.01
radin.
12
T
T
GJ Gt(b t) 3
2.0 in.
Centerline dimension b t
Lm 4(b t)
4tA2m 4t(b t) 4
J
t(b t) 3
Lm
4(b t)
t(b t) 3
T
Gu
UNITS: t in.
G psi rad/in.
t(2.0 in. t) 3
3000 lb-in
(4 10 psi)(0.0112 rad in.)
Let b outer dimension
Am (b t)2
tAm
6
9
10
10t(2 t) 3 9 0
Solve for t:
t 0.140 in.
ANGLE OF TWIST GOVERNS
tmin 0.140 in.
251
252
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.10-12 A thin tubular shaft of circular cross section
(see figure) with inside diameter 100 mm is subjected to a torque of
5000 N m.
If the allowable shear stress is 42 MPa, determine the required
wall thickness t by using (a) the approximate theory for a thin-walled
tube, and (b) the exact torsion theory for a circular bar.
100 mm
t
Solution 3.10-12
Thin tube
(b) EXACT THEORY
t
100 mm
Tr2
Ip (r42 r41 ) [ (50 t) 4 (50) 4 ]
Ip
2
2
(5,000 N . m)(50 t)
[ (50 t) 4 (50) 4 ]
2
(50 t) 4 (50) 4 (5000 N . m)(2)
50 t
()(42 MPa)
42 MPa
t
T 5,000 N m
d1 inner diameter 100 mm
allow 42 MPa
t is in millimeters.
r Average radius
Solve for t:
t 7.02 mm
t
2
r1 Inner radius
50 mm
The approximate result is 5% less than the
exact result. Thus, the approximate theory is
nonconservative and should only be used for
thin-walled tubes.
50 mm
r2 Outer radius
50 mm t
Am r2
(a) APPROXIMATE THEORY
t
T
T
T
2
2tAm 2t(r ) 2r2t
42 MPa
5,000 N . m
t 2
2 ¢ 50 ≤ t
2
or
t 2 5,000 N . m
5 106
≤
mm3
2
2(42 MPa)
84
Solve for t:
t ¢ 50
t 6.66 mm
5 106
mm3
21
SECTION 3.10
Problem 3.10-13 A long, thin-walled tapered tube AB of circular cross
section (see figure) is subjected to a torque T. The tube has length L and
constant wall thickness t. The diameter to the median lines of the cross
sections at the ends A and B are dA and dB, respectively.
Derive the following formula for the angle of twist of the tube:
2TL
Gt
dA dB
dA2dB2
T
B
d(x)
dA
x
dB
dx
t thickness
4T
f
GT
L
dx
3
dB dA
B dA ¢
≤ xR
L
From table of integrals (see Appendix C):
(a bx)
dx
dA average diameter at end A
3
1
2b(a bx) 2
dB average diameter at end B
T torque
f
d(x) average diameter at distance x from end A.
4T
Gt C
1
2¢
d 3t
4
3
dB dA
t
t
[d(x) ] 3 B dA ¢
≤ xR
4
4
L
Tdx
GJ(x)
4Tdx
3
dB dA
Gt B dA ¢
≤ xR
L
4T
L
L
B
R
Gt
2(dB dA )dB2 2(dB dA )dA2
f
L
2
dB dA
dB dA
S
≤¢ dA
x≤
L
L
0
dB dA
≤x
L
For element of length dx:
df
dB
dA
0
J(x)
t
t
For entire tube:
L
J 2r3t
T
Thin-walled tapered tube
A
d(x) dA ¢
B
A
L
Hint: If the angle of taper is small, we may obtain approximate
results by applying the formulas for a thin-walled prismatic tube to a
differential element of the tapered tube and then integrating along the
axis of the tube.
Solution 3.10-13
253
Thin-Walled Tubes
2TL dA dB
¢
≤
Gt dA2dB2
254
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Stress Concentrations in Torsion
The problems for Section 3.11 are to be solved by considering the
stress-concentration factors.
D2
Problem 3.11-1 A stepped shaft consisting of solid circular segments T
having diameters D1 2.0 in. and D2 2.4 in. (see figure) is subjected
to torques T. The radius of the fillet is R 0.1 in.
If the allowable shear stress at the stress concentration is 6000 psi,
what is the maximum permissible torque Tmax?
Solution 3.11-1
R
D1
T
Probs. 3.11-1 through 3.11-5
Stepped shaft in torsion
D2
R
USE FIG. 3-48 FOR THE STRESS-CONCENTRATION
D1
T
FACTOR
T
D2 2.4 in.
1.2
D1 2.0 in.
R
0.1 in.
0.05
D1 2.0 in.
K 1.52
D1 2.0 in.
D2 2.4 in.
Tmax
R 0.1 in.
allow 6000 psi
tmax K tnom K ¢
16 Tmax
≤
D31
D31tmax
16K
(2.0 in.) 3 (6000 psi)
6200 lb-in.
16(1.52)
∴ Tmax 6200 lb-in.
Problem 3.11-2 A stepped shaft with diameters D1 40 mm and
D2 60 mm is loaded by torques T 1100 N m (see figure).
If the allowable shear stress at the stress concentration is 120 MPa,
what is the smallest radius Rmin that may be used for the fillet?
Solution 3.11-2
Stepped shaft in torsion
D2
T
USE FIG. 3-48 FOR THE STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTOR
R
D1
T
tmax Ktnom K ¢
K
D1 40 mm
D2 60 mm
T 1100 N m
allow 120 MPa
16T
≤
D31
D31tmax (40 mm) 3 (120 MPa)
1.37
16(1100 N # m)
16T
D2 60 mm
1.5
D1 40 mm
From Fig. (3-48) with
we get
D2
1.5 and K 1.37,
D1
R
0.10
D1
∴ Rmin 0.10(40 mm) 4.0 mm
SECTION 3.11
Stress Concentrations in Torsion
Problem 3.11-3 A full quarter-circular fillet is used at the shoulder
of a stepped shaft having diameter D2 1.0 in. (see figure). A torque
T 500 lb-in. acts on the shaft.
Determine the shear stress max at the stress concentration for
values as follows: D1 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 in. Plot a graph showing
max versus D1.
Solution 3.11-3
Stepped shaft in torsion
D2
R
D1 (in.) D2/D1
D1
T
T
R (in.)
R/D1
K
max (psi)
0.7
1.43
0.15
0.214
1.20
8900
0.8
1.25
0.10
0.125
1.29
6400
0.9
1.11
0.05
0.056
1.41
4900
D2 1.0 in.
T 500 lb-in.
D1 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 in.
10,000
Full quarter-circular fillet (D2 D1 2R)
max
D2 D1
D1
R
0.5 in.
2
2
(psi)
5000
USE FIG. 3-48 FOR THE STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTOR
tmax Ktnom K ¢
K
16T
≤
D31
16(500 lb-in.)
K
2546 3
D31
D1
0
0.6
0.8
1 D1 (in.)
Note that max gets smaller as D1 gets larger, even
though K is increasing.
255
256
CHAPTER 3
Torsion
Problem 3.11-4 The stepped shaft shown in the figure is required to
transmit 600 kW of power at 400 rpm. The shaft has a full quarter-circular
fillet, and the smaller diameter D1 100 mm.
If the allowable shear stress at the stress concentration is 100 MPa, at
what diameter D2 will this stress be reached? Is this diameter an upper or
a lower limit on the value of D2?
Solution 3.11-4
Stepped shaft in torsion
D2
R
D1
T
P 600 kW
n 400 rpm
D1 100 mm
allow 100 MPa
Full quarter-circular fillet
POWER P
2nT
(Eq. 3-42 of Section 3.7)
60
P watts
n rpm
T Newton meters
60P 60(600 10 W)
14,320 N # m
2n
2(400 rpm)
T
Use the dashed line for a full quarter-circular fillet.
R
0.075 R 0.075
D1 0.075 (100 mm)
D1
7.5 mm
D2 D1 2R 100 mm 2(7.5 mm) 115 mm
∴ D2 115 mm
3
T
USE FIG. 3-48 FOR THE STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTOR
tmax Ktnom K ¢
K
16T
≤
D31
tmax (D31 )
16T
(100 MPa)()(100 mm) 3
1.37
16(14,320 N # m)
This value of D2 is a lower limit
(If D2 is less than 115 mm, R/D1 is smaller, K is larger,
and max is larger, which means that the allowable stress
is exceeded.)
SECTION 3.11
Stress Concentrations in Torsion
Problem 3.11-5 A stepped shaft (see figure) has diameter D2 1.5 in.
and a full quarter-circular fillet. The allowable shear stress is 15,000 psi
and the load T 4800 lb-in.
What is the smallest permissible diameter D1?
Solution 3.11-5
Stepped shaft in torsion
D2
R
D1
T
D2 1.5 in.
Use trial-and-error. Select trial values of D1
allow 15,000 psi
T 4800 lb-in.
Full quarter-circular fillet D2 D1 2R
R
T
D1 (in.)
R (in.)
R/D1
K
max(psi)
1.30
1.35
1.40
0.100
0.075
0.050
0.077
0.056
0.036
1.38
1.41
1.46
15,400
14,000
13,000
D2 D1
D1
0.75 in.
2
2
USE FIG. 3-48 FOR THE STRESS-CONCENTRATION FACTOR
tmax Ktnom K ¢
16T
≤
D31
K 16(4800 lb-in.)
3B
R
D1
24,450
K
D31
max (psi)
16,000
allow
15,000
D1=1.31in.
14,000
13,000
1.30
1.40
From the graph, minimum D1 1.31 in.
D1(in.)
257
4
Shear Forces and
Bending Moments
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
800 lb
Problem 4.3-1 Calculate the shear force V and bending moment M
at a cross section just to the left of the 1600-lb load acting on the simple
beam AB shown in the figure.
A
B
30 in.
Solution 4.3-1
1600 lb
60 in.
120 in.
30 in.
Simple beam
800 lb
Free-body diagram of segment DB
1600 lb
D
A
1600 lb
V
B
D
B
M
30 in.
30 in.
60 in.
30 in.
RA
MA 0:
MB 0:
RB
RB
RB 1400 lb
RA 1000 lb
©FVERT 0:V 1600 lb 1400 lb
200 lb
©MD 0:M (1400 lb)(30 in.)
42,000 lb-in.
6.0 kN
Problem 4.3-2 Determine the shear force V and bending moment M
at the midpoint C of the simple beam AB shown in the figure.
A
1.0 m
Solution 4.3-2
6.0 kN
B
C V
A
MA 0:
MB 0:
2.0 m
Free-body diagram of segment AC
2.0 kN/m
C
1.0 m
RA
1.0 m
4.0 m
B
Simple beam
6.0 kN
A
2.0 kN/m
C
1.0 m
RB 4.5 kN
RA 5.5 kN
2.0 m
1.0 m
RB
M
1.0 m
RA
©FVERT 0:V 0.5 kN
©MC 0:M 5.0 kN m
259
260
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.3-3 Determine the shear force V and bending moment M at
the midpoint of the beam with overhangs (see figure). Note that one load
acts downward and the other upward.
P
P
b
Solution 4.3-3
L
b
Beam with overhangs
P
P
A
B
©MA 0:RB P ¢ 1
P
A
b
L
b
RA
2b
≤(downward)
L
b
RB
M
C
L/2
RA
V
Free-body diagram (C is the midpoint)
©MB 0
©FVERT 0:
1
RA [P(L b b) ]
L
V RA P P ¢ 1
2b
2bP
≤P
L
L
©MC 0:
2b
P ¢ 1 ≤(upward)
L
2b L
L
≤ ¢ ≤ P ¢b ≤
L 2
2
PL
PL
M
Pb Pb
0
2
2
M P ¢1
Problem 4.3-4 Calculate the shear force V and bending moment M at a
cross section located 0.5 m from the fixed support of the cantilever beam
AB shown in the figure.
4.0 kN
1.0 m
Solution 4.3-4
1.5 kN/m
A
B
1.0 m
2.0 m
Free-body diagram of segment DB
Point D is 0.5 m from support A.
4.0 kN
V
1.5 kN/m
D
B
M
0.5 m
B
1.0 m
2.0 m
Cantilever beam
4.0 kN
1.0 m
1.5 kN/m
A
1.0 m
2.0 m
©FVERT 0:
V 4.0 kN (1.5 kNm)(2.0 m)
4.0 kN 3.0 kN 7.0 kN
©MD 0:M (4.0 kN)(0.5 m)
(1.5 kNm)(2.0 m)(2.5 m)
2.0 kN m 7.5 kN m
9.5 kN m
SECTION 4.3
Problem 4.3-5 Determine the shear force V and bending moment M
at a cross section located 16 ft from the left-hand end A of the beam
with an overhang shown in the figure.
400 lb/ft
200 lb/ft
B
A
10 ft
Solution 4.3-5
10 ft
C
6 ft
6 ft
Beam with an overhang
400 lb/ft
200 lb/ft
B
A
10 ft
261
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
10 ft
RA
Free-body diagram of segment AD
C
6 ft
400 lb/ft
10 ft
RA 2460 lb
MA 0:
RB 2740 lb
M
6 ft
V
RA
RB
MB 0:
D
A
6 ft
Point D is 16 ft from support A.
©FVERT 0:
V 2460 lb (400 lbft)(10 ft)
1540 lb
©MD 0:M (2460 lb)(16 ft)
(400 lbft)(10 ft)(11 ft)
4640 lb-ft
Problem 4.3-6 The beam ABC shown in the figure is simply P = 4.0 kN
1
supported at A and B and has an overhang from B to C. The
loads consist of a horizontal force P1 4.0 kN acting at the
end of a vertical arm and a vertical force P2 8.0 kN acting at 1.0 m
A
the end of the overhang.
Determine the shear force V and bending moment M at
a cross section located 3.0 m from the left-hand support.
(Note: Disregard the widths of the beam and vertical arm and
use centerline dimensions when making calculations.)
Solution 4.3-6
P2 = 8.0 kN
B
4.0 m
C
1.0 m
Beam with vertical arm
P1 = 4.0 kN
P2 = 8.0 kN
1.0 m
A
Free-body diagram of segment AD
Point D is 3.0 m from support A.
B
4.0 kN • m
A
3.0 m
4.0 m
RA
MB 0:
RA 1.0 kN (downward)
MA 0:
RB 9.0 kN (upward)
1.0 m
RB
RA
M
D
V
©FVERT 0:V RA 1.0 kN
©MD 0:M RA (3.0 m) 4.0 kN m
7.0 kN m
262
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.3-7 The beam ABCD shown in the figure has overhangs
at each end and carries a uniform load of intensity q.
For what ratio b/L will the bending moment at the midpoint of the
beam be zero?
q
A
D
B
b
Solution 4.3-7
C
L
b
Beam with overhangs
q
A
D
B
b
Free-body diagram of left-hand half of beam:
Point E is at the midpoint of the beam.
q
C
L
b
RC
RB
M = 0 (Given)
A
b
L
≤
2
V
RB
From symmetry and equilibrium of vertical forces:
RB RC q ¢ b
L/2
E
©ME 0
L
1
L 2
RB ¢ ≤ q ¢ ≤ ¢ b ≤ 0
2
2
2
L L
1
L 2
q ¢ b ≤ ¢ ≤ q ¢ ≤ ¢ b ≤ 0
2 2
2
2
Solve for b/L :
b 1
L 2
Problem 4.3-8 At full draw, an archer applies a pull of 130 N to the
bowstring of the bow shown in the figure. Determine the bending moment
at the midpoint of the bow.
70°
1400 mm
350 mm
SECTION 4.3
Solution 4.3-8
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Archer’s bow
B
Free-body diagram of segment BC
B
P
C
H
2
T
H
A
b
C
M
©MC 0
b
P 130 N
70°
H 1400 mm
1.4 m
Substitute numerical values:
b 350 mm
130 N 1.4 m
B
(0.35 m)(tan 70)R
2
2
M 108 N m
M
0.35 m
Free-body diagram of point A
T
P
H
≤ T(sin b) (b) M 0
2
H
M T ¢ cosb b sin b≤
2
P H
¢ b tan b≤
2 2
T(cos b) ¢
A
T
T tensile force in the bowstring
FHORIZ 0:
2T cos P 0
T
P
2 cos b
263
264
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.3-9 A curved bar ABC is subjected to loads in the form
of two equal and opposite forces P, as shown in the figure. The axis of
the bar forms a semicircle of radius r.
Determine the axial force N, shear force V, and bending moment M
acting at a cross section defined by the angle .
Solution 4.3-9
M
P cos
r
A
A
V
r
P
O
N
P
P
C
A
Curved bar
B
P
M
B
P
O
©FN 0 Q b N P sin u 0
B
N P sin u
V
P
C
N
A
O
P sin
FV 0
R a
©MO 0
V P cos u 0
V P cos u
M Nr 0
M Nr Pr sin u
Problem 4.3-10 Under cruising conditions the distributed load
acting on the wing of a small airplane has the idealized variation
shown in the figure.
Calculate the shear force V and bending moment M at the
inboard end of the wing.
1600 N/m
2.6 m
Solution 4.3-10
1.0 m
2.6 m
Airplane wing
1600 N/m
M
900 N/m
Loading (in three parts)
900 N/m
700 N/m 1
V
2
900 N/m
A
B
2.6 m
2.6 m
1.0 m
3
B
Bending Moment
Shear Force
FVERT 0
A
c T
1
V (700 Nm)(2.6 m) (900 Nm)(5.2 m)
2
1
(900 Nm)(1.0 m) 0
2
V 6040 N 6.04 kN
(Minus means the shear force acts opposite to the
direction shown in the figure.)
©MA 0
M
1
2.6 m
(700 Nm)(2.6 m) ¢
≤
2
3
(900 Nm)(5.2 m)(2.6 m)
1
1.0 m
(900 Nm)(1.0 m) ¢ 5.2 m
≤0
2
3
M 788.67 N • m 12,168 N • m 2490 N • m
15,450 N • m
15.45 kN m
SECTION 4.3
Problem 4.3-11 A beam ABCD with a vertical arm CE is supported as
a simple beam at A and D (see figure). A cable passes over a small pulley
that is attached to the arm at E. One end of the cable is attached to the
beam at point B.
What is the force P in the cable if the bending moment in the
beam just to the left of point C is equal numerically to 640 lb-ft?
(Note: Disregard the widths of the beam and vertical arm and use
centerline dimensions when making calculations.)
E
P
Cable
A
8 ft
B
6 ft
Solution 4.3-11
265
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
C
D
6 ft
6 ft
Beam with a cable
E
P
Free-body diagram of section AC
P
Cable
A
P
B
6 ft
4P
__
9
UNITS:
P in lb
M in lb-ft
8 ft
C
6 ft
P
D
4P
__
9
3P
__
5
M
C
N
6 ft
4P
__
9
6 ft
4P
__
5
A
B
6 ft
V
©MC 0
4P
4P
(6 ft)
(12 ft) 0
5
9
8P
M
lb-ft
15
Numerical value of M equals 640 lb-ft.
M
8P
lb-ft
15
and P 1200 lb
∴ 640 lb-ft
Problem 4.3-12 A simply supported beam AB supports a trapezoidally
distributed load (see figure). The intensity of the load varies linearly
from 50 kN/m at support A to 30 kN/m at support B.
Calculate the shear force V and bending moment M at the midpoint
of the beam.
50 kN/m
30 kN/m
A
B
3m
266
CHAPTER 4
Solution 4.3-12
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Beam with trapezoidal load
Free-body diagram of section CB
50 kN/m
30 kN/m
A
Point C is at the midpoint of the beam.
40 kN/m
B
30 kN/m
V
M
3m
RA
B
C
1.5 m
RB
FVERT 0
Reactions
©MB 0 RA (3 m) (30 kNm)(3 m)(1.5 m)
c T
V (30 kNm)(1.5 m) 12 (10 kNm)(1.5 m)
(20 kNm)(3 m)( 12 )(2 m) 0
RA 65 kN
55 kN
55 kN 0
V 2.5 kN
©FVERT 0 c
RA RB 12 (50 kNm 30 kNm)(3 m) 0
RB 55 kN
©MC 0
M (30 kN/m)(1.5 m)(0.75 m)
12 (10 kNm)(1.5 m)(0.5 m)
(55 kN)(1.5 m) 0
M 45.0 kN m
q1 = 3500 lb/ft
Problem 4.3-13 Beam ABCD represents a reinforced-concrete
foundation beam that supports a uniform load of intensity q1 3500 lb/ft
(see figure). Assume that the soil pressure on the underside of the beam is
uniformly distributed with intensity q2.
(a) Find the shear force VB and bending moment MB at point B.
(b) Find the shear force Vm and bending moment Mm at the midpoint
of the beam.
Solution 4.3-13
C
D
3.0 ft
q2
8.0 ft
3.0 ft
Foundation beam
q1 = 3500 lb/ft
A
B
A
B
(b) V and M at midpoint E
C
D
3500 lb/ft
B
A
3.0 ft
q2
8.0 ft
E
3.0 ft
Vm
2000 lb/ft
FVERT 0: q2(14 ft) q1(8 ft)
8
∴ q2
q 2000 lbft
14 1
(a) V and M at point B
B
A
MB
FVERT 0:
2000 lb/ft
3 ft
VB
VB 6000 lb
©MB 0:MB 9000 lb-ft
3 ft
Mm
4 ft
FVERT 0: Vm (2000 lb/ft)(7 ft) (3500 lb/ft)(4 ft)
Vm 0
ME 0:
Mm (2000 lb/ft)(7 ft)(3.5 ft)
(3500 lb/ft)(4 ft)(2 ft)
Mm 21,000 lb-ft
SECTION 4.3
E
Problem 4.3-14 The simply-supported beam ABCD is loaded by
a weight W 27 kN through the arrangement shown in the figure.
The cable passes over a small frictionless pulley at B and is attached
at E to the end of the vertical arm.
Calculate the axial force N, shear force V, and bending moment
M at section C, which is just to the left of the vertical arm.
(Note: Disregard the widths of the beam and vertical arm and use
centerline dimensions when making calculations.)
Cable
1.5 m
A
B
C
2.0 m
2.0 m
W = 27 kN
Solution 4.3-14
Beam with cable and weight
E
Cable
A
B
2.0 m
Free-body diagram of pulley at B
1.5 m
27 kN
C
2.0 m
D
21.6 kN
2.0 m
27 kN
RA 18 kN
10.8 kN
27 kN
RD
RA
RD 9 kN
Free-body diagram of segment ABC of beam
10.8 kN
21.6 kN
A
2.0 m
B
M
C
N
2.0 m
V
18 kN
©FHORIZ 0:N 21.6 kN (compression)
©FVERT 0:V 7.2 kN
©MC 0:M 50.4 kN m
267
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
D
2.0 m
268
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.3-15 The centrifuge shown in the figure rotates in a horizontal
plane (the xy plane) on a smooth surface about the z axis (which is vertical)
with an angular acceleration . Each of the two arms has weight w per unit
length and supports a weight W 2.0 wL at its end.
Derive formulas for the maximum shear force and maximum bending
moment in the arms, assuming b L/9 and c L/10.
y
c
L
b
W
x
W
Solution 4.3-15
Rotating centrifuge
c
L
b
W (L + b + c)
__
g
x
Tangential acceleration r
Substitute numerical data:
W
Inertial force Mr g r
Maximum V and M occur at x b.
W 2.0 wLb
91wL2
30g
229wL3
75g
Vmax
Lb
W
w
(L b c)
x dx
g
g
b
W
(L b c)
g
wL
(L 2b)
2g
W
Mmax
(L b c)(L c)
g
Lb
w
x(x b)dx
g
b
W
(L b c)(L c)
g
w L2
(2L 3b)
6g
Vmax
wx
__
g
Mmax
L
9
c
L
10
SECTION 4.5
269
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
When solving the problems for Section 4.5, draw the shear-force and
bending-moment diagrams approximately to scale and label all critical
ordinates, including the maximum and minimum values.
Probs. 4.5-1 through 4.5-10 are symbolic problems and Probs. 4.5-11
through 4.5-24 are numerical problems. The remaining problems (4.5-25
through 4.5-30) involve specialized topics, such as optimization, beams
with hinges, and moving loads.
Problem 4.5-1 Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for
a simple beam AB supporting two equal concentrated loads P (see figure).
a
P
P
A
B
L
Solution 4.5-1
Simple beam
a
P
P
A
L
RB = P
P
V
0
P
Pa
M
0
a
B
RA = P
a
270
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-2 A simple beam AB is subjected to a counterclockwise
couple of moment M0 acting at distance a from the left-hand support
(see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
M0
A
B
a
L
Solution 4.5-2
Simple beam
M0
A
RA =
B
a
M0
L
RB =
L
M0
L
V
0
M
M0
L
M0a
L
0
M0 (1 a )
L
q
Problem 4.5-3 Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
for a cantilever beam AB carrying a uniform load of intensity q over
one-half of its length (see figure).
A
B
L
—
2
Solution 4.5-3
Cantilever beam
MA =
3qL2
8
q
A
B
RA =
qL
2
L
—
2
L
—
2
qL
—
2
V
M
0
0
3qL2
8
qL2
8
L
—
2
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-4 The cantilever beam AB shown in the figure
is subjected to a concentrated load P at the midpoint and a
counterclockwise couple of moment M1 PL/4 at the free end.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for
this beam.
Solution 4.5-4
271
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
PL
M1 = —–
4
P
B
A
L
—
2
L
—
2
Cantilever beam
P
A
B
MA
L/2
RA
V
M
PL
M1 4
RA P
L/2
MA
P
0
PL
4
0
PL
4
Problem 4.5-5 The simple beam AB shown in the figure is subjected to
a concentrated load P and a clockwise couple M1 PL/4 acting at the
third points.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
A
B
Simple beam
PL
M1 = —–
4
P
A
5P
RA = —–
12
B
L
—
3
L
—
3
L
—
3
7P
RB = —–
12
5P/12
V
0
7P/12
5PL/36
M
7PL/36
0
PL/18
PL
M1 = —–
4
P
L
—
3
Solution 4.5-5
PL
4
L
—
3
L
—
3
272
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-6 A simple beam AB subjected to clockwise couples M1
and 2M1 acting at the third points is shown in the figure.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
M1
2M1
A
B
L
—
3
Solution 4.5-6
L
—
3
L
—
3
Simple beam
M1
2M1
A
B
3M
RA = —–1
L
L
—
3
L
—
3
3M
RB = —–1
L
L
—
3
0
3M
—–1
L
V
M1
M 0
M1
M1
Problem 4.5-7 A simply supported beam ABC is loaded by a vertical
load P acting at the end of a bracket BDE (see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for beam ABC.
B
A
C
D
E
P
L
—
4
L
—
4
L
—
2
L
Solution 4.5-7
Beam with bracket
P
A
PL
—–
4
C
B
P
RA = —–
2
V
P
RC = —–
2
P
—–
2
P
—–
2
0
PL
—–
8
M
3L
—
4
L
—
4
0
3PL
—–
8
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-8 A beam ABC is simply supported at A and B and
has an overhang BC (see figure). The beam is loaded by two forces
P and a clockwise couple of moment Pa that act through the
arrangement shown.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for
beam ABC.
Solution 4.5-8
273
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
P
P
A
Pa
C
B
a
a
a
a
Beam with overhang
P
P
C
upper
beam:
a
Pa
a
a
P
P
P
P
B
lower
beam:
C
a
a
a
2P
P
V
0
M
0
P
Pa
Problem 4.5-9 Beam ABCD is simply supported at B and C and has
overhangs at each end (see figure). The span length is L and each
overhang has length L/3. A uniform load of intensity q acts along the
entire length of the beam.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
Solution 4.5-9
q
A
D
B
L
3
C
L
L
3
Beam with overhangs
q
A
D
L /3
B
C
L
5qL
RB = __
6
qL
__
2
V 0
L/3
5qL
RC = __
6
qL/3
qL
– __
3
5qL2
__
72
qL
– __
2
M 0
–qL2/18
X1
–qL2/18
x1 L
5
0.3727L
6
274
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-10 Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
for a cantilever beam AB supporting a linearly varying load of maximum
intensity q0 (see figure).
q0
A
B
L
Solution 4.5-10
Cantilever beam
q0
x
q=q0 __
L
q0 L 2
MB = __
6
B
A
q0 L
RB = __
2
L
x
V 0
q0 x2
V = – __
2L
q0 L
– __
2
q0 x3
M = – __
6L
q0 L2
– __
6
M 0
Problem 4.5-11 The simple beam AB supports a uniform load of
intensity q 10 lb/in. acting over one-half of the span and a concentrated
load P 80 lb acting at midspan (see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
P = 80 lb
q = 10 lb/in.
A
B
L =
—
40 in.
2
Solution 4.5-11
Simple beam
P = 80 lb
10 lb/in.
A
RA =140 lb
B
40 in.
40 in.
RB = 340 lb
140
V
(lb)
60
0
6 in.
–340
5600
M
(lb/in.)
0
46 in.
Mmax = 5780
L =
—
40 in.
2
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-12 The beam AB shown in the figure supports a uniform
load of intensity 3000 N/m acting over half the length of the beam. The
beam rests on a foundation that produces a uniformly distributed load
over the entire length.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
3000 N/m
A
B
0.8 m
Solution 4.5-12
275
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
1.6 m
0.8 m
Beam with distributed loads
3000 N/m
A
B
1500 N/m
0.8 m
1.6 m
0.8 m
1200
V
(N) 0
960
480
M
–1200
480
(N . m) 0
Problem 4.5-13 A cantilever beam AB supports a couple and a
concentrated load, as shown in the figure.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
200 lb
400 lb-ft
A
B
5 ft
Solution 4.5-13
5 ft
Cantilever beam
200 lb
400 lb-ft
A
B
MA = 1600 lb-ft
5 ft
RA = 200 lb
5 ft
+200
V
(lb)
0
0
M
(lb-ft)
–1600
–600
–1000
276
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-14 The cantilever beam AB shown in the figure is
subjected to a uniform load acting throughout one-half of its length and a
concentrated load acting at the free end.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
2.0 kN/m
2.5 kN
B
A
2m
Solution 4.5-14
2m
Cantilever beam
2.0 kN/m
M A = 14 kN . m
2.5 kN
B
A
2m
R A = 6.5 kN
2m
6.5
V
(kN)
2.5
0
0
M
(kN . m)
–5.0
–14.0
Problem 4.5-15 The uniformly loaded beam ABC has simple supports at
A and B and an overhang BC (see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
25 lb/in.
A
C
B
72 in.
Solution 4.5-15
Beam with an overhang
25 lb/in.
A
C
B
72 in.
RA = 500 lb
48 in.
RB = 2500 lb
1200
500
V 0
(lb)
20 in.
–1300
5000
M 0
(lb-in.) 20 in.
40 in.
–28,800
48 in.
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-16 A beam ABC with an overhang at one end supports a
uniform load of intensity 12 kN/m and a concentrated load of magnitude
2.4 kN (see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
12 kN/m
2.4 kN
A
C
B
1.6 m
Solution 4.5-16
277
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
1.6 m
1.6 m
Beam with an overhang
2.4 kN
12 kN/m
A
C
B
1.6 m
RA = 13.2 kN
1.6 m
1.6 m
RB = 8.4 kN
13.2
V
(kN)
2.4
0
1.1m
Mmax
–6.0
5.76
M
(kN . m) 0
Mmax = 7.26
0.64 m
1.1m
Problem 4.5-17 The beam ABC shown in the figure is simply
supported at A and B and has an overhang from B to C. The
loads consist of a horizontal force P1 400 lb acting at the end
of the vertical arm and a vertical force P2 900 lb acting at the
end of the overhang.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
beam. (Note: Disregard the widths of the beam and vertical arm
and use centerline dimensions when making calculations.)
Solution 4.5-17
–3.84
P1 = 400 lb
P2 = 900 lb
1.0 ft
A
B
4.0 ft
C
1.0 ft
Beam with vertical arm
P1 = 400 lb
P2 = 900 lb
1.0 ft
A
B
900
C
V
(lb) 0
4.0 ft
1.0 ft
RA = 125 lb
A
400 lb-ft
RB = 1025 lb
900 lb
B
C
125 lb
1025 lb
M
(lb)
125
0
400
900
278
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-18 A simple beam AB is loaded by two segments of
uniform load and two horizontal forces acting at the ends of a vertical
arm (see figure).
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
8 kN
4 kN/m
4 kN/m
1m
A
B
1m
8 kN
2m
Solution 4.5-18
2m
2m
2m
Simple beam
4 kN/m
6.0
4 kN/m
16 kN . m
A
V
(kN)
B
2m
2m
2m
0
1.5 m
2.0
2m
RA = 6 kN
RB = 10 kN
10.0
16.0
12.0
4.5
M
(kN . m) 0
4.0
1.5 m
Problem 4.5-19 A beam ABCD with a vertical arm CE is supported as a
simple beam at A and D (see figure). A cable passes over a small pulley
that is attached to the arm at E. One end of the cable is attached to the
beam at point B. The tensile force in the cable is 1800 lb.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for beam ABCD.
(Note: Disregard the widths of the beam and vertical arm and use centerline dimensions when making calculations.)
E
Cable
A
B
1800 lb
Cable
6 ft
6 ft
B
Free-body diagram of beam ABCD
1440
1800
B
C
1440
5760 lb-ft
8 ft
C
D
1800 A
1080
D
720
800
6 ft
RD = 800 lb
6 ft
6 ft
RD = 800 lb
Note: All forces have units of pounds.
640
V
(lb)
D
Beam with a cable
E
1800 lb A
8 ft
C
6 ft
Solution 4.5-19
1800 lb
4800
0
M 0
(lb-ft)
800
800
960
4800
800
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-20 The beam ABCD shown in the figure has
overhangs that extend in both directions for a distance of 4.2 m
from the supports at B and C, which are 1.2 m apart.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
overhanging beam.
279
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
10.6 kN/m
5.1 kN/m
5.1 kN/m
A
D
B
C
4.2 m
4.2 m
1.2 m
Solution 4.5-20
Beam with overhangs
32.97
6.36
10.6 kN/m
5.1 kN/m
V
0
(kN)
5.1 kN/m
A
6.36
D
B
4.2 m
RB = 39.33 kN
32.97
C
M
0
(kN . m)
4.2 m
RC = 39.33 kN
1.2 m
59.24
61.15
61.15
4.0 k
Problem 4.5-21 The simple beam AB shown in the figure supports a
concentrated load and a segment of uniform load.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
2.0 k/ft
C
A
5 ft
10 ft
20 ft
Solution 4.5-21
Simple beam
4.0 k
A
RA = 8 k
V
(k)
5 ft
B
5 ft
10 ft
RB = 16 k
8
0
2.0 k/ft
C
4
12 ft
8 ft
C
16
60 64
Mmax = 64 k-ft
40
M
(k-ft) 0
12 ft
C
8 ft
B
280
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-22 The cantilever beam shown in the figure supports
a concentrated load and a segment of uniform load.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
cantilever beam.
3 kN
B
0.8 m
Solution 4.5-22
1.0 kN/m
A
0.8 m
1.6 m
Cantilever beam
4.6
3 kN
MA =
6.24 kN . m
V
(kN)
1.0 kN/m
A
1.6
0
B
0.8 m
0.8 m
1.6 m
M
(kN . m)
RA = 4.6 kN
0
1.28
2.56
6.24
180 lb/ft
Problem 4.5-23 The simple beam ACB shown in the figure is subjected
to a triangular load of maximum intensity 180 lb/ft.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
A
B
C
6.0 ft
7.0 ft
Solution 4.5-23
Simple beam
240
180 lb/ft
V
(lb)
0
x1 = 4.0 ft
B
300
A
390
C
Mmax = 640
6.0 ft
RA = 240 lb
1.0 ft
RB = 390 lb
360
M
(lb-ft) 0
Problem 4.5-24 A beam with simple supports is subjected to a
trapezoidally distributed load (see figure). The intensity of the load varies
from 1.0 kN/m at support A to 3.0 kN/m at support B.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this beam.
3.0 kN/m
1.0 kN/m
A
B
2.4 m
SECTION 4.5
Solution 4.5-24
Simple beam
2.0
3.0 kN/m
V
(kN)
1.0 kN/m
0
A
x1 = 1.2980 m
x
B
2.8
2.4 m
RA = 2.0 kN
RB = 2.8 kN
x2
(x meters; V kN)
V 2.0 x
2.4
Set V 0:
281
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
Mmax = 1.450
M
(kN . m)
x1 1.2980 m
0
Problem 4.5-25 A beam of length L is being designed to support a uniform load
of intensity q (see figure). If the supports of the beam are placed at the ends,
creating a simple beam, the maximum bending moment in the beam is qL2/8.
However, if the supports of the beam are moved symmetrically toward the middle
of the beam (as pictured), the maximum bending moment is reduced.
Determine the distance a between the supports so that the maximum bending
moment in the beam has the smallest possible numerical value.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
condition.
Solution 4.5-25
q
A
B
a
L
Beam with overhangs
q
A
B
(L a)/ 2
(L a)/ 2
a
RB = qL/2
RA = qL/2
Solve for a: a (2 2)L 0.5858L
q
M1 M2 (L a) 2
8
2
qL
(3 22) 0.02145qL2
8
0.2929 qL
M2
V
0
M 0
M1
0.2071 qL
0.2071L
0.2071 qL
M1
The maximum bending moment is smallest when
M1 M2 (numerically).
q(L a) 2
M1
8
qL2
qL
a
M2 RA ¢ ≤
(2a L)
2
8
8
(L a) 2 L(2a L)
M1 M2
0.2929L
0.2929 qL
0.02145 qL2
M
0
x1
0.02145 qL2
x1 = 0.3536 a
= 0.2071 L
x1
0.02145 qL2
282
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-26 The compound beam ABCDE shown in the figure
consists of two beams (AD and DE) joined by a hinged connection at D.
The hinge can transmit a shear force but not a bending moment. The
loads on the beam consist of a 4-kN force at the end of a bracket attached
at point B and a 2-kN force at the midpoint of beam DE.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
compound beam.
4 kN
1m
2 kN
B
C
D
A
E
2m
Solution 4.5-26
1m
2m
2m
2m
Compound beam
4 kN
Hinge
4 kN . m
B
2 kN
C
D
A
2m
2m
2m
RA = 2.5 kN
1m 1m
RC = 2.5 kN
2.5
V
(kN)
E
RE = 1 kN
1.0
0
D
1.5
1.0
5.0
M
0
(kN . m)
1.0
D
1.0
2.67 m
2.0
Problem 4.5-27 The compound beam ABCDE shown in the figure
consists of two beams (AD and DE) joined by a hinged connection at D.
The hinge can transmit a shear force but not a bending moment. A force P
acts upward at A and a uniform load of intensity q acts downward on
beam DE.
Draw the shear-force and bending-moment diagrams for this
compound beam.
Solution 4.5-27
Compound beam
P
q
B
C
D
A
E
L
P
L
L
q
B
C
D
A
E
Hinge
L
RB = 2P + qL
P
V
L
L
RC = P + 2qL
2L
RE = qL
qL
0
D
PL
–qL
−P−qL
M
qL
2
D
0
−qL2
L
L
2L
SECTION 4.5
Problem 4.5-28 The shear-force diagram for a simple beam
is shown in the figure.
Determine the loading on the beam and draw the bendingmoment diagram, assuming that no couples act as loads on
the beam.
12 kN
V
0
–12 kN
2.0 m
Solution 4.5-28
283
Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams
Simple beam (V is given)
1.0 m
6.0 kN/m
1.0 m
12 kN
B
A
2m
RA = 12kN
1m
1m
12
−12
RB = 12kN
12
V
(kN)
0
M
(kN . m)
0
Problem 4.5-29 The shear-force diagram for a beam is shown
in the figure. Assuming that no couples act as loads on the beam,
determine the forces acting on the beam and draw the bendingmoment diagram.
652 lb
580 lb
572 lb
500 lb
V
0
–128 lb
–448 lb
4 ft
Solution 4.5-29
Forces on a beam (V is given)
16 ft
4 ft
652
580
572
Force diagram
V
(lb)
20 lb/ft
0
–128
2448
4 ft
652 lb
700 lb
16 ft
4 ft
1028 lb 500 lb
–448
M
(lb-ft)
0
14.50 ft
–2160
500
284
CHAPTER 4
Shear Forces and Bending Moments
Problem 4.5-30 A simple beam AB supports two connected wheel loads P
and 2P that are distance d apart (see figure). The wheels may be placed at
any distance x from the left-hand support of the beam.
P
x
(a) Determine the distance x that will produce the maximum shear force
in the beam, and also determine the maximum shear force Vmax.
(b) Determine the distance x that will produce the maximum bending
moment in the beam, and also draw the corresponding bendingmoment diagram. (Assume P 10 kN, d 2.4 m, and L 12 m.)
Solution 4.5-30
d
A
B
L
Moving loads on a beam
P
2P
x
d
P 10 kN
d 2.4 m
L 12 m
A
B
L
(a) Maximum shear force
By inspection, the maximum shear force occurs at
support B when the larger load is placed close to, but
not directly over, that support.
2P
P
x=L−d
d
A
B
Reaction at support B:
P
2P
P
x
(x d) (2d 3x)
L
L
L
Bending moment at D:
MD RB (L x d)
P
(2d 3x)(L x d)
L
P
[3x2 (3L 5d)x 2d(L d) ]
L
RB
dMD
P
(6x 3L 5d) 0
dx
L
L
5d
Solve for x: x ¢ 3 ≤ 4.0 m
6
L
Substitute x into Eq (1):
Mmax
RA = Pd
L
P
L 2
5d 2
B 3¢ ≤ ¢ 3 ≤ (3L 5d)
L
6
L
d)
RB = P(3 − L
¢
x L d 9.6 m
d
Vmax RB P ¢ 3 ≤ 28 kN
L
(b) Maximum bending moment
By inspection, the maximum bending moment occurs
at point D, under the larger load 2P.
d
A
PL
d 2
¢ 3 ≤ 78.4 kN m
12
L
M
(kN . m)
4.0 m
D
Mmax = 78.4
64
2.4 m
5.6 m
B
P
d
¢ 3 ≤ 16 kN
2
L
P
d
RB ¢ 3 ≤ 14 kN
2
L
Note:RA
L
L
5d
≤ ¢3
≤ 2d(L d)R
6
L
0
2P
P
x
2P
RB
Eq.(1)
5
Stresses in Beams
(Basic Topics)
Longitudinal Strains in Beams
d
Problem 5.4-1 Determine the maximum normal strain max produced in
a steel wire of diameter d 1/16 in. when it is bent around a cylindrical
drum of radius R 24 in. (see figure).
Solution 5.4-1
R
Steel wire
R 24 in.
R
d
1
in.
16
From Eq. (5-4):
y
emax
r
d
d2
d
R d2 2R d
Substitute numerical values:
Cylinder
emax
116 in.
1300 106
2(24 in.) 116 in.
Problem 5.4-2 A copper wire having diameter d 3 mm is bent into
a circle and held with the ends just touching (see figure). If the maximum
permissible strain in the copper is max 0.0024, what is the shortest
length L of wire that can be used?
Solution 5.4-2
Copper wire
L = length
d 3 mm
d
d = diameter
max 0.0024
L
L 2rr
2
From Eq. (5-4):
emax
y
d2
d
r L2
L
L min
(3 mm)
d
3.93 m
emax
0.0024
285
286
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.4-3 A 4.5 in. outside diameter polyethylene pipe designed to
carry chemical wastes is placed in a trench and bent around a quartercircular 90° bend (see figure). The bent section of the pipe is 46 ft long.
Determine the maximum compressive strain max in the pipe.
90°
Solution 5.4-3
Polyethylene pipe
Angle equals 90º or /2 radians,
r radius of curvature
d
r radius
L
r
L length of 90º bend
L 46 ft 552 in.
d 4.5 in.
2r r
L
4
2
r
y
L
2L
d2
emax
r 2L
2
emax
d 4.5 in.
¢
≤ 6400 106
4L 4 552 in.
Problem 5.4-4 A cantilever beam AB is loaded by a couple M0 at
its free end (see figure). The length of the beam is L 1.5 m and the
longitudinal normal strain at the top surface is 0.001. The distance
from the top surface of the beam to the neutral surface is 75 mm.
Calculate the radius of curvature , the curvature , and the vertical
deflection at the end of the beam.
Solution 5.4-4
A
B
C
0′
M0
B
L
M0
Cantilever beam
L
A
L length of beam
L 1.5 m max 0.001
y
y 75 mm emax
r
y
75 mm
∴ r
75 m
emax
0.001
1
k 0.01333 m1
r
Assume that the deflection curve is nearly flat.
Then the distance BC is the same as the length L
of the beam.
∴ sin u
L 1.5 m
0.02
r 75 m
arcsin 0.02 0.02 rad
(1 cos ) (75 m)(1 cos (0.02 rad))
15.0 mm
L
NOTE: 100, which confirms that the deflection
curve is nearly flat.
SECTION 5.4
Problem 5.4-5 A thin strip of steel of length L 20 in. and thickness
t 0.2 in. is bent by couples M0 (see figure). The deflection at the
midpoint of the strip (measured from a line joining its end points) is found
to be 0.25 in.
Determine the longitudinal normal strain at the top surface of the strip.
Solution 5.4-5
287
Longitudinal Strains in Beams
M0
M0
t
L
—
2
L
—
2
Thin strip of steel
The deflection curve is very flat (note that L/ 80)
and therefore is a very small angle.
0′
sin u
M0
For small angles, u sin u
M0
L
—
2
L2
r
cos (1 cos )
r ¢ 1 cos
L
—
2
L
≤
2r
Substitute numerical values ( inches):
0.25 r ¢ 1 cos
L 20 in. t 0.2 in.
0.25 in.
L2
( is in radians)
r
10
≤
r
Solve numerically: 200.0 in.
NORMAL STRAIN
y t2 0.1 in.
e
500 106
r
r
200 in.
(Shortening at the top surface)
Problem 5.4-6 A bar of rectangular cross section is loaded and
supported as shown in the figure. The distance between supports is
L 1.2 m and the height of the bar is h 100 mm. The deflection
at the midpoint is measured as 3.6 mm.
What is the maximum normal strain at the top and bottom of
the bar?
h
P
P
a
L
—
2
L
—
2
a
288
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.4-6
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Bar of rectangular cross section
h
P
P
a
L
—
2
L
—
2
a
0′
L 1.2 m
h 100 mm
3.6 mm
Note that the deflection curve is nearly flat
(L/ 333) and is a very small angle.
sin u
u
L2
r
Substitute numerical values ( meters):
0.0036 r ¢ 1 cos
0.6
≤
r
Solve numerically: 50.00 m
NORMAL STRAIN
L2
(radians)
r
L
r (1 cos u) r ¢ 1 cos ≤
2r
e
y h2
50 mm
1000 106
r
r
50,000 mm
(Elongation on top; shortening on bottom)
Normal Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.5-1 A thin strip of hard copper (E 16,400 ksi) having
length L 80 in. and thickness t 3/32 in. is bent into a circle and
held with the ends just touching (see figure).
(a) Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the strip.
(b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the thickness of
the strip is increased?
Solution 5.5-1
E 16,400 ksi
Copper strip bent into a circle
L 80 in.
(a) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
L 2r 2rr
From Eq. (5-7): s
smax
3
t = — in.
32
L
2
Ey 2Ey
r
L
2E(t2) Et
L
L
t 3/32 in.
Substitute numerical values:
smax
(16,400 ksi)(332 in.)
60.4 ksi
80 in.
(b) CHANGE IN STRESS
If the thickness t is increased, the stress max increases.
SECTION 5.5
Normal Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.5-2 A steel wire (E 200 GPa) of diameter d 1.0 mm
is bent around a pulley of radius R0 400 mm (see figure).
(a) What is the maximum stress max in the wire?
(b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the radius of the pulley
is increased?
R0
d
Solution 5.5-2
E 200 GPa
Steel wire bent around a pulley
d 1.0 mm
R0 400 mm
From Eq. (5-7):
Ey (200 GPa) (0.5 mm)
250 MPa
r
400.5 mm
(a) MAXIMUM STRESS IN THE WIRE
smax
d
r R0 400 mm 0.5 mm 400.5 mm
2
(b) CHANGE IN STRESS
If the radius is increased, the stress max
decreases.
d
y 0.5 mm
2
Problem 5.5-3 A thin, high-strength steel rule (E 30 106 psi)
having thickness t 0.15 in. and length L 40 in. is bent by couples
M0 into a circular arc subtending a central angle 45° (see figure).
(a) What is the maximum bending stress max in the rule?
(b) Does the stress increase or decrease if the central angle is
increased?
Solution 5.5-3
L = length
t
M0
Thin steel rule bent into an arc
Substitute numerical values:
L
(30 106 psi) (0.15 in.) (0.78540 rad)
2 (40 in.)
44,200 psi 44.2 ksi
smax
E
t
L
(a) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
L
L r r radians
smax
Ey E(t2) Et
r
L
2L
30 106 psi
0.15 in.
40 in.
45º 0.78540 rad
(b) CHANGE IN STRESS
If the angle
increases.
is increased, the stress max
M0
289
290
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-4 A simply supported wood beam AB with span length
L 3.5 m carries a uniform load of intensity q 6.4 kN/m (see figure).
Calculate the maximum bending stress max due to the load q if the
beam has a rectangular cross section with width b 140 mm and height
h 240 mm.
q
A
L
Solution 5.5-4
Simple beam with uniform load
L 3.5 m q 6.4 kN/m
b 140 mm
h 240 mm
2
Substitute numerical values:
smax
2
Mmax
qL
bh
S
8
6
smax
Mmax 3qL2
S
4bh2
3(6.4 kNm)(3.5 m) 2
7.29 MPa
4(140 mm)(240 mm) 2
Problem 5.5-5 Each girder of the lift bridge (see figure) is
180 ft long and simply supported at the ends. The design load
for each girder is a uniform load of intensity 1.6 k/ft. The girders
are fabricated by welding three steel plates so as to form an
I-shaped cross section (see figure) having section modulus
S 3600 in3.
What is the maximum bending stress max in a girder due
to the uniform load?
Solution 5.5-5
Bridge girder
q
L 180 ft
S 3600
q 1.6 k/ft
in.3
Mmax
qL2
8
smax
Mmax qL2
S
8S
smax
(1.6 k ft)(180 ft) 2 (12 in.ft)
21.6 ksi
8(3600 in.3 )
L
h
B
b
SECTION 5.5
Problem 5.5-6 A freight-car axle AB is loaded approximately as shown
in the figure, with the forces P representing the car loads (transmitted to
the axle through the axle boxes) and the forces R representing the rail
loads (transmitted to the axle through the wheels). The diameter of the
axle is d 80 mm, the distance between centers of the rails is L, and
the distance between the forces P and R is b 200 mm.
Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the axle if P 47 kN.
Solution 5.5-6
Normal Stresses in Beams
P
P
B
A
d
R
b
R
L
b
Freight-car axle
Diameter d 80 mm
Distance b 200 mm
Load P 47 kN
M max PbS
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
smax
d 3
32
Mmax 32Pb
S
d 3
Substitute numerical values:
smax
32(47 kN)(200 mm)
187 MPa
(80 mm) 3
Problem 5.5-7 A seesaw weighing 3 lb/ft of length is occupied by two
children, each weighing 90 lb (see figure). The center of gravity of each
child is 8 ft from the fulcrum. The board is 19 ft long, 8 in. wide, and
1.5 in. thick.
What is the maximum bending stress in the board?
Solution 5.5-7
P
Seesaw
b 8 in. h 1.5 in.
q 3 lb/ft P 90 lb
P
q
h
b
d
L
d
L
Mmax Pd
d 8.0 ft
L 9.5 ft
qL2
720 lb-ft 135.4 lb-ft
2
855.4 lb-ft 10,264 lb-in.
bh2
3.0 in3.
6
M 10,264 lb-in.
smax
3420 psi
S
3.0 in.3
S
291
d
292
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-8 During construction of a highway bridge, the
main girders are cantilevered outward from one pier toward
the next (see figure). Each girder has a cantilever length of 46 m
and an I-shaped cross section with dimensions as shown in the
figure. The load on each girder (during construction) is assumed
to be 11.0 kN/m, which includes the weight of the girder.
Determine the maximum bending stress in a girder due to
this load.
50 mm
2400 mm
25 mm
600 mm
Solution 5.5-8
Bridge girder
q
Mmax
qL2 1
(11.0 kNm)(46 m) 2 11,638 kN m
2
2
smax
Mmax c
h
c 1200 mm
I
2
tf
h1
h2
tw
I
L
ˇ
ˇ
bh3 b1h31
12
12
1
1
(0.6 m)(2.4 m) 3
(0.575 m)(2.3 m) 3
12
12
0.6912 m4 0.5830 m4 0.1082 m4
b
L
q
b
tf
h1
b1
46 m
11.0 kN/m
600 mm
h 2400 mm
50 mm
tw 25 mm
h 2tf 2300 mm
b tw 575 mm
Problem 5.5-9 The horizontal beam ABC of an oil-well pump
has the cross section shown in the figure. If the vertical pumping
force acting at end C is 8.8 k, and if the distance from the line
of action of that force to point B is 14 ft, what is the maximum
bending stress in the beam due to the pumping force?
smax
Mmax c (11,638 kN m)(1.2 m)
I
0.1082 m4
129 MPa
ˇ
A
ˇ
B
C
0.875 in.
20.0
in.
0.625
in.
8.0 in.
SECTION 5.5
Solution 5.5-9
Beam in an oil-well pump
Mmax PL (8.8 k)(14 ft)
123,200 lb-ft 1,478,400 lb-in.
tf
smax
h1
P
h2
tw
I
L
b
L
P
b
tf
h1
b1
1
1
(8.0 in.)(20.0 in.) 3
(7.375 in.)(18.25 in.) 3
12
12
5,333.3 in.4 3,735.7 in.4 1,597.7 in.4
14 ft
8.8 k
8.0 in. h 20.0 in.
0.875 in. tw 0.625 in.
h 2tf 18.25 in.
b tw 7.375 in.
Solution 5.5-10
smax
Mmax c (1.4784 106 lb-in.)(10.0 in.)
I
1,597.7 in.4
9250 psi 9.25 ksi
P
a
P
a
L
q
P 175 kN b 300 mm
h 250 mm
L 1500 mm a 500 mm
Substitute numerical values:
2P
bh2
q
S
3.125 103 m3
L 2a
6
Mmax 21,875 N m
0
M2
M1
qa2
Pa2
2
L 2a
M2
2
q L
PL
¢ a≤
2 2
2
2
P
L
PL
¢ a≤
L 2a 2
2
P
(2a L)
4
M1 17,500 N m
M2 21,875 N m
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
M1
M1
smax
b
h
Railroad tie (or sleeper)
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
Mmax c
h
c 10.0 in.
I
2
bh3 b1h31
12
12
Problem 5.5-10 A railroad tie (or sleeper) is subjected to two rail
loads, each of magnitude P 175 kN, acting as shown in the figure.
The reaction q of the ballast is assumed to be uniformly distributed
over the length of the tie, which has cross-sectional dimensions
b 300 mm and h 250 mm.
Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the tie due to
the loads P, assuming the distance L 1500 mm and the overhang
length a 500 mm.
DATA
293
Normal Stresses in Beams
Mmax
21,875 N m
7.0 MPa
5
3.125 103 m3
ˇ
ˇ
(Tension on top; compression on bottom)
294
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-11 A fiberglass pipe is lifted by a sling, as shown in the
figure. The outer diameter of the pipe is 6.0 in., its thickness is 0.25 in.,
and its weight density is 0.053 lb/in.3 The length of the pipe is L 36 ft
and the distance between lifting points is s 11 ft.
Determine the maximum bending stress in the pipe due to its own
weight.
s
L
Solution 5.5-11
Pipe lifted by a sling
q
a
s
t
a
d1
d2
L
L 36 ft 432 in.
s 11 ft 132 in.
0.053 lb/in.3
d2 6.0 in. t 0.25 in.
d1 d2 2t 5.5 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 4.5160 in.2
4
(d 4 d 41 ) 18.699 in.4
64 2
q A (0.053 lb/in.3)(4.5160 in.2) 0.23935 lb/in.
I
a (L s)/2 150 in.
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
0
M1
M2
M1
qa2
2,692.7 lb-in.
2
qL L
M2 ¢ s ≤ 2,171.4 lb-in.
4 2
M1
Mmax 2,692.7 lb-in.
smax
Mmax c
d2
c 3.0 in.
I
2
smax
(2,692.7 lb-in.)(3.0 in.)
432 psi
18.699 in.4
(Tension on top)
SECTION 5.5
Problem 5.5-12 A small dam of height h 2.0 m is constructed of
vertical wood beams AB of thickness t 120 mm, as shown in the figure.
Consider the beams to be simply supported at the top and bottom.
Determine the maximum bending stress max in the beams, assuming
that the weight density of water is 9.81 kN/m3.
Normal Stresses in Beams
A
h
t
B
Solution 5.5-12
Vertical wood beam
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
t
q0
x
q q0 ()
L
A
A
B
h
x
RA
L
RA
B
q0
q0 L
6
ˇ
ˇ
q0̌ x3
6L
q0̌ Lx q0 x3
6
6L
dM q0̌L q0̌ x2
L
0x
dx
6
2L
3
Substitute x L 3 into the equation for M:
M RAx
ˇ
h 2.0 m
t 120 mm
9.81 kN/m3 (water)
Let b width of beam perpendicular to the plane
of the figure
Let q0 maximum intensity of distributed load
bt
q0 gbhS
6
2
ˇ
ˇ
Mmax
ˇ
ˇ
q0̌ L L
q0̌
q0̌ L2
L3
¢
≤
¢
≤
6 3
6L 33
93
ˇ
ˇ
For the vertical wood beam: L h; Mmax
q0̌ h2
ˇ
93
Maximum bending stress
smax
2q0̌ h2
Mmax
2gh3
S
33 bt 2 33 t 2
ˇ
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
max 2.10 MPa
NOTE: For b 1.0 m, we obtain q0 19,620 N/m,
S 0.0024 m3, Mmax 5,034.5 N m, and
max Mmax/S 2.10 MPa
295
296
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-13 Determine the maximum tensile stress t (due to pure
bending by positive bending moments M) for beams having cross sections
as follows (see figure): (a) a semicircle of diameter d, and (b) an isosceles
trapezoid with bases b1 b and b2 4b/3, and altitude h.
Solution 5.5-13
b1
C
C
d
b2
(a)
(b)
Maximum tensile stress
(a) SEMICIRCLE
(b) TRAPEZOID
b1
C
c
C
c
d
b2
From Appendix D, Case 10:
(9 2 64)r4 (9 2 64)d 4
72
1152
4r
2d
c
3 3
IC
st
Mc
768M
M
2
3 30.93 3
IC
(9 64)d
d
4b
3
From Appendix D, Case 8:
b1 bb2
IC
c
73bh3
756
h(2b1 b2 ) 10h
3(b1 b2 )
21
st
Problem 5.5-14 Determine the maximum bending stress max
(due to pure bending by a moment M) for a beam having a cross
section in the form of a circular core (see figure). The circle has
diameter d and the angle 60°. (Hint: Use the formulas given
in Appendix D, Cases 9 and 15.)
h3 (b21 4b1b2 b22 )
36(b1 b2 )
Mc 360M
IC
73bh2
C
d
h
h
SECTION 5.5
Solution 5.5-14
Circular core
From Appendix D, Cases 9 and 15:
C
y
y
radians
Iy
Iy
r4 r4
4
2
¢
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
ab 2ab3
4 ≤
r2
r
d
r b
2
2
d
radians
a r sin
b r cos
smax
Mc
d
c r sin b sin b
Iy
2
smax
64M sin b
d (4b sin 4b)
For
d
d
¢ b sin b cos b 2 sin b cos3 b ≤
64
32 2
4
d 4 d 4
1
¢ b ¢ sin 2b ≤ (cos 2b) ≤
64
32 2
2
d 4 d 4
1
¢ b sin 4b ≤
64
32 2
4
d4
(4b sin 4b)
128
Solution 5.5-15
(83 9)d
P
3
d
10.96
M
d3
P
A
B
L
Substitute x into the equation for M:
d
A
576M
Wheel loads on a beam
P
P
B
L
L
d
P
S
24 ft 288 in.
5 ft 60 in.
3k
16.2 in.3
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
P
P
P
(L x) (L x d) (2L d 2x)
L
L
L
P
M RAx (2Lx dx 2x2 )
L
dM P
L d
(2L d 4x) 0x
dx
L
2 4
RA
60º /3 rad:
smax
Problem 5.5-15 A simple beam AB of span length L 24 ft
is subjected to two wheel loads acting at distance d 5 ft apart
(see figure). Each wheel transmits a load P 3.0 k, and the
carriage may occupy any position on the beam.
Determine the maximum bending stress max due to the wheel
loads if the beam is an I-beam having section modulus S 16.2 in.3
RA
3
4
d 4 d 4
¢ b (sin b cos b)(1 2 cos2b) ≤
64
32 2
x
Normal Stresses in Beams
Mmax
P
d 2
¢L ≤
2L
2
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
smax
Mmax
P
d 2
¢L ≤
S
2LS
2
Substitute numerical values:
smax
3k
(288 in. 30 in.) 2
2(288 in.)(16.2 in.3 )
21.4 ksi
C
297
298
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-16 Determine the maximum tensile
stress t and maximum compressive stress c due to
the load P acting on the simple beam AB (see figure).
Data are as follows: P 5.4 kN, L 3.0 m,
d 1.2 m, b 75 mm, t 25 mm, h 100 mm,
and h1 75 mm.
t
P
d
A
L
Solution 5.5-16
h1
h
B
b
Simple beam of T-section
t
P
A
d
c1
h1
B
h
C
c2
L
RA
b
RB
P 5.4 kN
L 3.0 m
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
b 75 mm
t 25 mm
Mmax RA(L d) RB(d) 3888 N m
d 1.2 m
h 100 mm
h1 75 mm
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION
A 3750
mm2
c1 62.5 mm
c2 37.5 mm
IC 3.3203 106 mm4
REACTIONS OF THE BEAM
RA 2.16 kN
RB 3.24 kN
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
st
Mmax c2 (3888 N m)(0.0375 m)
IC
3.3203 106 mm4
ˇ
ˇ
43.9 MPa
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
sc
Mmax c1 (3888 N m)(0.0625 m)
IC
3.3203 106 mm4
ˇ
ˇ
73.2 MPa
200 lb
Problem 5.5-17 A cantilever beam AB, loaded by a uniform load and
a concentrated load (see figure), is constructed of a channel section.
Find the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive
stress c if the cross section has the dimensions indicated and the
moment of inertia about the z axis (the neutral axis) is I 2.81 in.4
(Note: The uniform load represents the weight of the beam.)
20 lb/ft
B
A
5.0 ft
3.0 ft
y
z
C
0.606 in.
2.133 in.
SECTION 5.5
Solution 5.5-17
299
Normal Stresses in Beams
Cantilever beam (channel section)
I 2.81 in.4
200 lb
c1 0.606 in.
c2 2.133 in.
Mmax (200 lb)(5.0 ft) (20 lbft)(8.0 ft) ¢
20 lb/ft
1000 lb-ft 640 lb-ft 1640 lb-ft
19,680 lb-in.
B
A
5.0 ft
8.0 ft
≤
2
3.0 ft
0.606 in.
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
Mc1 (19,680 lb-in.)(0.606 in.)
st
I
2.81 in.4
4,240 psi
2.133 in.
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
8.0 ft
y
z
C
sc
Mc2 (19,680 lb-in.)(2.133 in.)
I
2.81 in.4
14,940 psi
Problem 5.5-18 A cantilever beam AB of triangular cross section has
length L 0.8 m, width b 80 mm, and height h 120 mm (see figure).
The beam is made of brass weighing 85 kN/m3.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile stress t and maximum
compressive stress c due to the beam’s own weight.
(b) If the width b is doubled, what happens to the stresses?
(c) If the height h is doubled, what happens to the stresses?
Solution 5.5-18
L 0.8 m b 80 mm
85 kN/m3
h 120 mm
h
L
y
C
h/3
2h h
3
Compressive stress: c 2t
Substitute numerical values: t 1.36 MPa
c 2.72 MPa
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
qL2 gbhL2
bh
≤Mmax
2
2
4
bh3
h
2h
c1 c2
36
3
3
2
Tensile stress: st
B
b
z
L
Iz IC
b
Triangular beam
q
q gA g ¢
A
Mc1 3gL
Iz
h
(b) WIDTH b IS DOUBLED
No change in stresses.
(c) HEIGHT h IS DOUBLED
Stresses are reduced by half.
300
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-19 A beam ABC with an overhang from B to C supports a
uniform load of 160 lb/ft throughout its length (see figure). The beam is
a channel section with dimensions as shown in the figure. The moment of
inertia about the z axis (the neutral axis) equals 5.14 in.4
Calculate the maximum tensile stress t and maximum compressive
stress c due to the uniform load.
160 lb/ft
A
C
B
10 ft
5 ft
y
0.674 in.
z
C
Solution 5.5-19
2.496 in.
Beam with an overhang
q 160 lb/ft
y
A
C
B
z
C
L 10 ft
0.674 in.
2.496 in.
b 5 ft
AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE
BENDING MOMENT
M1
0
3.75 ft
Iz
c1
RA
M1
M2
M2
5.14 in.4
0.674 in. c2 2.496 in.
600 lb
RB 1800 lb
1125 lb-ft 13,500 lb-in.
2000 lb-ft 24,000 lb-in.
st
M1c2 (13,500 lb-in.)(2.496 in.)
6,560 psi
Iz
5.14 in.4
sc
M1c1 (13,500 lb-in.)(0.674 in.)
1,770 psi
Iz
5.14 in.4
AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM NEGATIVE
BENDING MOMENT
st
M2c1 (24,000 lb-in.)(0.674 in.)
3,150 psi
Iz
5.14 in.4
sc
M2c2 (24,000 lb-in.)(2.496 in.)
11,650 psi
Iz
5.14 in.4
MAXIMUM STRESSES
t 6,560 psi c 11,650 psi
Problem 5.5-20 A frame ABC travels horizontally with an acceleration
a0 (see figure). Obtain a formula for the maximum stress max in the
vertical arm AB, which has length L, thickness t, and mass density .
A
t
a0 = acceleration
L
B
C
SECTION 5.5
Solution 5.5-20
301
Normal Stresses in Beamss
Accelerating frame
L length of vertical arm
t thickness of vertical arm
mass density
a0 acceleration
Let b width of arm perpendicular to the plane of the figure
Let q inertia force per unit distance along vertical arm
VERTICAL ARM
TYPICAL UNITS FOR USE
IN THE PRECEDING EQUATION
SI UNITS: kg/m3 N s2/m4
L meters (m)
a0 m/s2
t meters (m)
t
max N/m2 (pascals)
qL2 rbta0 L2
q
rbta
M
0
max
q
2
2
L
Mmax 3rL2a0
bt 2
S
smax
6
S
t
Problem 5.5-21 A beam of T-section is supported and
loaded as shown in the figure. The cross section has width
b 2 1/2 in., height h 3 in., and thickness t 1/2 in.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses in the beam.
USCS UNITS: slug/ft3 lb-s2/ft4
L ft
a0 ft/s2
max lb/ft2 (Divide by 144 to obtain psi)
1
q = 80 lb/ft
L1 = 4 ft
1
t=—
2 in.
P
A
L2
M1 RA L1 9,000 lb – in.
C
RB
RA
t
c2
b
h
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION
b 2.5 in. h 3.0 in. t 0.5 in.
A bt (h t)t 2.50 in.2
c1 2.0 in. c2 1.0 in.
IC
REACTIONS
RA 187.5 lb (upward)
RB 837.5 lb (upward)
qL23
M2
12,000 lb – in.
2
L3
L1 4 ft 48 in. L2 8 ft 96 in. L3 5 ft 60 in.
P 625 lb q 80 lb/ft 6.6667 lb/in.
C
1
b = 2—
2 in.
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM
q
B
t
L3 = 5 ft
h=
3 in.
Beam of T-section
L1
c1
t=—
2 in.
P = 625 lb
L2 = 8 ft
Solution 5.5-21
t ft
25 4
in. 2.0833 in.4
12
AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM POSITIVE
BENDING MOMENT
st
M1c2
M1c1
4,320 psisc
8,640 psi
IC
IC
AT CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM NEGATIVE
BENDING MOMENT
st
M2c1
M2c2
11,520 psisc
5,760 psi
IC
IC
MAXIMUM STRESSES
t 11,520 psi c 8,640 psi
302
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.5-22 A cantilever beam AB with a rectangular cross
section has a longitudinal hole drilled throughout its length (see
figure). The beam supports a load P 600 N. The cross section
is 25 mm wide and 50 mm high, and the hole has a diameter of
10 mm.
Find the bending stresses at the top of the beam, at the top of
the hole, and at the bottom of the beam.
10 mm
50 mm
A
B
12.5 mm
37.5 mm
P = 600 N
L = 0.4 m
25 mm
Solution 5.5-22
Rectangular beam with a hole
y
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS
(THE z AXIS)
c1
z
C
c2
y–
B
B
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
M PL (600 N)(0.4 m) 240 N m
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION
A1 area of rectangle
(25 mm)(50 mm) 1250 mm2
A2 area of hole
(10 mm) 2 78.54 mm2
4
A area of cross section
A1 A2 1171.5 mm2
Using line B-B as reference axis:
∑Ai yi A1(25 mm) A2(37.5 mm) 28,305 mm3
3
a Ai yi 28,305 mm
24.162 mm
A
1171.5 mm2
Distances to the centroid C:
y
c2 y 24.162 mm
c1 50 mm c2 25.838 mm
All dimensions in millimeters.
Rectangle:
Iz Ic Ad 2
1
(25)(50) 3 (25)(50)(25 24.162) 2
12
260,420 878 261,300 mm4
Hole:
Iz Ic Ad 2 (10) 4 (78.54)(37.5 24.162) 2
64
490.87 13,972 14,460 mm4
Cross-section:
I 261,300 14,460 246,800 mm4
STRESS AT THE TOP OF THE BEAM
Mc1 (240 N m)(25.838 mm)
s1
I
246,800 mm4
ˇ
ˇ
25.1 MPa
(tension)
STRESS AT THE TOP OF THE HOLE
My
s2
y c1 7.5 mm 18.338 mm
I
s2
(240 N m)(18.338 mm)
17.8 MPa
246,800 mm4
ˇ
ˇ
(tension)
STRESS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BEAM
Mc2
(240 N m)(24.162 mm)
s3
I
246,800 mm4
ˇ
23.5 MPa
(compression)
ˇ
SECTION 5.5
Problem 5.5-23 A small dam of height h 6 ft is constructed of
vertical wood beams AB, as shown in the figure. The wood beams,
which have thickness t 2.5 in., are simply supported by horizontal
steel beams at A and B.
Construct a graph showing the maximum bending stress max in
the wood beams versus the depth d of the water above the lower
support at B. Plot the stress max (psi) as the ordinate and the depth
d (ft) as the abscissa. (Note: The weight density of water equals
62.4 lb/ft3.)
303
Normal Stresses in Beams
Steel beam
A Wood beam
t
t
Wood beam
Steel beam
h
d
B
Side view
Solution 5.5-23
Vertical wood beam in a dam
A
t
h
d
B
q0
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
1
Section modulus: S bt 2
6
h 6 ft
t 2.5 in.
62.4 lb/ft3
Let b width of beam
(perpendicular to the
figure)
Let q0 intensity of
load at depth d
q0 bd
ANALYSIS OF BEAM
C
B
RA
RB
d
Mmax
6 q0 d 2
d 2d d
2B
¢1
≤R
S
6
L 3LB 3L
bt
q0
bd
smax
gd 3
d 2d d
≤
2 ¢1
L 3LB 3L
t
smax
MC RA (L d)
(62.4)d 3
d d d
¢1
≤
6 9B 18
(2.5) 2
0.1849d 3 (54 9d d2d)
d
B 3L
x0 d
L
V
smax
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
d depth of water (ft)
(Max. d h 6 ft)
L h 6 ft
62.4 lb/ft3
t 2.5 in.
max psi
L h 6 ft
q0 d 2
RA
6L
q0 d
d
RB
¢3 ≤
6
L
q0
A
C
q0 d
6
¢1
d
≤
L
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x0
RB
1000
Mmax
M
max
(psi)
Mmax
q0 d 2
d 2d d
¢1
≤
6
L 3LB 3L
0
9
59
171
347
573
830
830 psi
MC
0
max (psi)
d (ft)
2
RA
0
Top view
750
500
250
0
1
2
3
d (ft)
4
5
6
304
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Design of Beams
P
Problem 5.6-1 The cross section of a narrow-gage railway
bridge is shown in part (a) of the figure. The bridge is constructed
with longitudinal steel girders that support the wood cross ties.
The girders are restrained against lateral buckling by diagonal
bracing, as indicated by the dashed lines.
The spacing of the girders is s1 50 in. and the spacing
of the rails is s2 30 in. The load transmitted by each rail to a
single tie is P 1500 lb. The cross section of a tie, shown in
part (b) of the figure, has width b 5.0 in. and depth d.
Determine the minimum value of d based upon an allowable
bending stress of 1125 psi in the wood tie. (Disregard the weight
of the tie itself.)
Solution 5.6-1
Railway cross tie
P
s2
P
s2
Steel rail
Wood
tie
d
b
Steel
girder
(b)
s1
(a)
P
Steel rail
Wood
tie
d
b
s1
s1 50 in. b 5.0 in. s2 30 in.
d depth of tie
P 1500 lb allow 1125 psi
P(s1 s2 )
Mmax
15,000 lb-in.
2
bd 2 1
5d 2
S
(50 in.)(d 2 )
d inches
6
6
6
Mmax sallow S15,000 (1125) ¢
Solving, d 2 16.0 in.
dmin 4.0 in.
Note: Symbolic solution: d 2
Problem 5.6-2 A fiberglass bracket ABCD of solid circular cross
section has the shape and dimensions shown in the figure. A vertical
load P 36 N acts at the free end D.
Determine the minimum permissible diameter dmin of the bracket if
the allowable bending stress in the material is 30 MPa and b 35 mm.
(Disregard the weight of the bracket itself.)
3P(s1 s2 )
bsallow
5b
A
B
2b
D
P
Solution 5.6-2 Fiberglass bracket
DATA P 36 N allow 30 MPa
CROSS SECTION
d = diameter
I
b 35 mm
d 4
64
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
MINIMUM DIAMETER
(96)(36 N)(35 mm)
96Pb
d3
sallow
(30 MPa)
1,283.4 mm3
Mmax P(3b)
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
Mmax c
d
3Pbd 96 Pb
smax
c
sallow
I
2
2I
d 3
5d 2
≤
6
dmin 10.9 mm
C
2b
SECTION 5.6
Design of Beams
P 2500 lb
Problem 5.6-3 A cantilever beam of length L 6 ft supports a uniform
load of intensity q 200 lb/ft and a concentrated load P 2500 lb
(see figure).
Calculate the required section modulus S if allow 15,000 psi. Then
select a suitable wide-flange beam (W shape) from Table E-1, Appendix
E, and recalculate S taking into account the weight of the beam. Select a
new beam size if necessary.
q 200 lb/ft
L = 6 ft
Solution 5.6-3
Cantilever beam
P 2500 lb q 200 lb/ft
allow 15,000 psi
L 6 ft
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
qL2
Mmax PL
15,000 lb-ft 3,600 lb-ft
2
18,600 lb-ft 223,200 lb-in.
Mmax 223,200 lb-in.
S
14.88 in.3
sallow
15,000 psi
TRIAL SECTION W 8 21
S 18.2 in.3
M0
q0 L
378 lb-ft 4536 lb-in.
2
Mmax 223,200 4,536 227,700 lb-in.
Required S
Mmax 227,700 lb-in.
15.2 in.3
sallow
15,000 psi
15.2 in.3 18.2 in.3
Use
Beam is satisfactory.
W 8 21
P = 4000 lb
Problem 5.6-4 A simple beam of length L 15 ft carries a uniform
load of intensity q 400 lb/ft and a concentrated load P 4000 lb
(see figure).
Assuming allow 16,000 psi, calculate the required section
modulus S. Then select an 8-inch wide-flange beam (W shape) from
Table E-1, Appendix E, and recalculate S taking into account the
weight of the beam. Select a new 8-inch beam if necessary.
Solution 5.6-4
q0 21 lb/ft
2
7.5 ft
q = 400 lb/ft
L = 15 ft
Simple beam
P 4000 lb q 400 lb/ft
L 15 ft
allow 16,000 psi
use an 8-inch W shape
TRIAL SECTION W 8 28
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
PL qL2
Mmax
15,000 lb-ft 11,250 lb-ft
4
8
26,250 lb-ft 315,000 lb-in.
Mmax 315,000 lb-in.
S
19.69 in.3
sallow
16,000 psi
q0 28 lb/ft
S 24.3 in.3
2
M0
q0 L
787.5 lb-ft 9450 lb-in.
8
Mmax 315,000 9,450 324,450 lb-in.
Required S
Mmax 324,450 lb-in.
20.3 in.3
sallow
16,000 psi
20.3 in.3 24.3 in.3
Use W 8 28
Beam is satisfactory.
305
306
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.6-5 A simple beam AB is loaded as shown in the figure on
the next page. Calculate the required section modulus S if allow 15,000 psi,
L 24 ft, P 2000 lb, and q 400 lb/ft. Then select a suitable I-beam
(S shape) from Table E-2, Appendix E, and recalculate S taking into
account the weight of the beam. Select a new beam size if necessary.
P
q
B
A
L
—
4
L
—
4
Solution 5.6-5
q
L
—
4
L
—
4
Simple beam
P 2000 lb q 400 lb/ft
allow 15,000 psi
L 24 ft
TRIAL SECTION S 10 25.4
S 24.7 in.3
q0 25.4 lb/ft
2
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
M0
PL qL2
12,000 lb-ft 7,200 lb-ft
4
32
19,200 lb-ft 230,400 lb-in.
Mmax
S
Mmax 230,400 lb-in.
15.36 in.3
sallow
15,000 psi
q0 L
1829 lb-ft 21,950 lb-in.
8
Mmax 230,400 21,950 252,300 lb-in.
Required S
Mmax 252,300 lb-in.
16.8 in.3
sallow
15,000 psi
.
16.8 in.3 24.7 in.3
Beam is satisfactory.
Use S 10 25.4
Problem 5.6-6 A pontoon bridge (see figure) is constructed of two
longitudinal wood beams, known as balks, that span between adjacent
pontoons and support the transverse floor beams, which are called
chesses.
For purposes of design, assume that a uniform floor load of
8.0 kPa acts over the chesses. (This load includes an allowance for
the weights of the chesses and balks.) Also, assume that the chesses
are 2.0 m long and that the balks are simply supported with a span of
3.0 m. The allowable bending stress in the wood is 16 MPa.
If the balks have a square cross section, what is their minimum
required width bmin?
Solution 5.6-6
Chess
Pontoon
Balk
Pontoon bridge
Chess
Lc 2.0 m
Pontoon
FLOOR LOAD: w 8.0 kPa
ALLOWABLE STRESS: allow 16 MPa
Lc length of chesses
Balk
Lb 3.0 m
2.0 m
Lb length of balks
3.0 m
SECTION 5.6
LOADING DIAGRAM FOR ONE BALK
Section modulus S
q 8.0 kN/m
b
Mmax
b
Lb 3.0 m
S
∴
W total load
wLb Lc
Design of Beams
307
b3
6
qL2b (8.0 kNm)(3.0 m) 2
9,000 N m
8
8
ˇ
ˇ
Mmax 9,000 N m
562.5 106 m3
sallow
16 MPa
b3
562.5 106 m3andb3 3375 106 m3
6
Solving, bmin 0.150 m 150 mm
wLc
W
q
2Lb
2
(8.0 kPa)(2.0 m)
2
8.0 kN/m
Problem 5.6-7 A floor system in a small building consists of
wood planks supported by 2 in. (nominal width) joists spaced at
distance s, measured from center to center (see figure). The span
length L of each joist is 10.5 ft, the spacing s of the joists is 16 in.,
and the allowable bending stress in the wood is 1350 psi. The uniform floor load is 120 lb/ft2, which includes an allowance for
the weight of the floor system itself.
Calculate the required section modulus S for the joists, and
then select a suitable joist size (surfaced lumber) from Appendix F,
assuming that each joist may be represented as a simple beam carrying a uniform load.
Solution 5.6-7
Planks
s
s
L
Joists
s
Floor joists
q
Mmax
qL2 1
(13.333 lbin.)(126 in.) 2 26,460 lb-in.
8
8
Required S
L 10.5 ft
allow 1350 psi
L 10.5 ft 126 in.
w floor load 120 lb/ft2 0.8333 lb/in.2
s spacing of joists 16 in.
q ws 13.333 lb/in.
Mmax 26,460 lbin.
19.6 in.3
sallow
1350 psi
From Appendix F: Select 2 10 in. joists
308
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.6-8 The wood joists supporting a plank floor (see figure) are
40 mm 180 mm in cross section (actual dimensions) and have a span
length L 4.0 m. The floor load is 3.6 kPa, which includes the weight
of the joists and the floor.
Calculate the maximum permissible spacing s of the joists if the
allowable bending stress is 15 MPa. (Assume that each joist may be
represented as a simple beam carrying a uniform load.)
Solution 5.6-8
Spacing of floor joists
Planks
h = 180 mm
s
s
L
Joists
b = 40 mm
s
L 4.0 m
w floor load 3.6 kPa
s spacing of joists
allow 15 MPa
q
L 4.0 m
q ws
S
bh2
6
Mmax
S
SPACING OF JOISTS
qL2 wsL2
8
8
Mmax
wsL2
bh2
sallow 8sallow
6
smax
4 bh2sallow
3wL2
Substitute numerical values:
4(40 mm)(180 mm) 2 (15 MPa)
smax
3(3.6 kPa) (4.0 m) 2
0.450 m 450 mm
SECTION 5.6
Problem 5.6-9 A beam ABC with an overhang from B to C is
constructed of a C 10 30 channel section (see figure). The beam
supports its own weight (30 lb/ft) plus a uniform load of intensity
q acting on the overhang. The allowable stresses in tension and
compression are 18 ksi and 12 ksi, respectively.
Determine the allowable uniform load qallow if the distance
L equals 3.0 ft.
Design of Beams
309
q
A
C
B
L
L
3.033
in.
C
2.384 in.
0.649 in.
10.0 in.
Solution 5.6-9 Beam with an overhang
DATA
C 10 30 channel section
c1 2.384 in.
c2 0.649 in.
ALLOWABLE BENDING MOMENT
BASED UPON TENSION
st I (18 ksi)(3.94 in.4 )
29,750 lb-in.
c1
2.384 in.
Mt
I 3.94 in.4 (from Table E-3)
ALLOWABLE BENDING MOMENT
q0 weight of beam ABC
30 lb/ft 2.5 lb/in.
BASED UPON COMPRESSION
q load on overhang
Mc
L length of overhang
3.0 ft = 36 in.
ALLOWABLE BENDING MOMENT
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
t 18 ksi
c 12 ksi
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
(q q0 )L2
2
Tension on top; compression on bottom.
Mmax occurs at support B. Mmax
sc I (12 ksi)(3.94 in.4 )
72,850 lb-in.
c2
0.649 in.
Tension governs.
Mallow 29,750 lb-in.
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOAD q
(q q0 )L2
2Mallow
qallow q0
2
L2
2Mallow
2(29,750 lb-in.)
qallow
q0
2.5 lbin.
L2
(36 in.) 2
Mmax
45.91 2.5 43.41 lb/in.
qallow (43.41)(12) 521 lb/ft
Problem 5.6-10 A so-called “trapeze bar” in a hospital
room provides a means for patients to exercise while in bed
(see figure). The bar is 2.1 m long and has a cross section in
the shape of a regular octagon. The design load is 1.2 kN applied
at the midpoint of the bar, and the allowable bending stress is
200 MPa.
Determine the minimum height h of the bar. (Assume that
the ends of the bar are simply supported and that the weight of
the bar is negligible.)
C
h
310
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Solution 5.6-10
Trapeze bar (regular octagon)
P
L
2
C
h
b
L
P 1.2 kN
L 2.1 m
allow 200 MPa
Determine minimum height h.
IC 1.85948(0.41421h)4 0.054738h4
SECTION MODULUS
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
Mmax
b 0.41421h
PL (1.2 kN)(2.1 m)
630 N m
4
4
ˇ
S
IC
0.054738h4
0.109476h3
h2
h2
ˇ
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION
Use Appendix D, Case 25, with n 8
MINIMUM HEIGHT h
M
M
S
s
S
630N
m
0.109476h3
3.15 106 m3
200 MPa
h3 28.7735 106 m3 h 0.030643 m
s
ˇ
b
C
2
h
2
b length of one side
360 360
45
n
8
b b
tan (from triangle)
b
2 h
2
b h
h cot
2 b
2
b
hmin 30.6 mm
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION (n 8)
M
b
b
PL
b 45tan 2 1cot 2 1
4
2
2
b ( 2 1)hh ( 2 1)b
C
For 45º:
b
45
tan
0.41421
h
2
h
45
cot
2.41421
b
2
MOMENT OF INERTIA
ˇ
IC ¢
S¢
11 82 4
42 5 4
≤b ¢
≤h
12
12
42 5 3
3PL
≤ h h3
6
2(42 5)sallow
Substitute numerical values:
h3 28.7735 106 m3
hmin 30.643 mm
b
b
nb4
¢ cot ≤ ¢ 3 cot2 1 ≤
192
2
2
8b4
IC
(2.41421) [3(2.41421) 2 1] 1.85948b4
192
IC
Problem 5.6-11 A two-axle carriage that is part of an overhead traveling
crane in a testing laboratory moves slowly across a simple beam AB (see
figure). The load transmitted to the beam from the front axle is 2000 lb
and from the rear axle is 4000 lb. The weight of the beam itself may be
disregarded.
(a) Determine the minimum required section modulus S for the beam
if the allowable bending stress is 15.0 ksi, the length of the beam is 16 ft,
and the wheelbase of the carriage is 5 ft.
(b) Select a suitable I-beam (S shape) from Table E-2, Appendix E.
4000 lb
5 ft
A
2000 lb
B
16 ft
SECTION 5.6
Solution 5.6-11
311
Moving carriage
P2
P1
BENDING MOMENT UNDER LARGER LOAD P2
d
x
M RA x 125(43x 3x2)
A
B
L
P1 load on front axle
2000 lb
P2 load on rear axle
4000 lb
L 16 ft
d 5 ft
allow 15 ksi
x distance from support A to the larger load P2 (feet)
Lx
Lxd
RA P2 ¢
≤ P1¢
≤
L
L
x
x
5
(4000 lb) ¢ 1 ≤ (2000 lb) ¢ 1 ≤
16
16 16
125(43 3x)
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
dM
Set
equal to zero and solve for x xm.
dx
Mmax (M) xxm 125 B (43) ¢
(a) MINIMUM SECTION MODULUS
Smin
Mmax 231,130 lb-in.
15.41 in.3
sallow
15,000 psi
(b) SELECT ON I-BEAM (S SHAPE)
Table E-2.
Select S 8 23
(S 16.2 in.3)
Problem 5.6-12 A cantilever beam AB of circular cross section and length
L 450 mm supports a load P 400 N acting at the free end (see figure).
The beam is made of steel with an allowable bending stress of 60 MPa.
Determine the required diameter dmin of the beam, considering the
effect of the beam’s own weight.
Solution 5.6-12 Cantilever beam
DATA L 450 mm
P 400 N
allow 60 MPa
weight density of steel
77.0 kN/m3
A
B
d
P
L
MINIMUM DIAMETER
Mmax allow S
PL
gd 2L2
d 3
sallow ¢
≤
8
32
WEIGHT OF BEAM PER UNIT LENGTH
Rearrange the equation:
d 2
q g¢
≤
4
sallow d 3 4g L2 d 2
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
qL2
gd 3L2
PL
2
8
d
32
3
43
43 2
≤ 3¢ ≤ R
6
6
19, 260 lb-ft 231,130 lb-in.
(x ft; RA lb)
SECTION MODULUS S
(x ft; M lb-ft)
dM
43
125(43 6x) 0x xm 7.1667 ft
dx
6
RA
Mmax PL
Design of Beams
32 PL
0
(Cubic equation with diameter d as unknown.)
Substitute numerical values (d meters):
(60 106 N/m2)d 3 4(77,000 N/m3)(0.45m)2d 2
32
(400 N)(0.45 m) 0
60,000d 3 62.37d 2 1.833465 0
Solve the equation numerically:
d 0.031614 m
dmin 31.61 mm
312
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.6-13 A compound beam ABCD (see figure) is supported at
points A, B, and D and has a splice (represented by the pin connection)
at point C. The distance a 6.0 ft and the beam is a W 16 57
wide-flange shape with an allowable bending stress of 10,800 psi.
Find the allowable uniform load qallow that may be placed on top of
the beam, taking into account the weight of the beam itself.
Solution 5.6-13
A
B
4a
C
a
11qa
RA 8
RB
D
4a
C
D
a
4a
45qa
8
C
qmax
D
2a
qallow qmax (weight of beam)
W 16 57
RD 2qa
2qa2
11a
8
2sallow S
5a2
allow 10,800 psi
S 92.2 in.3
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOAD
121 qa2
128
B
qmax
5q a2
sallow S
2
DATA: a 6 ft 72 in.
4a
Pin connection at point C.
2(10,800 psi)(92.2 in.3 )
76.833 lbin.
5(72 in.) 2
922 lb/ft
qallow 922 lb/ft 57 lb/ft 865 lb/ft
2a
5qa2
2
Problem 5.6-14 A small balcony constructed of wood is supported
by three identical cantilever beams (see figure). Each beam has length
L1 2.1 m, width b, and height h 4b/3. The dimensions of the balcony
floor are L1 L2, with L2 2.5 m. The design load is 5.5 kPa acting
over the entire floor area. (This load accounts for all loads except
the weights of the cantilever beams, which have a weight density
5.5 kN/m3.) The allowable bending stress in the cantilevers is
15 MPa.
Assuming that the middle cantilever supports 50% of the load
and each outer cantilever supports 25% of the load, determine the
required dimensions b and h.
Solution 5.6-14q Cantilever beam for a balcony
4b
h= —
3
L1
B
Pin
Mmax
Pin
A
A
Compound beam
q
M
q
4b
h= —
3
L2
b
L1
MIDDLE BEAM SUPPORTS 50% OF THE LOAD.
∴ q w¢
L2
2.5 m
≤ (5.5 kPa) ¢
≤ 6875 Nm
2
2
b
L1 2.1 m L 2 2.5 m
Floor dimensions: L 1 L 2
Design load w 5.5 kPa
5.5 kN/m3 (weight density of wood beam)
allow 15 MPa
WEIGHT OF BEAM
q0 gbh
4gb2 4
(5.5 kNm2 )b2
3
3
7333b2 (N/m)
(b meters)
SECTION 5.6
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
Rearrange the equation:
(q
1
(6875 Nm 7333b2 )(2.1 m) 2
2
2
15,159 16,170b2 (N m)
q0 )L21
Mmax
Design of Beams
bh2 8b3
6
27
Mmax allow S
(120 106)b3 436,590b2 409,300 0
SOLVE NUMERICALLY FOR DIMENSION b
b 0.1517 m
S
h
4b
0.2023 m
3
REQUIRED DIMENSIONS
8b3
15,159 16,170b2 (15 106 Nm2 ) ¢
≤
27
b 152 mm
Problem 5.6-15 A beam having a cross section in the form of an
unsymmetric wide-flange shape (see figure) is subjected to a negative
bending moment acting about the z axis.
Determine the width b of the top flange in order that the stresses at
the top and bottom of the beam will be in the ratio 4:3, respectively.
h 202 mm
y
b
1.5 in.
1.25 in.
z
C
12 in.
1.5 in.
16 in.
Solution 5.6-15
Unsymmetric wide-flange beam
y
AREAS OF THE CROSS SECTION (in.2)
b
c1
1.25 in.
c2
A3
z
1.5 in.
A1
12 in.
B
1.5 in.
16 in.
Stresses at top and bottom are in the ratio 4:3.
Find b (inches)
h height of beam 15 in.
LOCATE CENTROID
stop
c1 4
sbottom c2 3
4
60
c1 h 8.57143 in.
7
7
3
45
c2 h 6.42857 in.
7
7
A2 (12)(1.25) 15 in.2
A3 (16)(1.5) 24 in.2
C
A2
B
A1 1.5b
A A1 A2 A3 39 1.5b (in.2)
FIRST MOMENT OF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA ABOUT THE
LOWER EDGE B-B
QBB a yi Ai (14.25)(1.5b) (7.5)(15) (0.75)(24)
130.5 21.375b (in.3)
DISTANCE c2
c2
FROM LINE
B-B TO THE CENTROID C
QBB 130.5 21.375b 45
in.
A
39 1.5b
7
SOLVE FOR b
(39 1.5b)(45) (130.5 21.375b)(7)
82.125b 841.5
b 10.25 in.
313
314
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.6-16 A beam having a cross section in the form of a channel
(see figure) is subjected to a bending moment acting about the z axis.
Calculate the thickness t of the channel in order that the bending
stresses at the top and bottom of the beam will be in the ratio 7:3,
respectively.
y
t
t
C
z
t
50 mm
120 mm
Solution 5.6-16
Channel beam
AREAS OF THE CROSS SECTION (mm 2)
A1 ht 50t A2 b1 t 120t 2t 2
A 2A1 A2 220t 2t 2 2t(110t)
y
z
A1
A2
c1
c2
C
A1
t
b1
FIRST MOMENT OF THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA ABOUT
B-B
h
t
QBB ayi Ai (2) ¢ ≤ (50 t) ¢ ≤ (b1 )(t)
2
2
t
2(25)(50t) ¢ ≤ (120 2t)(t)
2
t (2500 60t t 2) (t mm; Q mm3)
THE LOWER EDGE
B
B
t
h 50 mm
t
b 120 mm
t thickness (constant)
(t is in millimeters)
b1 b 2t 120 mm 2t
Stresses at the top and bottom are in the ratio 7:3.
DISTANCE c2 FROM LINE B-B TO THE CENTROID C
c2
Q BB t(2500 60t t 2 )
A
2t(110 t)
2500 60t t 2
15 mm
2(110 t)
Determine the thickness t.
LOCATE CENTROID
stop
c1 7
sbottom c2 3
c1
7
h 35 mm
10
c2
3
h 15 mm
10
SOLVE FOR t
2(110 t)(15) 2500 60t t 2
t 2 90t 800 0
t 10 mm
Problem 5.6-17 Determine the ratios of the weights of three beams that
have the same length, are made of the same material, are subjected to the
same maximum bending moment, and have the same maximum bending
stress if their cross sections are (1) a rectangle with height equal to twice
the width, (2) a square, and (3) a circle (see figures).
h = 2b
b
a
a
d
SECTION 5.6
Solution 5.6-17 Ratio of weights of three beams
Beam 1: Rectangle (h 2b)
Beam 2: Square (a side dimension)
Beam 3: Circle (d diameter)
L, , Mmax, and max are the same in all three beams.
M
S section modulus S
s
Since M and are the same, the section moduli must
be the same.
bh2 2b3
3S 13
(1) RECTANGLE: S
b ¢ ≤
6
3
2
23
3S
A1 2b2 2 ¢ ≤ 2.6207S 23
2
315
Design of Beams
a3
a (6S) 13
6
A2 a2 (6S)2/3 3.3019S 2/3
(2) SQUARE: S
d 3
32S 13
d ¢
≤
32
d 2 32S 23
A3
¢
≤ 3.6905 S 23
4
4
(3) CIRCLE: S
Weights are proportional to the cross-sectional areas
(since L and are the same in all 3 cases).
W1 : W2 : W3 A1 : A2 : A3
A1 : A2 : A3 2.6207 : 3.3019 : 3.6905
W1 : W2 : W3 1 : 1.260 : 1.408
Problem 5.6-18 A horizontal shelf AD of length L 900 mm, width b
300 mm, and thickness t 20 mm is supported by brackets at B and C
[see part (a) of the figure]. The brackets are adjustable and may be placed
in any desired positions between the ends of the shelf. A uniform load of
intensity q, which includes the weight of the shelf itself, acts on the shelf
[see part (b) of the figure].
Determine the maximum permissible value of the load q if the
allowable bending stress in the shelf is allow 5.0 MPa and the position
of the supports is adjusted for maximum load-carrying capacity.
t
A
B
D
C
b
L
(a)
q
A
D
B
C
L
(b)
Solution 5.6-18
Shelf with adjustable supports
q
t
A
D
B
B
A
x
M2
b
C
L
L
( 12 1)
2
Substitute x into the equation for either M1 or ƒ M2 ƒ :
M1
Mmax
Solve for x: x
C
M2
D
x
L 900 mm
b 300 mm
t 20 mm
allow 5.0 MPa
For maximum load-carrying capacity, place the supports
so that M1 ƒ M2 ƒ .
Let x length of overhang
qL
qx2
M1
(L 4x)ƒ M2 ƒ
8
2
2
qL
qx
∴
(L 4x)
8
2
qL2
(3 212)
8
Mmax sallow S sallow ¢
Eq. (1)
bt 2
≤
6
Eq. (2)
Equate Mmax from Eqs. (1) and (2) and solve for q:
qmax
4bt 2sallow
3L2 (3 212)
Substitute numerical values:
qmax 5.76 kN/m
316
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.6-19 A steel plate (called a cover plate) having crosssectional dimensions 4.0 in. 0.5 in. is welded along the full length of
the top flange of a W 12 35 wide-flange beam (see figure, which shows
the beam cross section).
What is the percent increase in section modulus (as compared to the
wide-flange beam alone)?
Solution 5.6-19
4.0 0.5 in. cover plate
c1
1
W 12 35
Beam with cover plate
y
z
4.0 0.5 in. cover plate
–y
C
c2
6.25
1
6.25
Moment of inertia about axis 1-1:
1
I1–1 I0 (4.0)(0.5) 3 (4.0)(0.5)(6.25 0.25) 2
12
369.5 in.4
Moment of inertia about z axis:
I1–1 Iz A1 y 2Iz I1–1 A1 y 2
Iz 369.5 in.4 (12.3 in.2)(1.057 in.)2 355.8 in.4
All dimensions in inches.
WIDE-FLANGE BEAM ALONE
(AXIS 1-1 IS CENTROIDAL AXIS)
W 12 35 d 12.50 in.
A0 10.3 in.2 I0 2.85 in.4 S0 45.6 in.3
BEAM WITH COVER PLATE
(z AXIS IS CENTROIDAL AXIS)
A1 A0 (4.0 in.)(0.5 in.) 12.3 in.2
First moment with respect to axis 1-1:
Q1 a yi Ai (6.25 in. 0.25 in.)(4.0 in.)(0.5 in.)
13.00 in.3
Q1 13.00 in.3
y
1.057 in.
A1
12.3 in.2
SECTION MODULUS (Use the smaller of the two section
moduli)
Iz 355.8 in.4
S1
48.69 in.3
c2 7.307 in.
INCREASE IN SECTION MODULUS
S1 48.69
1.068
S0
45.6
Percent increase 6.8%
c1 6.25 0.5 y 5.693 in.
c2 6.25 y 7.307 in.
Problem 5.6-20 A steel beam ABC is simply supported
at A and B and has an overhang BC of length L 150 mm
(see figure on the next page). The beam supports a uniform
load of intensity q 3.5 kN/m over its entire length of
450 mm. The cross section of the beam is rectangular
with width b and height 2b. The allowable bending stress
in the steel is allow 60 MPa and its weight density is
77.0 kN/m3.
(a) Disregarding the weight of the beam, calculate t
he required width b of the rectangular cross section.
(b) Taking into account the weight of the beam,
calculate the required width b.
q
C
A
2b
B
2L
L
b
SECTION 5.6
Solution 5.6-20
Design of Beams
317
Beam with an overhang
q
C
A
2b
B
Substitute numerical values:
3(3.5 kNm)(150 mm) 2
b3
0.98438 106 m3
4(60 MPa)
b
2L
L
9qL
RB
4
3qL
RA
4
9qL2
32
M
0
A
C
B
–
qL2
2
L 150 mm
q 3.5 kN/m
allow 60 MPa
77.0 kN/m3
b 0.00995 m 9.95 mm
(b) INCLUDE THE WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
q0 weight of beam per unit length
q0 (b)(2b) 2b 2
Mmax
S
qL2
bh2 2b3
Mmax
S
2
6
3
(a) DISREGARD THE WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
Mmax allow S
b3
qL2
2b3
sallow ¢
≤
2
3
3qL2
4sallow
Problem 5.6-21 A retaining wall 5 ft high is constructed of
horizontal wood planks 3 in. thick (actual dimension) that are
supported by vertical wood piles of 12 in. diameter (actual
dimension), as shown in the figure. The lateral earth pressure
is p1 100 lb/ft2 at the top of the wall and p2 400 lb/ft2 at
the bottom.
Assuming that the allowable stress in the wood is 1200 psi,
calculate the maximum permissible spacing s of the piles.
(Hint: Observe that the spacing of the piles may be
governed by the load-carrying capacity of either the planks or
the piles. Consider the piles to act as cantilever beams subjected
to a trapezoidal distribution of load, and consider the planks to
act as simple beams between the piles. To be on the safe side,
assume that the pressure on the bottom plank is uniform and
equal to the maximum pressure.)
2b3
3
(q q0 )L2 1
(q 2g b2 )L2
2
2
Mmax allow S
1
2b3
(q 2g b2 ) L2 sallow ¢
≤
2
3
Rearrange the equation:
4allow b 3 6L2 b2 3qL2 0
Substitute numerical values:
(240 106)b3 10,395b2 236.25 0
(b meters)
Solve the equation:
b 0.00996 m 9.96 mm
3 in.
p1 = 100 lb/ft2
12 in.
diam.
12 in.
diam.
s
5 ft
3 in.
Top view
p2 = 400 lb/ft2
Side view
318
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Solution 5.6-21
Retaining wall
q1
t
(1) PLANK AT THE BOTTOM OF THE DAM
t thickness of plank 3 in.
b width of plank (perpendicular to the plane
of the figure)
p2 maximum soil pressure
400 lb/ft 2 2.778 lb/in.2
s spacing of piles
q p2 b
allow 1200 psi S section
modulus
Mmax
qs2 p2 bs2
8
8
Mmax allow S
or
S
bt 2
6
p2 bs2
bt 2
sallow ¢ ≤
8
6
Solve for s:
s
h
q
s
4 sallow t 2
72.0 in.
B 3p2
q2
Divide the trapezoidal load into two triangles
(see dashed line).
1
2h
1
h
sh2
Mmax (q1 )(h) ¢ ≤ (q2 )(h) ¢ ≤
(2p1 p2 )
2
3
2
3
6
d 3
S
Mmax allow S or
32
sh2
d 3
(2p1 p2 ) sallow ¢
≤
6
32
Solve for s:
3 sallow d 3
s
81.4 in.
16h2 (2p1 p2 )
PLANK GOVERNS
smax 72.0 in.
(2) VERTICAL PILE
h 5 ft 60 in.
p1 soil pressure at the top
100 lb/ft2 0.6944 lb/in.2
q1 p1 s
q2 p2 s
d diameter of pile 12 in.
Problem 5.6-22 A beam of square cross section (a length of each
side) is bent in the plane of a diagonal (see figure). By removing a small
amount of material at the top and bottom corners, as shown by the shaded
triangles in the figure, we can increase the section modulus and obtain a
stronger beam, even though the area of the cross section is reduced.
(a) Determine the ratio defining the areas that should be removed
in order to obtain the strongest cross section in bending.
(b) By what percent is the section modulus increased when the areas
are removed?
y
a
a
z
C
a
a
SECTION 5.6
Solution 5.6-22
removed
Beam of square cross section with corners
y
a
(1 ) a
am m
1
RATIO OF SECTION MODULI
S
(1 3b)(1 b) 2
S0
Eq. (1)
GRAPH OF EQ. (1)
q
z
319
Design of Beams
n
C
n1
1.10
(S)
S0 max 1.0535
Eq. (1)
a p p1
a
1.00
a length of each side
a amount removed
Beam is bent about the z axis.
0
.90
0.1
0.2
19
0.3
ENTIRE CROSS SECTION (AREA 0)
I0
I0 a3 12
a4
a
c0
S0
c0
12
12
12
SQUARE mnpq (AREA 1)
I1
(1 b) 4a4
12
PARALLELOGRAM mm,n,n (AREA 2)
1
I2 (base)(height)3
3
(1 b)a 3 ba4
1
I2 (ba12) B
R
(1 b) 3
3
6
12
(a) VALUE OF FOR A MAXIMUM VALUE OF S/S0
d S
¢ ≤0
db S0
Take the derivative and solve this equation for .
1
b
9
(b) MAXIMUM VALUE OF S/S0
Substitute 1/9 into Eq. (1). (S/S0)max 1.0535
The section modulus is increased by 5.35% when the
triangular areas are removed.
REDUCED CROSS SECTION (AREA qmm,n,p,pq)
a4
I I1 2I2 (1 3b)(1 b) 3
12
c
(1 b)a
12
I 12 a3
S
(1 3b)(1 b) 2
c
12
Problem 5.6-23 The cross section of a rectangular beam having
width b and height h is shown in part (a) of the figure. For reasons
unknown to the beam designer, it is planned to add structural projections
of width b/9 and height d to the top and bottom of the beam [see part
(b) of the figure].
For what values of d is the bending-moment capacity of the beam
increased? For what values is it decreased?
b
—
9
d
h
b
(a)
h
d
b
—
9
(b)
320
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.6-23
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Beam with projections
d
1
2
h
S2
d
versus
S1
h
Graph of
h
d
b
b
—
9
(1) ORIGINAL BEAM
I1 bh2
bh3
h
I1
c1 S1
c1
12
2
6
d
h
S2
S1
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.000
0.8426
0.8889
1.0500
1.2963
S2
S1
1.0
(2) BEAM WITH PROJECTIONS
1 8b
1 b
I2 ¢ ≤ h3 ¢ ≤ (h 2d) 3
12 9
12 9
b
[8h3 (h 2d) 3 ]
108
h
1
c2 d (h 2d)
2
2
I2 b [8h3 (h 2d) 3 ]
S2
c2
54(h 2d)
RATIO OF SECTION MODULI
2d 3
8
¢
1
≤
S2 b[8h3 (h 2d) 3 ]
h
S1
2d
9(h 2d)(bh2 )
9 ¢1 ≤
h
EQUAL SECTION MODULI
S2
d
Set 1 and solve numerically for .
S1
h
d
0.6861 and
h
d
0
h
0.5
0.2937
0
0.6861
0.5
1.0
d
h
Moment capacity is increased when
d
7 0.6861
h
Moment capacity is decreased when
d
6 0.6861
h
NOTES:
S2
2d 3
2d
1 when ¢ 1 ≤ 9 ¢ 1 ≤ 8 0
S1
h
h
d
0.6861 and 0
or
h
3
S2
d 1
41
0.2937
is minimum when
S1
h
2
¢
S2
≤
0.8399
S1 min
SECTION 5.7
321
Nonprismatic Beams
Nonprismatic Beams
Problem 5.7-1 A tapered cantilever beam AB of length L has square
cross sections and supports a concentrated load P at the free end (see
figure on the next page). The width and height of the beam vary linearly
from hA at the free end to hB at the fixed end.
Determine the distance x from the free end A to the cross section of
maximum bending stress if hB 3hA. What is the magnitude max of the
maximum bending stress? What is the ratio of the maximum stress to the
largest stress B at the support?
Solution 5.7-1
B
A
hA
hB
x
P
L
Tapered cantilever beam
P
A
B
x
L
SQUARE CROSS SECTIONS
hA height and width at smaller end
hB height and width at larger end
hx height and width at distance x
hB
3
hA
hx hA (hB hA ) ¢
ds1
0
Evaluate the derivative, set it equal
dx
to zero, and solve for x.
Set
x
x
2x
≤ hA ¢ 1
≤
L
L
h3A
1
2x 3
Sx (hx ) 3 ¢ 1 ≤
6
6
L
STRESS AT DISTANCE x
Mx
6Px
s1
Sx
2x 3
(hA ) 3 ¢ 1 ≤
L
AT END A: x 0
A 0
AT SUPPORT B: x L
2PL
sB
9(hA ) 3
CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM STRESS
L
4
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
smax (s1 ) xL4
Ratio of max to B
smax
2
sB
4PL
9(hA ) 3
322
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.7-2 A tall signboard is supported by two vertical
beams consisting of thin-walled, tapered circular tubes (see
figure). For purposes of this analysis, each beam may be
represented as a cantilever AB of length L 8.0 m subjected
to a lateral load P 2.4 kN at the free end. The tubes have
constant thickness t 10.0 mm and average diameters
dA 90 mm and dB 270 mm at ends A and B, respectively.
Because the thickness is small compared to the diameters,
the moment of inertia at any cross section may be obtained
from the formula I d 3t/8 (see Case 22, Appendix D), and
therefore the section modulus may be obtained from the
formula S d 2t/4.
At what distance x from the free end does the maximum
bending stress occur? What is the magnitude max of the
maximum bending stress? What is the ratio of the maximum
stress to the largest stress B at the support?
Solution 5.7-2
P = 2.4 kN
Wind
load
B
A
x
L = 8.0 m
t = 10.0 mm
dA = 90 mm
dB = 270 mm
Tapered circular tube
P
t
B
A
x
d
L
P 2.4 kN
L 8.0 m
t 10 mm
d average diameter
AT END A: x 0
1 A 0
AT SUPPORT B: x L 8.0 m
1 B 33.53 MPa
At end A: dA 90 mm
At support B: dB 270 mm
CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM STRESS
ds1
0
Evaluate the derivative, set it equal to
dx
zero, and solve for x.
Set
AT DISTANCE x:
dx dA (dB dA ) ¢
Sx
x
x
2x
≤ 90 180 90 ¢ 1
≤
L
L
L
2x 2
(dx ) 2 (t) (90) 2 ¢ 1 ≤ (10)
4
4
L
x
L
4.0 m
2
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
2
20,250 ¢ 1
Mx Px 2400x
s1
Mx
Sx
2x
≤ Sx mm3
L
x meters, Mx N m
2400x
20.25 ¢ 1
2 L
2x
≤
L
meters, s1 MPa
smax (s1 ) xL2
2400(4.0)
(20.25 )(1 1) 2
37.73 MPa
RATIO OF max to B
smax 9
1.125
sB
8
SECTION 5.7
Problem 5.7-3 A tapered cantilever beam AB having
rectangular cross sections is subjected to a concentrated load
P 50 lb and a couple M0 800 lb-in. acting at the free end
(see figure). The width b of the beam is constant and equal to
1.0 in., but the height varies linearly from hA 2.0 in. at the
loaded end to hB 3.0 in. at the support.
At what distance x from the free end does the maximum
bending stress max occur? What is the magnitude max of the
maximum bending stress? What is the ratio of the maximum
stress to the largest stress B at the support?
Solution 5.7-3
323
Nonprismatic Beams
P = 50 lb
A M0 = 800 lb-in.
B
hB =
3.0 in.
hA =
2.0 in.
x
b = 1.0 in.
b = 1.0 in.
L = 20 in.
Tapered cantilever beam
P
M0
A
B
x
L
P 50 lb
M0 800 lb-in.
L 20 in.
hA 2.0 in.
hB 3.0 in.
b 1.0 in.
AT END A: x 0
1 A 1200 psi
AT SUPPORT B: x L 20 in.
1 B 1200 psi
CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM STRESS
UNITS: pounds and inches
ds1
0
Evaluate the derivative, set it equal to
dx
zero, and solve for x.
AT DISTANCE x:
x 8.0 in.
x
x
x
hx hA (hB hA ) 2 (1) ¢ ≤ 2
L
L
L
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
(120,000)(24)
smax (s1 ) x8.0
1250 psi
(48) 2
Sx
bh2x b
x 2 1
x 2
¢2 ≤ ¢2 ≤
6
6
L
6
L
Mx Px M0 (50)(x) 800 50(16 x)
Mx 50(16 x)(6) 120,000(16 x)
s1
Sx
x 2
(40 x) 2
¢2 ≤
L
Set
RATIO OF max TO B
smax 1250 25
1.042
sB
1200 24
Problem 5.7-4 The spokes in a large flywheel are modeled as beams
fixed at one end and loaded by a force P and a couple M0 at the other
(see figure). The cross sections of the spokes are elliptical with major
and minor axes (height and width, respectively) having the lengths
shown in the figure. The cross-sectional dimensions vary linearly from
end A to end B.
Considering only the effects of bending due to the loads P and M0,
determine the following quantities: (a) the largest bending stress A at
end A; (b) the largest bending stress B at end B; (c) the distance x to
the cross section of maximum bending stress; and (d) the magnitude
max of the maximum bending stress.
P = 15 kN
M0 = 12 kN· m
B
A
x
L = 1.10 m
hA = 90 mm
hB = 120 mm
bA = 60 mm
bB = 80 mm
324
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.7-4
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Elliptical spokes in a flywheel
P
M0
A
B
x
L = 1.10 m
P 15 kN 15,000 N
M0 12 kN m 12,000 N m
L 1.1 m
(a) AT END A: x 0
sA (s1 ) x0
UNITS: Newtons, meters
AT END A: bA 0.06 m,
251.5 MPa
hA 0.09 m
AT SUPPORT B: bB 0.08 m,
hB 0.12 m
AT DISTANCE x:
bx bA (bB bA )
x
x
x
0.06 0.02 0.02 ¢ 3 ≤
L
L
L
hx hA (hB hA )
x
x
x
0.09 0.03 0.03 ¢ 3 ≤
L
L
L
Case 16, Appendix D: I
(80 109 )(0.8)
251.5 106 Nm2
(3)(27)
(b) AT END B: x L 1.1 m
(80 109 )(0.8 1.1)
sB (s1 ) xL
(3)(3 1) 3
252.0 106 N/m2 252.0 MPa
(c) CROSS SECTION OF MAXIMUM STRESS
ds1
0
Evaluate the derivative, set it equal to
dx
zero, and solve for x.
x 0.45 m
Set
(bh3 )
64
Ix
Ix
bxh2x
(bx )(hx ) 3Sx
64
hx 2
32
Sx
x
x
(0.02) ¢ 3 ≤ (0.03) 2 ¢ 3 ≤
32
L
L
(d) MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
2
9
x 3
¢3 ≤
6
L
16 10
smax (s1 ) x0.45
267.8 106 N/m2 267.8 MPa
Mx M0 Px 12,000 N m (15,000 N)x
15,000(0.8 x)
s1
(80 109 )(0.8 0.45)
0.45 3
(3) ¢ 3
≤
1.1
Mx 15,000(0.8 x)(16 106 )
Sx
x 3
9 ¢ 3 ≤
L
(80 109 )(0.8 x)
x 3
3 ¢ 3 ≤
L
Problem 5.7-5 Refer to the tapered cantilever beam of solid circular
cross section shown in Fig. 5-24 of Example 5-9.
(a) Considering only the bending stresses due to the load P,
determine the range of values of the ratio dB /dA for which the maximum
normal stress occurs at the support.
(b) What is the maximum stress for this range of values?
SECTION 5.7
Solution 5.7-5
325
Nonprismatic Beams
Tapered cantilever beam
P
B
A
dB
dA
x
L
FROM EQ. (5-32), EXAMPLE 5-9
s1
(a) GRAPH OF x/L VERSUS dB /dA (EQ. 2)
32Px
Eq. (1)
x 3
B dA (dB dA ) ¢ ≤ R
L
x
L
2
FIND THE VALUE OF x THAT MAKES 1 A MAXIMUM
1
du
dy
≤u¢
≤
u ds1
dx
dx
N
Let s1
y
dx
D
y2
x 3
N B dA (dB dA ) ¢ ≤ R [32P]
L
Eq. (2)
y¢
[32Px] [] [3] B dA (dB dA ) ¢
0
x 2 1
≤ R B (dB dA ) R
L
L
After simplification:
N 32P B dA (dB dA ) ¢
x 2
x
≤ R B dA 2(dB dA ) R
L
L
32P B dA 2(dB dA )
x
R
L
x 4
≤R
L
ds1
x
0dA 2(dB dA ) ¢ ≤ 0
dx
L
∴
dA
x
L 2(dB dA )
2
2.5
Maximum bending stress occurs at the
dB
1.5
support when 1
dA
(b) MAXIMUM STRESS (AT SUPPORT B)
smax
B dA (dB dA ) ¢
1.5
Substitute x/L 1 into Eq. (1):
x 6
D 2 B dA (dB dA ) R
L
ds1 N
dx
D
1
1
dB
2 ¢ 1≤
dA
Eq. (2)
32PL
d 3B
3
dB
dA
326
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Fully Stressed Beams
q
Problems 5.7-6 to 5.7-8 pertain to fully stressed beams of rectangular
cross section. Consider only the bending stresses obtained from the
flexure formula and disregard the weights of the beams.
B
A
hx
Problem 5.7-6 A cantilever beam AB having rectangular cross sections
with constant width b and varying height hx is subjected to a uniform load
of intensity q (see figure).
How should the height hx vary as a function of x (measured from the
free end of the beam) in order to have a fully stressed beam? (Express hx
in terms of the height hB at the fixed end of the beam.)
hB
x
L
hx
hB
b
b
Solution 5.7-6
Fully stressed beam with constant width and varying height
hx height at distance x
hB height at end B
b width (constant)
AT DISTANCE x: M
sallow
qx2
bh2x
S
2
6
AT THE FIXED END (x L):
hB L
3q
B bsallow
Therefore,
M 3qx2
2
S
bhx
hx x
hB x
hx
hB L
L
3q
hx x
B bsallow
Problem 5.7-7 A simple beam ABC having rectangular cross sections
with constant height h and varying width bx supports a concentrated load
P acting at the midpoint (see figure).
How should the width bx vary as a function of x in order to have a
fully stressed beam? (Express bx in terms of the width bB at the midpoint
of the beam.)
P
A
h
B
C
x
L
—
2
L
—
2
h
h
bx
bB
SECTION 5.7
Solution 5.7-7
Fully stressed beam with constant height and varying width
h height of beam (constant)
AT MIDPOINT B (x L/2)
L
bx width at distance x from end A ¢ 0 x ≤
2
bB width at midpoint B (x L/2)
bB
3PL
2sallowh2
Therefore,
Px
1
S bxh2
2
6
M 3Px
3Px
sallow
bx
S bxh2
sallow h2
AT DISTANCE x
327
Fully Stressed Beams
M
bx 2x
2bB x
andbx
bb
L
L
L
NOTE: The equation is valid for 0 x and the
2
beam is symmetrical about the midpoint.
Problem 5.7-8 A cantilever beam AB having rectangular cross sections
with varying width bx and varying height hx is subjected to a uniform load
of intensity q (see figure). If the width varies linearly with x according to
the equation bx bB x/L, how should the height hx vary as a function of x
in order to have a fully stressed beam? (Express hx in terms of the height
hB at the fixed end of the beam.)
q
B
hB
hx
A
x
L
hx
hB
bx
bB
Solution 5.7-8
hx
hB
bx
bB
Fully stressed beam with varying width and varying height
height at distance x
height at end B
width at distance x
width at end B
bx bB ¢
x
≤
L
AT DISTANCE x
M
qx 2
bx h2x bB x
S
(h ) 2
2
6
6L x
sallow
hx
M 3qL x
S
bBh2x
3qL x
B bBsallow
AT THE FIXED END (x L)
hB
3qL2
B bBsallow
Therefore,
hx
x
x
hx hB
hB B L
BL
328
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
Problem 5.8-1
Eq. (5-39):
The shear stresses in a rectangular beam are given by
V h2
¢ y21 ≤
2I 4
in which V is the shear force, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
area, h is the height of the beam, and y1 is the distance from the neutral axis to
the point where the shear stress is being determined (Fig. 5-30).
By integrating over the cross-sectional area, show that the resultant
of the shear stresses is equal to the shear force V.
t
Solution 5.8-1
Resultant of the shear stresses
h
2
dy1
y1
N.A.
V shear force acting on the cross section
R resultant of shear stresses
R
h2
tbdy1 2
h2
h
2
V
bh3
12
t
V h2
¢ y21 ≤
2I 4
V h2
2
¢ y1 ≤ bdy1
2I 4
2
¢
0
h
y21 ≤ dy1
4
12V 2h3
3 ¢
≤V
24
h
b
I
12V
(b)
bh3
0
h2
h2
R V
Q.E.D.
Problem 5.8-2 Calculate the maximum shear stress max and the
maximum bending stress max in a simply supported wood beam (see
figure) carrying a uniform load of 18.0 kN/m (which includes the weight
of the beam) if the length is 1.75 m and the cross section is rectangular
with width 150 mm and height 250 mm.
18.0 kN/m
250 mm
1.75 m
Solution 5.8-2
150 mm
Wood beam with a uniform load
q 18 kN/m
h 250 mm
L 1.75 m
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
qL
V A bh
2
tmax
3V 3qL 3(18 kNm)(1.75 m)
2A 4bh 4(150 mm)(250 mm)
630 kPa
b 150 mm
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
M
qL2
bh2
S
8
6
smax
M 3qL2 3(18 kNm)(1.75 m) 2
S
4bh2 4(150 mm)(250 mm) 2
4.41 MPa
SECTION 5.8
Problem 5.8-3 Two wood beams, each of square cross section
(3.5 in. 3.5 in., actual dimensions) are glued together to form a
solid beam of dimensions 3.5 in. 7.0 in. (see figure). The beam
is simply supported with a span of 6 ft.
What is the maximum load Pmax that may act at the midpoint
if the allowable shear stress in the glued joint is 200 psi? (Include
the effects of the beam’s own weight, assuming that the wood
weighs 35 lb/ft3.)
329
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
3.5 in.
P
7.0 in.
6 ft
Solution 5.8-3
Simple beam with a glued joint
P
q
h/2
h/2
b
L/2
L 6 ft 72 in.
b 3.5 in.
h 7.0 in.
tallow 200 psi
L/2
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Pmax (3.5 in.) (7.0 in.)
3
1 ft
35
lbin.3
3≤
1728 in.
1728
q weight of beam per unit distance
bh
4
35
B (200 psi) ¢
lbin.3 ≤ (72 in.) R
3
1728
g (35 lbft3 ) ¢
MAXIMUM LOAD Pmax
P qL
V A bh
2
2
6500 lb
(This result is based solely on the shear stress.)
P qL
3¢ ≤
3V
2
2
3
tmax
(P qL)
2A
2bh
4bh
Pmax
4
4
bht qL bht gbhL
3
3
4
bh ¢ t gL ≤
3
Problem 5.8-4 A cantilever beam of length L 2 m supports a
load P 8.0 kN (see figure). The beam is made of wood with
cross-sectional dimensions 120 mm 200 mm.
Calculate the shear stresses due to the load P at points located
25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm from the top surface of the
beam. From these results, plot a graph showing the distribution of
shear stresses from top to bottom of the beam.
P = 8.0 kN
200 mm
L=2m
120 mm
330
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Solution 5.8-4
Shear stresses in a cantilever beam
P = 8.0 kN
h = 200 mm
L=2m
b = 120 mm
Eq. (5-39): t
V h2
2
¢ y1 ≤
2I 4
V P 8.0 kN 8,000 NI
h 200 mm
( y1 mm)
bh3
80 106 mm4
12
Distance from the
top surface (mm)
0
25
50
75
100 (N.A.)
y1
(mm)
100
75
50
25
0
(MPa)
0
0.219
0.375
0.469
0.500
(kPa)
0
219
375
469
500
GRAPH OF SHEAR STRESS
0
219
375
469
Tmax = 500 kPa
469
375
219
(200) 2
8,000
t
B
y21 R (t Nmm2 MPa)
4
2(80 106 )
N.A.
t 50 106 (10,000 y21 )(y1 mm; t MPa)
0
Problem 5.8-5 A steel beam of length L 16 in. and cross-sectional
dimensions b 0.6 in. and h 2 in. (see figure) supports a uniform load
of intensity q 240 lb/in., which includes the weight of the beam.
Calculate the shear stresses in the beam (at the cross section of
maximum shear force) at points located 1/4 in., 1/2 in., 3/4 in., and 1 in.
from the top surface of the beam. From these calculations, plot a graph
showing the distribution of shear stresses from top to bottom of the beam.
Solution 5.8-5
q = 240 lb/in.
h = 2 in.
L = 16 in.
Shear stresses in a simple beam
q = 240 lb/in.
h = 2.0 in.
L = 16 in.
Eq. (5-39): t
b = 0.6 in.
V h2
2
¢ y1 ≤
2I 4
Distance from the
top surface (in.)
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00 (N.A.)
0
1050
1800
2250
Tmax = 2400 psi
2250
1800
1050
UNITS: pounds and inches
1920 (2) 2
B
y21 R (2400)(1 y21 )
2(0.4)
4
y1
(in.)
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0
GRAPH OF SHEAR STRESS
qL
bh3
V
1920 lbI
0.4 in.4
2
12
t
b = 0.6 in.
N.A.
( psi; y1 in.)
0
(psi)
0
1050
1800
2250
2400
SECTION 5.8
331
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
Problem 5.8-6 A beam of rectangular cross section (width b and height
h) supports a uniformly distributed load along its entire length L. The
allowable stresses in bending and shear are allow and allow, respectively.
(a) If the beam is simply supported, what is the span length L0 below
which the shear stress governs the allowable load and above which the
bending stress governs?
(b) If the beam is supported as a cantilever, what is the length L0
below which the shear stress governs the allowable load and above which
the bending stress governs?
Solution 5.8-6
b width
Beam of rectangular cross section
h height
UNIFORM LOAD
L length
q intensity of load
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
allow and allow
(a) SIMPLE BEAM
(b) CANTILEVER BEAM
BENDING
Mmax
qL2
bh2
S
2
6
smax
sallow bh2
Mmax 3qL2
q
allow
S
bh2
3L2
BENDING
SHEAR
qL2
bh2
Mmax
S
8
6
smax
Mmax 3qL2
S
4bh2
qallow
4sallow bh2
3L2
Vmax qLA bh
tmax
(1)
3V 3qL
2A 2bh
qallow
2tallow bh
3L
(4)
Equate (3) and (4) and solve for L0:
SHEAR
L0
qL
Vmax A bh
2
3V 3qL
tmax
2A 4bh
qallow
(3)
4tallow bh
3L
h sallow
¢
≤
2 tallow
NOTE: If the actual length is less than L 0, the shear
stress governs the design. If the length is greater than
L 0, the bending stress governs.
(2)
Equate (1) and (2) and solve for L0:
L0 h ¢
sallow
≤
tallow
Problem 5.8-7 A laminated wood beam on simple supports is built up
by gluing together three 2 in. 4 in. boards (actual dimensions) to form
a solid beam 4 in. 6 in. in cross section, as shown in the figure. The
allowable shear stress in the glued joints is 65 psi and the allowable
bending stress in the wood is 1800 psi.
If the beam is 6 ft long, what is the allowable load P acting at the
midpoint of the beam? (Disregard the weight of the beam.)
3 ft
P
2 in.
2 in.
2 in.
L 6 ft
4 in.
332
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.8-7
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Laminated wood beam on simple supports
2 in.
2 in.
N.A.
2 in.
2 in.
4 in.
L 6 ft 72 in.
allow 65 psi
allow 1800 psi
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
IN THE GLUED JOINTS
t
VQ
Q (4 in.)(2 in.)(2 in.) 16 in.3
Ib
P
bh3
1
V I
(4 in.)(6 in.) 3 72 in.4
2
12 12
t
(P2)(16 in.3 )
P
(P lb; t psi)
(72 in.4 )(4 in.) 36
P1 36tallow 36 (65 psi) 2340 lb
s
M
PL
72 in.
M
P¢
≤ 18P (lb-in.)
S
4
4
S
bh2 1
(4 in.)(6 in.) 2 24 in.3
6
6
s
(18P lb-in.) 3P
(P lb; s psi)
4
24 in.3
P2
4
4
s
(1800 psi) 2400 lb
3 allow 3
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Shear stress in the glued joints governs.
Pallow 2340 lb
Problem 5.8-8 A laminated plastic beam of square cross section
is built up by gluing together three strips, each 10 mm 30 mm
in cross section (see figure). The beam has a total weight of 3.2 N
and is simply supported with span length L 320 mm.
Considering the weight of the beam, calculate the maximum
permissible load P that may be placed at the midpoint if (a) the
allowable shear stress in the glued joints is 0.3 MPa, and (b)
the allowable bending stress in the plastic is 8 MPa.
Solution 5.8-8
P
q
10 mm
10 mm 30 mm
10 mm
L
30 mm
Laminated plastic beam
P
q
10 mm
10 mm h = 30 mm
10 mm
10 mm
N.A.
L/2
L/2
b = 30 mm
L 320 mm
W 3.2 N
W
3.2 N
q
10 Nm
L 320 mm
I
bh3
1
(30 mm)(30 mm) 3 67,500 mm4
12 12
S
bh2 1
(30 mm)(30 mm) 2 4500 mm3
6
6
SECTION 5.8
(a) ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR
allow 0.3 MPa
s
VQ
P qL P
t
V
1.6 N
Ib
2
2
2
(V newtons; P newtons)
Mmax
S
PL qL2
0.08P 0.128 (N m)
4
8
(P newtons; M N m)
Mmax
Q (30 mm)(10 mm)(10 mm) 3000 mm3
Q
3000 mm3
1
4
Ib (67,500 mm )(30 mm) 675 mm2
VQ P2 1.6 N
Ib
675 mm2
333
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON BENDING STRESSES
allow 8 MPa
IN GLUED JOINTS
t
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
( N/mm2 MPa)
SOLVE FOR P:
P 1350allow 3.2 405 N 3.2 N 402 N
s
ˇ
ˇ
(0.08P 0.128)(N m)
4.5 106 m3
ˇ
ˇ
( N/m2 Pa)
SOLVE FOR P:
P (56.25 106) allow1.6
(56.25 106)(8106 Pa) 1.6
450 1.6 448 N
Problem 5.8-9 A wood beam AB on simple supports with span length
equal to 9 ft is subjected to a uniform load of intensity 120 lb/ft acting
along the entire length of the beam and a concentrated load of magnitude
8800 lb acting at a point 3 ft from the right-hand support (see figure). The
allowable stresses in bending and shear, respectively, are 2500 psi and
150 psi.
(a) From the table in Appendix F, select the lightest beam that will
support the loads (disregard the weight of the beam).
(b) Taking into account the weight of the beam (weight density
35 lb/ft3), verify that the selected beam is satisfactory, or, if it is not,
select a new beam.
8800 lb
3 ft
120 lb/ft
A
B
9 ft
Solution 5.8-9
(a) DISREGARDING THE WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
P
d
q
3473
V (lb)
A
B
0
L = 9 ft
RA
q 120 lb/ft
P 8800 lb
d 3 ft
allow 2500 psi
allow 150 psi
RA
qL P
qL 2P
RB
2
3
2
3
2753
6047
RB
RA
6407
(120 lbft)(9 ft) 8800 lb
3473 lb
2
3
2
RB 540 lb (8800 lb) 6407 lb
3
Vmax RB 6407 lb
(Continued)
334
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Maximum bending moment occurs under the
concentrated load.
Mmax RB d
(b) CONSIDERING THE WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
qBEAM 17.3 lb/ft (weight density 35 lb/ft 3)
qd 2
2
RB 6407 lb
1
(6407 lb)(3 ft) (120 lbft)(3 ft) 2
2
Vmax 6485 lb
(17.3 lbft)(9 ft)
6407 78 6485 lb
2
Areq’d
3Vmax
64.9 in.2
2tallow
18,680 lb-ft 224,200 lb-in.
3Vmax 3(6407 lb)
3V
tmax Areq
64.1 in.2
2A
2tallow 2(150 psi)
8 10 beam is still satisfactory for shear.
Mmax 224,200 lb-in.
M
s Sreq
89.7 in.3
s
S
2500 psi
allow
Mmax RB d
qTOTAL 120 lb/ft 17.3 lb/ft 137.3 lb/ft
FROM APPENDIX F: Select 8 10 in. beam
(nominal dimensions)
qd 2
1
lb
(6485 lb)(3 ft) ¢ 137.3 ≤ (3 ft) 2
2
2
ft
18,837 lb-ft 226,050 lb-in.
Mmax 226,050 lb-in.
Sreq’d
90.4 in.3
sallow
2500 psi
A 71.25 in.2
8 10 beam is still satisfactory for moment.
S 112.8 in.3
Use 8 10 in. beam
Problem 5.8-10 A simply supported wood beam of rectangular cross
section and span length 1.2 m carries a concentrated load P at midspan in
addition to its own weight (see figure). The cross section has width 140
mm and height 240 mm. The weight density of the wood is 5.4 kN/m3.
Calculate the maximum permissible value of the load P if (a) the
allowable bending stress is 8.5 MPa, and (b) the allowable shear stress is
0.8 MPa.
Solution 5.8-10
P
240 mm
0.6 m
0.6 m
140 mm
Simply supported wood beam
P
q
h
b
L/2
L/2
b 140 mm
h 240 mm
A bh 33,600 mm2
2
bh
S
1344 103 mm3
6
5.4 kN/m3
L 1.2 m q bh 181.44 N/m
(a) ALLOWABLE LOAD P BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
Mmax
allow 8.5 MPa s
S
PL qL2 P(1.2 m) (181.44 Nm)(1.2 m) 2
Mmax
4
8
4
8
0.3P 32.66 N m (P newtons; M N m)
Mmax Sallow (1344103 mm3 )(8.5 MPa) 11,424 N m
Equate values of Mmax and solve for P:
0.3P 32.66 11,424
P 37,970 N
or P 38.0 kN
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD P BASED UPON
SHEAR STRESS
3V
2A
P qL P (181.44 Nm)(1.2 m)
V
2
2
2
2
P
108.86 (N)
2
2At 2
(33,600 mm2 )(0.8 MPa) 17,920 N
V
3
3
Equate values of V and solve for P:
P
108.86 17,920 P 35,622 N
2
or P 35.6 kN
allow 0.8 MPa t
NOTE: The shear stress governs and
Pallow 35.6 kN
SECTION 5.8
Problem 5.8-11 A square wood platform, 8 ft 8 ft in area, rests
on masonry walls (see figure). The deck of the platform is
constructed of 2 in. nominal thickness tongue-and-groove planks
(actual thickness 1.5 in.; see Appendix F) supported on two 8-ft
long beams. The beams have 4 in. 6 in. nominal dimensions
(actual dimensions 3.5 in. 5.5 in.).
The planks are designed to support a uniformly distributed
load w (lb/ft 2) acting over the entire top surface of the platform.
The allowable bending stress for the planks is 2400 psi and the
allowable shear stress is 100 psi. When analyzing the planks,
disregard their weights and assume that their reactions are
uniformly distributed over the top surfaces of the supporting beams.
(a) Determine the allowable platform load w1 (lb/ft 2) based
upon the bending stress in the planks.
(b) Determine the allowable platform load w2 (lb/ft 2) based
upon the shear stress in the planks.
(c) Which of the preceding values becomes the allowable load
wallow on the platform?
(Hints: Use care in constructing the loading diagram for the
planks, noting especially that the reactions are distributed loads
instead of concentrated loads. Also, note that the maximum shear
forces occur at the inside faces of the supporting beams.)
Solution 5.8-11
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
8 ft
335
8 ft
Bea
m
ll
Wa
Wood platform with a plank deck
Free-body diagram of one plank supported on the
beams:
q
Plank
Plank
3.5 in.
3.5 in.
89 in.
3.5 in.
8 ft. (96 in.)
Load on one plank:
8 ft
3.5 in.
q B
w (lbft2 )
wb
R (b in.)
(lbin.)
144
144 in.2ft2
96 in.
wb
wb
≤¢
≤ (48)
2
144
3
2
(R lb; w lb/ft ; b in.)
Mmax occurs at midspan.
Reaction
Platform: 8 ft 8 ft
t thickness of planks
1.5 in.
w uniform load on the deck (lb/ft 2)
allow 2400 psi
allow 100 psi
Find wallow (lb/ft 2)
(a) ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON BENDING STRESS IN
THE PLANKS
Let b width of one plank (in.)
1.5 in.
b
A 1.5b (in.2)
b
S (1.5 in.) 2
6
0.375b (in.3)
R q¢
q(48 in.) 2
3.5 in. 89 in.
≤
2
2
2
wb
wb
89
(46.25)
(1152) wb
3
144
12
(M lb-in.; w lb/ft 2; b in.)
Allowable bending moment:
Mallow allow S (2400 psi)(0.375 b) 900b (lb-in.)
Mmax R ¢
EQUATE Mmax AND Mallow AND SOLVE FOR w:
89
wb 900 b w1 121 lb/ft2
12
(Continued)
336
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
EQUATE Vmax AND Vallow AND SOLVE FOR w:
89wb
100b w2 324 lb/ft2
288
IN THE PLANKS
See the free-body diagram in part (a).
Vmax occurs at the inside face of the support.
89 in.
wb
89 wb
Vmax q ¢
≤ 44.5q (44.5) ¢
≤
2
144
288
2
(V lb; w lb/ft ; b in.)
(c) ALLOWABLE LOAD
Bending stress governs. wallow 121 lb/ft2
Allowable shear force:
2Atallow 2(1.5b)(100 psi)
3V
t Vallow
100b (lb)
2A
3
3
Problem 5.8-12 A wood beam ABC with simple supports at A
and B and an overhang BC has height h 280 mm (see figure).
The length of the main span of the beam is L 3.6 m and the
length of the overhang is L/3 1.2 m. The beam supports a
concentrated load 3P 15 kN at the midpoint of the main span
and a load P 5 kN at the free end of the overhang. The wood
has weight density 5.5 kN/m3.
(a) Determine the required width b of the beam based upon
an allowable bending stress of 8.2 MPa.
(b) Determine the required width based upon an allowable
shear stress of 0.7 MPa.
Solution 5.8-12
3P
L
—
2
A
P
L
Rectangular beam with an overhang
P
3P
q
A
L
—
2
L
—
2
RA
7P qL
18
6
RA
V
L
—
3
b
RB
P
qL
3
P
0
11P qL
18
6
h=
280 mm
C
B
11P 5qL
9
6
L 3.6 m
P 5 kN
5.5 kN/m3 (for the wood)
q bh
h=
280 mm
C
B
L
—
3
b
SECTION 5.8
Shear Stresses in Rectangular Beams
Mmax
M
0
MB
FIND b
7P 4qL
RA
6
9
RB
EQUATE MOMENTS AND SOLVE FOR b:
10,500 1940.4b 107,150b
b 0.0998 m 99.8 mm
17P 8qL
6
9
(b) REQUIRED WIDTH b BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
11P 5qL
6
9
Mmax
7PL 7qL2
PL qL2
MB
12
72
3
18
(a) REQUIRED WIDTH b BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
7PL 7qL2
7
Mmax
(5000 N)(3.6 m)
12
72
12
7
(gbh)(3.6 m) 2
72
7
10,500 N m (5500 Nm3 )(b)
72
(0.280 m)(3.6 m)2
10,500 1940.4b (b meters)
(M newton-meters)
ˇ
s
ˇ
Mmax 6Mmax
S
bh2
Mmax
allow 8.2 MPa
bh2sallow b
(0.280 m) 2 (8.2 106 Pa)
6
6
107,150b
11P 5qL
6
9
11
5
(5000 N) (gbh)(3.6 m)
6
9
5
9167 N (5500 Nm3 )(b)(0.280 m)(3.6 m)
9
9167 3080b
(b meters)
3Vmax 3Vmax
t
(V newtons)
2A
2bh
allow 0.7 MPa
2bhtallow 2b
Vmax
(0.280 m)(0.7 106 Nm2 )
3
3
130,670b
Vmax
Vmax
EQUATE SHEAR FORCES AND SOLVE FOR b:
9167 3080b 130,670b
b 0.0718 m 71.8 mm
NOTE: Bending stress governs.
b 99.8 mm
337
338
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Shear Stresses in Circular Beams
P
Problem 5.9-1 A wood pole of solid circular cross section (d
diameter) is subjected to a horizontal force P 450 lb (see figure). The
length of the pole is L 6 ft, and the allowable stresses in the wood are
1900 psi in bending and 120 psi in shear.
Determine the minimum required diameter of the pole based upon (a)
the allowable bending stress, and (b) the allowable shear stress.
Solution 5.9-1
d
L
d
Wood pole of circular cross section
(a) BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
Mmax PL (450 lb)(72 in.) 32,400 lb-in.
P
d
s
L
d
P 450 lb L 6 ft 72 in.
allow 1900 psi
allow 120 psi
Find diameter d
32Mmax
M 32M
3
173.7 in.3
3 d s
S
d
allow
dmin 5.58 in.
(b) BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
Vmax 450 lb
16Vmax
4V
16V
2
6.366 in.2
2 d
3A 3d
3tallow
dmin 2.52 in.
(Bending stress governs.)
t
Problem 5.9-2 A simple log bridge in a remote area consists of two
parallel logs with planks across them (see figure). The logs are Douglas
fir with average diameter 300 mm. A truck moves slowly across the
bridge, which spans 2.5 m. Assume that the weight of the truck is equally
distributed between the two logs.
Because the wheelbase of the truck is greater than 2.5 m, only one set
of wheels is on the bridge at a time. Thus, the wheel load on one log is
equivalent to a concentrated load W acting at any position along the span.
In addition, the weight of one log and the planks it supports is equivalent
to a uniform load of 850 N/m acting on the log.
Determine the maximum permissible wheel load W based upon (a) an
allowable bending stress of 7.0 MPa, and (b) an allowable shear stress of
0.75 MPa.
x
W
850 N/m
300 m
2.5 m
SECTION 5.9
Solution 5.9-2
339
Shear Stresses in Circular Beams
Log bridge
W
x
q = 850 N/m
L = 2.5 m
Diameter d 300 mm
allow 7.0 MPa
allow 0.75 MPa
Find allowable load W
(a) BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
Maximum moment occurs when wheel is at midspan
(x L/2).
WL qL2 W
1
(2.5 m) (850 Nm)(2.5 m) 2
4
8
4
8
0.625W 664.1 (N m) (W newtons)
Mmax
d 3
2.651 103 m3
32
Mmax Sallow (2.651 103 m3)(7.0 MPa)
18,560 N m
0.625W 664.1 18,560
W 28,600 N 28.6 kN
S
(b) BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
Maximum shear force occurs when wheel is adjacent
to support (x 0).
qL
1
Vmax W
W (850 Nm)(2.5 m)
2
2
W 1062.5 N
(W newtons)
2
d
A
0.070686 m2
4
4Vmax
tmax
3A
3A tallow 3
Vmax
(0.070686 m2 )(0.75 MPa)
4
4
39,760 N
W 1062.5 N 39,760 N
W 38,700 N 38.7 kN
Problem 5.9-3 A sign for an automobile service station is supported by
two aluminum poles of hollow circular cross section, as shown in the
figure. The poles are being designed to resist a wind pressure of 75 lb/ft2
against the full area of the sign. The dimensions of the poles and sign are
h1 20 ft, h2 5 ft, and b 10 ft. To prevent buckling of the walls of
the poles, the thickness t is specified as one-tenth the outside diameter d.
(a) Determine the minimum required diameter of the poles based
upon an allowable bending stress of 7500 psi in the aluminum.
(b) Determine the minimum required diameter based upon an
allowable shear stress of 2000 psi.
b
h2
d
t=—
10
Wind
load
d
h1
340
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.9-3
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Wind load on a sign
W
h2 = 5ft
d
h1 = 20 ft
b width of sign
b 10 ft
P 75 lb/ft 2
allow 7500 psi
allow 2000 psi
d diameter W wind force on one pole
d
b
t
W ph2 ¢ ≤ 1875 lb
10
2
(a) REQUIRED DIAMETER BASED UPON
BENDING STRESS
Mmax W ¢ h1
h2
≤ 506,250 lb-in.
2
I
4
4
(d d 42 )d2 dd1 d 2t d
64 2
5
I
4d 4
d 4 369
369d 4
B d4 ¢ ≤ R
¢
≤
(in.4 )
64
5
64 625
40,000
d
(d inches)
2
M(d2)
17.253M
Mc
s
I
369d 440,000
d3
17.253Mmax (17.253)(506,250 lb-in.)
d3
sallow
7500 psi
c
1164.6 in.3
(b) REQUIRED DIAMETER BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
Vmax W 1875 lb
4V r 22 r2r1 r 21
d
¢
≤r2
2
2
3A
2
r2 r1
d
d
d
2d
r1 t
2
2 10
5
d 2
d 2d
2d 2
¢
≤
¢
≤
¢
≤
¢
≤
r 22 r2r1 r 21
2
2 5
5
61
41
r 22 r 21
d 2
2d 2
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
2
5
t
2
4d 2
9d 2
(d 2 d 21 ) B d 2 ¢ ≤ R
4
4
5
100
4V 61 100
V
t
¢ ≤¢
≤ 7.0160 2
3 41 9d 2
d
7.0160
V
(7.0160)(1875
lb)
max
d2
6.5775 in.2
tallow
2000 psi
A
d 2.56 in.
(Bending stress governs.)
d 10.52 in.
Problem 5.9-4 Solve the preceding problem for a sign and poles
having the following dimensions: h1 6.0 m, h2 1.5 m, b 3.0 m,
and t d/10. The design wind pressure is 3.6 kPa, and the allowable
stresses in the aluminum are 50 MPa in bending and 14 MPa in shear.
SECTION 5.9
Solution 5.9-4
Shear Stresses in Circular Beams
Wind load on a sign
W
h2 = 1.5 m
d
h1 = 6.0 m
b width of sign
b 3.0 m
p 3.6 kPa
allow 50 MPa
allow 16 MPa
d diameter W wind force on one pole
d
b
t W ph2 ¢ ≤ 8.1 kN
10
2
(a) REQUIRED DIAMETER BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
h2
Mmax W ¢ h1 ≤ 54.675 kN m
2
Mc
4
s
I (d 42 d 41 )d2 dd1 d 2t d
I
64
5
ˇ
I
d
(d meters)
2
M(d2)
Mc
17.253M
s
I
369d 440,000
d3
17.253Mmax (17.253)(54.675 kN m)
sallow
50 MPa
d 0.266 m 266 mm
t
4V r 22 r1r2 r 21
d
¢
≤r2
3A
2
r 22 r 21
d
d
d
2d
r1 t
2
2 10
5
r 22 r1r2 r 21
r 22 r 21
ˇ
ˇ
d
2
2
¢ ≤
d 2d
2d 2
≤¢
≤¢ ≤
2 5
5
61
41
d 2
2d 2
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
2
5
¢
A
2
4d 2
9d 2
(d 2 d 21 ) B d 2 ¢ ≤ R
4
4
5
100
t
4V 61 100
V
¢ ≤¢
≤ 7.0160 2
3 41 9d 2
d
d2
c
0.018866 m3
SHEAR STRESS
Vmax W 8.1 kN
ˇ
4d 4
d 4 369
369d 4
Bd4 ¢ ≤ R
¢
≤
(m4 )
64
5
64 625
40,000
d3
(b) REQUIRED DIAMETER BASED UPON
7.0160 Vmax (7.0160)(8.1 kN)
tallow
14 MPa
0.004059 m2
d 0.06371 m 63.7 mm
(Bending stress governs)
341
342
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
Problem 5.10-1 through 5.10-6 A wide-flange beam (see figure) having
the cross section described below is subjected to a shear force V. Using the
dimensions of the cross section, calculate the moment of inertia and then
determine the following quantities:
(a) The maximum shear stress max in the web.
(b) The minimum shear stress min in the web.
(c) The average shear stress aver (obtained by dividing the shear
force by the area of the web) and the ratio max/aver.
(d) The shear force Vweb carried in the web and the ratio Vweb /V.
y
z
O h1
h
t
Note: Disregard the fillets at the junctions of the web and flanges and
determine all quantities, including the moment of inertia, by considering
the cross section to consist of three rectangles.
b
Probs. 5.10-1 through 5.10-6
Problem 5.10-1 Dimensions of cross section: b 6 in., t 0.5 in.,
h 12 in., h1 10.5 in., and V 30 k.
Solution 5.10-1
Wide-flange beam
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
t
h1
b
h
b 6.0 in.
t 0.5 in.
h 12.0 in.
h1 10.5 in.
V 30 k
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I (bh3 bh31 th31 ) 333.4 in.4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
V
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 5795 psi
8It
tmin
Vb 2
(h h21 ) 4555 psi
8It
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
5714 psi
th1
tmax
1.014
taver
(d) SHEAR FORCE IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 28.25 k
3
Vweb
0.942
V
SECTION 5.10
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
Problem 5.10-2 Dimensions of cross section: b 180 mm, t 12 mm,
h 420 mm, h1 380 mm, and V 125 kN.
Solution 5.10-2
Wide-flange beam
t
h1
h
b
b 180 mm
t 12 mm
h 420 mm
h1 380 mm
V 125 kN
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I (bh3 bh31 th31 ) 343.1 106 mm4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
V
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 28.43 MPa
8It
Problem 5.10-3
E); V 10 k.
t
b
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
27.41 MPa
th1
tmax
1.037
taver
(d) SHEAR FORCE IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 119.7 kN
3
Vweb
0.957
V
Wide-flange shape, W 8 28 (see Table E-1, Appendix
Solution 5.10-3
h1
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
Vb 2
tmin
(h h21 ) 21.86 MPa
8It
h
Wide-flange beam
W 8 28
b 6.535 in.
t 0.285 in.
h 8.06 in.
h1 7.13 in.
V 10 k
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I (bh3 bh31 th31 ) 96.36 in.4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
V
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 4861 psi
8It
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
Vb 2
tmin
(h h21 ) 4202 psi
8It
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
4921 psi
th1
tmax
0.988
taver
(d) Shear force in the web (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 9.432 k
3
Vweb
0.943
V
343
344
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.10-4 Dimensions of cross section: b 220 mm, t 12 mm,
h 600 mm, h1 570 mm, and V 200 kN.
Solution 5.10-4
Wide-flange beam
t
h1
h
b
b 220 mm
t 12 mm
h 600 mm
h1 570 mm
V 200 kN
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I (bh3 bh31 th31 ) 750.0 106 mm4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
V
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 32.28 MPa
8It
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
Vb 2
tmin
(h h21 ) 21.45 MPa
8It
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
29.24 MPa
th1
tmax
1.104
taver
(d) SHEAR FORCE IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 196.1 kN
3
Vweb
0.981
V
Problem 5.10-5 Wide-flange shape, W 18 71
(see Table E-1, Appendix E); V 21 k.
Solution 5.10-5
t
h1
b
h
Wide-flange beam
W 18 71
b 7.635 in.
t 0.495 in.
h 18.47 in.
h1 16.85 in.
V 21 k
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I (bh3 bh31 th31 ) 1162 in.4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
V
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 2634 psi
8It
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
Vb 2
tmin
(h h21 ) 1993 psi
8It
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
2518 psi
th1
tmax
1.046
taver
(d) SHEAR FORCE IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 20.19 k
3
Vweb
0.961
V
SECTION 5.10
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
Problem 5.10-6 Dimensions of cross section: b 120 mm, t 7 mm,
h 350 mm, h1 330 mm, and V 60 kN.
Solution 5.10-6
Wide-flange beam
t
h1
h
b
b 120 mm
t 7 mm
h 350 mm
h1 330 mm
V 60 kN
MOMENT OF INERTIA (Eq. 5-47)
1
I
(bh3 bh31 th31 ) 90.34 106 mm4
12
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48a)
tmax
V
(bh2 bh21 th21 ) 28.40 MPa
8It
(b) MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-48b)
Vb 2
tmin
(h h21 ) 19.35 MPa
8It
(c) AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-50)
V
taver
25.97 MPa
th1
tmax
1.093
taver
(d) SHEAR FORCE IN THE WEB (Eq. 5-49)
th1
Vweb
(2tmax tmin ) 58.63 kN
3
Vweb
0.977
V
Problem 5.10-7 A cantilever beam AB of length L 6.5 ft supports
a uniform load of intensity q that includes the weight of the beam
(see figure). The beam is a steel W 10 12 wide-flange shape (see
Table E-1, Appendix E).
Calculate the maximum permissible load q based upon (a) an
allowable bending stress allow 16 ksi, and (b) an allowable shear
stress allow 8.5 ksi. (Note: Obtain the moment of inertia and
section modulus of the beam from Table E-1.)
Solution 5.10-7
B
A
W 10 12
L = 6.5 ft
Cantilever beam
qmax
W 10 12
From Table E-1:
t
b 3.960 in.
t 0.190 in.
b
h 9.87 in.
h1 9.87 in. 2(0.210 in.) 9.45 in.
I 53.8 in.4
S 10.9 in.3
L 6.5 ft 78 in.
allow 16,000 psi
allow 8,500 psi
h1
q
h
(a) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
qL2
Mmax
2Ss
Mmax
s
q 2
2
S
L
2Ssallow 2(10.9 in.3 )(16,000 psi)
L2
(78 in.) 2
57.33 lb/in. 688 lb/ft
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
Vmax qLtmax
qmax
Vmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 )
8It
(Eq. 5-48a)
8It(tallow )
Vmax
L
L(bh2 bh21 th21 )
Substitute numerical values:
qmax 181.49 lb/in. 2180 lb/ft
NOTE: Bending stress governs.
qallow 688 lb/ft
345
346
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.10-8 A bridge girder AB on a simple span of length
L 14 m supports a uniform load of intensity q that includes the
weight of the girder (see figure). The girder is constructed of three
plates welded to form the cross section shown.
Determine the maximum permissible load q based upon (a) an
allowable bending stress allow 110 MPa, and (b) an allowable
shear stress allow 50 MPa.
450 mm
q
30 mm
A
B
L = 14 m
15 mm
1800 mm
30 mm
450 mm
Solution 5.10-8
Bridge girder (simple beam)
h1
h
t
b
L 14 m
b 450 mm
t 15 mm
h 1860 mm h1 1800 mm
allow 110 MPa
allow 50 MPa
c h/2 930 mm
Eq. (5-47):
I
1
(bh3 bh31 th31 )
12
29.897 109 mm4
I 29.897 109 mm4
S
32.147 106 mm3
c
930 mm
(a) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON BENDING STRESS
qL2
Mmax
8Ss
Mmax
s
q 2
8
S
L
8Ssallow 8(32.147 106 mm3 )(110 MPa)
qmax
L2
(14 m) 2
3
144.3 10 N/m 144 kN/m
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON SHEAR STRESS
qL
Vmax
tmax
(bh2 bh21 th21 )
2
8It
16It(tallow )
2Vmax
qmax
L
L(bh2 bh21 th21 )
Vmax
(Eq. 5-48a)
Substitute numerical values:
qmax 173.8 103 N/m 174 kN/m
NOTE: Bending stress governs.
Problem 5.10-9 A simple beam with an overhang supports a uniform
load of intensity q 1200 lb/ft and a concentrated load P 3000 lb
(see figure). The uniform load includes an allowance for the weight of
the beam. The allowable stresses in bending and shear are 18 ksi and
11 ksi, respectively.
Select from Table E-2, Appendix E, the lightest I-beam (S shape)
that will support the given loads.
Hint: Select a beam based upon the bending stress and then calculate
the maximum shear stress. If the beam is overstressed in shear, select a
heavier beam and repeat.
qallow 144 kN/m
P = 3000 lb
8 ft
q = 1200 lb/ft
A
C
B
12 ft
4 ft
SECTION 5.10
Solution 5.10-9
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
Beam with an overhang
Maximum bending moment:
Mmax 22,820 lb-ft at x 6.167 ft
P = 3000 lb
8 ft
q = 1200 lb/ft
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
A
C
B
4 ft
12 ft
RA
x
RB
allow 18 ksi
allow 11 ksi
Select a beam of S shape
RA 7400 lb
RB 14,800 lb
Maximum shear force: Vmax 10,000 lb at x 12 ft
S
Mmax (22,820 lb-ft)(12 in.ft)
15.2 in.3
sallow
18,000 psi
From Table E-2:
Lightest beam is S 8 23
S 16.2 in.3
I 64.9 in.4
b 4.171 in. t 0.441 in.
h 8.00 in. h1 8.00 2(0.426) 7.148 in.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS (Eq. 5-48a)
Vmax 2
tmax
(bh bh21 th21 )
8It
3340 psi 6 11,000 psi ok for shear
Select S 8 23 beam
Problem 5.10-10 A hollow steel box beam has the rectangular
cross section shown in the figure. Determine the maximum allowable
shear force V that may act on the beam if the allowable shear stress
is 36 MPa.
20
mm
450
10 mm mm
10 mm
20
mm
200 mm
Solution 5.10-10
Rectangular box beam
allow 36 MPa
Find Vallow
t
VQ
It
Vallow
tallowIt
Q
1
1
(200) (450) 3
(180)(410) 3 484.9 106 mm4
12
12
t 2(10 mm) 20 mm
I
450 450
410 410
≤¢
≤ (180) ¢
≤¢
≤
2
4
2
4
1.280 106 mm3
Q (200) ¢
Vallow
tallowIt
Q
(36 MPa) (484.9 106 mm4 )(20 mm)
1.280 106 mm3
273 kN
347
348
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams (Basic Topics)
Problem 5.10-11 A hollow aluminum box beam has the square cross section
shown in the figure. Calculate the maximum and minimum shear stresses max
and min in the webs of the beam due to a shear force V 28 k.
1.0 in.
1.0 in.
12 in.
Solution 5.10-11
Square box beam
t1
A
Q¢
A
t1
b1
b
t
VQ
It
tmax
b1 10 in.
MINIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB
(AT LEVEL A-A)
t 2t1 2.0 in.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN THE WEB
(AT NEUTRAL AXIS)
A2 b1 ¢
y1
A1 b ¢
1.42 ksi
bt1
b t1
Q Ay (bt1 ) ¢ ≤
(b t1 )
2 2
2
1 4
(b b41 ) 894.67 in.4
12
Q A1 y1 A2 y2
VQ (28,000 lb)(91.0 in.3 )
1424 psi
It
(894.67 in.4 )(2.0 in.)
V 28 k 28,000 lb
t1 1.0 in.
b 12 in.
MOMENT OF INERTIA
I
b21 b1
b2 b
1
3
≤ ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ (b3 b1 ) 91.0 in.3
2 4
2 4
8
b
b2
≤
2
2
t1
b b1
b
Q (b2 b21 )
2
8
Q
(12 in.)
[ (12 in.) 2 (10 in.) 2 ] 66.0 in.3
8
tmin
VQ (28,000 lb)(66.0 in.3 )
1033 psi
It
(894.67 in.4 )(2.0 in.)
1.03 ksi
b21
b1
≤
2
2
b1
1 b
b
1 b1
¢ ≤ y2 ¢ ≤
2 2
4
2 2
4
Problem 5.10-12 The T-beam shown in the figure has cross-sectional
dimensions as follows: b 220 mm, t 15 mm, h 300 mm, and
h1 275 mm. The beam is subjected to a shear force V 60 kN.
Determine the maximum shear stress max in the web of the beam.
y
t
h1
z
C
c
Probs. 5.10-12 and 5.10-13
b
h
SECTION 5.10
Solution 5.10-12
b 220 mm
h1 275 mm
T-beam
h 300 mm
t 15 mm
V 60 kN
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE z-AXIS
1
1
Iweb (15)(223.2) 3 (15)(76.79 25) 3
3
3
56.29 106 mm4
Find max
LOCATE NEUTRAL AXIS
(ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETERS)
gAy
c
gA
1
25 2
(220)(25) 3 (220)(25) ¢ 76.79 ≤
12
2
23.02 106 mm4
Iflange
h h1
h1
≤ th1¢ h ≤
2
2
b(h h1 ) th1
b(h h1 ) ¢
I Iweb Iflange 79.31 106 mm4
25
275
≤ (15)(275) ¢ 300
≤
2
2
76.79 mm
(220)(25) (15)(275)
(220)(25) ¢
y
223.2
1.5
275
z
C
76.79
Shear Stresses in the Webs of Beams with Flanges
25
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA ABOVE THE z AXIS
223.2
Q (15)(223.2) ¢
≤
2
373.6 103 mm3
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
VQ (60 kN)(373.6 103 mm3 )
tmax
It
(79.31 106 mm4 )(15 mm)
18.8 MPa
220
Problem 5.10-13 Calculate the maximum shear stress max in the web
of the T-beam shown in the figure if b 10 in., t 0.6 in., h 8 in.,
h1 7 in., and the shear force V 5000 lb.
Solution 5.10-13
T-beam
y
t
h1
z
C
c
b
h
6.317
z
1.683
(10)(1)(0.5) (0.6)(7)(4.5)
1.683 in.
10(1) (0.6)(7)
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE z-AXIS
1
1
Iweb (0.6)(6.317) 3 (0.6)(1.683 1.0) 3
3
3
50.48 in.4
0.6
7
C
1.0
Find max
LOCATE NEUTRAL AXIS
(ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES)
h h1
h1
b(h h1 ) ¢
≤ th1¢ h ≤
gAy
2
2
c
gA
b(h h1 ) th1
y
b 10 in.
t 0.6 in.
h 8 in.
h1 7 in.
V 5000 lb
10
1
(10)(1.0) 3 (10)(1.0)(1.683 0.5) 2
12
14.83 in.4
Iflange
I Iweb Iflange 65.31 in4.
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA ABOVE THE z AXIS
6.317
Q (0.6)(6.317) ¢
≤ 11.97 in.3
2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
VQ (5000 lb)(11.97 in.3 )
tmax
1530 psi
It
(65.31 in.4 )(0.6 in.)
349
350
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Built-Up Beams
y
Problem 5.11-1 A prefabricated wood I-beam serving as a floor joist
has the cross section shown in the figure. The allowable load in shear
for the glued joints between the web and the flanges is 65 lb/in. in the
longitudinal direction.
Determine the maximum allowable shear force Vmax for the beam.
0.75 in.
z
0.625 in.
8 in.
O
0.75 in.
5 in.
Solution 5.11-1
Wood I-beam
All dimensions in inches.
Find Vmax based upon shear in the glued joints.
Allowable load in shear for the glued joints is 65 lb/in.
y
0.75 in.
fallow 65 lb/in.
h1 = 8 h = 9.5
fallowI
VQ
Vmax
I
Q
bh3 (b t)h31
1
1
I
(5)(9.5) 3 (4.375)(8) 3
12
12
12
12
170.57 in.4
0.75 in.
Q Qflange Af df (5)(0.75)(4.375) 16.406 in.3
f
z
O
t = 0.625 in.
b=5
Vmax
fallowI (65 lbin.)(170.57 in.4 )
676 lb
Q
16.406 in.3
Problem 5.11-2 A welded steel girder having the cross section shown in
the figure is fabricated of two 280 mm 25 mm flange plates and a 600
mm 15 mm web plate. The plates are joined by four fillet welds that
run continuously for the length of the girder. Each weld has an allowable
load in shear of 900 kN/m.
Calculate the maximum allowable shear force Vmax for the girder.
y
25 mm
z
15 mm
O
280 mm
600 mm
25 mm
SECTION 5.11
Solution 5.11-2
Built-Up Beams
Welded steel girder
All dimensions in millimeters.
Allowable load in shear for one weld is 900 kN/m.
y
fallow 2(900) 1800 kN/m
25
fallowI
VQ
Vmax
I
Q
3
3
(b t)h1
bh
1
1
I
(280)(650) 3 (265)(600) 3
12
12
12
12
1638 106 mm4
f
weld
z
h1 =
600
O
h=
650
t = 15
Q Qflange Af df (280)(25)(312.5) 2.1875 106 mm3
b = 280
Vmax
25
fallowI (1800 kNm)(1638 106 mm4 )
Q
2.1875 106 mm3
1.35 MN
Problem 5.11-3 A welded steel girder having the cross section
shown in the figure is fabricated of two 18 in. 1 in. flange plates
and a 64 in. 3/8 in. web plate. The plates are joined by four
longitudinal fillet welds that run continuously throughout the length
of the girder.
If the girder is subjected to a shear force of 300 kips, what force
F (per inch of length of weld) must be resisted by each weld?
y
1 in.
z
O
64 in.
3
— in.
8
18 in.
Solution 5.11-3
Welded steel girder
All dimensions in inches.
y
V 300 k
F force per inch of length of one weld
VQ
VQ
f shear flow
f 2F
F
I
2I
1.0
weld
z
O
h1 =
64
t = 0.375
b = 18
1 in.
h=
66
bh3 (b t)h31
1
1
(18)(66) 3 (17.625)(64) 3
12
12
12
12
46,220 in.4
I
Q Qflange Af df (18)(1.0)(32.5) 585 in.3
1.0
F
VQ (300 k)(585 in.3 )
1900 lbin.
2I
2(46,220 in.4 )
351
352
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.11-4 A box beam of wood is constructed of two 260 mm
50 mm boards and two 260 mm 25 mm boards (see figure). The boards
are nailed at a longitudinal spacing s 100 mm.
If each nail has an allowable shear force F 1200 N, what is the
maximum allowable shear force Vmax?
y
25 mm
z
260 mm
O
50
mm
50
mm
25 mm
260 mm
Solution 5.11-4
Wood box beam
All dimensions in millimeters.
b 260
b1 260 2(50) 160
h 310
h1 260
s nail spacing 100 mm
F allowable shear force
for one nail 1200 N
f shear flow between one flange
and both webs
2F 2(1200 N)
24 kNm
s
100 mm
fallowI
VQ
f
Vmax
I
Q
fallow
1
(bh3 b1h31 ) 411.125 106 mm4
12
Q Qflange Af df (260)(25)(142.5) 926.25 103 mm3
I
Vmax
fallowI (24 kNm)(411.125 106 mm4 )
Q
926.25 103 mm3
10.7 kN
Problem 5.11-5 A box beam constructed of four wood boards of size
6 in. 1 in. (actual dimensions) is shown in the figure. The boards are
joined by screws for which the allowable load in shear is F 250 lb
per screw.
Calculate the maximum permissible longitudinal spacing smax of the
screws if the shear force V is 1200 lb.
y
1 in.
z
1 in.
O
6 in.
1 in.
1 in.
6 in.
Solution 5.11-5
Wood box beam
All dimensions in inches.
b 6.0
b1 6.0 2(1.0) 4.0
h 8.0
h1 6.0
F allowable shear force for one screw 250 lb
V shear force 1200 lb
s longitudinal spacing of the screws
f shear flow between one flange and both webs
VQ 2F
2FI
∴ smax
s
I
VQ
1
I (bh3 b1h31 ) 184 in.4
12
f
Q Qflange Af df (6.0)(1.0)(3.5) 21 in.3
smax
2FI 2(250 lb)(184 in.4 )
VQ
(1200 lb)(21 in.3 )
3.65 in.
SECTION 5.11
Problem 5.11-6 Two wood box beams (beams A and B) have
the same outside dimensions (200 mm 360 mm) and the same
thickness (t 20 mm) throughout, as shown in the figure on
the next page. Both beams are formed by nailing, with each nail
having an allowable shear load of 250 N. The beams are
designed for a shear force V 3.2 kN.
(a) What is the maximum longitudinal spacing sA for
the nails in beam A?
(b) What is the maximum longitudinal spacing sB for the
nails in beam B?
(c) Which beam is more efficient in resisting the shear
force?
Solution 5.11-6 Two wood box beams
Cross-sectional dimensions are the same.
All dimensions in millimeters.
b 200
b1 200 2(20) 160
h 360
h1 360 2(20) 320
t 20
F allowable load per nail 250 N
V shear force 3.2 kN
1
I (bh3 b1h31 ) 340.69 106 mm4
12
s longitudinal spacing of the nails
f shear flow between one flange and both webs
2F VQ
f
s
I
∴ smax
2FI
VQ
Built-Up Beams
y
y
A
z
B
360
mm
O
z
t=
20 mm
O
t=
20 mm
200 mm
200 mm
(a) BEAM A
ht
1
≤ (200)(20) ¢ ≤ (340)
2
2
680 103 mm3
Q Ap dp (bt) ¢
sA
353
2FI (2)(250 N)(340.7 106 mm4 )
VQ
(3.2 kN)(680 103 mm3 )
78.3 mm
(b) BEAM B
Q Af df (b 2t)(t) ¢
ht
1
≤ (160)(20) (340)
2
2
544 103 mm3
2FI (2)(250 N)(340.7 106 mm4 )
VQ
(3.2 kN)(544 103 mm3 )
97.9 mm
sB
(c) BEAM B IS MORE EFFICIENT because the shear
flow on the contact surfaces is smaller and therefore
fewer nails are needed.
3
— in.
16
Problem 5.11-7 A hollow wood beam with plywood webs has the
cross-sectional dimensions shown in the figure. The plywood is attached
to the flanges by means of small nails. Each nail has an allowable load
in shear of 30 lb.
Find the maximum allowable spacing s of the nails at cross sections
where the shear force V is equal to (a) 200 lb and (b) 300 lb.
3
— in.
16
3 in.
y
z
3
in.
4
O
8 in.
3
in.
4
360
mm
354
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Solution 5.11-7 Wood beam with plywood webs
All dimensions in inches.
b 3.375
b1 3.0
h 8.0
h1 6.5
F allowable shear force for one nail 30 lb
s longitudinal spacing of the nails
f shear flow between one flange and both webs
VQ 2F
2FI
f
∴ smax
s
I
VQ
I
1
(bh3 b1h31 ) 75.3438 in.4
12
(a) V 200 lb
smax
2FI 2(30 lb)(75.344 in.4 )
VQ (200 lb)(8.1563 in.3 )
2.77 in.
(b) V 300 lb
By proportion,
smax (2.77 in.) ¢
200
≤ 1.85 in.
300
Q Qflange Af df (3.0)(0.75)(3.625) 8.1563 in.3
y
Problem 5.11-8 A beam of T cross section is formed by nailing together
two boards having the dimensions shown in the figure.
If the total shear force V acting on the cross section is 1600 N and
each nail may carry 750 N in shear, what is the maximum allowable nail
spacing s?
200 mm
50 mm
z
C
200 mm
50 mm
Solution 5.11-8
T-beam (nailed)
A bt h1t t(b h1) (50)(400)
20 103 mm2
y
b
c1
z
C
h1
c2
Q BB 3.25 106 mm3
162.5 mm
A
20 103 mm2
c1 h c2 250 162.5 87.5 mm
t
c2
h
t
B
B
All dimensions in millimeters.
V 1600 N
F allowable load per nail
F 750 N
b 200 mm
t 50 mm
h 250 mm
h1 200 mm
s nail spacing
Find smax
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS
1
1
1
t 2
I tc32 t(h1 c2 ) 3 bt3 bt ¢ c1 ≤
3
3
12
2
1
1
1
3
3
(50)(162.5) (50)(37.5) (200)(50) 3
3
3
12
(200)(50)(62.5) 2
113.541 106 mm4
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA OF FLANGE
Q bt ¢ c1
t
≤ (200)(50)(62.5) 625 103 mm3
2
LOCATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS (z AXIS)
Use the lower edge of the cross section (line B-B)
as a reference axis.
h1
t
≤ (bt) ¢ h ≤
2
2
(200)(50)(100) (200)(50)(225)
3.25 106 mm3
Q BB (h 1t) ¢
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SPACING OF NAILS
VQ F
s
I
Fallow I (750 N)(113.541 106 mm4 )
smax
VQ
(1600 N)(625 103 mm3 )
85.2 mm
f
SECTION 5.11
Problem 5.11-9 The T-beam shown in the figure is fabricated by
welding together two steel plates. If the allowable load for each weld
is 2.0 k/in. in the longitudinal direction, what is the maximum allowable
shear force V?
Built-Up Beams
y
0.5 in.
6 in.
z
C
0.5 in.
5 in.
Solution 5.11-9
T-beam (welded)
A bt h1t (5)(0.5) (6)(0.5) 5.5 in.2
y
c1
t
h1 h
z
C
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS
c2
B
b
QBB 11.125 in.3
2.0227 in.
A
5.5 in.2
c1 h c2 4.4773 in.
c2
Bt
All dimensions in inches.
1
1
1
t 2
I tc31 t(c2 t) 3 bt3 (bt) ¢ c2 ≤
3
3
12
2
1
1
1
(0.5)(4.4773) 3 (0.5)(1.5227) 3 (5)(0.5) 3
3
3
12
(5)(0.5)(1.7727) 2 23.455 in.4
F allowable load per inch of weld
F 2.0 k/in.
b 5.0
t 0.5
h 6.5
h1 6.0
V shear force
Find Vmax
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA OF FLANGE
LOCATION OF NEUTRAL AXIS (z AXIS)
SHEAR FLOW AT WELDS
Use the lower edge of the cross section (line B-B)
as a reference axis.
f 2F
h1
t
≤ (h 1t) ¢ h
≤
2
2
(5)(0.5)(0.25) (6)(0.5)(3.5) 11.25 in.3
Q BB (bt) ¢
Q bt ¢ c2
t
≤ (5)(0.5)(1.7727) 4.4318 in.3
2
VQ
I
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE SHEAR FORCE
Vmax
2FI 2(2.0 kin.)(23.455 in.4 )
21.2 k
Q
4.4318 in.3
Problem 5.11-10 A steel beam is built up from a W 16 77 wideflange beam and two 10 in. 1/2 in. cover plates (see figure on the next
page). The allowable load in shear on each bolt is 2.1 kips.
What is the required bolt spacing s in the longitudinal direction if the
shear force V 30 kips? (Note: Obtain the dimensions and moment of
inertia of the W shape from Table E-1.)
y
z
1
10 in. —
2 in.
cover plates
W 16 77
O
355
356
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.11-10
Stresses in Beams
Beam with cover plates
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT THE NEUTRAL AXIS
t = 0.5
I Ibeam 2 B
d
W 16 77
N.A.
1 3
d t 2
bt (bt) ¢ ≤ R
12
2 2
1110 in.4 2 B
1
(10)(0.5) 3 (10)(0.5)(8.51) 2 R
12
1834 in.4
t = 0.5
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA OF A COVER PLATE
b =10
All dimensions in inches.
Wide-flange beam (W 16 77):
d 16.52 in.
Ibeam 1110 in.4
Cover plates:
b 10 in.
t 0.5 in.
F allowable load per bolt
2.1 k
V shear force
30 k
s spacing of bolts in the longitudinal direction
Find smax
Q bt ¢
dt
≤ (10)(0.5)(8.51) 42.55 in.3
2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF BOLTS
f
VQ 2F
s
I
smax
s
2FI
VQ
2(2.1 k)(1834 in.4 )
6.03 in.
(30 k)(42.55 in.3 )
Problem 5.11-11 Two W 10 45 steel wide-flange beams are bolted
together to form a built-up beam as shown in the figure.
What is the maximum permissible bolt spacing s if the shear force
V 20 kips and the allowable load in shear on each bolt is F 3.1 kips?
(Note: Obtain the dimensions and properties of the W shapes from
Table E-1.)
W 10 45
W 10 45
Solution 5.11-11
Built-up steel beam
All dimensions in inches.
W 10 45:
I1 248 in.4
A 13.3 in.2
V 20 k
F 3.1 k
FIRST MOMENT OF AREA OF ONE BEAM
d 10.10 in.
Find maximum allowable bolt spacing smax.
Q A¢
d
≤ (13.3)(5.05) 67.165 in.3
2
MAXIMUM SPACING OF BOLTS IN THE LONGITUDINAL
DIRECTION
MOMENT OF INERTIA OF BUILT-UP BEAM
d 2
I 2 B I1 A¢ ≤ R 2[248 (13.3)(5.05) 2 ]
2
1174.4 in.4
f
VQ 2F
s
I
smax
s
2FI
VQ
2(3.1 k)(1174.4 in.4 )
5.42 in.
(20 k)(67.165 in.3 )
SECTION 5.12
Beams with Axial Loads
Beams with Axial Loads
When solving the problems for Section 5.12, assume that the bending
moments are not affected by the presence of lateral deflections.
P = 25 lb
Problem 5.12-1 While drilling a hole with a brace and bit, you exert
a downward force P 25 lb on the handle of the brace (see figure).
The diameter of the crank arm is d 7/16 in. and its lateral offset is
b 4-7/8 in.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and
c, respectively, in the crank.
Solution 5.12-1
P
M
d
7
d= —
16 in.
7
b = 4—
8 in.
Brace and bit
P 25 lb (compression)
M Pb (25 lb)(4 7/8 in.)
121.9 lb-in.
d diameter
d 7/16 in.
d 2
A
0.1503 in.2
4
d 3
S
0.008221 in.3
32
MAXIMUM STRESSES
P M
25 lb
121.9 lb-in.
st
2
A S
0.1503 in.
0.008221 in.3
166 psi 14,828 psi 14,660 psi
P M
sc 166 psi 14,828 psi
A S
14,990 psi
Problem 5.12-2 An aluminum pole for a street light weighs 4600 N and
supports an arm that weighs 660 N (see figure). The center of gravity of
the arm is 1.2 m from the axis of the pole. The outside diameter of the
pole (at its base) is 225 mm and its thickness is 18 mm.
Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c,
respectively, in the pole (at its base) due to the weights.
W2 = 660 N
1.2 m
W1 = 4600 N
18 mm
225 mm
357
358
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.12-2
Stresses in Beams
Aluminum pole for a street light
W1 weight of pole
4600 N
W2 weight of arm
660 N
b distance between axis of pole and center
of gravity of arm
1.2 m
d2 outer diameter of pole 225 mm
d1 inner diameter of pole
225 mm 2(18 mm) 189 mm
2
(d d12 ) 11,706 mm2
4 2
I (d24 d14 ) 63.17 106 mm4
64
d2
c 112.5 mm
2
AT BASE OF POLE
(792 N m)(112.5 mm)
P Mc
5260 N
st
2
A
I
11,706 mm
63.17 106 mm4
PROPERTIES OF THE CROSS SECTION
A
MAXIMUM STRESSES
ˇ
P
ˇ
0.4493 MPa 1.4105 MPa
M
0.961 MPa 961 kPa
P Mc
sc
0.4493 MPa 1.4105 MPa
A
I
1.860 MPa 1860 kPa
d2
P W1 W2 5260 N
M W2 b 792 N m
Problem 5.12-3 A curved bar ABC having a circular axis (radius
r 12 in.) is loaded by forces P 400 lb (see figure). The cross
section of the bar is rectangular with height h and thickness t.
If the allowable tensile stress in the bar is 12,000 psi and the
height h 1.25 in., what is the minimum required thickness tmin?
h
B
C
A
P
P
45°
45°
r
h
t
Solution 5.12-3
Curved bar
B
TENSILE STRESS
M
A
st
P
e
P
r radius of curved bar
e r r cos 45º
1
r ¢1
≤
2
Pr
M Pe (2 2)
2
t thickness
P
r
B 1 3(2 2) R
ht
h
MINIMUM THICKNESS
tmin
P
r
B 1 3(2 2) R
hsallow
h
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
CROSS SECTION
h height
P M P 3Pr (2 2)
A S ht
th2
A ht
1
S th2
6
P 400 lb allow 12,000 psi
r 12 in. h 1.25 in.
tmin 0.477 in.
SECTION 5.12
Problem 5.12-4 A rigid frame ABC is formed by welding two
steel pipes at B (see figure). Each pipe has cross-sectional area
A 11.31 103 mm2, moment of inertia I 46.37 106 mm4,
and outside diameter d 200 mm.
Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c,
respectively, in the frame due to the load P 8.0 kN if L H 1.4 m.
B
d
d
P
H
A
C
d
L
Solution 5.12-4
359
Beams with Axial Loads
L
Rigid frame
N
M
AXIAL FORCE: N RA sin
P
sin
2
BENDING MOMENT: M RAL
PL
2
B
V
A
d
TENSILE STRESS
N Mc
P sin PLd
st
A
I
2A
4I
RA
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
Load P at midpoint B
REACTIONS: RA RC
BAR AB:
H
tan
L
sin
P
2
P 8.0 kN L H 1.4 m 45º
sin 1 12 d 200 mm
A 11.31 103 mm2
I 46.37 106 mm4
st
H
H 2 L2
d diameter
c d/2
(8.0 kN)(1 2)
(8.0 kN)(1.4 m)(200 mm)
3
2
2(11.31 10 mm )
4(46.37 106 mm4 )
0.250 MPa 12.08 MPa
11.83 MPa (tension)
N Mc
sc
0.250 MPa 12.08 MPa
A
I
12.33 MPa (compression)
Problem 5.12-5 A palm tree weighing 1000 lb is inclined at an
angle of 60° (see figure). The weight of the tree may be resolved
into two resultant forces, a force P1 900 lb acting at a point 12 ft
from the base and a force P2 100 lb acting at the top of the tree,
which is 30 ft long. The diameter at the base of the tree is 14 in.
Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and
c, respectively, at the base of the tree due to its weight.
P2 = 100 lb
30 ft
12 ft
P1 = 900 lb
60°
360
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Solution 5.12-5
Palm tree
M P1L1 cos 60º P2L2 cos 60º
[(900 lb)(144 in.) (100 lb)(360 in.)] cos 60º
82,800 lb-in.
N (P1 P2) sin 60º (1000 lb) sin 60º 866 lb
P2
L2
L1
P1
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM
P1 900 lb
P2 100 lb
L1 12 ft 144 in.
L2 30 ft 360 in.
d 14 in.
V
A
d 2
153.94 in.2
4
S
d
269.39 in.3
32
M
N
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
N M
866 lb
82,800 lb-in.
st
2
A
S
153.94 in.
269.39 in.3
5.6 psi 307.4 psi 302 psi
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
c 5.6 psi 307.4 psi 313 psi
3
Problem 5.12-6 A vertical pole of aluminum is fixed at the base and
pulled at the top by a cable having a tensile force T (see figure). The
cable is attached at the outer surface of the pole and makes an angle
25° at the point of attachment. The pole has length L 2.0 m
and a hollow circular cross section with outer diameter d2 260 mm
and inner diameter d1 200 mm.
Determine the allowable tensile force Tallow in the cable if the
allowable compressive stress in the aluminum pole is 90 MPa.
Solution 5.12-6
Aluminum pole
T sin
T cos
L
T
L
d2
CROSS SECTION
A (d 22 d 21 ) 21,677 mm2 21.677 103 mm2
4
4
I (d 2 d 41 ) 145,778 103 mm4
64
145.778 106 m4
d2
V
M
N
25º
L 2.0 m
d2 260 mm
d1 200 mm
(c)allow 90 MPa
d1
d2
c
d2
130 mm 0.13 m
2
AT THE BASE OF THE POLE
N T cos 0.90631T
M (T cos ) ¢
(N, T newtons)
d2
≤ (T sin )(L)
2
0.11782 T 0.84524 T
0.96306 T (M newton meters)
SECTION 5.12
COMPRESSIVE STRESS
sc
(0.96306T)(0.13 m)
N Mc
0.90631T
3
2
A
I
21.677 10 m
145.778 106 m4
41.82 T 858.83 T
900.64 T (c pascals)
361
Beams with Axial Loads
ALLOWABLE TENSILE FORCE
(sc ) allow 90 106 pascals
Tallow
900.64
900.64
99,900 N 99.9 kN
Problem 5.12-7 Because of foundation settlement,
a circular tower is leaning at an angle to the vertical
(see figure). The structural core of the tower is a circular
cylinder of height h, outer diameter d2, and inner diameter
d1. For simplicity in the analysis, assume that the weight
of the tower is uniformly distributed along the height.
Obtain a formula for the maximum permissible angle
if there is to be no tensile stress in the tower.
h
d1
d2
Solution 5.12-7
Leaning tower
I d 22 d 21
A
16
h
2
c
W
W weight of tower
angle of tilt
d2
2
AT THE BASE OF THE TOWER
N W cos
h
2
MW¢
h
≤ sin
2
TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)
V
M
N
CROSS SECTION
2
(d d 21 )
4 2
I (d 42 d 41 )
64
(d 22 d 21 )(d 22 d 21 )
64
A
d2
N Mc
W cos W h
st
¢ sin ≤ ¢ ≤ 0
A
I
A
I 2
2
∴
d 22 d 21
cos hd2 sin
4I
tan
A
4I
hd2A
4hd2
MAXIMUM ANGLE
arctan
d 22 d 21
4hd2
362
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.12-8 A steel bar of solid circular cross section is subjected to
an axial tensile force T 26 kN and a bending moment M 3.2 kN m
(see figure).
Based upon an allowable stress in tension of 120 MPa, determine the
required diameter d of the bar. (Disregard the weight of the bar itself.)
Solution 5.12-8
d 2
4
S
T
Circular bar
T 26 kN M 3.2 kN m
allow 120 MPa d diameter
A
M
d 3
32
(d meters)
(120,000,000 Nm2)()d 3 (104,000 N)d
102,400 N m 0
SIMPLIFY THE EQUATION:
TENSILE STRESS
(15,000 ) d 3 13d 12.8 0
T M
4T
32M
A S d 2 d 3
or d 3 allow 4Td 32M 0
()(120 MPa)d 3 4(26 kN)d 32(3.2 kN m) 0
st
SOLVE NUMERICALLY FOR THE REQUIRED DIAMETER:
d 0.0662 m 66.2 mm
Problem 5.12-9 A cylindrical brick chimney of height H weighs
w 825 lb/ft of height (see figure). The inner and outer diameters are
d1 3 ft and d2 4 ft, respectively. The wind pressure against the side
of the chimney is p 10 lb/ft2 of projected area.
Determine the maximum height H if there is to be no tension in the
brickwork.
Solution 5.12-9
Brick chimney
d2
p
w
H
d1
d2
d2
I
1
(d 22 d 21 )c
A 16
2
AT BASE OF CHIMNEY
H
q
W
V
M
N
N W wH
p wind pressure
q intensity of load pd2
d2 outer diameter
d1 inner diameter
W total weight of
chimney wH
M qH ¢
TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)
N Md2
st
0 or
A
2I
M
2I
N Ad2
pd2H2 d 22 d 21
2wH
8d2
CROSS SECTION
A (d 22 d 21 )
4
I
(d 4 d 41 )
(d 2 d 21 )(d 22 d 21 )
64 2
64 2
H
1
≤ pd2H 2
2
2
SOLVE FOR H
H
w(d 22 d 21 )
4pd 22
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
w 825 lb/ft
d2 4 ft d1 3 ft
Hmax 32.2 ft
p 10 lb/ft2
SECTION 5.12
Problem 5.12-10 A flying buttress transmits a load P 25 kN, acting
at an angle of 60° to the horizontal, to the top of a vertical buttress AB
(see figure). The vertical buttress has height h 5.0 m and rectangular
cross section of thickness t 1.5 m and width b 1.0 m (perpendicular
to the plane of the figure). The stone used in the construction weighs
26 kN/m3.
What is the required weight W of the pedestal and statue above the
vertical buttress (that is, above section A) to avoid any tensile stresses
in the vertical buttress?
Flying
buttress
P
W
60°
A
A
—t
2
h
t
h
t
B
Solution 5.12-10
B
Flying buttress
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF VERTICAL BUTTRESS
P
W
60°
CROSS SECTION
A bt (1.0 m)(1.5 m) 1.5 m2
1
1
S bt 2 (1.0 m)(1.5 m) 2 0.375 m3
6
6
AT THE BASE
h
WB
t
V
M
N
P 25 kN
h 5.0 m
t 1.5 m
b width of buttress perpendicular to the figure
b 1.0 m
26 kN/m3
WB weight of vertical buttress
bth
195 kN
N W WB P sin 60º
W 195 kN (25 kN) sin 60º
W 216.651 kN
M (P cos 60º)h (25 kN)(cos 60º)(5.0 m)
62.5 kN m
TENSILE STRESS (EQUAL TO ZERO)
N M
st
A
S
W 216.651 kN 62.5 kN m
0
1.5 m2
0.375 m3
or W 216.651 kN 250 kN 0
W 33.3 kN
Problem 5.12-11 A plain concrete wall (i.e., a wall with no steel
reinforcement) rests on a secure foundation and serves as a small
dam on a creek (see figure). The height of the wall is h 6.0 ft
and the thickness of the wall is t 1.0 ft.
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and
c, respectively, at the base of the wall when the water level reaches the
top (d h). Assume plain concrete has weight density c 145 lb/ft3.
(b) Determine the maximum permissible depth dmax of the water if
there is to be no tension in the concrete.
363
Beams with Axial Loads
ˇ
ˇ
t
h
d
364
CHAPTER 5
Solution 5.12-11
Stresses in Beams
Concrete wall
t
W
h
d
F
d/3
V
W
M
h height of wall
t thickness of wall
b width of wall (perpendicular to the figure)
c weight density of concrete
w weight density of water
d depth of water
W weight of wall
W bhtc
F resultant force for the water pressure
MAXIMUM WATER PRESSURE w d
1
1
F (d)(gw d)(b) bd 2gw
2
2
d
1
M F ¢ ≤ bd 3gw
3
6
1
A bt
S bt 2
6
(a) STRESSES AT THE BASE WHEN d h
h 6.0 ft 72 in. d 72 in.
t 1.0 ft 12 in.
145
gc 145 lbft3
lbin.3
1728
62.4
gw 62.4 lbft3
lbin.3
1728
Substitute numerical values into Eqs. (1) and (2):
t 6.042 psi 93.600 psi 87.6 psi
c 6.042 psi 93.600 psi 99.6 psi
(b) MAXIMUM DEPTH FOR NO TENSION
Set t 0 in Eq. (1):
hgc
d 3gw
0
t2
d 3 ht 2 ¢
d 3 (72 in.)(12 in.) 2 ¢
STRESSES AT THE BASE OF THE WALL
(d DEPTH OF WATER)
dmax 28.9 in.
3
st
d gw
W M
hgc 2
A
S
t
Eq. (1)
sc
d 3gw
W M
hgc 2
A
S
t
Eq. (2)
gc
≤
gw
145
≤ 24,092 in.3
62.4
SECTION 5.12
Eccentric Axial Loads
Eccentric Axial Loads
P
Problem 5.12-12 A circular post and a rectangular post are each
compressed by loads that produce a resultant force P acting at the edge of
the cross section (see figure). The diameter of the circular post and the
depth of the rectangular post are the same.
(a) For what width b of the rectangular post will the maximum tensile
stresses be the same in both posts?
(b) Under the conditions described in part (a), which post has the
larger compressive stress?
Solution 5.12-12
d 2
4
S
b
d
d
EQUAL MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESSES
d 3
32
M
Pd
2
P M
4P
16P 12P
Tension: st 2
A S
d
d 2 d 2
P M
4P
16P
Compression: sc 2
A S
d
d 2
20P
2
d
RECTANGULAR POST
bd 2
Pd
M
6
2
P M
P
3P 2P
Tension: st
A S
bd bd bd
A bd
P
Two posts in compression
CIRCULAR POST
A
365
S
P M
P
3P
4P
Compression: sc
A S
bd bd
bd
12P 2P
d 2 bd
6
1
d b
or
(Eq. 1)
(a) Determine the width b of the rectangular post
d
From Eq. (1): b
6
(b) Compressive stresses
20P
d 2
4P
4P
Rectangular post: sc
bd
(d6)d
Circular post: sc
24P
d 2
Rectangular post has the larger compressive
stress.
Problem 5.12-13 Two cables, each carrying a tensile force
P 1200 lb, are bolted to a block of steel (see figure). The
block has thickness t 1 in. and width b 3 in.
(a) If the diameter d of the cable is 0.25 in., what are the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c, respectively,
in the block?
(b) If the diameter of the cable is increased (without changing
the force P), what happens to the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses?
b
P
t
P
366
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Solution 5.12-13
Steel block loaded by cables
d
P
e
t
2
P 1200 lb
d 0.25 in.
t d
t 1.0 in.
e 0.625 in.
2 2
b width of block
3.0 in.
Steel
block
MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (AT BOTTOM OF
BLOCK)
t
y 0.5 in.
2
P Pey
A
I
1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)(0.5 in.)
3 in.2
0.25 in.4
400 psi 1500 psi 1100 psi
sc
CROSS SECTION OF BLOCK
A bt 3.0 in.2
I
1 3
bt 0.25 in.4
12
(a) MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS (AT TOP OF BLOCK)
t
y 0.5 in.
2
t
(b) IF d IS INCREASED, the eccentricity e increases
and both stresses increase in magnitude.
P Pey
A
I
1200 lb (1200 lb)(0.625 in.)(0.5 in.)
3 in.2
0.25 in.4
400 psi 1500 psi 1900 psi
st
Problem 5.12-14 A bar AB supports a load P acting at the centroid
of the end cross section (see figure). In the middle region of the bar
the cross-sectional area is reduced by removing one-half of the bar.
(a) If the end cross sections of the bar are square with sides of
length b, what are the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t
and c, respectively, at cross section mn within the reduced region?
(b) If the end cross sections are circular with diameter b, what
are the maximum stresses t and c?
b
—
2
A
b
b
b
b
—
2
m
(a)
b
—
2
n
B
P
b
(b)
SECTION 5.12
Solution 5.12-14
Bar with reduced cross section
(a) SQUARE BAR
FOR TENSION:
Cross section mn is a rectangle.
b
b2
A (b) ¢ ≤
2
2
M P¢
b
≤
4
c
1
b 3 b4
I (b) ¢ ≤
12
2
96
b
4
STRESSES
ct
4r
2b
0.2122 b
3 3
FOR COMPRESSION:
b 2b
cc r ct
0.2878 b
2 3
st
P Mc 2P 6P 8P
2 2 2
A
I
b
b
b
STRESSES
sc
P Mc 2P 6P
4P
2 2 2
A
I
b
b
b
st
(b) CIRCULAR BAR
Cross section mn is a semicircle
1 b2
b2
¢
≤
0.3927 b2
2 4
8
From Appendix D, Case 10:
A
I 0.1098 ¢
M P¢
Eccentric Axial Loads
(0.2122 Pb)(0.2122 b)
P Mct
P
2
A
I
0.3927 b
0.006860 b 4
P
P
P
2.546 2 6.564 2 9.11 2
b
b
b
(0.2122 Pb)(0.2878 b)
P Mcc
P
sc
A
I
0.3927b 2
0.006860 b 4
P
P
P
2.546 2 8.903 2 6.36 2
b
b
b
b 4
≤ 0.006860 b 4
2
2b
≤ 0.2122 Pb
3
Problem 5.12-15 A short column constructed of a W 10 30
wide-flange shape is subjected to a resultant compressive load
P 12 k having its line of action at the midpoint of one flange
(see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses
t and c, respectively, in the column.
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition.
P = 12 k
z
C
W 10 30
y
367
368
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Solution 5.12-15
Column of wide-flange shape
y
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
P = 12 k
P Pe(h2)
st
1357 psi 1840 psi
A
I
480 psi
e
z
h = 10.47 in.
O
N.A.
W 10 30
I 170 in.4
A 8.84 in.2
tf 0.510 in.
P Pe(h2)
sc
1357 psi 1840 psi
A
I
3200 psi
(b) NEUTRAL AXIS (SEE FIGURE)
y0
h tf
e 4.98 in.
2 2
I
3.86 in.
Ae
P = 60 kN
Problem 5.12-16 A short column of wide-flange shape is
subjected to a compressive load that produces a resultant force
P 60 kN acting at the midpoint of one flange (see figure).
(a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive
stresses t and c , respectively, in the column.
(b) Locate the neutral axis under this loading condition.
y
P
8 mm
z
C
12 mm
160
mm
Solution 5.12-16
Column of wide-flange shape
y
P
e
(a) MAXIMUM STRESSES
tf
tw
z
O
h
N.A.
b
b 160 mm
h 200 mm
tw 8 mm
tf 12 mm
h tf
P 60 kN
e 94 mm
2 2
A 2btf (h 2tf) tw 5248 mm2
1 3
1
bh (b t w )(h 2t f ) 3
12
12
37.611 106 mm4
I
P Pe(h2)
st
A
I
(60 kN)(94 mm)(100 mm)
60 kN
2
5248 mm
37.611 106 mm4
11.43 MPa 15.00 MPa
3.57 MPa
c 11.43 MPa 15.00 MPa
26.4 MPa
(b) NEUTRAL AXIS (SEE FIGURE)
I
37.611 106 mm4
Ae
(5248 mm2 )(94 mm)
76.2 mm
y0
200
mm
SECTION 5.12
Problem 5.12-17 A tension member constructed of an L 4 4 3⁄4 inch
angle section (see Appendix E) is subjected to a tensile load P 15 kips that
acts through the point where the midlines of the legs intersect (see figure).
Determine the maximum tensile stress t in the angle section.
Eccentric Axial Loads
2
3
3
L44—
4
C
1
1
P
2
Solution 5.12-17
3
Angle section in tension
c
2
3
C
1
1
c
P
B
e
c1
3
2
Bending occurs about axis 3-3.
L44
Maximum tensile stress occurs at corner B.
3
4
st
A 5.44 in.2
t thickness of legs
c 1.27 in.
0.75 in.
e eccentricity of load P
t
¢ c ≤ 2
2
(1.27 0.375) 2
1.266 in.
P 15 k (tensile load)
c1 distance from centroid C to corner B of angle
c2 (1.27 in.) 2 1.796 in.
I3 Ar 2min
MAXIMUM TENSILE STRESS
(see Table E-4)
rmin 0.778 in.
I3 (5.44 in.2)(0.778 in.)2 3.293 in.4
M Pe (15 k)(1.266 in.) 18.94 k-in.
P Mc1
A
I3
(18.99 k-in.)(1.796 in.)
15 k
2
5.44 in
3.293 in.4
2.76 ksi 10.36 ksi
13.1 ksi
369
370
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.12-18 A short length of a C 811.5 channel is subjected
to an axial compressive force P that has its line of action through the
midpoint of the web of the channel (see figure).
(a) Determine the equation of the neutral axis under this loading
condition.
(b) If the allowable stresses in tension and compression are
10,000 psi and 8,000 psi, respectively, find the maximum permissible
load Pmax.
Solution 5.12-18
y
P
C 8 × 11.5
z
C
Channel in compression
y
0.220 in.
P
z
C 8 11.5
A 3.38 in.2
Iz 1.32 in.4
c1
c2
h 2.260 in.
c1 0.571 in.
tw 0.220 in.
c2 1.689 in.
tw
0.571 0.110 0.461 in.
2
(a) LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS
y0
I
1.32 in.4
Ae
(3.38 in.2 )(0.461 in.)
0.847 in.
(b) MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON TENSILE STRESS
allow 10,000 psi
st
(P pounds)
P Pe c2
A
I
P(0.461 in.)(1.689 in.)
P
2
3.38 in.
1.32 in.4
10,000
2.260 in.
C
MAXIMUM LOAD BASED UPON COMPRESSIVE STRESS
ECCENTRICITY OF THE LOAD
e c1
P
P
0.2941 P
3.38 1.695
P 34,000 lb 34 k
allow 8000 psi
(P pounds)
P Pe c1
A
I
P(0.461 in.)(0.571 in.)
P
3.38 in.2
1.32 in.4
P
P
8000
0.4953 P
3.38 5.015
P 16,200 lb 16.2 k
sc
COMPRESSION GOVERNS.
Pmax 16.2 k
371
SECTION 5.13 Stress Concentrations
Stress Concentrations
The problems for Section 5.13 are to be solved considering the
stress-concentration factors.
M
Problem 5.13-1 The beams shown in the figure are subjected
to bending moments M 2100 lb-in. Each beam has a rectangular
cross section with height h 1.5 in. and width b 0.375 in.
(perpendicular to the plane of the figure).
(a) For the beam with a hole at midheight, determine the
maximum stresses for hole diameters d 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and
1.00 in.
(b) For the beam with two identical notches (inside height
h1 1.25 in.), determine the maximum stresses for notch radii
R 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 in.
M
h
d
(a)
2R
M
M
h
h1
Probs. 5.13-1 through 5.13-4
(b)
Solution 5.13-1
M 2100 lb-in.
h 1.5 in.
b 0.375 in.
(b) BEAM WITH NOTCHES
h1 1.25 in.
(a) BEAM WITH A HOLE
d
1
h
2
d
1
h
2
Eq. (5-57):
Eq. (5-56):
d
(in.)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
6Mh
b(h3 d 3 )
50,400
3.375 d 3
sC
12Md
b(h3 d 3 )
67,200 d
3.375 d 3
(1)
sB
C
B
d
Eq.(1) Eq.(2) max
h
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
0.1667 15,000
—
15,000
0.3333 15,500
—
15,500
0.5000 17,100 17,100 17,100
0.6667
—
28,300 28,300
Note: The larger the hole, the larger the stress.
(2)
h
1.5 in.
1.2
h1 1.25 in.
Eq. (5-58):
6M
snom 2 21,500 psi
bh 1
R
(in.)
R
h1
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
max Knom
K
max
(Fig. 5-50) (psi)
3.0
2.3
2.1
1.9
65,000
49,000
45,000
41,000
Note: The larger the notch radius, the smaller the
stress.
372
CHAPTER 5
Stresses in Beams
Problem 5.13-2 The beams shown in the figure are subjected to bending
moments M 250 N m. Each beam has a rectangular cross section with height
h 44 mm and width b 10 mm (perpendicular to the plane of the figure).
(a) For the beam with a hole at midheight, determine the maximum stresses
for hole diameters d 10, 16, 22, and 28 mm.
(b) For the beam with two identical notches (inside height h1 40 mm),
determine the maximum stresses for notch radii R 2, 4, 6, and 8 mm.
Solution 5.13-2
M 250 N m
h 44 mm
b 10 mm
(b) BEAM WITH NOTCHES
d
1
h
2
Eq. (5-57):
d
1
h
2
Eq. (5-56):
6Mh
b(h3 d 3 )
6.6 106
MPa (1)
85,180 d 3
sC
sB
d
(mm)
10
16
22
28
12Md
b(h3 d 3 )
300 10 3d
MPa
85,180 d 3
C
B
Eq.(1) Eq.(2)
(MPa) (MPa)
d
h
0.227
0.364
0.500
0.636
h 44 mm
1.1
h1 40 mm
6M
Eq. (5-58): snom 2 93.8 MPa
bh 1
max Knom
h1 40 mm
(a) BEAM WITH A HOLE
78
81
89
—
—
—
89
133
(2)
max
(MPa)
R
(mm)
2
4
6
8
R
h1
K
(Fig. 5-50)
max
(MPa)
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
2.6
2.1
1.8
1.7
240
200
170
160
Note: The larger the notch radius, the smaller the
stress.
78
81
89
133
Note: The larger the hole, the larger the stress.
Problem 5.13-3 A rectangular beam with semicircular notches, as shown
in part (b) of the figure, has dimensions h 0.88 in. and h1 0.80 in. The
maximum allowable bending stress in the metal beam is max 60 ksi, and
the bending moment is M 600 lb-in.
Determine the minimum permissible width bmin of the beam.
Solution 5.13-3
h 0.88 in.
max 60 ksi
h h1 2R
Beam with semicircular notches
h1 0.80 in.
M 600 lb-in.
1
R (h h1 ) 0.04 in.
2
R 0.04 in.
0.05
h1 0.80 in.
From Fig. 5-50: K 2.57
smax Ksnom K ¢
60 ksi 2.57 B
6M
≤
bh21
6(600 lb-in.)
R
b(0.80 in.) 2
Solve for b:
bmin 0.24 in.
SECTION 5.13
Stress Concentrations
373
Problem 5.13-4 A rectangular beam with semicircular notches,
as shown in part (b) of the figure, has dimensions h 120 mm and
h1 100 mm. The maximum allowable bending stress in the plastic
beam is max 6 MPa, and the bending moment is M 150 N m.
Determine the minimum permissible width bmin of the beam.
Solution 5.13-4
h 120 mm
max 6 MPa
h h1 2R
Beam with semicircular notches
h1 100 mm
M 150 N m
1
R (h h1 ) 10 mm
2
R
10 mm
0.10
h1 100 mm
smax Ksnom K ¢
6 MPa (2.20) B
6(150 N m)
R
b(100 mm) 2
ˇ
ˇ
Solve for b:
bmin 33 mm
From Fig. 5-50: K 2.20
Problem 5.13-5 A rectangular beam with notches and a hole
(see figure) has dimensions h 5.5 in., h1 5 in., and width
b 1.6 in. The beam is subjected to a bending moment
M 130 k-in., and the maximum allowable bending stress in
the material (steel) is max 42,000 psi.
(a) What is the smallest radius Rmin that should be used in
the notches?
(b) What is the diameter dmax of the largest hole that should
be drilled at the midheight of the beam?
Solution 5.13-5
6M
≤
bh21
2R
M
M
h1
h
d
Beam with notches and a hole
h 5.5 in. h1 5 in. b 1.6 in.
M 130 k-in. max 42,000 psi
(b) LARGEST HOLE DIAMETER
d
1
7 and use Eq. (5-56).
h
2
12 Md
sB
b(h3 d 3 )
Assume
(a) MINIMUM NOTCH RADIUS
h 5.5 in.
1.1
h1
5 in.
6M
snom 2 19,500 psi
bh1
K
smax 42,000 psi
2.15
snom 19,500 psi
h
From Fig. 5-50, with K 2.15 and 1.1, we get
h1
R
0.090
h1
Rmin 0.090h1 0.45 in.
42,000 psi
12(130 k-in.)d
(1.6 in.) [ (5.5 in.) 3 d3 ]
d 3 23.21d 166.4 0
Solve numerically:
dmax 4.13 in.
or
7
Analysis of Stress
and Strain
Plane Stress
Problem 7.2-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 6500 psi, y 1700 psi, and xy 2750 psi, as shown in the
figure.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at an
angle 60° from the x axis, where the angle is positive when
counterclockwise. Show these stresses on a sketch of an element
oriented at the angle .
Solution 7.2-1
y
y = 1700 psi
O
x = 6500 psi
x
xy = 2750 psi
Plane stress (angle )
y
2920 psi
5280 psi
60
O
x
3450 psi
Problem 7.2-2 Solve the preceding problem for x 80 MPa,
y 52 MPa, xy 48 MPa, and 25° (see figure).
x 6500 psi y 1700 psi xy 2750 psi
60
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
5280 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
3450 psi
sy1 sx sy sx1 2920 psi
52 MPa
48 MPa
80 MPa
425
426
CHAPTER 7
Solution 7.2-2
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Plane stress (angle )
y
20.2 MPa
111.8 MPa
25
O
x
20.1 MPa
x 80 MPa y 52 MPa xy 48 MPa
25
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
111.8 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
20.1 MPa
sy1 sx sy sx1 20.2 MPa
Problem 7.2-3 Solve Problem 7.2-1 for x 9,900 psi,
y 3,400 psi, xy 3,600 psi, and 50° (see figure).
3,400 psi
3,600 psi
9,900 psi
Solution 7.2-3
Plane stress (angle )
y
10,760 psi
2,540 psi
50
O
x
2,580 psi
Problem 7.2-4 The stresses acting on element A in the web
of a train rail are found to be 42 MPa tension in the horizontal
direction and 140 MPa compression in the vertical direction
(see figure). Also, shear stresses of magnitude 60 MPa act in
the directions shown.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at
a counterclockwise angle of 48° from the horizontal. Show
these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented at this angle.
x 9900 psi y 3400 psi xy 3600 psi
50
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
2540 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
2580 psi
sy1 sx sy sx1 10,760 psi
140 MPa
A
A
Side
View
42 MPa
60 MPa
Cross
Section
SECTION 7.2
Plane Stress
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.2-4
y
20.2 MPa
118.2 MPa
48
O
x
84.2 MPa
x 42 MPa y 140 MPa xy 60 MPa
48
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
118.2 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
84.2 MPa
sy1 sx sy sx1 20.2 MPa
Problem 7.2-5 Solve the preceding problem if the normal
and shear stresses acting on element A are 7,500 psi, 20,500 psi,
and 4,800 psi (in the directions shown in the figure) and the angle
is 30° (counterclockwise).
20,500 psi
A
7,500 psi
4,800 psi
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.2-5
y
9,340 psi
3,660 psi
30
O
x
14,520 psi
x 7,500 psi y 20,500 psi
xy 4,800 psi
30
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
3,660 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
14, 520 psi
sy1 sx sy sx1 9,340 psi
Problem 7.2-6 An element in plane stress from the fuselage of
an airplane is subjected to compressive stresses of magnitude
25.5 MPa in the horizontal direction and tensile stresses of magnitude
6.5 MPa in the vertical direction (see figure). Also, shear stresses of
magnitude 12.0 MPa act in the directions shown.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented at a clockwise
angle of 40° from the horizontal. Show these stresses on a sketch of an
element oriented at this angle.
6.5 MPa
25.5 MPa
12.0 MPa
427
428
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.2-6
y
17.8 MPa
18.5 MPa
O
x
40
0.5 MPa
Problem 7.2-7 The stresses acting on element B in the
web of a wide-flange beam are found to be 11,000 psi
compression in the horizontal direction and 3,000 psi
compression in the vertical direction (see figure). Also,
shear stresses of magnitude 4,200 psi act in the directions
shown.
Determine the stresses acting on an element oriented
at a counterclockwise angle of 41° from the horizontal.
Show these stresses on a sketch of an element oriented
at this angle.
Solution 7.2-7
3,000 psi
B
B
2,280 psi
11,720 psi
41
x
3,380 psi
11,000 psi
4,200 psi
Side
View
Cross
Section
Plane stress (angle )
y
O
x 25.5 MPa y 6.5 MPa
xy 12.0 MPa
40
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
0.5 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
17.8 MPa
sy1 sx sy sx1 18.5 MPa
x 11,000 psi y 3,000 psi
xy 4,200 psi
41
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
11,720 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
3,380 psi
sy1 sx sy sx1 2,280 psi
Problem 7.2-8 Solve the preceding problem if the normal and shear
stresses acting on element B are 54 MPa, 12 MPa, and 20 MPa (in the
directions shown in the figure) and the angle is 42.5° (clockwise).
12 MPa
20 MPa
B
54 MPa
SECTION 7.2
Solution 7.2-8
Plane stress (angle )
x 54 MPa y 12 MPa xy 20 MPa
42.5
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
54.8 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
19.2 MPa
sy1 sx sy sx1 11.2 MPa
y
19.2 MPa
11.2 MPa
O
x
– 42.5
54.8 MPa
y
Problem 7.2-9 The polyethylene liner of a settling pond
is subjected to stresses x 350 psi, y 112 psi, and
xy 120 psi, as shown by the plane-stress element in
the first part of the figure.
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on a
seam oriented at an angle of 30° to the element, as shown
in the second part of the figure. Show these stresses on a
sketch of an element having its sides parallel and
perpendicular to the seam.
Solution 7.2-9
Plane Stress
112 psi
30°
350 psi
O
x
120 psi
Seam
Plane stress (angle )
y
275 psi
187 psi
30
O
x
163 psi
x 350 psi y 112 psi xy 120 psi
30
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
187 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
163 psi
sy1 sx sy sx1 275 psi
The normal stress on the seam equals 187 psi
tension.
The shear stress on the seam equals 163 psi, acting
clockwise against the seam.
429
430
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
y
Problem 7.2-10 Solve the preceding problem if the normal
and shear stresses acting on the element are x 2100 kPa,
y 300 kPa, and xy 560 kPa, and the seam is oriented
at an angle of 22.5° to the element (see figure).
300 kPa
22.5°
2100 kPa
x
O
Seam
560 kPa
Solution 7.2-10
Plane stress (angle )
y
sx1
960 kPa
1440 kPa
22.5
O
x
1030 kPa
x 2100 kPa y 300 kPa xy 560 kPa
22.5
sx sy
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
1440 kPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
1030 kPa
sy1 sx sy sx1 960 kPa
The normal stress on the seam equals 1440 kPa
tension.
The shear stress on the seam equals 1030 kPa, acting
clockwise against the seam.
350 psi
Problem 7.2-11 A rectangular plate of dimensions 3.0 in. 5.0 in. is
formed by welding two triangular plates (see figure). The plate is subjected
to a tensile stress of 500 psi in the long direction and a compressive stress of
350 psi in the short direction.
Determine the normal stress w acting perpendicular to the line of the
weld and the shear stress w acting parallel to the weld. (Assume that the
normal stress w is positive when it acts in tension against the weld and the
shear stress w is positive when it acts counterclockwise against the weld.)
Solution 7.2-11
Biaxial stress (welded joint)
sx1
y
125 psi
275 psi
30.96
O
x
375 psi
x 500 psi y 350 psi xy 0
3 in.
u arctan
arctan 0.6 30.96
5 in.
ld
We
3 in.
500 psi
5 in.
sx sy
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
275 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u 375 psi
2
sy1 sx sy sx1 125 psi
STRESSES ACTING ON THE WELD
125 psi
w
w
375 psi
w 125 psi
w 375 psi
30.96
SECTION 7.2
Problem 7.2-12 Solve the preceding problem for a plate of
dimensions 100 mm 250 mm subjected to a compressive
stress of 2.5 MPa in the long direction and a tensile stress of
12.0 MPa in the short direction (see figure).
12.0 MPa
ld
We
Solution 7.2-12
Biaxial stress (welded joint)
y
tx1y1
10.0 MPa
0.5 MPa
21.80
O
sin 2u txy cos 2u 5.0 MPa
2
sy1 sx sy sx1 10.0 MPa
STRESSES ACTING ON THE WELD
x 2.5 MPa
y 12.0 MPa xy 0
100 mm
u arctan
arctan 0.4 21.80
250 mm
sx sy
2
0.5 MPa
sx sy
2
10.0 MPa
5.0 MPa
w
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
Biaxial stress
y
a
Find angle for 0.
normal stress on plane a-a
sx sy
1600 psi
a
3600 psi
O
x
a
STRESS ELEMENT
a
sx1
21.80
w 10.0 MPa
w 5.0 MPa
Problem 7.2-13 At a point on the surface of a machine the material
is in biaxial stress with x 3600 psi and y 1600 psi, as shown
in the first part of the figure. The second part of the figure shows
an inclined plane aa cut through the same point in the material but
oriented at an angle .
Determine the value of the angle between zero and 90°
such that no normal stress acts on plane aa. Sketch a stress element
having plane aa as one of its sides and show all stresses acting on
the element.
Solution 7.2-13
2.5 MPa
100 mm
250 mm
sx sy
w
x
5.0 MPa
431
Plane Stress
x 3600 psi
y 1600 psi
xy 0
sx1 0
56.31
sy1 sx sy sx1 2000 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
2400 psi
y
2000 psi
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
1000 2600 cos 2 (psi)
1000
For sx1 0, we obtain cos 2u
2600
2 112.62 and 56.31
56.31
O
x
2400 psi
432
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.2-14 Solve the preceding problem for x 32 MPa
and y 50 MPa (see figure).
y
50 MPa
a
32 MPa
O
x
a
Solution 7.2-14
Biaxial stress
a
x 32 MPa
y 50 MPa
a
xy 0
Find angles for 0.
normal stress on plane a-a
sx1
sx sy
STRESS ELEMENT
38.66
sx1 0
sy1 sx sy sx1 18 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u
2
40 MPa
y
18 MPa
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
9 41 cos 2 (MPa)
9
For sx1 0, we obtain cos 2u
41
2 77.32 and 38.66
38.66
O
Problem 7.2-15 An element in plane stress from the frame of a racing
car is oriented at a known angle (see figure). On this inclined element,
the normal and shear stresses have the magnitudes and directions shown
in the figure.
Determine the normal and shear stresses acting on an element whose
sides are parallel to the xy axes; that is, determine x, y, and xy. Show
the results on a sketch of an element oriented at 0°.
x
40 MPa
y
4,180 psi
2,360 psi
= 30°
15,220 psi
O
4,900 psi
Solution 7.2-15 Plane stress
Transform from 30 to 0.
Let: x 15,220 psi, y 4,180 psi,
xy 2,360 psi,
and 30.
sx1
sx sy
y
14,500 psi
O
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
14,500 psi
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u 3,600 psi
2
sy1 sx sy sx1 4,900 psi
x
x
3,600 psi
FOR 0:
sx sx1 14,500 psi
sy sy1 4,900 psi
txy tx1y1 3,600 psi
SECTION 7.2
Problem 7.2-16
the figure.
Solve the preceding problem for the element shown in
433
Plane Stress
y 26.7 MPa
= 60°
66.7 MPa
O
x
25.0 MPa
Solution 7.2-16 Plane stress
Transform from 60 to 0.
Let: x 26.7 MPa, y 66.7 MPa,
xy 25.0 MPa, and 60.
sx1
sx sy
sx sy
FOR 0:
sx sx1 65 MPa
sy sy1 25 MPa
txy tx1y1 28 MPa
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
65 MPa
sx sy
tx1y1
sin 2u txy cos 2u 28 MPa
2
sy1 sx sy sx1 25 MPa
25 MPa
y
65 MPa
O
x
28 MPa
y
Problem 7.2-17 A plate in plane stress is subjected to normal
stresses x and y and shear stress xy, as shown in the figure. At
counterclockwise angles 40° and 80° from the x axis the
normal stress is 5000 psi tension.
If the stress x equals 2000 psi tension, what are the stresses
y and xy?
Solution 7.2-17 Plane stress
x 2000 psi y ? xy ?
At 40 and 80; sx1 5000 psi (tension)
Find y and xy.
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
or
xy
O
sx1 5000
or
2000 sy
2000 sy
cos 160 txy sin 160
2
2
0.96985y 0.34202xy 4939.7 psi
(2)
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
2000 sy
cos 80 txy sin 80
2
2
0.41318y 0.98481xy 3826.4 psi
(1)
x = 2000 psi
x
FOR 80:
cos 2u txy sin 2u
FOR 40:
sx1 5000
2000 sy
y
y 4370 psi
xy 2050 psi
434
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.2-18 The surface of an airplane wing is subjected to plane
stress with normal stresses x and y and shear stress xy, as shown in
the figure. At a counterclockwise angle 30° from the x axis the
normal stress is 35 MPa tension, and at an angle 50° it is 10 MPa
compression.
If the stress x equals 100 MPa tension, what are the stresses y
and xy?
Solution 7.2-18 Plane stress
x 100 MPa y ? xy ?
At 30, sx1 35 MPa
(tension)
At 50, sx1 10 MPa (compression)
Find y and xy
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
or
xy
x = 100 MPa
x
O
FOR 50:
sx1 10
or
100 sy
100 sy
cos 100 txy sin 100
2
2
0.58682y 0.98481xy 51.318 MPa (2)
y 19.3 MPa
sx1 35
100 sy
y
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
FOR 30:
y
xy 40.6 MPa
100 sy
cos 60 txy sin 60
2
2
0.25y 0.86603xy 40 MPa
(1)
y
Problem 7.2-19 At a point in a structure subjected to plane stress,
the stresses are x 4000 psi, y 2500 psi, and xy 2800 psi
(the sign convention for these stresses is shown in Fig. 7-1). A stress
element located at the same point in the structure, but oriented at a
counterclockwise angle 1 with respect to the x axis, is subjected
to the stresses shown in the figure (b, b, and 2000 psi).
Assuming that the angle 1 is between zero and 90°, calculate
the normal stress b, the shear stress b, and the angle 1.
Solution 7.2-19 Plane stress
x 4000 psi y 2500 psi
xy 2800 psi
FOR 1:
sx1 2000 psi sy1 sb
Find b, b, and 1
STRESS b
b x y 2000 psi 3500 psi
b
2000 psi 1
O
ANGLE 1
sx1
xy b
b
sx sy
sx sy
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
2000 psi 750 3250 cos 21 2800 sin 21
or 65 cos 21 56 sin 21 55 0
Solve numerically:
21 89.12 1 44.56
SHEAR STRESS b
tb tx1y1
3290 psi
sx sy
2
sin 2u1 txy cos 2u1
x
SECTION 7.3
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
When solving the problems for Section 7.3, consider only the in-plane
stresses (the stresses in the xy plane).
Problem 7.3-1 An element in plane stress is subjected to
stresses x 6500 psi, y 1700 psi, and xy 2750 psi
(see the figure for Problem 7.2-1).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a
sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-1
Principal stresses
x 6500 psi
y 1700 psi
xy 2750 psi
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2txy
tan 2up
Therefore, 1 7750 psi and up1 24.44
2 450 psi and up2 114.44
1.1458
sx sy
y
2p 48.89 and p 24.44
2p 228.89 and p 114.44
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
}
450 psi
7750 psi
cos 2u txy sin 2u
p1 24.44
O
For 2p 48.89: sx1 7750 psi
For 2p 228.89: sx1 450 psi
x
Problem 7.3-2 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 80 MPa, y 52 MPa, and xy 48 MPa (see the figure for
Problem 7.2-2).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of
a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-2
Principal stresses
x 80 MPa
y 52 MPa
xy 48 MPa
Therefore, 1 116 MPa and up1 36.87
2 16 MPa and up2 126.87
}
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
y
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
3.429
16 MPa
116 MPa
2p 73.74 and p 36.87
2p 253.74 and p 126.87
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 73.74: sx1 116 MPa
For 2p 253.74: sx1 16 MPa
p1 36.87
O
x
435
436
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.3-3 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 9,900 psi, y 3,400 psi, and xy 3,600 psi (see the figure
for Problem 7.2-3).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-3
Principal stresses
x 9900 psi y 3400 psi xy 3600 psi
Therefore, 1 1,800 psi and up1 66.04
2 11,500 psi and up2 23.96
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
y
1.1077
2p 47.92 and p 23.96
2p 132.08 and p 66.04
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
11,500 psi
1,800 psi
p1 66.04
cos 2u txy sin 2u
O
x
For 2p 47.92: sx1 11,500 psi
For 2p 132.08: sx1 1,800 psi
Problem 7.3-4 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 42 MPa, y 140 MPa, and xy 60 MPa (see the figure
for Problem 7.2-4).
Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-4
Principal stresses
x 42 MPa y 140 MPa
xy 60 MPa
Therefore, 1 60 MPa and up1 16.70
2 158 MPa and up2 73.30
}
PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
2p 33.40 and p 16.70
2p 146.60 and p 73.30
sx1
sx sy
2
y
0.6593
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 33.40: sx1 60 MPa
For 2p 146.60: sx1 158 MPa
60 MPa
158 MPa
p2 73.30
O
x
}
SECTION 7.3
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
Problem 7.3-5 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses x 7,500 psi,
y 20,500 psi, and xy 4,800 psi (see the figure for Problem 7.2-5).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and
show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-5 Maximum shear stresses
x 7,500 psi y 20,500 psi
xy 4,800 psi
tmax
2txy
0.3429
sx sy
2p 18.92 and p 9.46
2p 161.08 and p 80.54
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
t2xy 14,800 psi
B
2
us1 up1 45 54.46 and 14,800 psi
PRINCIPAL ANGLES
tan 2up
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
sx sy
2
¢
≤
us2 up1 45 35.54 and 14,800 psi
saver
sx sy
2
}
6,500 psi
y
cos 2u txy sin 2u
6,500 psi
6,500 psi
For 2p 18.92: sx1 8,300 psi
For 2p 161.08: sx1 21,300 psi
Therefore, up1 9.46
s2 35.54
O
x
14,800 psi
Problem 7.3-6 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses x 25.5 MPa,
y 6.5 MPa, and xy 12.0 MPa (see the figure for Problem 7.2-6).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and show
them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-6 Maximum shear stresses
x 25.5 MPa y 6.5 MPa
xy 12.0 MPa
PRINCIPAL ANGLES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
0.7500
2p 36.87 and p 18.43
2p 216.87 and p 108.43
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
tmax
sx sy
2
t2xy 20.0 MPa
B
2
us1 up1 45 63.48 and 20.0 MPa
us2 up1 45 153.43 and 20.0 MPa
sx sy
saver
9.5 MPa
2
¢
≤
}
y
9.5 MPa
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 36.87: sx1 29.5 MPa
For 2p 216.87: sx1 10.5 MPa
Therefore, up1 108.4
9.5 MPa
s1 63.43
O
x
20.0 MPa
437
438
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.3-7 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 11,000 psi, y 3,000 psi, and xy 4200 psi (see the
figure for Problem 7.2-7).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-7 Maximum shear stresses
x 11,000 psi y 3,000 psi
xy 4,200 psi
tmax
PRINCIPAL ANGLES
2txy
tan 2up
sx sy
1.0500
2p 46.40 and p 23.20
2p 226.40 and p 113.20
sx1
sx sy
2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
t2xy 5,800 psi
B
2
us1 up1 45 68.20 and 5,800 psi
us2 up1 45 158.20 and 5,800 psi
sx sy
saver
7,000 psi
2
¢
≤
}
y
7,000 psi
cos 2u txy sin 2u
7,000 psi
For 2p 46.40: sx1 12,800 psi
For 2p 226.40: sx1 1,200 psi
Therefore, up1 113.20
s1 68.20
O
x
5,800 psi
Problem 7.3-8 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses x 54 MPa,
y 12 MPa, and xy 20 MPa (see the figure for Problem 7.2-8).
Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses and
show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-8 Maximum shear stresses
x 54 MPa y 12 MPa
xy 20 MPa
tmax
PRINCIPAL ANGLES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
0.9524
2p 43.60 and p 21.80
2p 136.40 and p 68.20
sx1
sx sy
2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 43.60: sx1 62 MPa
For 2p 136.40: sx1 4.0 MPa
Therefore, up1 68.20
sx sy
2
t2xy 29.0 MPa
B
2
us1 up1 45 23.20 and 29.0 MPa
us2 up1 45 113.20 and 29.0 MPa
sx sy
saver
33.0 MPa
2
¢
≤
y
33.0 MPa
33.0 MPa
s1 23.20
O
x
29.0 MPa
}
SECTION 7.3
Problem 7.3-9 A shear wall in a reinforced concrete building is
subjected to a vertical uniform load of intensity q and a horizontal force
H, as shown in the first part of the figure. (The force H represents the
effects of wind and earthquake loads.) As a consequence of these loads,
the stresses at point A on the surface of the wall have the values shown
in the second part of the figure (compressive stress equal to 1100 psi
and shear stress equal to 480 psi).
(a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of
a properly oriented element.
(b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-9 Shear wall
x 0 y 1100 psi xy 480 psi
2txy
sx sy
tmax
sx sy
2
0.87273
sx sy
2
1100 psi
H
480 psi
A
A
sx sy
2
t2xy 730 psi
2
B
us1 up1 45 65.56 and 730 psi
us2 up1 45 24.44 and 730 psi
sx sy
saver
550 psi
2
2p 41.11 and p 20.56
2p 138.89 and p 69.44
sx1
q
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
439
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
¢
≤
}
cos 2u txy sin 2u
y
For 2p 41.11: sx1 180 psi
For 2p 138.89: sx1 1280 psi
Therefore, 1 180 psi and up1 20.56
2 1280 psi and up2 69.44
550 psi
}
550 psi
s2 24.44
y
O
180 psi
x
730 psi
1280 psi
p2 69.44
O
x
Problem 7.3-10 A propeller shaft subjected to combined torsion
and axial thrust is designed to resist a shear stress of 63 MPa and
a compressive stress of 90 MPa (see figure).
(a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch
of a properly oriented element.
(b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
90 MPa
63 MPa
440
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.3-10 Propeller shaft
x 90 MPa y 0 xy 63 MPa
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2txy
tan 2up
sx sy
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
}
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
1.4000
2p 54.46 and p 27.23
2p 234.46 and p 117.23
sx1
Therefore,
1 32.4 MPa and up1 117.23
2 122.4 MPa and up2 27.23
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 54.46: sx1 122.4 MPa
For 2p 234.46: sx1 32.4 MPa
tmax
sx sy
2
t2xy 77.4 MPa
B
2
us1 up1 45 72.23 and 77.4 MPa
us2 up1 45 162.23 and 77.4 MPa
sx sy
saver
45 MPa
2
¢
≤
}
y
y
45 MPa
45 MPa
32.4 MPa
122.4 MPa
s1 72.23
p2 27.23
O
O
x
x
77.4 MPa
y
Problems 7.3-11 through 7.3-16 An element in plane stress (see figure)
is subjected to stresses x, y, and xy.
(a) Determine the principal stresses and show them on a sketch of a
properly oriented element.
(b) Determine the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses and show them on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
y
xy
x
O
x 3500 psi, y 1120 psi, xy 1200 psi
Data for 7.3-11
Solution 7.3-11 Plane stress
x 3500 psi y 1120 psi xy 1200 psi
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
sx sy
2
Therefore,
1 4000 psi and up1 22.62
2 620 psi and up2 67.38
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 45.24: sx1 4000 psi
For 2p 134.76: sx1 620 psi
}
y
1.0084
2p 45.24 and p 22.62
2p 134.76 and p 67.38
sx1
x
4000 psi
620 psi
p2 67.38
O
x
SECTION 7.3
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
sx sy
tmax
y
2
2
¢
≤ txy 1690 psi
B
2
us1 up1 45 67.62 and 1690 psi
us2 up1 45 22.38 and 1690 psi
saver
sx sy
2
2310 psi
2310 psi
}
s2 22.38
O
2310 psi
x
1690 psi
x 2100 kPa, y 300 kPa, xy 560 kPa
Data for 7.3-12
Solution 7.3-12
Plane stress
x 2100 kPa y 300 kPa xy 560 kPa
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tmax
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
0.6222
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
}
y
For 2p 31.89: sx1 2260 kPa
1200 kPa
For 2p 148.11: sx1 140 kPa
1200 kPa
Therefore, 1 2260 kPa and up1 15.95
2 140 kPa and up2 74.05
}
y
2260 kPa
140 kPa
p2 74.05
O
2
≤
us2 up1 45 29.05 and 1060 kPa
sx sy
saver
1200 kPa
2
2p 31.89 and p 15.95
2p 148.11 and p 74.05
sx1
sx sy
t2xy 1060 kPa
B
2
us1 up1 45 60.95 and 1060 kPa
¢
x
s2 29.05
O
x
1060 kPa
441
442
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
x 15,000 psi, y 1,000 psi, xy 2,400 psi
Data for 7.3-13
Solution 7.3-13 Plane stress
x 15,000 psi y 1,000 psi xy 2,400 psi
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2txy
tan 2up
sx sy
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
tmax
0.34286
2p 18.92 and p 9.46
2p 198.92 and p 99.46
sx sy sx sy
sx1
cos 2u txy sin 2u
2
2
For 2p 18.92: sx1 15,400 psi
For 2p 198.92: sx1 600 psi
sx sy
2
t2xy 7,400 psi
B
2
us1 up1 45 35.54 and 7,400 psi
us2 up1 45 54.46 and 7,400 psi
sx sy
saver
8,000 psi
2
¢
≤
}
y
8000 psi
8000 psi
Therefore, 1 15,400 psi and up1 9.46
2 600 psi and up2 99.96
}
s2 54.46
O
y
x
7400 psi
600 psi
15,400 psi
p1 9.46
O
x
x 16 MPa, y 96 MPa, xy 42 MPa
Data for 7.3-14
Solution 7.3-14 Plane stress
x 16 MPa y 96 MPa
xy 42 MPa
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
y
30 MPa
110 MPa
0.7500
p2 71.57
2p 36.87 and p 18.43
2p 143.13 and p 71.57
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
O
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 36.87: sx1 30 MPa
For 2p 143.13: sx1 110 MPa
Therefore, 1 30 MPa and up1 18.43
2 110 MPa and up2 71.57
y
}
40 MPa
40 MPa
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
tmax
sx sy
x
s2 26.57
2
¢
≤
70 MPa
B
2
us1 up1 45 63.43 and 70 MPa
us2 up1 45 26.57 and 70 MPa
sx sy
saver
40 MPa
2
t2xy
O
}
x
70 MPa
SECTION 7.3
x 3000 psi, y 12,000 psi, xy 6000 psi
Data for 7.3-15
Solution 7.3-15 Plane stress
x 3000 psi y 12,000 psi
xy 6000 psi
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
tmax
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
sx sy
sx sy
2
B
¢
sx sy
2
2
≤
t2xy 7500 psi
us1 up1 45 18.43 and 7500 psi
2txy
1.3333
us2 up1 45 71.57 and 7500 psi
saver
2p 53.13 and p 26.57
2p 233.13 and p 116.57
sx1
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
7500 psi
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 53.13: sx1 0
For 2p 233.13: sx1 15,000 psi
Therefore,
1 0 and up1 26.57
2 15,000 psi and up2 116.57
}
}
y
7500 psi
7500 psi
s2 71.57
x
O
y
7500 psi
15,000 psi
p1 26.57
O
Data for 7.3-16
x
x 100 MPa, y 50 MPa, xy 50 MPa
Solution 7.3-16 Plane stress
x 100 MPa y 50 MPa
xy 50 MPa
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
0.66667
y
2p 33.69 and p 16.85
2p 213.69 and p 106.85
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
65.1 MPa
115.1 MPa
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 33.69: sx1 115.1 MPa
For 2p 213.69: sx1 65.1 MPa
Therefore,
1 65.1 MPa and up1 106.85
2 115.1 MPa and up2 16.85
}
p2 16.85
O
x
443
444
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
tmax
¢
sx sy
y
2
25.0 MPa
t2xy 90.1 MPa
≤
B
2
us1 up1 45 61.85 and 90.1 MPa
us2 up1 45 151.85 and 90.1 MPa
sx sy
saver
25.0 MPa
2
25.0 MPa
}
s1 61.85
O
x
90.1 MPa
y
Problem 7.3-17 At a point on the surface of a machine component
the stresses acting on the x face of a stress element are x 6500 psi
and xy 2100 psi (see figure).
What is the allowable range of values for the stress y if the
maximum shear stress is limited to 0 2900 psi?
y
xy = 2100 psi
O
Solution 7.3-17 Allowable range of values
x 6500 psi xy 2100 psi y ?
Find the allowable range of values for y if the
maximum allowable shear stresses is 0 2900 psi.
tmax
B
¢
sx sy
2
Substitute numerical values:
sy 6500 psi 2(2900 psi) 2 (2100 psi) 2
6500 psi 4000 psi
Therefore, 2500 psi y 10,500 psi
2
≤
t2xy
Eq. (1)
GRAPH OF max
or
t2max ¢
sx sy
2
x = 6500 psi
x
2
≤
t2xy
From Eq. (1):
Eq. (2)
tmax
SOLVE FOR y
B
¢
6500 sy
2
2
≤
(2100) 2
sy sx 2t2max t2xy
max
(ksi)
6
Eq. (3)
4
2.9 ksi ( o)
2.1 ksi
2
2.5
5
0
6.5
5
10.5
10
15
y (ksi)
Eq. (3)
SECTION 7.3
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses
Problem 7.3-18 At a point on the surface of a machine component
the stresses acting on the x face of a stress element are x 45 MPa
and xy 30 MPa (see figure).
What is the allowable range of values for the stress y if the
maximum shear stress is limited to 0 34 MPa?
y
y
xy
x = 100 MPa
x
O
Solution 7.3-18 Allowable range of values
x 45 MPa xy 30 MPa y ?
Find the allowable range of values for y if the
maximum allowable shear stresses is 0 34 MPa.
tmax
B
¢
sx sy
2
SOLVE FOR y
sy sx 2t2max t2xy
2
≤
t2xy
Substitute numerical values:
Eq. (1)
sy 45 MPa 2(34 MPa) 2 (30 MPa) 2
or
t2max ¢
sx sy
2
45 MPa 32 MPa
Therefore, 13 MPa y 77 MPa
2
≤
t2xy
Eq. (2)
GRAPH OF max
From Eq. (1):
tmax
B
¢
45 sy
2
2
≤
(30) 2
Eq. (3)
Eq. (3)
40
34 MPa ( o)
30 MPa
max
(MPa) 30
20
10
13
20
0
20
77
45
40
60
Problem 7.3-19 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 6500 psi and xy 2800 psi (see figure). It is known that one
of the principal stresses equals 7300 psi in tension.
(a) Determine the stress y.
(b) Determine the other principal stress and the orientation of
the principal planes; then show the principal stresses on a sketch
of a properly oriented element.
80
100
y (MPa)
y
y
6500 psi
O
x
2800 psi
445
446
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.3-19 Plane stress
x 6500 psi xy 2800 psi y ?
One principal stress 7300 psi (tension)
(b) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
(a) STRESS y
Because x is smaller than the given principal stress,
we know that the given stress is the larger principal
stress.
1 7300 psi
s1
sx sy
sx sy
2
0.62222
2p 31.891 and p 15.945
2p 148.109 and p 74.053
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
cos 2u txy sin 2u
For 2p 31.891: sx1 7300 psi
For 2p 148.109: sx1 3300 psi
t2xy
2
B
2
Substitute numerical values and solve for y:
y 2500 psi
¢
2txy
sx sy
≤
Therefore,
1 7300 psi and up1 15.95
2 3300 psi and up2 74.05
}
y
3300 psi
7300 psi
p2 74.05
O
x
y
Problem 7.3-20 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 68.5 MPa and xy 39.2 MPa (see figure). It is known that
one of the principal stresses equals 26.3 MPa in tension.
(a) Determine the stress y.
(b) Determine the other principal stress and the orientation of
the principal planes; then show the principal stresses on a sketch
of a properly oriented element.
Solution 7.3-20 Plane stress
x 68.5 MPa xy 39.2 MPa y ?
One principal stress 26.3 MPa (tension)
(a) STRESS y
Because x is smaller than the given principal stress,
we know that the given stress is the larger principal
stress.
y
39.2 MPa
O
68.5 MPa
x
1 26.3 MPa
s1
sx sy
sx sy
2
t2xy
2
B
2
Substitute numerical values and solve for y:
y 10.1 MPa
¢
≤
SECTION 7.4
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
(b) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
tan 2up
2txy
sx sy
0.99746
y
2p 44.93 and p 22.46
2p 135.07 and p 67.54
sx1
sx sy
2
sx sy
2
26.3 MPa
cos 2u txy sin 2u
84.7 MPa
p1 67.54
For 2p 44.93: sx1 84.7 MPa
For 2p 135.07: sx1 26.3 MPa
O
x
Therefore,
1 26.3 MPa and up1 67.54
2 84.7 MPa and up2 22.46
}
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
The problems for Section 7.4 are to be solved using Mohr’s circle.
Consider only the in-plane stresses (the stresses in the xy plane).
y
Problem 7.4-1 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to tensile
stresses x 14,500 psi, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an
element oriented at a counterclockwise angle 24° from the
x axis and (b) the maximum shear stresses and associated normal
stresses. Show all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.
Solution 7.4-1 Uniaxial stress
x 14,500 psi y 0 xy 0
(a) ELEMENT AT 24 (All stresses in psi)
2 48 24 R 7250 psi
Point C: sx1 7250 psi
14,500 psi
O
Point D: sx1 R R cos 2u 12,100 psi
tx1y1 R sin 2u 5390 psi
Point D: sx1 R R cos 2u 2400 psi
tx1y1 5390 psi
y
S2
D ( 24)
2s2
R
O B ( 90)
x
A
2s1 = 90 ( 0) 1
R
D'
x1y1
2400 psi
D
D'
12,100 psi
2
C
x
O
24
x
5390 psi
S1
14,500
447
448
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
y
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
S2
7250 psi
7250 psi
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 7250 psi
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 7250 psi
aver R 7250 psi
s2 45
x
7250 psi
O
S1
y
Problem 7.4-2 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to tensile
stresses x 55 MPa, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at an angle 30° from the x axis (minus means clockwise)
and (b) the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses. Show
all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.
55 MPa
O
Solution 7.4-2 Uniaxial stress
x 55 MPa y 0 xy 0
y
(a) ELEMENT AT 30 (All stresses in MPa)
2 60 30
Point C: sx1 27.5 MPa
x
D'
13.8 MPa
R 27.5 MPa
23.8 MPa
x
–30
O
S2
D'
41.2 MPa
R
O
D
B ( 90)
C
2 = 60
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
A ( 0)
x1
R
S1
x1y1
55 MPa
D
( 30)
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 27.5 MPa
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 27.5 MPa
aver R 27.5 MPa
y
Point D: sx1 R R cos ƒ 2u ƒ
R(1 cos 60) 41.2 MPa
tx1y1 R sin ƒ 2u ƒ R sin 60 23.8 MPa
Point D: sx1 R R cos ƒ 2u ƒ 13.8 MPa
tx1y1 R sin ƒ 2u ƒ 23.8 MPa
S2
27.5 MPa
s2 45
x
27.5 MPa
O
S1
27.5 MPa
SECTION 7.4
Problem 7.4-3 An element in uniaxial stress is subjected to compressive
stresses of magnitude 5600 psi, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a slope of 1 on 2 (see figure) and (b) the maximum shear
stresses and associated normal stresses. Show all results on sketches
of properly oriented elements.
y
1
2
O
5600 psi
Solution 7.4-3 Uniaxial stress
x 5600 psi y 0 xy 0
1120 psi
1
26.565
2
2
D
4480 psi
D'
26.57
2 53.130
26.57
R 2800 psi
1
x
y
(a) ELEMENT AT A SLOPE OF 1 ON 2
(All stresses in psi) u arctan
449
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
x
O
2240 psi
Point C: sx1 2800 psi
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
S2
A
( 0)
2s2 =
90
C
2 =
53.13
R
2s1
S1
D
5600
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 2800 psi
D'
R
R
O
B ( 90)
x1
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 2800 psi
aver R 2800 psi
y
S1
2800 psi
x1y1
2800 psi
S2
Point D: sx1 R R cos 2u 4480 psi
tx1y1 R sin 2u 2240 psi
s1 45
O
x
2800 psi
Point D: sx1 R R cos 2u 1120 psi
tx1y1 R sin 2u 2240 psi
Problem 7.4-4 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses
x 60 MPa and y 20 MPa, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a counterclockwise angle 22.5° from the x axis and (b) the
maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses. Show all results
on sketches of properly oriented elements.
y
20 MPa
60 MPa
O
x
450
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.4-4 Biaxial stress
x 60 MPa y 20 MPa
y
xy 0
8.28 MPa
(a) ELEMENT AT 22.5
28.28 MPa
D'
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
R
( 22.5)
B ( 90)
C
O
2
R
2s1
x1
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 40 MPa
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 40 MPa
aver 20 MPa
S1
20
40
22.5
x
O
R 40 MPa
S2
D
48.28 MPa
D'
(All stresses in MPa)
2 45 22.5
2R 60 20 80 MPa
Point C: sx1 20 MPa
A
( 0)
D
60
y
20
20 MPa
x1y1
20 MPa
40 MPa
s1 45
Point D: sx1 20 R cos 2u 48.28 MPa
tx1y1 R sin 2u 28.28 MPa
Point D: sx1 R cos 2u 20 8.28 MPa
tx1y1 R sin 2u 28.28 MPa
S1
x
S2
O
20 MPa
y
Problem 7.4-5 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses
x 6000 psi and y 1500 psi, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a counterclockwise angle 60° from the x axis and (b) the
maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses. Show all results
on sketches of properly oriented elements.
1500 psi
6000 psi
O
Solution 7.4-5
( 60) S
2
D
R
Biaxial stress
x 6000 psi y 1500 psi xy 0
(a) ELEMENT AT 60
(All stresses in psi)
2 120 60
2R 7500 psi R 3750 psi
Point C: sx1 2250 psi
x
2 = 120
60
B ( 90)
C
O
A ( 0)
x1
R
30
S1
D'
2250
1500
6000
x1y1
SECTION 7.4
Point D: sx1 2250 R cos 60 375 psi
tx1y1 R sin 60 3248 psi
451
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 3750 psi
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 3750 psi
y
aver 2250 psi
S2
Point D: sx1 2250 R cos 60 4125 psi
tx1y1 R sin 60 3248 psi
y
375 psi
2250 psi
4125 psi
2250 psi
D
60
s2 45
x
3250 psi
O
x
3750 psi
O
S1
D'
y
Problem 7.4-6 An element in biaxial stress is subjected to stresses
x 24 MPa and y 63 MPa, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a slope of 1 on 2.5 (see figure) and (b) the maximum shear
stresses and associated normal stresses. Show all results on sketches of
properly oriented elements.
Solution 7.4-6 Biaxial stress
x 24 MPa y 63 MPa
xy 0
(a) ELEMENT AT A SLOPE OF 1 ON 2.5
1
21.801
(All stresses in MPa) u arctan
2.5
2 43.603
1
21.801
2R 87 MPa
2.5
R 43.5 MPa
Point C: sx1 19.5 MPa
Point D: sx1 R cos 2u 19.5 12 MPa
tx1y1 R sin 2u 30 MPa
S2
D'
R
43.603
C
A
( 0)
O
B ( 90)
63 MPa
1
2.5
24 MPa x
O
Point D: sx1 19.5 R cos 2u 51 MPa
tx1y1 R sin 2u 30 MPa
y
51 MPa
D
12 MPa
D'
21.80
x
O
30 MPa
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
Point S1: 2us1 90 us1 45
max R 43.5 MPa
Point S2: 2us2 90 us2 45
min R 43.5 MPa
aver 19.5 MPa
y
S1
x1
19.5 MPa
2
s1 45
R
D
S2
S1
19.5
63
24
x1y1
19.5 MPa
O
x
43.5 MPa
452
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.4-7 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses
xy 3000 psi, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an
element oriented at a counterclockwise angle 70° from the
x axis and (b) the principal stresses. Show all results on sketches
of properly oriented elements.
y
3000 psi
O
Solution 7.4-7 Pure shear
x 0 y 0 xy 3000 psi
x
y
(a) ELEMENT AT 70
(All stresses in psi)
2 140 70 R 3000 psi
Origin O is at center of circle.
D
1930 psi
1930 psi
70
B ( 90)
x
O
D'
D
2300 psi
R
P2
O
R
50
2 =
140
P1
x1
2p1
3000 psi
D'
A ( 0)
x1y1
Point D: sx1 R cos 50 1928 psi
tx1y1 R sin 50 2298 psi
(b) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Point P1: 2up1 90 up1 45
1 R 3000 psi
Point P2: 2up2 90 up2 45
2 R 3000 psi
y
3000 psi
3000 psi
Point D: sx1 R cos 50 1928 psi
tx1y1 R sin 50 2298 psi
p1 45
P1
x
O
P2
Problem 7.4-8 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses
xy 16 MPa, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a counterclockwise angle 20° from the x axis and (b)
the principal stresses. Show all results on sketches of properly oriented
elements.
y
O
x
16 MPa
SECTION 7.4
Solution 7.4-8
x 0
y 0
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Pure shear
xy 16 MPa
y
(a) ELEMENT AT 20
10.3 MPa
(All stresses in MPa)
2 40 20 R 16 MPa
Origin O is at center of circle.
D
10.3 MPa
D'
20
x
O
D
( 20)
12.3 MPa
A ( 0)
2
R
P2
(b) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
16
2p2
R
P1
O
2p1
x1
Point P1: 2up1 270 up1 135
1 R 16 MPa
Point P2: 2up2 90 up2 45
2 R 16 MPa
y
D'
B ( 90)
x1y1
Point D: sx1 R sin 2u 10.28 MPa
tx1y1 R cos 2u 12.26 MPa
P2
16 MPa
16 MPa
p2 45
P1
O
Point D: sx1 R sin 2u 10.28 MPa
tx1y1 R cos 2u 12.26 MPa
x
Problem 7.4-9 An element in pure shear is subjected to stresses
xy 4000 psi, as shown in the figure.
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the stresses acting on an element
oriented at a slope of 3 on 4 (see figure) and (b) the principal stresses.
Show all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.
y
3
4
x
O
4000 psi
Solution 7.4-9
x 0
y 0
Pure shear
xy 4000 psi
(a) ELEMENT AT A SLOPE OF 3 ON 4
3
(All stresses in psi) u arctan 36.870
4
2 73.740 36.870
3
R 4000 psi
Origin O is at center of circle.
B ( 90)
D'
R
16.260
P1
P2
O
2
4
R
2p1
R
A ( 0)
x1y1
x1
D
4000
453
454
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Point D: sx1 R cos 16.260 3840 psi
tx1y1 R sin 16.260 1120 psi
(b) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
Point P1: 2up1 90 up1 45
1 R 4000 psi
Point P2: 2up2 90 up2 45
2 R 4000 psi
Point D: sx1 R cos 16.260 3840 psi
tx1y1 R sin 16.260 1120 psi
y
3840 psi
y
D
P1
3840 psi
D'
4000 psi
4000 psi
36.87
p1 45
x
O
O
1120 psi
x
P2
y
Problems 7.4-10 through 7.4-15 An element in plane stress is subjected
to stresses x, y, and xy (see figure).
Using Mohr’s circle, determine the stresses acting on an element
oriented at an angle from the x axis. Show these stresses on a sketch
of an element oriented at the angle . (Note: The angle is positive
when counterclockwise and negative when clockwise.)
y
xy
x
O
Data for 7.4-10
x 21 MPa, y 11 MPa, xy 8 MPa, 50°
Solution 7.4-10 Plane stress (angle )
x 21 MPa y 11 MPa
xy 8 MPa
50
(All stresses in MPa)
( 90)
B
11
2 100 42.01
Point D ( 50):
sx1 16 R cos b 23.01 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 6.31 MPa
D ( 50)
R
R
8
5
O
2
100
x1
C
R
16
Point D ( 40):
sx1 16 R cos b 8.99 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 6.31 MPa
y
8
23.01 MPa
8.99 MPa
80
A ( 0)
D'
21
x1y1
R (5) 2 (8) 2 9.4340 MPa
8
arctan 57.99
5
50
D'
O
D
x
6.31 MPa
x
SECTION 7.4
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
x 4500 psi, y 14,100 psi, xy 3100 psi, 55°
Data for 7.4-11
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.4-11
x 4500 psi y 14,100 psi
xy 3100 psi 55
180 110 37.14
Point D ( 55):
sx1 9300 R cos b 13,850 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 3450 psi
(All stresses in psi)
( 0)
A
2 110
R
R
3100
4800
C
3100
4500
O
Point D( 35):
sx1 9300 R cos b 4750 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 3450 psi
D ( 55)
y
x1
3450 psi
R
9300
4750 psi
B ( 90)
D'
14,100
D' x
O
x1y1
55
R (4800) (3100) 5714 psi
3100
arctan
32.86
4800
2
Data for 7.4-12
2
13,850 psi
D
x 44 MPa, y 194 MPa, xy 36 MPa, 35°
Solution 7.4-12 Plane stress (angle )
x 44 MPa y 194 MPa
xy 36 MPa
35
(All stresses in MPa)
Point D ( 35):
sx1 119 R cos b 59.5 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 58.2 MPa
Point D( 55):
sx1 119 R cos b 178.5 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 58.2 MPa
44
D'
A ( 0)
R
75
36
B R
( 90)
C
36
R
2
70
O
x1
y
D'
178.5 MPa
D
( 35)
119
194
R (75) 2 (36) 2 83.19 MPa
36
25.64
arctan
75
70 44.36
x1y1
58.2 MPa
x
O
35
59.5 MPa
D
455
456
CHAPTER 7
Data for 7.4-13
Analysis of Stress and Strain
x 1520 psi, y 480 psi, xy 280 psi, 18°
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.4-13
36 64.30
Point D ( 18):
sx1 1000 R cos b 1256 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 532 psi
x 1520 psi y 480 psi
18
xy 280 psi
(All stresses in psi)
D'
480
B
( 90°)
R
280
2
A 36 R
( 0)
D
( 18)
Point D( 108):
sx1 1000 R cos b 744 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 532 psi
280
520
C
x1
O
y
280
744 psi
532 psi
1000
D'
1520
1256 psi
18
x1y1
x
D
O
R (520) (280) 590.6 psi
280
28.30
arctan
520
2
Data for 7.4-14
2
x 31 MPa, y 5 MPa, xy 33 MPa, 45°
Plane stress (angle )
Solution 7.4-14
x 31 MPa y 5 MPa
xy 33 MPa 45
(All stresses in MPa)
Point D ( 45):
sx1 13 R cos b 46.0 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 18.0 MPa
5
( 90°)
B
D ( 45°)
33
R
C
18
O
13
D'
R
31
x1
33
A ( 0)
R (18) (33) 37.590 MPa
33
61.390
arctan
18
90 28.610
2
y
33
D
20 MPa
x1y1
2
Point D( 135):
sx1 13 R cos b 20.0 MPa
tx1y1 R sin b 18.0 MPa
46.0 MPa
45
D'
O
18.0 MPa x
SECTION 7.4
Data for 7.4-15
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
x 5750 psi, y 750 psi, xy 2100 psi, 75°
Solution 7.4-15
Plane stress (angle ))
x 5750 psi y 750 psi
xy 2100 psi 75
(All stresses in psi)
( 0)
A
R (3250) 2 (2100) 2 3869 psi
2100
arctan
32.87
3250
30 62.87
Point D ( 75):
sx1 2500 R cos b 735 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 3444 psi
( 15)
D'
30
Point D( 15):
sx1 2500 R cos b 4265 psi
tx1y1 R sin b 3444 psi
R
2100
3250
C
O
2
150
x1
2100
y
B ( 90)
Point D:
75
R
D
2500
5750
735 psi
3444 psi
D
75°
750
x
4265 psi
O
x1y1
D'
y
Problems 7.4-16 through 7.4-23 An element in plane stress is
subjected to stresses x, y, and xy (see figure).
Using Mohr’s circle, determine (a) the principal stresses and
(b) the maximum shear stresses and associated normal stresses.
Show all results on sketches of properly oriented elements.
y
xy
x
O
Data for 7.4-16
x 31.5 MPa, y 31.5 MPa, xy 30 MPa
Solution 7.4-16
Principal stresses
S2
31.5
B ( 90)
R
P2
30
A
( 0)
O
31.5
2P1
2s1
31.5
S1
x1y1
30
30
P1
x1
x 31.5 MPa y 31.5 MPa
xy 30 MPa
(All stresses in MPa)
R (31.5) 2 (30.0) 2 43.5 MPa
30
arctan
43.60
31.5
x
457
458
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2up1 180 136.40 up1 68.20
2up2 43.60 up2 21.80
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
2us1 90 46.40
us1 23.20
2us2 2us1 180 226.40 us2 113.20
Point P1: 1 R 43.5 MPa
Point P2: 2 R 43.5 MPa
Point S1: aver 0
Point S2: aver 0
max R 43.5 MPa
min 43.5 MPa
y
y
P1
43.5 MPa
S1
p1 68.20
43.5 MPa
P2
S2
s1 23.20
O
x
O
x
43.5 MPa
Data for 7.4-17
x 8400 psi, y 0, xy 1440 psi
Solution 7.4-17
Principal stresses
x 8400 psi y 0
(All stresses in psi)
xy 1440 psi
240 psi
P2
P1
P2
S2
( 90)
B
y
8640 psi
p1 9.46
x
R
R
O
C
R
4200
P1 x1
1440
A ( 0)
2s1
4200
O
S1
8400
x1y1
R (4200) 2 (1440) 2 4440 psi
1440
arctan
18.92
4200
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2up1 18.92 up1 9.46
2up2 180 198.92 up2 99.46
Point P1: 1 4200 R 8640 psi
Point P2: 2 4200 R 240 psi
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
2us1 (90 ) 71.08 us1 35.54
us2 54.46
2us2 90 108.92
Point S1: aver 4200 psi
max R 4440 psi
Point S2: aver 4200 psi
min 4440 psi
y
S1
4200 psi
S2
4200 psi
s1 54.46
O
4440 psi
x
SECTION 7.4
Data for 7.4-18
x 0, y 22.4 MPa, xy 6.6 MPa
Solution 7.4-18
Principal stresses
x 0 y 22.4 MPa
xy 6.6 MPa
(All stresses in MPa)
y
P1
S2
R
2p2
P2
24.2 MPa
p2 74.74
x
A ( 0)
O
1.8 MPa
6.6
11.2
6.6
R
O
C
P1
x1
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
B
( 90)
S1
2us1 90 120.51
us1 60.26
2us2 90 59.49
us2 29.74
Point S1: aver 11.2 MPa max R 13.0 MPa
Point S2: aver 11.2 MPa min 13.0 MPa
11.2
22.4
x1y1
R (11.2) 2 (6.6) 2 13.0 MPa
6.6
arctan
30.51
11.2
y
11.2 MPa
S2
11.2 MPa
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
S1
2up1 30.51 up1 15.26
2up2 180 149.49 up2 74.74
Point P1: 1 R 11.2 1.8 MPa
Point P2: 2 11.2 R 24.2 MPa
s2 29.74
x
O
13.0 MPa
x 1850 psi, y 6350 psi, xy 3000 psi
Solution 7.4-19
Principal stresses
S2
B ( 90)
R
P2
2250
3000
O
A
( 0)
1850
x1y1
P2
R
Data for 7.4-19
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
R
2s1
3000
C
2p1
R
S1
4100
6350
P1 x1
x 1850 psi y 6350 psi xy 3000 psi
(All stresses in psi)
R (2250) 2 (3000) 2 3750 psi
3000
arctan
53.13
2260
459
460
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
2up1 180 126.87 up1 63.43
2up2 53.13 up2 26.57
Point P1: 1 4100 R 7850 psi
Point P2: 2 4100 R 350 psi
2us1 90 36.87
us1 18.43
us2 108.43
2us2 270 216.87
Point S1: aver 4100 psi max R 3750 psi
Point S2: aver 4100 psi min 3750 psi
y
y
P1
4100 psi
7850 psi
P2
3750 psi
S2
P1 63.43
350 psi
4100 psi
s1 18.43
x
S1
O
x
O
x 3100 kPa, y 8700 kPa, xy 4500 kPa
Data for 7.4-20
Solution 7.4-20
Principal stresses
y
x 3100 kPa y 8700 kPa
xy 4500 kPa
(All stresses in kPa)
O
2p2
2800
C
R
R
S1
3100
5900
x1y1
P1
4500
P2
600 kPa
p2 29.05
x
S2
R
4500
P2
P1
( 0)
A
O
11,200 kPa
x1
4500
B ( 90)
8700
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
us1 74.05
2us1 90 148.11
2us2 270 328.11
us2 164.05
Point S1: aver 5900 kPa max R 5300 kPa
Point S2: aver 5900 kPa min 5300 kPa
y
R (2800) 2 (4500) 2 5300 kPa
4500
arctan
58.11
2800
5300 kPa
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2up1 180 238.11 up1 119.05
2up2 58.11 up2 29.05
Point P1: 1 5900 R 11,200 kPa
Point P2: 2 5900 R 600 kPa
O
S2
5900 kPa
S1
s1 74.05
x
5900 kPa
SECTION 7.4
Data for 7.4-21
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
x 12,300 psi, y 19,500 psi, xy 7700 psi
Solution 7.4-21
Principal stresses
y
x 12,300 psi y 19,500 psi
xy 7700 psi
(All stresses in psi)
2s2
A ( 0)
S2
R
2p2
P2
24,400 psi
p2 57.53
P2
P1
3600
C
x
O
7700
7700
7400 psi
O x1
P1
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
B
12,300
15,900
19,500
S1
x1y1
R (3600) 2 (7700) 2 8500 psi
7700
arctan
64.94
3600
2us1 270 205.06
us1 102.53
us2 12.53
2us2 90 25.06
Point S1: aver 15,900 psi max R 8500 psi
Point S2: aver 15,900 psi min 8500 psi
y
15,900 psi
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
S1
2up1 64.94 up1 32.47
2up2 180 115.06 up2 57.53
Point P1: 1 15,900 R 7400 psi
Point P2: 2 15,900 R 24,400 psi
Data for 7.4-22
S2
O
15,900 psi
s2 12.53
x
8500 psi
x 3.1 MPa, y 7.9 MPa, xy 13.2 MPa
Solution 7.4-22
Principal stresses
3.1
( 0) A
S2
x 3.1 MPa y 7.9 MPa
xy 13.2 MPa
(All stresses in MPa)
R
13.2
O
P2
R
S1
2.4
x1y1
P1
C
5.5
7.9
x1
13.2
B ( 90)
R (5.5) 2 (13.2) 2 14.3 MPa
13.2
arctan
67.38
5.5
461
462
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
2up1 180 247.38 up1 123.69
2up2 67.38 up2 33.69
Point P1: 1 2.4 R 16.7 MPa
Point P2: 2 R 2.4 11.9 MPa
2us1 90 157.38
us1 78.69
2us2 90 22.62 us2 11.31
Point S1: aver 2.4 MPa max R 14.3 MPa
Point S2: aver 2.4 MPa min 14.3 MPa
y
y
S1
16.7 MPa
P2
P1
2.4 MPa
S2
11.9 MPa
s1 78.69
p2 33.69
x
O
O
x
2.4 MPa
14.3 MPa
Data for 7.4-23
x 700 psi, y 2500 psi, xy 3000 psi
Solution 7.4-23
Principal stresses
y
x 700 psi y 2500 psi
xy 3000 psi
(All stresses in psi)
4300 psi
2500
( 90) B
S1
2500 psi
s2
p1 30.96
S2
x
O
R
3000
P2
1600
C
R
S1
900
P1
O
x1
3000
A ( 0)
700
x1y1
R (1600) 2 (3000) 2 3400 psi
3000
arctan
61.93
1600
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESSES
2us1 90 28.07 us1 14.04
2us2 90 151.93
us2 75.96
Point S1: aver 900 psi max R 3400 psi
Point S2: aver 900 psi min 3400 psi
y
900 psi
S2
s2 75.96
(a) PRINCIPAL STRESSES
2up1 61.93 up1 30.96
2up2 180 241.93 up2 120.96
Point P1: 1 900 R 2500 psi
Point P2: 2 900 R 4300 psi
O
S1
3400 psi
x
900 psi
SECTION 7.5
463
Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress
Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress
When solving the problems for Section 7.5, assume that the material
is linearly elastic with modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio .
Problem 7.5-1 A rectangular steel plate with thickness t 0.25 in. is
subjected to uniform normal stresses x and y, as shown in the figure.
Strain gages A and B, oriented in the x and y directions, respectively, are
attached to the plate. The gage readings give normal strains x 0.0010
(elongation) and y 0.0007 (shortening).
Knowing that E 30 106 psi and 0.3, determine the stresses
x and y and the change t in the thickness of the plate.
y
y
B
A
O
x
x
Probs. 7.5-1 and 7.5-2
Solution 7.5-1
Rectangular plate in biaxial stress
t 0.25 in.
x 0.0010
y 0.0007
E 30 106 psi
0.3
Substitute numerical values:
Eq. (7-40a):
E
sx
(ex ney ) 26,040 psi
(1 n2 )
Eq. (7-40b):
E
sy
(ey nex ) 13,190 psi
(1 n2 )
Eq. (7-39c):
n
ez (sx sy ) 128.5 106
E
t zt 32.1 106 in.
(Decrease in thickness)
Problem 7.5-2 Solve the preceding problem if the thickness of the steel
plate is t 10 mm, the gage readings are x 480 106 (elongation)
and y 130 106 (elongation), the modulus is E 200 GPa, and
Poisson’s ratio is 0.30.
Solution 7.5-2
Rectangular plate in biaxial stress
106
t 10 mm
x 480
6
130
10
y
E 200 GPa
0.3
Substitute numerical values:
Eq. (7-40a):
E
sx
(ex ney ) 114.1 MPa
(1 n2 )
Eq. (7-40b):
E
sy
(ey nex ) 60.2 MPa
(1 n2 )
Eq. (7-39c):
n
ez (sx sy ) 261.4 106
E
t zt 2610 106 mm
(Decrease in thickness)
Problem 7.5-3 Assume that the normal strains x and y for an
element in plane stress (see figure) are measured with strain gages.
(a) Obtain a formula for the normal strain z in the z direction
in terms of x, y, and Poisson’s ratio .
(b) Obtain a formula for the dilatation e in terms of x, y,
and Poisson’s ratio .
y
y
xy
x
O
x
z
464
CHAPTER 7
Solution 7.5-3
Given:
x,
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Plane stress
(b) DILATATION
y,
(a) NORMAL STRAIN
1 2n
(sx sy )
E
Substitute x and y from above and simplify:
Eq. (7-47): e
z
n
(s sy )
E x
E
(ex ney )
Eq. (7-36a): sx
(1 n2 )
E
(ey nex )
Eq. (7-36b): sy
(1 n2 )
Substitute x and y into the first equation and
simplify:
n
ez
(e ey )
1n x
Eq. (7-34c): ez
e
1 2n
(e ey )
1n x
y
Problem 7.5-4 A magnesium plate in biaxial stress is subjected
to tensile stresses x 24 MPa and y 12 MPa (see figure).
The corresponding strains in the plate are x 440 106 and
y 80 106.
Determine Poisson’s ratio and the modulus of elasticity E
for the material.
y
O
x
Probs. 7.5-4 through 7.5-7
Solution 7.5-4 Biaxial stress
y 12 MPa
x 24 MPa
6
440
10
106
x
y 80
POISSON’S RATIO AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
1
Eq. (7-39a): ex (sx nsy )
E
1
Eq. (7-39b): ey (sy nsx )
E
Substitute numerical values:
E (440 106) 24 MPa (12 MPa)
E (80 106) 12 MPa (24 MPa)
Solve simultaneously:
0.35
E 45 GPa
Problem 7.5-5 Solve the preceding problem for a steel plate
with x 10,800 psi (tension), y 5400 psi (compression),
x 420 106 (elongation), and y 300 106 (shortening).
Solution 7.5-5 Biaxial stress
x 10,800 psi y 5400 psi
106
106
x 420
y 300
POISSON’S RATIO AND MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
1
Eq. (7-39a): ex (sx nsy )
E
1
Eq. (7-39b): ey (sy nsx )
E
Substitute numerical values:
E (420 106) 10,800 psi (5400 psi)
E (300 106) 5400 psi (10,800 psi)
Solve simultaneously:
1/3
E 30 106 psi
x
SECTION 7.5
Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress
Problem 7.5-6 A rectangular plate in biaxial stress (see figure) is
subjected to normal stresses x 90 MPa (tension) and y 20 MPa
(compression). The plate has dimensions 400 800 20 mm and is
made of steel with E 200 GPa and 0.30.
(a) Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain max in the plate.
(b) Determine the change t in the thickness of the plate.
(c) Determine the change V in the volume of the plate.
Solution 7.5-6
Biaxial stress
x 90 MPa y 20 MPa
E 200 GPa
0.30
Dimensions of Plate: 400 mm 800 mm
Shear Modulus (Eq. 7-38):
G
20 mm
E
76.923 GPa
2(1 n)
(a) MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRAIN
Principal stresses: 1 90 MPa 2 20 MPa
s1 s2
Eq. (7-26): tmax
55.0 MPa
2
tmax
Eq. (7-35): gmax
715 106
G
(b) CHANGE IN THICKNESS
n
Eq. (7-39c): ez (sx sy ) 105
E
t zt 2100 106 mm
(Decrease in thickness)
106
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
1 2n
≤ (sx sy )
E
V0 (400)(800)(20) 6.4 106 mm3
1 2n
Also, ¢
≤ (sx sy ) 140
106
E
V (6.4 106 mm3)(140 106)
896 mm3
(Increase in volume)
From Eq. (7-47): ¢V V0 ¢
Problem 7.5-7 Solve the preceding problem for an aluminum plate
with x 12,000 psi (tension), y 3,000 psi (compression),
dimensions 20 30 0.5 in., E 10.5 106 psi, and 0.33.
Solution 7.5-7
Biaxial stress
x 12,000 psi y 3,000 psi
E 10.5 106 psi
0.33
Dimensions of Plate: 20 in. 30 in.
Shear Modulus (Eq. 7-38):
G
E
3.9474
2(1 n)
0.5 in.
106 psi
(a) MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRAIN
Principal stresses: 1 12,000 psi
2 3,000 psi
s1 s2
Eq. (7-26): tmax
7,500 psi
2
tmax
Eq. (7-35): gmax
1,900 106
G
(b) CHANGE IN THICKNESS
n
Eq. (7-39c): ez (sx sy ) 282.9
E
t zt 141 106 in.
(Decrease in thickness)
106
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
1 2n
≤ (sx sy )
E
V0 (20)(30)(0.5) 300 in.3
1 2n
Also, ¢
≤ (sx sy ) 291.4
106
E
V (300 in.3)(291.4 106)
0.0874 in.3
(Increase in volume)
From Eq. (7-47): ¢V V0 ¢
465
466
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.5-8 A brass cube 50 mm on each edge is compressed
in two perpendicular directions by forces P 175 kN (see figure).
Calculate the change V in the volume of the cube and the
strain energy U stored in the cube, assuming E 100 GPa and
0.34.
Solution 7.5-8
P = 175 kN
P = 175 kN
CHANGE IN VOLUME
Biaxial stress-cube
1 2n
(sx sy ) 448 106
E
V0 b3 (50 mm)3 125 103 mm3
V eV0 56 mm3
(Decrease in volume)
P
Eq. (7-47): e
P
STRAIN ENERGY
1 2
(s s2y 2nsxsy )
2E x
0.03234 MPa
U uV0 (0.03234 MPa)(125 103 mm3)
4.04 J
Side b 50 mm
P 175 kN
E 100 GPa 0.34 (Brass)
sx sy
Eq. (7-50): u
(175 kN)
P
70.0 MPa
2
b
(50 mm) 2
Problem 7.5-9 A 4.0-inch cube of concrete (E 3.0 106 psi, 0.1)
is compressed in biaxial stress by means of a framework that is loaded as
shown in the figure.
Assuming that each load F equals 20 k, determine the change V in
the volume of the cube and the strain energy U stored in the cube.
F
F
Solution 7.5-9
Biaxial stress – concrete cube
CHANGE IN VOLUME
A
1 2n
(sx sy ) 0.0009429
E
V0 b3 (4 in.)3 64 in.3
V eV0 0.0603 in.3
(Decrease in volume)
Eq. (7-47): e
F
F
Joint A:
P F2
28.28 kips
sx sy
P
1768 psi
b2
b 4 in.
E 3.0 106 psi
0.1
F 20 kips
A
F
P
F
STRAIN ENERGY
1 2
(s s2y 2nsxsy )
2E x
0.9377 psi
U uV0 60.0 in.-lb
Eq. (7-50): u
SECTION 7.5
Problem 7.5-10 A square plate of width b and thickness t is loaded by
normal forces Px and Py, and by shear forces V, as shown in the figure.
These forces produce uniformly distributed stresses acting on the side
faces of the plate.
Calculate the change V in the volume of the plate and the strain
energy U stored in the plate if the dimensions are b 600 mm and
t 40 mm, the plate is made of magnesium with E 45 GPa and
0.35, and the forces are Px 480 kN, Py 180 kN, and
V 120 kN.
Py
t
b 600 mm
E 45 GPa
Px 480 kN
Py 180 kN
V 120 kN
V
y
Px
V
V
b O
b
x
V
Probs. 7.5-10 and 7.5-11
Solution 7.5-10
Py
Square plate in plane stress
t 40 mm
0.35 (magnesium)
Px
sx 20.0 MPa
bt
Py
sy 7.5 MPa
bt
V
txy 5.0 MPa
bt
STRAIN ENERGY
t2xy
1 2
2
Eq. (7-50): u (sx sy 2nsxsy )
2E
2G
E
G
16.667 GPa
2(1 n)
Substitute numerical values:
u 4653 Pa
U uV0 67.0 N . m 67.0 J
CHANGE IN VOLUME
1 2n
(sx sy ) 183.33 106
E
V0 b2t 14.4 106 mm3
V eV0 2640 mm3
(Increase in volume)
Eq. (7-47): e
Problem 7.5-11 Solve the preceding problem for an aluminum plate
with b 12 in., t 1.0 in., E 10,600 ksi, 0.33, Px 90 k,
Py 20 k, and V 15 k.
Solution 7.5-11
Square plate in plane stress
b 12.0 in.
E 10,600 ksi
STRAIN ENERGY
Px 90 k
Eq. (7-50): u
Py 20 k
V 15 k
t 1.0 in.
0.33 (aluminum)
Px
sx 7500 psi
bt
Py
sy 1667 psi
bt
V
txy 1250 psi
bt
CHANGE IN VOLUME
1 2n
(sx sy ) 294 106
E
V0 b2t 144 in.3
V eV0 0.0423 in.3
(Increase in volume)
Eq. (7-47): e
467
Hooke’s Law for Plane Stress
t2xy
1 2
(sx s2y 2nsxsy )
2E
2G
E
3985 ksi
2(1 n)
Substitute numerical values:
u 2.591 psi
U uV0 373 in.-lb
G
Px
468
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.5-12 A circle of diameter d 200 mm is etched on a
brass plate (see figure). The plate has dimensions 400 400 20 mm.
Forces are applied to the plate, producing uniformly distributed normal
stresses x 42 MPa and y 14 MPa.
Calculate the following quantities: (a) the change in length ac
of diameter ac; (b) the change in length bd of diameter bd; (c) the
change t in the thickness of the plate; (d) the change V in the
volume of the plate, and (e) the strain energy U stored in the plate.
(Assume E 100 GPa and 0.34.)
z
y
y
d
x
a
c
x
b
x
y
Solution 7.5-12 Plate in biaxial stress
x 42 MPa y 14 MPa
Dimensions: 400 400 20 (mm)
Diameter of circle: d 200 mm
E 100 GPa 0.34 (Brass)
(a) CHANGE IN LENGTH OF DIAMETER IN x DIRECTION
1
Eq. (7-39a): ex (sx nsy ) 372.4 106
E
ac x d 0.0745 mm
(increase)
(c) CHANGE IN THICKNESS
n
Eq. (7-39c): ez (sx sy ) 190.4 106
E
t zt 0.00381 mm
(decrease)
(d) CHANGE IN VOLUME
1 2n
(sx sy ) 179.2 106
E
V0 (400)(400)(20) 3.2 106 mm3
V eV0 573 mm3
(increase)
Eq. (7-47): e
(b) CHANGE IN LENGTH OF DIAMETER IN y DIRECTION
1
Eq. (7-39b): ey (sy nsx ) 2.80 106
E
bd y d 560 106 mm
(decrease)
(e) STRAIN ENERGY
1 2
(s s2y 2nsxsy )
2E x
7.801 103 MPa
U uV0 25.0 N . m 25.0 J
Eq. (7-50): u
Triaxial Stress
When solving the problems for Section 7.6, assume that the material
is linearly elastic with modulus of elasticity E and Poisson’s ratio .
Problem 7.6-1 An element of aluminum in the form of a
rectangular parallelepiped (see figure) of dimensions a 6.0 in.,
b 4.0 in, and c 3.0 in. is subjected to triaxial stresses
x 12,000 psi, y 4,000 psi, and z 1,000 psi acting
on the x, y, and z faces, respectively.
Determine the following quantities: (a) the maximum shear
stress max in the material; (b) the changes a, b, and c in the
dimensions of the element; (c) the change V in the volume; and
(d) the strain energy U stored in the element. (Assume E 10,400 ksi
and 0.33.)
y
a
c
b
O
z
Probs. 7.6-1 and 7.6-2
x
SECTION 7.6
Solution 7.6-1
Triaxial Stress
Triaxial stress
x 12,000 psi y 4,000 psi
z 1,000 psi
a 6.0 in. b 4.0 in. c 3.0 in.
E 10,400 ksi 0.33 (aluminum)
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
1 12,000 psi 2 1,000 psi
3 4,000 psi
s1 s3
tmax
8,000 psi
2
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
Eq. (7-56):
1 2n
e
(sx sy sz ) 228.8 106
E
V abc
V e (abc) 0.0165 in.3 (increase)
(d) STRAIN ENERGY
(b) CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS
sx n
(sy sz ) 1312.5 106
E
E
sy n
Eq. (7-53b): ey (sz sx ) 733.7 106
E
E
sz n
Eq. (7-53c): ez (sx sy ) 350.0 106
E E
a ax 0.0079 in.
(increase)
b by 0.0029 in. (decrease)
c cz 0.0011 in.
(decrease)
123
Eq. (7-53a): ex
1
Eq. (7-57a): u (sx ex sy ey sz ez )
2
9.517 psi
U u (abc) 685 in.-lb
Problem 7.6-2 Solve the preceding problem if the element is steel
(E 200 GPa, 0.30) with dimensions a 300 mm, b 150 mm,
and c 150 mm and the stresses are x 60 MPa, y 40 MPa,
and z 40 MPa.
Solution 7.6-2 Triaxial stress
x 60 MPa
y 40 MPa
z 40 MPa
a 300 mm
b 150 mm
c 150 mm
E 200 GPa 0.30 (steel)
a ax 0.0540 mm
b by 0.0075 mm
c cz 0.0075 mm
(decrease)
(decrease)
(decrease)
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
(a) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
1 40 MPa
2 40 MPa
3 60 MPa
s1 s3
tmax
10.0 MPa
2
Eq. (7-56):
1 2n
e
(sx sy sz ) 280.0 106
E
V abc
V e (abc) 1890 mm3 (decrease)
(b) CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS
(d) STRAIN ENERGY
sx n
(sy sz ) 180.0 106
E
E
sy n
Eq. (7-53b): ey (sz sx ) 50.0 106
E
E
sz n
Eq. (7-53c): ez (sx sy ) 50.0 106
E E
Eq. (7-53a): ex
1
Eq. (7-57a): u (sx ex sy ey sz ez )
2
0.00740 MPa
U u (abc) 50.0 N . m 50.0 J
469
470
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.6-3 A cube of cast iron with sides of length a 4.0 in.
(see figure) is tested in a laboratory under triaxial stress. Gages mounted
on the testing machine show that the compressive strains in the material
are x 225 106 and y z 37.5 106.
Determine the following quantities: (a) the normal stresses x, y,
and z acting on the x, y, and z faces of the cube; (b) the maximum shear
stress max in the material; (c) the change V in the volume of the cube;
and (d) the strain energy U stored in the cube. (Assume E 14,000 ksi and
0.25.)
Solution 7.6-3 Triaxial stress (cube)
x 225 106 y 37.5 106
z 37.5 106 a 4.0 in.
E 14,000 ksi 0.25 (cast iron)
y
a
a
a
O
z
x
Probs. 7.6-3 and 7.6-4
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
(a) NORMAL STRESSES
Eq. (7-55): e x y z 0.000300
V a3
V ea3 0.0192 in.3 (decrease)
Eq. (7-54a):
(d) STRAIN ENERGY
E
sx
[ (1 n)ex n(ey ez ) ]
(1 n)(1 2n)
4200 psi
In a similar manner, Eqs. (7-54 b and c) give
y 2100 psi z 2100 psi
1
Eq. (7-57a): u (sx ex sy ey sz ez )
2
0.55125 psi
U ua3 35.3 in.-lb
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
1 2100 psi 2 2100 psi
3 4200 psi
s1 s3
tmax
1050 psi
2
Problem 7.6-4 Solve the preceding problem if the cube is granite
(E 60 GPa, 0.25) with dimensions a 75 mm and compressive
strains x 720 106 and y z 270 106.
Solution 7.6-4 Triaxial stress (cube)
x 720 106 y 270 106
z 270 106
a 75 mm
E 60 GPa
0.25 (Granite)
(c) CHANGE IN VOLUME
(a) NORMAL STRESSES
Eq. (7-55): e x y z 1260 106
V a3
V ea3 532 mm3 (decrease)
Eq. (7-54a):
(d) STRAIN ENERGY
E
sx
[ (1 n)ex n(ex ez ) ]
(1 n)(1 2n)
64.8 MPa
In a similar manner, Eqs. (7-54 b and c) give
y 43.2 MPa z 43.2 MPa
1
Eq. (7-57a): u (sx ex sy ey sz ez )
2
0.03499 MPa = 34.99 kPa
U ua3 14.8 N . m 14.8 J
(b) MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
1 43.2 MPa 2 43.2 MPa
3 64.8 MPa
s1 s3
tmax
10.8 MPa
2
SECTION 7.6
Problem 7.6-5 An element of aluminum in triaxial stress (see figure)
is subjected to stresses x 5200 psi (tension), y 4750 psi
(compression), and z 3090 psi (compression). It is also known
that the normal strains in the x and y directions are x 713.8 106
(elongation) and y 502.3 106 (shortening).
What is the bulk modulus K for the aluminum?
y
y
z
x
x
O
x
z
y Probs. 7.6-5 and 7.6-6
z
Solution 7.6-5 Triaxial stress (bulk modulus)
x 5200 psi y 4750 psi
z 3090 psi x 713.8 106
y 502.3 106
Find K.
sx n
(sy sz )
E
E
sy n
Eq. (7-53b): ey (sz sx )
E
E
Eq. (7-53a): ex
471
Triaxial Stress
Substitute numerical values and rearrange:
(713.8 106) E 5200 7840
(502.3 106) E 4750 2110
Units: E psi
(1)
(2)
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (2):
E 10.801 106 psi 0.3202
E
Eq. (7-61): K
10.0 106 psi
3(1 2n)
Problem 7.6-6 Solve the preceding problem if the material is nylon
subjected to compressive stresses x 4.5 MPa, y 3.6 MPa,
and z 2.1 MPa, and the normal strains are x 740 106 and
y 320 106 (shortenings).
Solution 7.6-6 Triaxial stress (bulk modulus)
x 4.5 MPa
y 3.6 MPa
z 2.1 MPa
x 740 106
y 320 106
Find K.
sx n
Eq. (7-53a): ex (sy sz )
E
E
sy n
Eq. (7-53b): ey (sz sx )
E
E
Problem 7.6-7 A rubber cylinder R of length L and
cross-sectional area A is compressed inside a steel cylinder
S by a force F that applies a uniformly distributed pressure
to the rubber (see figure).
(a) Derive a formula for the lateral pressure p between
the rubber and the steel. (Disregard friction between the rubber
and the steel, and assume that the steel cylinder is rigid when
compared to the rubber.)
(b) Derive a formula for the shortening of the rubber
cylinder.
Substitute numerical values and rearrange:
(740 106) E 4.5 5.7
(320 106) E 3.6 6.6
Units: E MPa
Solve simultaneously Eqs. (1) and (2):
E 3,000 MPa 3.0 GPa
0.40
E
Eq. (7-61): K
5.0 GPa
3(1 2n)
(1)
(2)
F
F
S
S
R
L
472
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.6-7
Rubber cylinder
F
(b) SHORTENING
y
R
L
x
S
z
y = – F
A
F
sy
x p
A
z p
x z 0
p
p
(a) LATERAL PRESSURE
sx n
(sy sz )
E
E
F
0 p n ¢ p ≤
OR
A
n
F
¢ ≤
Solve for p: p
1n A
Eq. (7-53a): ex
Problem 7.6-8 A block R of rubber is confined between plane
parallel walls of a steel block S (see figure). A uniformly distributed
pressure p0 is applied to the top of the rubber block by a force F.
(a) Derive a formula for the lateral pressure p between the rubber
and the steel. (Disregard friction between the rubber and the steel, and
assume that the steel block is rigid when compared to the rubber.)
(b) Derive a formula for the dilatation e of the rubber.
(c) Derive a formula for the strain-energy density u of the
rubber.
Solution 7.6-8
F
F
S
R
S
Block of rubber
p0 = pressure on top of
the block
F
p
p
y
x
z
x p
y p0 z 0
x 0
y 0
z 0
(a) LATERAL PRESSURE
sx n
(sy sz )
E
E
0 p (p0) p p0
Eq. (7-53a): ex
OR
sy
n
(sz sx )
E
E
F
n
(2p)
EA E
Substitute for p and simplify:
F (1 n)(1 2n)
ey
EA
1n
(Positive y represents an increase in strain, that is,
elongation.)
yL
(1 n)(1 2n) FL
¢
≤
(1 n)
EA
(Positive represents a shortening of the rubber
cylinder.)
Eq. (7-53b): ey
(b) DILATATION
1 2n
(sx sy sz )
E
1 2n
(p p0 )
E
Substitute for p:
(1 n)(1 2n)p0
e
E
Eq. (7-56): e
(c) STRAIN ENERGY DENSITY
Eq. (7-57b):
1
n
u (s2x s2y s2z ) (sxsy sxsz sysz )
2E
E
Substitute for x , y , z, and p:
(1 n2 )p20
u
2E
SECTION 7.6
Triaxial Stress
Problem 7.6-9 A solid spherical ball of brass (E 15 106 psi,
0.34) is lowered into the ocean to a depth of 10,000 ft. The diameter
of the ball is 11.0 in.
Determine the decrease d in diameter, the decrease V in volume,
and the strain energy U of the ball.
Solution 7.6-9 Brass sphere
E 15 106 psi
0.34
Lowered in the ocean to depth h 10,000 ft
Diameter d 11.0 in.
Sea water: 63.8 lb/ft3
Pressure: 0 h 638,000 lb/ft2 4431 psi
DECREASE IN DIAMETER
s0
(1 2n) 94.53 106
E
d 0d 1.04 103 in.
(decrease)
Eq. (7-59): e0
DECREASE IN VOLUME
Eq. (7-60): e 30 283.6 106
4
4
11.0 in. 3
V0 r 3 ( ) ¢
≤ 696.9 in.3
3
3
2
V eV0 0.198 in.3
(decrease)
STRAIN ENERGY
Use Eq. (7-57b) with x y z 0:
3(1 2n)s20
0.6283 psi
2E
U uV0 438 in.-lb
u
Problem 7.6-10 A solid steel sphere (E 210 GPa, 0.3) is
subjected to hydrostatic pressure p such that its volume is reduced
by 0.4%.
(a) Calculate the pressure p.
(b) Calculate the volume modulus of elasticity K for the steel.
(c) Calculate the strain energy U stored in the sphere if its
diameter is d 150 mm.
Solution 7.6-10 Steel sphere
E 210 GPa 0.3
Hydrostatic Pressure. V0 Initial volume
V 0.004V0
¢V
Dilatation: e
0.004
V0
(a) PRESSURE
3s0 (1 2n)
E
Ee
or
s0
700 MPa
3(1 2n)
Pressure p 0 700 MPa
Eq. (7-60): e
(b) VOLUME MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Eq. (7-63): K
s0 700 MPa
175 GPa
E
0.004
(c) STRAIN ENERGY (d diameter)
d 150 mm
r 75 mm
From Eq. (7-57b) with x y z 0:
3(1 2n)s20
u
1.40 MPa
2E
3
4 r
V0
1767 106 m3
3
U uV0 2470 N . m 2470 J
473
474
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.6-11 A solid bronze sphere (volume modulus of elasticity
K 14.5 106 psi) is suddenly heated around its outer surface. The tendency
of the heated part of the sphere to expand produces uniform tension in all
directions at the center of the sphere.
If the stress at the center is 12,000 psi, what is the strain? Also, calculate
the unit volume change e and the strain-energy density u at the center.
Solution 7.6-11 Bronze sphere (heated)
K 14.5 106 psi
0 12,000 psi (tension at the center)
UNIT VOLUME CHANGE AT THE CENTER
Eq. (7-62): e
STRAIN AT THE CENTER OF THE SPHERE
s0
(1 2n)
E
E
Eq. (7-61): K
3(1 2n)
Combine the two equations:
s0
e0
276 106
3K
s0
828 106
K
STRAIN ENERGY DENSITY AT THE CENTER
Eq. (7-59): e0
Eq. (7-57b) with x y z 0:
3(1 2n)s20 s20
2E
2K
u 4.97 psi
u
y
Plane Strain
When solving the problems for Section 7.7, consider only the in-plane
strains (the strains in the xy plane) unless stated otherwise. Use the
transformation equations of plane strain except when Mohr’s circle
is specified (Problems 7.7-23 through 7.7-28).
y
b
x
Problem 7.7-1 A thin rectangular plate in biaxial stress is subjected to
stresses x and y, as shown in part (a) of the figure on the next page. The
width and height of the plate are b 8.0 in. and h 4.0 in., respectively.
Measurements show that the normal strains in the x and y directions are
x 195 106 and y 125 106, respectively.
With reference to part (b) of the figure, which shows a two-dimensional
view of the plate, determine the following quantities: (a) the increase d
in the length of diagonal Od; (b) the change in the angle between
diagonal Od and the x axis; and (c) the change in the angle between
diagonal Od and the y axis.
z
(a)
y
d
h
O
b
(b)
Probs. 7.7-1 and 7.7-2
Solution 7.7-1
y
x
h
Plate in biaxial stress
y
d
x
h
b 8.0 in. h 4.0 in. x 195 106
y 125 106 xy 0
h
f arctan 26.57
b
L d b 2 h2 8.944 in.
(a) INCREASE IN LENGTH OF DIAGONAL
O
b
x
ex1
ex ey
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
sin 2u
2
2
For 26.57, ex1 130.98 106
¢d ex1L d 0.00117 in.
2
x
SECTION 7.7
(b) CHANGE IN ANGLE
475
Plane Strain
(c) CHANGE IN ANGLE
Eq. (7-68): (x y) sin cos xy
For 26.57: 128.0 106 rad
Minus sign means line Od rotates clockwise (angle
decreases).
128 106 rad (decrease)
sin2
Angle
increases the same amount that
128 106 rad
decreases.
(increase)
Problem 7.7-2 Solve the preceding problem if b 160 mm,
h 60 mm, x 410 106, and y 320 106.
Solution 7.7-2
Plate in biaxial stress
(a) INCREASE IN LENGTH OF DIAGONAL
y
y
ex1
d
x
h
ex ey
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
sin 2u
2
2
For 20.56: ex1 319.97 106
¢d ex1L d 0.0547 mm
2
(b) CHANGE IN ANGLE
O
b
x
b 160 mm
h 60 mm
x 410 106
6
y 320 10
xy 0
h
f arctan 20.56
b
L d b 2 h2 170.88 mm
Eq. (7-68): (x y) sin cos xy sin2
For 20.56: 240.0 106 rad
Minus sign means line Od rotates clockwise (angle
decreases).
240 106 rad (decrease)
(c) CHANGE IN ANGLE
Angle increases the same amount that
240 106 rad (increase)
Problem 7.7-3 A thin square plate in biaxial stress is
subjected to stresses x and y, as shown in part (a) of the
figure. The width of the plate is b 12.0 in. Measurements
show that the normal strains in the x and y directions are
x 427 106 and y 113 106, respectively.
With reference to part (b) of the figure, which shows a
two-dimensional view of the plate, determine the following
quantities: (a) the increase d in the length of diagonal Od;
(b) the change in the angle between diagonal Od and
the x axis; and (c) the shear strain associated with diagonals
Od and cf (that is, find the decrease in angle ced ).
y
y
decreases.
y
c
x
b
d
e
b
b
x
z
f
O
b
(b)
(a)
Probs. 7.7-3 and 7.7-4
x
476
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.7-3
Square plate in biaxial stress
y
y
c
d
(b) CHANGE IN ANGLE
x
e
b
f
O
x
b
b 12.0 in. x 427 106
y 113 106
45 xy 0
L d b2 16.97 in.
(c) SHEAR STRAIN BETWEEN DIAGONALS
Eq. (7-71b):
ex ey
2
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
2
2
6
For 45: ex1 270 10
¢d ex1L d 0.00458 in.
gx1y1
ex ey
sin 2u
gxy
cos 2u
2
2
2
For 45: gx1y1 314 106 rad
(Negative strain means angle ced increases)
(a) INCREASE IN LENGTH OF DIAGONAL
ex1
Eq. (7-68): (x y) sin cos xy sin2
For 45: 157 106 rad
Minus sign means line Od rotates clockwise (angle
decreases).
157 106 rad (decrease)
sin 2u
314 106 rad
Problem 7.7-4 Solve the preceding problem if b 225 mm, x 845
106, and y 211 106.
Solution 7.7-4
Square plate in biaxial stress
y
y
c
d
(b) CHANGE IN ANGLE
x
e
b
f
O
b
x
b 225 mm
x 845 106
y 211 106
45 xy 0
L d b2 318.2 mm
(a) INCREASE IN LENGTH OF DIAGONAL
ex1
ex ey
2
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
2
2
6
For 45: ex1 528 10
¢d ex1L d 0.168 mm
sin 2u
Eq. (7-68): (x y) sin cos xy sin2
For 45: 317 106 rad
Minus sign means line Od rotates clockwise (angle
decreases).
317 106 rad (decrease)
(c) SHEAR STRAIN BETWEEN DIAGONALS
Eq. (7-71b):
gx1y1
ex ey
sin 2u
gxy
cos 2u
2
2
2
For 45: gx1y1 634 106 rad
(Negative strain means angle ced increases)
634 106 rad
SECTION 7.7
Problem 7.7-5 An element of material subjected to plane strain (see
figure) has strains as follows: x 220 106, y 480 106, and
xy 180 106.
Calculate the strains for an element oriented at an angle 50°
and show these strains on a sketch of a properly oriented element.
Plane Strain
y
y
xy
1
Probs. 7.7-5 through 7.7-10
Solution 7.7-5
O
Element in plane strain
106
x 220
y 480 106
6
xy 180 10
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
gx1y1
ex ey
gxy
sin 2u
cos 2u
2
2
2
ey1 ex ey ex1
FOR 50:
ex1 461 106
ey1 239 106
x
x
1
gx1y1 225 106
y
x1
y1
1
461 10 –6
1
239 10 –6
50°
225 10 –6 O
x
Problem 7.7-6 Solve the preceding problem for the following data:
x 420 106, y 170 106, x y 310 106, and 37.5°.
Solution 7.7-6 Element in plane strain
x 420 106 y 170 106
xy 310 106
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
gx1y1
ex ey
gxy
sin 2u
cos 2u
2
2
2
ey1 ex ey ex1
FOR 37.5:
ex1 351 106 gx1y1 490 106
ey1 101 106
y
y1
x1
1
1
101 10 –6
Problem 7.7-7 The strains for an element of material in plane strain
(see figure) are as follows: x 480 106, y 140 106, and
xy 350 106.
Determine the principal strains and maximum shear strains, and
show these strains on sketches of properly oriented elements.
351 10 –6
37.5°
490 10 –6
O
x
477
478
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.7-7 Element in plane strain
x 480 106 y 140 106
xy 350 106
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
244 106
max 488 106
us1 up1 45 67.9 or 112.1
max 488 106
us2 us1 90 22.1
min 488 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
¢
ex ey
2
¢
≤
gxy
2
≤
2
B
2
2
310 106 244 106
1 554 106 2 66 106
gxy
tan 2up
1.0294
ex ey
2 p 45.8 and 134.2
p 22.9 and 67.1
eaver
2
p
y
310 106
y
22.9:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
554 106
up1 22.9 1 554 106
up2 67.1 2 66 106
For
ex ey
310 10 –6
y1
1
x1
O
x1
310 10 –6
1
488 10 –6
x
22.1°
1
66 10 –6
y1
1
67.1°
554 10 –6
x
O
Problem 7.7-8 Solve the preceding problem for the following strains:
x 120 106, y 450 106, and xy 360 106.
Solution 7.7-8 Element in plane strain
x 120 106 y 450 106
xy 360 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
2
≤
2
B
2
2
165 106 377 106
1 172 106 2 502 106
gxy
tan 2up
0.6316
ex ey
2 p 327.7 and 147.7
p 163.9 and 73.9
163.9:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
172 106
For
p
up1 163.9
up2 73.9
1 172 106
2 502 106
y
x1
502 106
y1
1
1
172
106
O
73.9°
x
SECTION 7.7
Plane Strain
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
y
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
337 106
max 674 106
us1 up1 45 118.9
max 674
y1
165 106
1
x1
106
165 106
1
674 106
us2 us1 90 28.9
min 674 106
ex ey
eaver
165 106
2
x
O 28.9°
Problem 7.7-9 An element of material in plane strain
(see figure) is subjected to strains x 480 106,
y 70 106, and xy 420 106.
Determine the following quantities: (a) the strains for
an element oriented at an angle 75°, (b) the principal
strains, and (c) the maximum shear strains. Show the
results on sketches of properly oriented elements.
Solution 7.7-9 Element in plane strain
x 480 106 y 70 106
xy 420 106
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
gx1y1
ex ey
gxy
sin 2u
cos 2u
2
2
2
ey1 ex ey ex1
FOR 75:
ex1 202 106
ey1 348 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
2
≤
2
B
2
2
275 106 293 106
1 568 106 2 18 106
gxy
tan 2up
1.0244
ex ey
2 p 45.69 and 225.69
p 22.85 and 112.85
For p 22.85:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
568 106
up1 22.8 1 568 106
up2 112.8 2 18 106
gx1y1 569 106
y
348 106
ex ey
x1
y
y1
202 106
1
1
y1
1
18 106
75°
569 106
O
x
x1
1
O 22.8°
568 106
x
479
480
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
y
ex ey
gxy
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤ 293 106
2
B
2
2
max 587 106
us1 up1 45 22.2 or 157.8
max 587 106
us2 us1 90 67.8
min 587 106
ex ey
eaver
275 106
2
2
275 106
2
x1
1
y1
275 106
1
67.8
587 106
x
O
Problem 7.7-10 Solve the preceding problem for the following data:
x 1120 106, y 430 106, xy 780 106, and 45°.
Solution 7.7-10 Element in plane strain
x 1120 106 y 430 106
xy 780 106
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
gx1y1
ex ey
gxy
sin 2u
cos 2u
2
2
2
ey1 ex ey ex1
FOR 45:
ex1 385 106
ey1 1165 106
y
x1
254 106
y1
1
gx1y1 690 106
1
65.7
1296 106
x
O
y
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
y1
1165 106
1
x1
1
385 106
45
690 106 O
x
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
ex ey
2
gxy
2
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
775 106 521 106
1 254 106 2 1296 106
gxy
tan 2up
1.1304
ex ey
2 p 131.5 and 311.5
p 65.7 and 155.7
For p 65.7:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
254 106
up1 65.7 1 254 106
up2 155.7 2 1296 106
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
521 106
max 1041 106
us1 up1 45 20.7
max 1041 106
us2 us1 90 110.7
min 1041 106
ex ey
eaver
775 106
2
y
y1
775 106
1
x1
1
1041 106
O
20.7
775 106
x
SECTION 7.7
y
Problem 7.7-11 A steel plate with modulus of elasticity E 30 106 psi
and Poisson’s ratio 0.30 is loaded in biaxial stress by normal stresses x
and y (see figure). A strain gage is bonded to the plate at an angle 30°.
If the stress x is 18,000 psi and the strain measured by the gage is
407 106, what is the maximum in-plane shear stress (max)xy and
shear strain (max)xy? What is the maximum shear strain (max)xz in the xz
plane? What is the maximum shear strain (max)yz in the yz plane?
481
Plane Strain
y
x
x
z
Probs. 7.7-11 and 7.7-12
Solution 7.7-11
Steel plate in biaxial stress
x 18,000 psi xy 0
y ?
E 30 106 psi
0.30
Strain gage: 30 407 106
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
(tmax ) xy
UNITS: All stresses in psi.
1
1
ex (sx nsy )
(18,000 0.3sy )
E
30 106
1
1
ey (sy nsx )
(sy 5400)
E
30 106
n
0.3
ez (sx sy )
(18,000 sy )
E
30 106
ex1
ex ey
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
30 (Eq. 7-71a)
ex ey
cos 2u
2
7800 psi
STRAINS FROM EQS. (1), (2), AND (3)
STRAIN IN BIAXIAL STRESS (EQS. 7-39)
STRAINS AT ANGLE
sx sy
gxy
x 576 106 y 100 106
z 204 106
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS (EQ. 7-75)
xy plane:
2
xy 0
xz plane:
sin 2u
2
2
1
1
407 106 ¢ ≤ ¢
≤ (12,600 0.7sy )
2 30 106
1
1
¢ ≤¢
≤ (23,400 1.3sy ) cos 60
2 30 106
Solve for y: y 2400 psi
(4)
(gmax ) xy
yz plane:
(gmax ) xz
2
xz 0
(gmax ) yz
2
yz 0
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)xy 676 106
¢
ex ez
2
¢
≤
gxz
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)xz 780 106
¢
ey ez
2
≤
¢
gyz
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)yz 104 106
Problem 7.7-12 Solve the preceding problem if the plate is made of
aluminum with E 72 GPa and 1/3, the stress x is 86.4 MPa,
the angle is 21°, and the strain is 946 106.
Solution 7.7-12
Aluminum plate in biaxial stress
y ?
x 86.4 MPa xy 0
E 72 GPa
1/3
Strain gage: 21 946 106
UNITS: All stresses in MPa.
STRAINS IN BIAXIAL STRESS (EQS. 7-39)
1
1
1
ex (sx nsy )
¢ 86.4 sy ≤
E
72,000
3
1
1
ey (sy nsx )
(s 28.8)
E
72,000 y
n
13
(86.4 sy )
ez (sx sy )
E
72,000
(1)
(2)
(3)
482
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
21 (EQ. 7-71a)
STRAINS AT ANGLE
ex1
ex ey
2
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS (EQ. 7-75)
sin 2u
2
2
1
1
2
946 106 ¢ ≤ ¢
≤¢ 57.6 sy ≤
2 72,000
3
1
1
4
¢ ≤¢
≤ ¢ 115.2 sy ≤ cos 42
2 72,000
3
Solve for y: y 21.55 MPa
(4)
(tmax ) xy
2
(gmax ) xy
2
xy 0
xz plane:
yz plane:
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
sx sy
xy plane:
32.4 MPa
(gmax ) xz
2
xz 0
(gmax ) yz
2
yz 0
¢
ex ey
2
¢
≤
gxy
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)xy 1200 106
¢
ex ez
2
¢
≤
gxz
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)xz 1600 106
¢
ey ez
2
≤
¢
gyz
2
≤
B
2
2
(max)yz 399 106
STRAINS FROM EQS. (1), (2), AND (3)
x 1100 106
z 500 106
y 101 106
y
Problem 7.7-13 An element in plane stress is subjected to stresses
x 8400 psi, y 1100 psi, and xy 1700 psi (see figure).
The material is aluminum with modulus of elasticity E 10,000 ksi
and Poisson’s ratio 0.33.
Determine the following quantities: (a) the strains for an element
oriented at an angle 30°, (b) the principal strains, and (c) the
maximum shear strains. Show the results on sketches of properly
oriented elements.
xy
y
O
x
x
Probs. 7.7-13 and 7.7-14
Solution 7.7-13
Element in plane stress
x 8400 psi
xy 1700 psi
y 1100 psi
E 10,000 ksi
0.33
HOOKE’S LAW (EQS. 7-34 AND 7-35)
1
ex (sx nsy ) 876.3 106
E
1
ey (sy nsx ) 387.2 106
E
txy 2txy (1 n)
452.2 106
gxy
G
E
FOR
30:
ex ey
y1
1
267 106
x1
868 106
ex ey
gxy
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
756 106
gx1y1
gxy
ex ey
sin 2u
cos 2u
2
2
2
434 106
gx1y1 868 106
ey1 ex ey ex1 267 106
ex1
y
1
O
30
756 106
x
SECTION 7.7
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
483
Plane Strain
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
671 106
max 1342 106
us1 up1 45 54.8
max 1342 106
us2 us1 90 144.8
min 1342 106
ex ey
eaver
245 106
2
2
≤
2
B
2
2
245 106 671 106
1 426 106 2 916 106
gxy
tan 2up
0.3579
ex ey
2 p 19.7 and 199.7
p 9.8 and 99.8
For p 9.8:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
916 106
up1 99.8 1 426 106
up2 9.8 2 916 106
y
y
y1
x1
y1
1
245 106
1
426 106
245 106
1
54.8
1342
1
9.8
106
x
O
x1
x
O
916 106
Problem 7.7-14 Solve the preceding problem for the following data:
x 150 MPa, y 210 MPa, xy 16 MPa, and 50°. The
material is brass with E 100 GPa and 0.34.
Solution 7.7-14
Element in plane stress
x 150 MPa
xy 16 MPa
y 210 MPa
E 100 GPa 0.34
HOOKE’S LAW (EQS. 7-34 AND 7-35)
1
ex (sx nsy ) 786 106
E
1
ey (sy nsx ) 1590 106
E
txy 2txy (1 n)
gxy
429 106
G
E
FOR
ex1
gx1y1
ex ey
sin 2u
gxy
cos 2u
2
2
358.5 106
gx1y1 717 106
ey1 ex ey ex1 907 106
2
y
x1
y1
1
50:
ex ey
1469 106
1
ex ey
2
2
1469 106
cos 2u
gxy
2
50
sin 2u
907 106
O
717 106
x
484
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
ex ey
¢
ex ey
2
¢
≤
gxy
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
456 106
max 911 106
us1 up1 45 121.0
max 911 106
us2 us1 90 31.0
min 911 106
ex ey
eaver
1190 106
2
2
≤
2
B
2
2
1188 106 456 106
1 732 106 2 1644 106
gxy
tan 2up
0.5333
ex ey
2 p 151.9 and 331.9
p 76.0 and 166.0
For p 76.0:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
1644 106
up1 166.0 1 732 106
2 1644 106
up2 76.0
y
y1
y
1
x1
y1
1644
1
1
1190 106
1
911 106
106
O
31.0
1190 106
x
76
x
O
732 106
x1
y
Problem 7.7-15 During a test of an airplane wing, the strain gage readings from a 45° rosette (see figure) are as follows: gage A, 520 106;
gage B, 360 106; and gage C, 80 106.
Determine the principal strains and maximum shear strains, and
show them on sketches of properly oriented elements.
45°
B
C
45°
A
Probs. 7.7-15 and 7.7-16
Solution 7.7-15
106
x
O
45° strain rosette
A 520
C 80 106
B 360 106
y
y1
FROM EQS. (7-77) AND (7-78) OF EXAMPLE 7-8:
x A 520 106 y C 80 106
xy 2B A C 280 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
ex ey
gxy
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
220 106 331 106
551 106 2 111 106
e1,2
1
ex ey
1
111 106
2
1
2
O
12.5
x1
551 106
x
SECTION 7.7
gxy
0.4667
ex ey
2 p 25.0 and 205.0
p 12.5 and 102.5
max 662 106
us2 us1 90 57.5
tan 2up
12.5:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
551 106
up1 12.5 1 551 106
up2 102.5 2 111 106
For
p
min 662 106
ex ey
eaver
220 106
2
y
y1
x1
1
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
220 106
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
6
331 10
max 662 106
us1 up1 45 32.5 or 147.5
220 106
1
57.5
662
106
x
O
Problem 7.7-16 A 45° strain rosette (see figure) mounted on the
surface of an automobile frame gives the following readings: gage A,
310 106; gage B, 180 106; and gage C, 160 106.
Determine the principal strains and maximum shear strains,
and show them on sketches of properly oriented elements.
Solution 7.7-16 45° strain rosette
A 310 106 B 180 106
C 160 106
up1 12.0
up2 102.0
1 332 106
2 182 106
FROM EQS. (7-77) AND (7-78) OF EXAMPLE 7-8:
x A 310 106 y C 160 106
xy 2B A C 210 106
y
y1
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
2
≤
2
B
2
2
75 106 257 106
1 332 106 2 182 106
gxy
tan 2up
0.4468
ex ey
2 p 24.1 and 204.1
p 12.0 and 102.0
12.0:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
332 106
For
p
485
Plane Strain
1
182 106
1
O
12.0
x1
332 106
x
486
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
y
ex ey
gxy
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
257 106
max 515 106
us1 up1 45 33.0 or 147.0
max 515 106
us2 us1 90 57.0
min 515 106
ex ey
eaver
75 106
2
2
2
x1
y1
1
75 106
75 106
1
57.0
Problem 7.7-17 A solid circular bar of diameter d 1.5 in.
is subjected to an axial force P and a torque T (see figure).
Strain gages A and B mounted on the surface of the bar give
readings a 100 106 and b 55 106. The bar is
made of steel having E 30 106 psi and 0.29.
(a) Determine the axial force P and the torque T.
(b) Determine the maximum shear strain max and the
maximum shear stress max in the bar.
x
O
515 106
d
T
P
C
B
45°
A
C
Solution 7.7-17 Circular bar (plane stress)
Bar is subjected to a torque T and an axial force P.
E 30 106 psi 0.29
Diameter d 1.5 in.
STRAIN GAGES
0: A x 100 106
45: B 55 106
At
At
45
STRAIN AT
ex1
ex ey
ex
sx
4P
2
E
d E
P
d 2Eex
5300 lb
4
SHEAR STRAIN
2txy (1 n)
32T(1 n)
G
E
d 3E
6
(0.1298 10 )T (T lb-in.)
gxy
txy
gxy
2
2 90
sin 2u
(1)
T 1390 lb-in.
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAIN AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS
xy (0.1298 106)T 180.4 106 rad
Eq. (7-75):
AXIAL FORCE P
cos 2u
Substitute numerical values into Eq. (1):
55 106 35.5 106 (0.0649 106)T
Solve for T:
P
4P
16T
2
y 0 txy 3
A
d
d
x 100 106 y x 29 106
ex ey
2
2
ex1 eB 55 106
ELEMENT IN PLANE STRESS
sx
ex ey 2
gxy 2
gmax
¢
≤ ¢
≤
2
B
2
2
111 106 rad
max 222 106 rad
max Gmax 2580 psi
SECTION 7.7
Problem 7.7-18 A cantilever beam of rectangular cross section
(width b 25 mm, height h 100 mm) is loaded by a force
P that acts at the midheight of the beam and is inclined at an
angle to the vertical (see figure). Two strain gages are placed
at point C, which also is at the midheight of the beam. Gage A
measures the strain in the horizontal direction and gage B
measures the strain at an angle 60° to the horizontal. The
measured strains are a 125 106 and b 375 106.
Determine the force P and the angle , assuming the material
is steel with E 200 GPa and 1/3.
487
Plane Strain
h
h
C
B
P
b
A
C
Solution 7.7-18 Cantilever beam (plane stress)
Beam loaded by a force P acting at an angle .
E 200 GPa 1/3
b 25 mm
h 100 mm
Axial force F P sin
Shear force V P cos
(At the neutral axis, the bending moment produces
no stresses.)
HOOKE’S LAW
sx P sin
E
bhE
P sin bhEx 62,500 N
txy
3(1 n)P cos
3P cos
gxy
G
2bhG
bhE
(8.0 109)P cos
ex
STRAIN GAGES
At
At
0: A x 125 106
60: B 375 106
ELEMENT IN PLANE STRESS
F P sin
y 0
A
bh
3V
3P cos
txy
2A
2bh
x 125 106 y x 41.67 106
sx
FOR
ex1
(2)
60:
ex ey
ex ey
cos 2u
2
2
ex1 eB 375 106
gxy
sin 2u
2
2 120
(3)
Substitute into Eq. (3):
375 106 41.67 106 41.67 106
(3.464 109)P cos
or P cos 108,260 N
(4)
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (4):
tan 0.5773
P 125 kN
Problem 7.7-19 Solve the preceding problem if
the cross-sectional dimensions are b 1.0 in.
and h 3.0 in., the gage angle is 75°, the
measured strains are a 171 106 and
b 266 106, and the material is a
magnesium alloy with modulus E 6.0 106 psi
and Poisson’s ratio 0.35.
(1)
30
488
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solution 7.7-19 Cantilever beam (plane stress)
Beam loaded by a force P acting at an angle .
E 6.0 106 psi 0.35
b 1.0 in.
h 3.0 in.
Axial force F P sin Shear force V P cos
(At the neutral axis, the bending moment produces
no stresses.)
STRAIN GAGES
At
At
0: A x 171 106
75: B 266 106
HOOKE’S LAW
sx P sin
E
bhE
P sin bhEx 3078 lb
txy
3(1 n)P cos
3P cos
gxy
G
2bhG
bhE
(225.0 109)P cos
ex
FOR
ex1
ELEMENT IN PLANE STRESS
F P sin
y 0
A
bh
3V
3P cos
txy
2A
2bh
x 171 106 y x 59.85 106
sx
(1)
(2)
75:
ex ey
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
sin 2u
2
2 150
2
2
ex1 eB 266 106
(3)
Substitute into Eq. (3):
266 106 55.575 106 99.961 106
(56.25 109)P cos
or P cos 3939.8 lb
(4)
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (4):
tan 0.7813
P 5000 lb
38
y
Problem 7.7-20 A 60° strain rosette, or delta rosette, consists of
three electrical-resistance strain gages arranged as shown in the figure.
Gage A measures the normal strain a in the direction of the x axis.
Gages B and C measure the strains b and c in the inclined directions
shown.
Obtain the equations for the strains x, y, and xy associated with
the xy axes.
B
60°
60°
C
60°
A
x
O
Solution 7.7-20
STRAIN GAGES
Delta rosette (60° strain rosette)
FOR
Gage A at 0 Strain A
Gage B at 60 Strain B
Gage C at 120 Strain C
FOR
FOR
ex1
eB
eB
0:
ex1
eC
x A
eC
120:
ex ey
2
eA ey
2
ex ey
2
eA ey
cos 2u
2
2
eA ey
2
ex ey
2
eA ey
2
cos 2u
gxy
eA 3ey gxy 3
4
4
4
2
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
sin 2u
(cos 120)
eA 3ey gxy 3
4
4
4
gxy
2
(sin 120)
(1)
1
ey (2eB 2eC eA )
3
2
gxy
(eB eC )
3
2
sin 2u
(cos 240)
60:
ex ey
gxy
gxy
2
(sin 240)
(2)
SECTION 7.7
Problem 7.7-21 On the surface of a structural component in a
space vehicle, the strains are monitored by means of three strain gages
arranged as shown in the figure. During a certain maneuver, the following
strains were recorded: a 1100 106, b 200 106, and
c 200 106.
Determine the principal strains and principal stresses in the
material, which is a magnesium alloy for which E 6000 ksi and
0.35. (Show the principal strains and principal stresses on
sketches of properly oriented elements.)
Solution 7.7-21
y
C
B
30°
O
0.35
y
y1
STRAIN GAGES
Gage A at 0 A 1100 106
Gage B at 90 B 200 106
Gage C at 150 C 200 106
0:
FOR
x A 1100
90:
FOR
x
A
30-60-90° strain rosette
Magnesium alloy: E 6000 ksi
y B 200
106
1
x1
2 250 106
106
150:
ex ey ex ey
gxy
ex1 eC
cos 2u
sin 2u
2
2
2
200 106 650 106 225 106
0.43301xy
1
O
p1
1 1550 106
x
30
FOR
Solve for xy :
xy 1558.9 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
e1,2
ex ey
¢
ex ey
2
≤
¢
gxy
ex1
p
cos 2u
gxy
E
(e2 ne1 )
1 n2
Substitute numerical values:
1 10,000 psi 2 2,000 psi
y
2,000 psi
10,000 psi
p1
O
ex ey
s2
2
30:
ex ey
E
(e1 ne2 )
1 n2
≤
2
B
2
2
650 106 900 106
1 1550 106 2 250 106
gxy
tan 2up
3 1.7321
ex ey
2 p 60
p 30
For
PRINCIPAL STRESSES (see Eqs. 7-36)
s1
sin 2u
2
2
2
6
1550 10
up1 30
1 1550 106
up2 120 2 250 106
489
Plane Strain
30
x
490
CHAPTER 7
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Problem 7.7-22 The strains on the surface of an experimental device
made of pure aluminum (E 70 GPa, 0.33) and tested in a space
shuttle were measured by means of strain gages. The gages were oriented
as shown in the figure, and the measured strains were a 1100 106,
b 1496 106, and c 39.44 106.
What is the stress x in the x direction?
y
B
O
Solution 7.7-22
0.33
FOR
ex1
STRAIN GAGES
x A 1100 106
FOR
40:
ex1
ex ey
140:
ex ey
ex ey
y 200.3 106
ex ey
cos 2u
gxy
gxy
xy 1559.2 106
HOOKE’S LAW
sin 2u
sx
E
(ex ney ) 91.6 MPa
1 n2
Solve Problem 7.7-5 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-23
Element in plane strain
x 220 106
xy 180 106
480
D'
R
B ( 90)
90
R
130
C
130
x1
90
O
A
( 0)
220
x1y1
___
2
cos 2u
SOLVE EQS. (1) AND (2):
2
2
2
Substitute ex1 eB 1496 106 and
x 1100 106; then simplify and rearrange:
0.41318y 0.49240xy 850.49 106
(1)
Problem 7.7-23
40°
sin 2u
2
2
2
Substitute ex1 eC 39.44 106 and
x 1100 106; then simplify and rearrange:
0.41318y 0.49240xy 684.95 106 (2)
Gage A at 0 A 1100 106
Gage B at 40 B 1496 106
Gage C at 140 C 39.44 106
0:
A
40-40-100° strain rosette
Pure aluminum: E 70 GPa
FOR
40°
C
2 100
D
( 50)
y 480 106
gxy
90 106
2
50
x
SECTION 7.7
R (130 106 ) 2 (90 106 ) 2
158.11 106
90
arctan
34.70
130
180 2 45.30
Plane Strain
y
POINT C: ex1 350 106
x1
y1
POINT D ( 50):
ex1 350 106 R cos b 461 106
gx1y1
R sin b 112.4 106
2
gx1y1 225 106
1
461 106
1
239 106
50
225 106 O
x
POINT D ( 140):
ex1 350 106 R cos b 239 106
gx1y1
R sin b 112.4 106
2
gx1y1 225 106
Problem 7.7-24
Solve Problem 7.7-6 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-24
x 420
Element in plane strain
106
xy 310 106
y 170 106
gxy
155 106
37.5
2
170
D ( 37.5)
POINT D ( 37.5):
ex1 125 106 R cos b 351 106
gx1y1
R sin b 244.8 106
2
gx1y1 490 106
R
295
O
C
2
75
295
R
155
155
B
( 90)
POINT C: ex1 125 106
POINT D ( 127.5):
x1
A ( 0)
ex1 125 106 R cos b 101 106
gx1y1
R sin b 244.8 106
2
gx1y1 490 106
D'
420
x1y1
2
R (295 106 ) 2 (155 106 ) 2
333.24 106
155
27.72
arctan
295
2 47.28
y
y1
x1
1
101 10 –6
351 10 –6
1
37.5°
490 10 –6
O
x
491
CHAPTER 7
Problem 7.7-25
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solve Problem 7.7-7 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-25
Element in plane strain
x 480 106
xy 350
y 140 106
gxy
175 106
2
106
y
1
2
2
p2
s2
R
554 10 –6
P1
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
S1
140
x1y1
2
R (175 106 ) 2 (170 106 ) 2
243.98 106
175
arctan
45.83
170
POINT C:
x
O
x1
175
C
R
B
( 90)
67.1°
A ( 0)
170
P2
170
66 10 –6
y1
S2
O
x1
1
480
175
492
2us2 90 44.17 us2 22.1
2us1 2us2 180 224.17 us1 112.1
Point S1: aver 310 106
max 2R 488 106
Point S2: aver 310 106
min 488 106
y
ex1 310 106
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
2up2 180 134.2 up2 67.1
2up1 2up2 180 314.2 up1 157.1
Point P1: 1 310 106 R 554 106
Point P2: 2 310 106 R 66 106
310 10 –6
y1
1
x1
1
488 10 –6
O
22.1°
310 10 –6
x
SECTION 7.7
Problem 7.7-26
Plane Strain
Solve Problem 7.7-8 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-26
Element in plane strain
x 120 106
y 450 106
gxy
xy 360 106
180 106
2
y
x1
120
2
285
180
P2
p2
s2
165 120
C O
172 106
x
O
P1
x1
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
S1
450
x1y1
2
R (285 106 ) 2 (180 106 ) 2
337.08 106
180
arctan
32.28
285
POINT C:
73.9°
1
R
B
( 90)
1
A ( 0)
R
180
2
502 106
y1
S2
2us2 90 57.72 us2 28.9
2us1 2us2 180 237.72 us1 118.9
Point S1: aver 165 106
max 2R 674 106
Point S2: aver 165 106
min 674 106
y
y1
165 106
ex1 165 106
1
x1
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
2up2 180 147.72 up2 73.9
2up1 2up2 180 327.72 up1 163.9
Point P1: 1 R 165 106 172 106
Point P2: 2 165 106 R 502 106
1
674
106
O 28.9°
165 106
x
493
CHAPTER 7
Problem 7.7-27
Analysis of Stress and Strain
Solve Problem 7.7-9 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-27
Element in plane strain
x 480 106
y 70 106
gxy
210 106
2
xy 420 106
( 75)
D
S2
( 90)
B
R
R
2 s2
70
2
P2
205
205
C
O
2 p1
R
S1
y
348 106
x1
75
202 106
1
y1
2 150
1
A ( 0)
D'
480
x1
POINT C: ex1 275 106
POINT D ( 75):
ex1 275 106 R cos b 202 106
gx1y1
R sin b 284.36 106
2
gx1y1 569 106
x
O
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
2up1 45.69 up1 22.8
2up2 2up1 180 225.69 up2 112.8
Point P1: 1 275 106 R 568 106
Point P2: 2 275 106 R 18 106
x1y1
2
R (205 106 ) 2 (210 106 ) 2
293.47 106
210
arctan
45.69
205
180 2 75.69
75°
569 106
P1
210
494
y
y1
1
18 106
x1
568 106
1
x
O 22.8°
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
2us2 90 135.69 us2 67.8
2us1 2us2 180 315.69 us1 157.8
Point S1: aver 275 106
max 2R 587 106
Point S2: aver 275 106
min 587 106
POINT D ( 165):
y
ex1 275 106 R cos b 348 106
gx1y1
R sin b 284.36 106
2
gx1y1 569 106
275 106
x1
y1
1
275 106
1
67.8
587 106
O
x
SECTION 7.7
Problem 7.7-28
Plane Strain
Solve Problem 7.7-10 by using Mohr’s circle for plane strain.
Solution 7.7-28 Element in plane strain
x 1120 106 y 430 106
gxy
xy 780 106
390 106
45
2
y
y1
430
1
x1
1
385 106
S2
D'
B ( 90)
C
345
2
345
R
390
P2
390
R
A
( 0)
2
p1
2 90
s1
S1
P1
1165 106
45
690 106 O
O x1
x
PRINCIPAL STRAINS
D
( 45)
1120
x1y1
___
2
2up1 180 131.50 up1 65.7
2up2 2up1 180 311.50 up2 155.7
Point P1: 1 775 106 R 254 106
Point P2: 2 775 106 R 1296 106
y
R (345 106 ) 2 (390 106 ) 2
520.70 106
390
arctan
48.50
345
180 2 41.50
POINT C:
x1
254 106
y1
1
ex1 775 106
1
POINT D ( 45):
6
65.7
1296 106
x
O
6
ex1 775 10 R cos b 385 10
gx1y1
R sin b 345 106
gx1y1 690 106
2
POINT D ( 135):
ex1 775 106 R cos b 1165 106
gx1y1
R sin b 345 106
2
gx1y1 690 106
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRAINS
2us1 90 41.50 us1 20.7
2us2 2us1 180 221.50 us2 110.7
Point S1: aver 775 106
max 2R 1041 106
Point S2: aver 775 106
min 1041 106
y
y1
775 106
1
x1
1
1041 106
O
20.7
775 106
x
495
9
Deflections of Beams
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.2 have constant
flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 9.2-1 The deflection curve for a simple beam AB (see figure)
is given by the following equation:
y
B
A
q0x
v
(7L4 10L2x 2 3x4)
360LEI
L
Describe the load acting on the beam.
Solution 9.2-1
v
Probs. 9.2-1 and 9.2-2
Simple beam
q0 x
(7L4 10 L2x 2 3x 4 )
360 LEI
Take four consecutive derivatives and obtain:
q0
q0 x
v––
LEI
From Eq. (9-12c): q EIv––
q0 x
L
The load is a downward triangular load of maximum
intensity q0.
Problem 9.2-2 The deflection curve for a simple beam AB (see figure)
is given by the following equation:
q0L4
x
v
sin
L
4EI
(a) Describe the load acting on the beam.
(b) Determine the reactions RA and RB at the supports.
(c) Determine the maximum bending moment Mmax.
L
x
548
CHAPTER 9
Solution 9.2-2
Deflections of Beams
Simple beam
q0 L4
x
sin
L
4EI
3
q0 L
x
v¿ 3 cos
L
EI
2
q0 L
x
v– 2 sin
L
EI
q0 L
x
v‡
cos
EI
L
q0
x
v‡¿ sin
EI
L
(b) REACTIONS (EQ. 9-12b)
v
q0 L
x
cos
L
q0 L
V RA
q0 L
q0 L
V RB
; RB
V EIv‡
At x 0:
At x L:
(c) MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT (EQ. 9-12a)
M EIv–
(a) LOAD (EQ. 9-12c)
q0 L2
x
2 sin
L
q0 L2
L
For maximum moment, x ; Mmax 2
2
x
q EIv–– q0 sin
L
The load has the shape of a sine curve, acts
downward, and has maximum intensity q .
0
q0
L
Problem 9.2-3 The deflection curve for a cantilever beam AB
(see figure) is given by the following equation:
y
A
q0x 2
v
(10L3 10L2x 5Lx 2 x 3)
B
x
120LEI
L
Describe the load acting on the beam.
Probs. 9.2-3 and 9.2-4
Solution 9.2-3
Cantilever beam
v
q0
q0 x2
(10 L3 10 L2x 5 L x2 x3 )
120 LEI
Take four consecutive derivatives and obtain:
v––
q0
(L x)
LEI
L
From Eq. (9-12c):
q EIv–– q0 ¢ 1
x
≤
L
The load is a downward triangular load of maximum
intensity q .
0
SECTION 9.2
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
Problem 9.2-4 The deflection curve for a cantilever beam AB
(see figure) is given by the following equation:
q x2
360L EI
0
v
(45L4 40L3x 15L2x 2 x 4)
2
(a) Describe the load acting on the beam.
(b) Determine the reactions RA and MA at the support.
Solution 9.2-4
v
Cantilever beam
q0 x2
(45L4 40 L3x 15 L2x2 x4 )
360 L2EI
q0
v¿
(15 L4x 20 L3x2 10 L2x3 x5 )
60 L2EI
q0
v–
(3 L4 8 L3x 6 L2x2 x4 )
12 L2EI
q0
v‡ 2 (2 L3 3 L2x x3 )
3 L EI
v‡¿
q0
(L2 x2 )
L2EI
V EIv‡
At x 0:
q0
(2 L3 3 L2x x3 )
3L2
V RA
M EIv–
At x 0:
2q0 L
3
q0
(3 L4 8 L3x 6 L2x2 x4 )
12L2
M MA
q0 L2
4
NOTE: Reaction RA is positive upward.
Reaction MA is positive clockwise (minus means
MA is counterclockwise).
(a) LOAD (EQ. 9-12c)
q EIv–– q0 ¢ 1
(b) REACTIONS RA AND MA (EQ. 9-12b AND EQ. 9-12a)
x2
≤
L2
The load is a downward parabolic load of maximum
intensity q .
0
q0
L
549
550
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Deflection Formulas
Problems 9.3-1 through 9.3-7 require the calculation of deflections
using the formulas derived in Examples 9-1, 9-2, and 9-3. All beams
have constant flexural rigidity EI.
q
Problem 9.3-1 A wide-flange beam (W 12 35) supports a uniform
load on a simple span of length L 14 ft (see figure).
Calculate the maximum deflection max at the midpoint and the
angles of rotation at the supports if q 1.8 k/ft and E 30 106 psi.
Use the formulas of Example 9-1.
Solution 9.3-1 Simple beam (uniform load)
W 12 35
L 14 ft 168 in.
q 1.8 kft 150 lbin. E 30 106 psi
I 285 in.4
h
L
Probs. 9.3-1, 9.3-2 and 9.3-3
ANGLE OF ROTATION AT THE SUPPORTS
(EQs. 9-19 AND 9-20)
u uA uB
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-18)
qL3
(150 lbin.)(168 in.) 3
24 EI 24(30 106 psi)(285 in.4 )
0.003466 rad 0.199º
5 qL4
5(150 lbin.)(168 in.) 4
max
384 EI 384(30 106 psi)(285 in.4 )
0.182 in.
Problem 9.3-2 A uniformly loaded steel wide-flange beam with simple
supports (see figure) has a downward deflection of 10 mm at the midpoint
and angles of rotation equal to 0.01 radians at the ends.
Calculate the height h of the beam if the maximum bending stress is
90 MPa and the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa. (Hint: Use the formulas
of Example 9-1.)
Solution 9.3-2 Simple beam (uniform load)
A B 0.01 rad
max 10 mm
max 90 MPa
E 200 GPa
Calculate the height h of the beam.
Eq. (9-18): max
5 qL4
384 EI
or q
384 EI
5 L4
qL3
24 EIu
or q
Eq. (9-19): u uA
24 EI
L3
Equate (1) and (2) and solve for L: L
Mc Mh
Flexure formula: s
I
2I
16
5u
(1)
(2)
(3)
Maximum bending moment:
qL2h
qL2
∴ s
M
8
16 I
16 Is
Solve Eq. (4) for h: h
qL2
Substitute for q from (2) and for L from (3):
32s
h
15Eu2
Substitute numerical values:
h
32(90 MPa)(10 mm)
96 mm
15(200 GPa)(0.01 rad) 2
(4)
(5)
SECTION 9.3
551
Deflection Formulas
Problem 9.3-3 What is the span length L of a uniformly loaded simple
beam of wide-flange cross section (see figure) if the maximum bending
stress is 12,000 psi, the maximum deflection is 0.1 in., the height of
the beam is 12 in., and the modulus of elasticity is 30 106 psi?
(Use the formulas of Example 9-1.)
Solution 9.3-3 Simple beam (uniform load)
max 12,000 psi max 0.1 in.
h 12 in. E 30 106 psi
Solve Eq. (2) for q:
Calculate the span length L.
Equate (1) and (2) and solve for L:
Eq. (9-18): max
Flexure formula: s
5qL4
384 EI
or q
384 EI
5L4
L
16 Is
L2h
24 Eh
B 5s
L2
(2)
Substitute numerical values:
24(30 106 psi)(12 in.)(0.1 in.)
L2
14,400 in.2
5(12,000 psi)
L 120 in. 10 ft
Problem 9.3-4 Calculate the maximum deflection max of a uniformly
loaded simple beam (see figure) if the span length L 2.0 m, the intensity
of the uniform load q 2.0 kN/m, and the maximum bending stress
60 MPa.
The cross section of the beam is square, and the material is aluminum
having modulus of elasticity E 70 GPa. (Use the formulas of Example 9-1.)
Solution 9.3-4 Simple beam (uniform load)
L 2.0 m q 2.0 kNm
E 70 GPa
max 60 MPa
Solve for b3: b3
b4
12
S
b3
6
L = 2.0 m
3qL2
4s
(4)
5Ls 4Ls 13
¢
≤
24E 3q
(The term in parentheses is nondimensional.)
5qL4
Maximum deflection (Eq. 9-18):
384 EI
5qL4
Substitute for I:
32 Eb4
Flexure formula with M
Substitute for S: s
q = 2.0 kN/m
Substitute b into Eq. (2): max
CROSS SECTION (square; b width)
I
3qL2
4b3
qL2
:
8
s
(3)
(1)
Mc Mh
I
2I
Maximum bending moment:
qL2h
qL2
∴ s
M
8
16I
24 Eh
5s
q
Substitute numerical values:
(1)
5Ls 5(2.0 m)(60 MPa)
1
1
m
mm
24E
24(70 GPa)
2800
2.8
(2)
¢
M qL2
S
8S
4(2.0 m)(60 MPa) 13
4 Ls 13
≤ B
R 10(80) 13
3q
3(2000 Nm)
max
(3)
10(80) 13
mm 15.4 mm
2.8
552
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.3-5 A cantilever beam with a uniform load (see figure)
has a height h equal to 1/8 of the length L. The beam is a steel wideflange section with E 28 106 psi and an allowable bending stress
of 17,500 psi in both tension and compression.
Calculate the ratio /L of the deflection at the free end to the length,
assuming that the beam carries the maximum allowable load. (Use the
formulas of Example 9-2.)
Solution 9.3-5
h 1
L 8
E 28 106 psi
17,500 psi
qL
8 EI
qL3
L 8EI
(1)
2
qL
Mc
¢
I
2
d
s L
¢ ≤
L 2E h
Substitute numerical values:
qL2
:
2
17,500 psi
1
(8)
L 2(28 106 psi)
400
2
≤¢
qL h
h
≤
2I
4I
Problem 9.3-6 A gold-alloy microbeam attached to a silicon wafer
behaves like a cantilever beam subjected to a uniform load (see
figure). The beam has length L 27.5 m and rectangular cross
section of width b 4.0 m and thickness t 0.88 m. The total
load on the beam is 17.2 N.
If the deflection at the end of the beam is 2.46 m, what is
the modulus of elasticity Eg of the gold alloy? (Use the formulas
of Example 9-2.)
Solution 9.3-6
t
b
L
Substitute numerical values:
Eq
3(17.2 mN)(27.5 mm) 3
2(4.0 mm)(0.88 mm) 3 (2.46 mm)
80.02 109 Nm2 or Eq 80.0 GPa
Determine Eq.
bt3
12
q
Gold-alloy microbeam
Cantilever beam with a uniform load.
L 27.5 m b 4.0 m t 0.88 m
qL 17.2 N max 2.46 m
I
(3)
Substitute q from (3) into (2):
(2)
Flexure formula with M
Eq. (9-26):
L
Solve for q:
4Is
q 2
Lh
4
Maximum deflection (Eq. 9-26): max
s
h
Cantilever beam (uniform load)
Calculate the ratio L.
∴
q
Eq
qL4
8 EqI
3 qL4
2 bt3max
or
Eq
qL4
8 Imax
SECTION 9.3
Problem 9.3-7 Obtain a formula for the ratio C / max of the deflection
at the midpoint to the maximum deflection for a simple beam supporting
a concentrated load P (see figure).
From the formula, plot a graph of C / max versus the ratio a /L that
defines the position of the load (0.5 a /L 1). What conclusion do you
draw from the graph? (Use the formulas of Example 9-3.)
553
Deflection Formulas
P
A
B
a
b
L
Solution 9.3-7
Simple beam (concentrated load)
Pb(3L2 4b2 )
(a b)
48EI
2
2 32
Pb(L b )
(a b)
Eq. (9-34): max
93 LEI
c
(33L)(3L2 4b2 )
(a b)
max
16(L2 b2 ) 32
Eq. (9-35):
C
GRAPH OF c max VERSUS aL
Because a
b, the ratio versus from 0.5 to 1.0.
Replace the distance b by the distance a by
substituting L a for b:
c
(33L)(L2 8ab 4a2 )
max
16(2aL a2 ) 32
Divide numerator and denominator by L2:
a
a2
(33L) ¢ 1 8 4 2 ≤
c
L
L
2 32
max
a a
16L ¢ 2 2 ≤
L L
a
a2
(33) ¢ 1 8 4 2 ≤
c
L
L
max
a a2 32
16 ¢ 2 2 ≤
L L
c
(33)(1 8b 4b2 )
max
16(2b b2 ) 32
c
max
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.996
0.988
0.981
0.976
0.974
NOTE: The deflection c at the midpoint of the beam
is almost as large as the maximum deflection max.
The greatest difference is only 2.6% and occurs when
the load reaches the end of the beam ( 1).
1.0
c
max
0.95
0.5
ALTERNATIVE FORM OF THE RATIO
a
Let b
L
0.974
0.75
1.0
a
=
L
554
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Deflections by Integration of the Bending-Moment Equation
Problems 9.3-8 through 9.3-16 are to be solved by integrating the second-order
differential equation of the deflection curve (the bending-moment equation).
The origin of coordinates is at the left-hand end of each beam, and all beams
have constant flexural rigidity EI.
Problem 9.3-8 Derive the equation of the deflection curve for a cantilever
beam AB supporting a load P at the free end (see figure). Also, determine
the deflection B and angle of rotation B at the free end. (Note: Use the
second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
Solution 9.3-8 Cantilever beam (concentrated load)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
EIv– M P(L x)
B.C.
y
P
A
B
x
L
v(0) 0 ∴ C1 0
Px2
(3L x)
6EI
Px
v¿
(2L x)
2EI
PL3
B v(L)
3EI
PL2
uB v¿(L)
2EI
(These results agree with Case 4, Table G-1.)
v
Px2
C1
2
B.C. v¿(0) 0 ∴ C2 0
PLx 2 Px3
EIv
C2
2
6
EIv¿ PLx
Problem 9.3-9 Derive the equation of the deflection curve
for a simple beam AB loaded by a couple M0 at the left-hand
support (see figure). Also, determine the maximum deflection
max. (Note: Use the second-order differential equation of the
deflection curve.)
y
M0
B
A
L
Solution 9.3-9
Simple beam (couple M0)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
x
EIv– M M0 ¢ 1 ≤
L
EIv¿ M0 ¢ x
EIv M0 ¢
x2
≤ C1
2L
x2 x3
≤ C1x C2
2 6L
B.C.
v(0) 0 ∴ C2 0
B.C.
v(L) 0 ∴ C1
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
M0
v¿
(2 L2 6 Lx 3 x2 )
6 LEI
Set v¿ 0 and solve for x:
3
x1 L ¢ 1
≤
3
Substitute x1 into the equation for v:
max (v) xx1
M0L
3
M0x
v
(2L2 3Lx x2 )
6 LEI
M0 L2
93EI
(These results agree with Case 7, Table G-2.)
x
SECTION 9.3
555
Deflections by Integration of the Bending-Moment Equation
Problem 9.3-10 A cantilever beam AB supporting a triangularly
distributed load of maximum intensity q0 is shown in the figure.
Derive the equation of the deflection curve and then obtain
formulas for the deflection B and angle of rotation B at the free
end. (Note: Use the second-order differential equation of the
deflection curve.)
y
q0
x
B
A
L
Solution 9.3-10
Cantilever beam (triangular load)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
q0
EIv– M (L x) 3
6L
q0
EIv¿
(L x) 4 C1
24L
B.C.
v¿(0) 0 ∴ c2
EIv
q0 L3
24
q0L3x
q0
(L x) 5
C2
120L
24
B.C.
v(0) 0 ∴ c2
q0 L4
120
q0 x2
(10 L3 10 L2x 5 Lx2 x3 )
120 LEI
q0 x
v¿
(4 L3 6 L2x 4 Lx2 x3 )
24 LEI
v
B v(L)
q0 L4
30 EI
uB v¿(L)
q0 L3
24 EI
(These results agree with Case 8, Table G-1.)
y
Problem 9.3-11 A cantilever beam AB is acted upon by a uniformly
distributed moment (bending moment, not torque) of intensity m
per unit distance along the axis of the beam (see figure).
Derive the equation of the deflection curve and then obtain
formulas for the deflection B and angle of rotation B at the free end.
(Note: Use the second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
m
B
A
x
L
Solution 9.3-11 Cantilever beam (distributed moment)
mx2
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
v
(3L x)
6 EI
EIv– M m(L x)
mx
v¿
(2L x)
x2
2EI
EIv¿ m ¢ Lx ≤ C1
2
mL3
B v(L)
B.C. v¿(0) 0 ∴ C1 0
3 EI
Lx2 x3
mL2
EIv m ¢
≤ C2
u
v¿(L)
B
2
6
2 EI
B.C.
v(0) 0 ∴ C2 0
Problem 9.3-12 The beam shown in the figure has a roller support at A
and a guided support at B. The guided support permits vertical movement
but no rotation.
Derive the equation of the deflection curve and determine the
deflection B at end B due to the uniform load of intensity q. (Note:
Use the second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
y
q
A
B
L
x
556
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Solution 9.3-12 Beam with a guided support
REACTIONS AND DEFLECTION CURVE
y
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
EIv– M qLx
q
qL2
MB =
2
x
A
B
EIv¿
B.C.
L
EIv
y
A
x
B
B
qLx2 qx3
C1
2
6
v(L) 0
RA = qL
qx2
2
∴ C1
qL3
3
qLx3 qx4 qL3x
C2
6
24
3
v(0) 0 C2 0
qx
v
(8L3 4Lx2 x3 )
24 EI
B.C.
B v(L)
5 qL4
24 EI
y
Problem 9.3-13 Derive the equations of the deflection curve
for a simple beam AB loaded by a couple M0 acting at distance
a from the left-hand support (see figure). Also, determine the
deflection 0 at the point where the load is applied. (Note: Use
the second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
M0
B
A
a
b
L
Solution 9.3-13
Simple beam (couple M0)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
EIv– M
M0 x
L
M0 x2
EIv¿
C1
2L
(0
x
B.C.
(0
x
a)
4 (v)Left (v)Right
∴ C4 M0 L ¢ a
L
≤ C1L
3
at x a
(a
M0
x2
¢ Lx ≤ C2
L
2
x
(a
L)
x
M0 x3
C1x C3
6L
(0
x
M0 a
2
M0
(2L2 6aL 3a2 )
6L
M0 x
v
(6aL 3a2 2L2 x2 )
6 LEI
C1
L)
(0
x
a)
M0
(3a2L 3a2x 2L2x 3Lx2 x3 )
6 LEI
(a x L)
M0 a(L a)(2a L)
0 v(a)
3 LEI
M0 ab(2a L)
3LEI
v
a)
2 v(0) 0 C3 0
M0 x2 M0 x3
C1x M0 ax C4
EIv
2
6L
(a x L)
B.C.
B.C.
∴ C4
1 (v¿ )Left (v¿ )Right at x a
C2 C1 M0a
EIv
3 v(L) 0
2
M0
EIv– M (L x)
L
EIv¿
a)
B.C.
NOTE: 0 is positive downward. The pending results
agree with Case 9, Table G-2.
x
SECTION 9.3
557
Deflection by Integration of the Bending-Moment Equation
Problem 9.3-14 Derive the equations of the deflection curve
for a cantilever beam AB carrying a uniform load of intensity
q over part of the span (see figure). Also, determine the
deflection B at the end of the beam. (Note: Use the
second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
y
q
x
B
A
a
b
L
Solution 9.3-14
Cantilever beam (partial uniform load)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
q
q
EIv– M (a x) 2 (a2 2ax x2 )
2
2
(0 x a)
q 2
x3
2
EIv¿ ¢ a x ax ≤ C1 (0 x a)
2
3
1 v¿ (0) 0
EIv– M 0
EIv¿ C2
B.C.
B.C.
C1 0
(a
(a
x
x
L)
L)
2 (v¿ )Left (v¿ )Right at x a
∴ C2
EIv
qa3
6
q a2x2 ax3 x4
¢
≤ C3 (0
2 2
3
12
C3 0
qa3x
EIv C2 x C4
C4 (a
6
B.C. 4 (v)Left (v)Right at x a
B.C.
3 v(0) 0
∴ C4
x
L)
qa4
24
v
qx2
(6a2 4ax x2 )
24 EI
(0
v
qa3
(4x a) (a
24 EI
L)
x
x
a)
qa3
(4L a)
24 EI
(These results agree with Case 2, Table G-1.)
B v(L)
x
a)
Problem 9.3-15 Derive the equations of the deflection curve for a
cantilever beam AB supporting a uniform load of intensity q acting
over one-half of the length (see figure). Also, obtain formulas for the
deflections B and C at points B and C, respectively. (Note: Use
the second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
y
q
A
B
C
L
—
2
Solution 9.3-15 Cantilever beam (partial uniform load)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
B.C. 1 v¿ (0) 0 C1 0
q
qL
L
EIv– M (L2 2Lx x2 )
EIv– M (3L 4x) ¢ 0 x
≤
2
8
2
q
x3
qL
L
EIv¿ ¢ L2x Lx2 ≤ C2
2
EIv¿ (3Lx 2x ) C1 ¢ 0 x
≤
2
3
8
2
L
—
2
¢
L
2
¢
L
2
x
x
L≤
L≤
x
558
CHAPTER 9
B.C.
L
2 (v¿ )Left (v¿ )Right at x
2
qL3
∴ C2
48
EIv
B.C.
Deflections of Beams
qL 3Lx2 2x3
¢
≤ C3
8
2
3
4 (v)Left (v)Right at x
∴ C4
¢0
L
≤
2
x
qL4
384
L
2
qLx2
L
(9L 4x) ¢ 0 x
≤
48 EI
2
7qL4
L
C v ¢ ≤
2
192EI
q
v
(16x4 64 Lx3 96 L2x2 8 L3x L4 )
384 EI
L
¢
x L≤
2
v
C3 0
3 v(0) 0
EIv
B.C.
q L2x2 Lx3 x4
qL3
¢
≤
x C4
2 2
3
12
48
L
¢
x L≤
2
B v(L)
41qL4
384EI
y
Problem 9.3-16 Derive the equations of the deflection curve
for a simple beam AB with a uniform load of intensity q acting
over the left-hand half of the span (see figure). Also, determine
the deflection C at the midpoint of the beam. (Note: Use the
second-order differential equation of the deflection curve.)
q
B
A
C
L
—
2
Solution 9.3-16
Simple beam (partial uniform load)
2 v(0) 0 C3 0
qL2x2 qLx3
qL3x
EIv
C1x
C4
16
48
48
L
¢
x L≤
2
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATION (EQ. 9-12a)
2
EIv– M
EIv¿
3qLx qx
8
2
¢0
3qLx2 qx3
C1
16
6
2
EIv¿
B.C.
qL
qLx
8
8
¢
L
2
2
qL x qLx
C2
8
16
¢
2
EIv
L
≤
2
x
L≤
3 v(L) 0
B.C.
4 (v)Left (v)Right at x
x
L
2
3qL3
128
qx
v
(9L3 24Lx2 16x3 ) ¢ 0
384EI
L
2
¢0
qL4
48
∴ C1
qL
48
qLx3 qx4
C1x C3
16
24
∴ C4 C1L
B.C.
L≤
x
1 (v¿ )Left (v¿ )Right at x
∴ C2 C1
x
L
2
B.C.
L
≤
2
x
¢0
2
EIv– M
L
—
2
L
≤
2
v
x
qL
(8x3 24Lx2 17L2x L3 )
384EI
L
¢
x L≤
2
5qL4
L
≤
2
768EI
(These results agree with Case 2, Table G-2.)
C v ¢
L
≤
2
x
SECTION 9.4
559
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.4 have constant
flexural rigidity EI. Also, the origin of coordinates is at the left-hand
end of each beam.
y
M0
Solution 9.4-1 Cantilever beam (couple M0)
SHEAR-FORCE EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 b).
EIv‡ V 0
EIv– C1
1 M M0 EIv– M M0 C1
EIv¿ C1x C2 M0 x C2
B.C.
2 v¿ (0) 0 C2 0
M0 x2
C3
EIv
2
B.C.
B
A
Problem 9.4-1 Derive the equation of the deflection curve for a
cantilever beam AB when a couple M0 acts counterclockwise at the
free end (see figure). Also, determine the deflection B and slope
B at the free end. Use the third-order differential equation of the
deflection curve (the shear-force equation).
x
L
3 v(0) 0 C3 0
M0 x2
v
2 EI
M0 x
v¿
EI
M0 L2
B v(L)
(upward)
2 EI
M0 L
uB v¿(L)
(counterclockwise)
EI
(These results agree with Case 6, Table G-1.)
B.C.
x
q = q0 sin —
L
Problem 9.4-2 A simple beam AB is subjected to a distributed load
of intensity q q0 sin x/L, where q0 is the maximum intensity of
the load (see figure).
Derive the equation of the deflection curve, and then determine
the deflection max at the midpoint of the beam. Use the fourth-order
differential equation of the deflection curve (the load equation).
y
B
A
L
Solution 9.4-2 Simple beam (sine load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c).
EIv–– q q0 sin
EIv‡ q0 ¢
EIv– q0 ¢
B.C.
x
L
L
x
≤ cos
C1
L
L 2
x
≤ sin
C1x C2
L
1 EIv– M
EIv–(0) 0 C2 0
2 EIv–(L) 0 C1 0
L 3
x
EIv¿ q0 ¢ ≤ cos
C3
L
B.C.
EIv q0 ¢
L 4
x
≤ sin
C3x C4
L
B.C.
3 v(0) 0
C4 0
4 v(L) 0 C3 0
q0 L4
x
v 4 sin
L
EI
B.C.
q0L4
L
≤ 4
2
EI
(These results agree with Case 13, Table G-2.)
max v ¢
x
560
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.4-3 The simple beam AB shown in the figure
has moments 2M0 and M0 acting at the ends.
Derive the equation of the deflection curve, and then
determine the maximum deflection max. Use the third-order
differential equation of the deflection curve (the shear-force
equation).
y
2M0
B
A
M0
x
L
Solution 9.4-3
Simple beam with two couples
3M0
Reaction at support A: RA
(downward)
L
Shear force in beam: V RA
3M0
L
3M0
L
1 EIv– M
EIv¿
∴ C2
M0 L
2
M0 x 2
M0 x
(L 2 Lx x2 )
(L x) 2
2 LEI
2 LEI
M0
v¿
(L x)(L 3x)
2LEI
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
3M0 x
EIv–
C1
L
B.C.
3 v(L) 0
v
SHEAR-FORCE EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 b)
EIv‡ V
B.C.
EIv–(0) 2M0 C1 2M0
3M0 x2
2M0 x C2
2L
Set v 0 and solve for x:
L
x1 L and x2
3
L
Maximum deflection occurs at x2 .
3
M0 x3
M0 x2 C2 x C3
2L
B.C. 2 v(0) 0 C3 0
max v ¢
EIv
2M0 L2
L
(downward)
≤
3
27 EI
y
Problem 9.4-4 A simple beam with a uniform load is pin supported
at one end and spring supported at the other. The spring has stiffness
k 48EI/L3.
Derive the equation of the deflection curve by starting with
the third-order differential equation (the shear-force equation).
Also, determine the angle of rotation A at support A.
q
B
A
x
48EI
—
k = L3
L
Solution 9.4-4
Beam with a spring support
REACTIONS
y
q
B
A
x
k
qL
RA = —
2
L
DEFLECTIONS AT END B
k
qL
RB = —
2
48EI
L3
B
qL4
RB qL
k
2k 96EI
SECTION 9.4
SHEAR-FORCE EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 b)
q
V RA qx (L 2x)
2
q
EIv‡ V (L 2x)
2
q
EIv– (Lx x2 ) C1
2
B.C.
1 EIv– M
2
EIv¿
EIv
561
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
C3 0
B.C.
2 v(0) 0
B.C.
3 v(L) B
∴ C2
qL4
96 EI
5qL3
96
qx
(5L3 8Lx2 4x3 )
96EI
q
v¿
(5 L3 24 Lx2 16x3 )
96 EI
5qL3
uA v¿(0)
(clockwise)
96EI
v
EIv–(0) 0 C1 0
3
q Lx
x
¢
≤ C2
2 2
3
q Lx3 x4
¢
≤ C2x C3
2 6
12
y
Problem 9.4-5 The distributed load acting on a cantilever beam AB
has an intensity q given by the expression q0 cos x /2L, where q0 is
the maximum intensity of the load (see figure).
Derive the equation of the deflection curve, and then determine
the deflection B at the free end. Use the fourth-order differential
equation of the deflection curve (the load equation).
x
q = q0 cos —
2L
q0
B
A
L
Solution 9.4-5 Cantilever beam (cosine load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
x
2L
2L
x
EIv‡ q0 ¢ ≤ sin
C1
2L
EIv–– q q0 cos
B.C.
1 EIv‡ V
EIv– q0 ¢
B.C.
EIv–(L) 0
3 v¿(0) 0 C3 0
EIv q0 ¢
B.C.
∴ C1
2q0 L
2L 2
x 2q0 Lx
≤ cos
C2
2L
2 EIv– M
EIv¿ q0 ¢
EIv‡(L) 0
B.C.
∴ C2
2L 4
x q0 Lx3 q0 L2x2
≤ cos
C4
2L
3
4 v(0) 0
v
2L 3
x q0 Lx2 2q0 L2x
≤ sin
C3
2L
16q0L4
4
q0 L
x
¢ 48L3 cos
48L3 33 Lx2 3x3 ≤
4
2L
3 EI
2q0 L4 3
( 24)
34EI
(These results agree with Case 10, Table G-1.)
B v(L)
2q0 L2
∴ C4
x
562
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
y
Problem 9.4-6 A cantilever beam AB is subjected to a parabolically varying
load of intensity q q0(L2 x 2)/L2, where q0 is the maximum intensity of
the load (see figure).
Derive the equation of the deflection curve, and then determine the
deflection B and angle of rotation B at the free end. Use the fourth-order
differential equation of the deflection curve (the load equation).
L2 x2
q = q0 —
L2
q0
x
B
A
L
Solution 9.4-6 Cantilever beam (parabolic load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
q0
EIv–– q 2 (L2 x2 )
L
EIv‡
B.C.
1 EIv‡ V
EIv–
B.C.
q0 2
x3
¢
L
x
≤ C1
3
L2
4 v(0) 0 C4 0
q0 x2
v
(45L4 40L3x 15L2x2 x4 )
360 L2EI
B.C.
EIv‡(L) 0
∴ C1
2q0L
3
q0 L2x2 x4
2q0L
≤
x C2
2¢
2
12
3
L
2 EIv– M
3 v¿(0) 0 C3 0
q0 Lx3 q0 L2x2
q0 L2x4
x6
≤
C4
EIv 2 ¢
360
9
8
L 24
B.C.
EIv–(L) 0
q0L2
∴ C2
4
q0Lx2 q0L2x
q0 L2x3 x5
≤
C3
EIv¿ 2 ¢
6
60
3
4
L
B v(L)
v¿
19q0 L4
360 EI
q0 x
(15L4 20L3x 10L2x2 x4 )
60L2EI
uB v¿(L)
q0L3
15EI
4q0 x
(L x)
q= —
L2
Problem 9.4-7 A beam on simple supports is subjected to a
parabolically distributed load of intensity q 4q0 x(L x)/L2,
where q0 is the maximum intensity of the load (see figure).
Derive the equation of the deflection curve, and then
determine the maximum deflection max. Use the fourthorder differential equation of the deflection curve (the load
equation).
y
B
A
L
Solution 9.4-7 Single beam (parabolic load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
EIv–– q
4q0 x
4q0
2
2 (L x) 2 (Lx x )
L
L
2q0
(3Lx2 2x3 ) C1
3L2
q0
EIv– 2 (2Lx3 x4 ) C1x C2
3L
EIv‡
B.C.
1 EIv– M
B.C.
2 EIv–(L) 0
EIv¿
EIv–(0) 0 C2 0]
∴ C1
q0 L
3
q0
(5L3x2 5L x4 2x5 ) C3
30L2
B.C.
3 (Symmetry)
EIv
v¿ ¢
L
≤0
2
∴ C3
q0L3
30
q0
5L3x3
x6
5
L x5 ≤ C4
2 ¢L x
3
3
30L
4 v(0) 0 C4 0
q0 x
v
(3L5 5L3x2 3Lx4 x5 )
90L2EI
B.C.
max v ¢
61q0L4
L
≤
2
5760 EI
x
SECTION 9.4
563
Differential Equations of the Deflection Curve
Problem 9.4-8 Derive the equation of the deflection curve for a
simple beam AB carrying a triangularly distributed load of maximum
intensity q0 (see figure). Also, determine the maximum deflection max
of the beam. Use the fourth-order differential equation of the deflection
curve (the load equation).
q0
y
A
B
x
L
Solution 9.4-8
Simple beam (triangular load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
q0 x
q0 x2
EIv–– q
EIv‡
C1
L
2L
EIv–
B.C.
B.C.
EIv
B.C.
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
q0L
∴ C1
6
Set v 0 and solve for x:
8
x21 L2 ¢ 1
≤ x1 0.51933L
A 15
q0 x4 q0 L x2
C3
24L
12
max v (x1 )
q0 x5 q0 Lx3
C3x C4
120L
36
3 v(0) 0
q0 L4
EI
(These results agree with Case 11, Table G-2.)
y
Problem 9.4-9 Derive the equations of the deflection curve for an
overhanging beam ABC subjected to a uniform load of intensity q
acting on the overhang (see figure). Also, obtain formulas for the
deflection C and angle of rotation C at the end of the overhang.
Use the fourth-order differential equation of the deflection curve
(the load equation).
EIv–– q 0
EIv‡ C1
EIv– C1 x C2
(0 x L)
(0 x L)
(0 x L)
EIv–(0) 0 C2 0
3L
EIv–– q
¢L x
≤
2
3L
EIv‡ qx C3
¢L x
≤
2
3qL
3L
B.C. 2 EIv‡ V EIv‡ ¢
≤0
∴ C3
2
2
2
qx
3qLx
3L
EIv–
C4 ¢ L x
≤
2
2
2
B.C.
1 EIv– M
q0 L4 5 2
8 12
¢
≤
225EI 3 3 A 15
0.006522
C4 0
Solution 9.4-9 Beam with an overhang
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
7q0 L3
360
q0 x
(7L4 10L2x2 3x4 )
360 LEI
q0
v¿
(7L4 30L2x2 15x4 )
360 LEI
EIv–(0) 0 C2 0
2 EIv–(L) 0
∴ C3
4 v(L) 0
v
q0 x3
C1x C2
6L
1 EIv– M
EIv¿
B.C.
q
B
A
C
L
—
2
L
3L
≤0
2
B.C.
3 EIv– M
B.C.
4 EI(v–) Left EI(v–) Right
2
C1L
EIv– ¢
2
∴ C4
at x L
2
qL
3qL
9qL
2
2
8
9qL2
8
∴ C1
EIv¿
qLx2
C5 (0 x L)
16
EIv¿
qx3 3qLx2 9qL2x
C6
6
4
8
¢L
qL
8
x
3L
≤
2
x
564
CHAPTER 9
B.C.
Deflections of Beams
5 (v¿) Left (v¿) Right
∴ C6 C5
at x L
B.C.
23qL3
48
(a)
qLx3
EIv
C5 x C7 (0 x L)
48
B.C.
6 v(0) 0
EIv
qLx 2
(L x2 )
48 EI
v
q(L x)
(7L3 17L2x 10Lx2 2x3 )
48 EI
C v ¢
qL3
2
3
2 2
¢L
x
q0
y
C
A
L
—
2
B
x
L
—
2
Right-hand half (part CB):
L
2
1
xL
2
q0
EIv–– q 0
EIv‡ C1
EIv– C1 x C2
EIv¿ C1 ¢
q0 Lx3 x4
x2
¢
≤ C5 ¢ ≤ C6 x C7
L 6
12
2
4
5
3
q0 Lx
x
x
x2
EIv ¢
≤ C5 ¢ ≤ C6 ¢ ≤ C7x C8
L 24 60
6
2
EIv¿
Left-hand half (part AC): 0 x
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
B.C.
x2
≤ C2 x C3
2
x3
x2
≤ C2 ¢ ≤ C3 x C4
6
2
q0
PART CB q (2x L)
L
q0
EIv–– q (L 2x)
L
q0
EIv‡ (Lx x2 ) C5
L
q0 Lx2 x3
EIv– ¢
≤ C5 x C6
L 2
3
EIv C1 ¢
qL3
3L
≤
2
16 EI
Simple beam (triangular load)
LOAD EQUATION (EQ. 9-12 c)
PART AC
3L
≤
2
3L
≤
2
Problem 9.4-10 Derive the equations of the deflection curve for a
simple beam AB supporting a triangularly distributed load of maximum
intensity q0 acting on the right-hand half of the beam (see figure). Also,
determine the angles of rotation A and B at the ends and the deflection
C at the midpoint. Use the fourth-order differential equation of the
deflection curve (the load equation).
Solution 9.4-10
x
11qL4
3L
≤
2
384 EI
uC v¿ ¢
3
qx
3qLx
9qL x
qL x
C8
24
12
16
2
(0 x L)
¢L
qL3
B.C. 7 v(L) 0 for 0 x L ∴ C5
48
4
7qL4
3L
∴ C8
2
48
v
C7 0
From Eq.(a): C6
8 v(L) 0 for L x
1 EIv‡ V
C1 C5
B.C.
2 EIv– M
C2 0
EI(v‡) AC EI(v‡) BC
q0 L
4
at x
L
2
(1)
EIv–(0) 0
(2)
2
q0 L
6
L
for x
2
B.C.
3 EIv¿(L) 0 C5 L C6
B.C.
4 (EIv–) AC (EIv–) CB
C1L C5 L 2C6
q0 L2
6
(3)
(4)
SECTION 9.5
B.C.
5 (v¿) AC (v¿) CB for x
L
2
DEFLECTION CURVE FOR PART AC ¢ 0 x
C1L2 8C3 C5 L2 4C6 L 8C7
B.C.
6 v(0) 0
B.C.
7 v(L) 0
q0 L3
8
C4 0
(5)
(6)
C5 L3 3C6 L2 6C7 L 6C8
3q0 L
20
L
2
C1L3 24C3 L C5L3 6C6L2 24C7 L 48C8
q0L4
10
(8)
SOLVE EQS. (1) THROUGH (B):
q0 L
C1
24
C4 0
37q0 L3
C2 0 C3
5760
C5
5q0 L
24
2
C6
q0 L
24
L
≤
2
q0Lx
(37L2 40x2 )
5760EI
q0 L
v¿
(37 L2 120x2 )
5760EI
(7)
8 (v)AC (v)CB for x
565
v
uA v¿(0)
4
B.C.
Method of Superposition
C v ¢
37q0 L3
5760 EI
3q0 L4
L
≤
2
1280 EI
DEFLECTION CURVE FOR PART CB ¢
v
L
x L≤
2
q0
[L2x (37 L2 40x2 ) 3(2x L) 5 ]
5760 LEI
v¿
q0
[L2 (37L2 120x2 ) 30(2x L) 4 ]
5760 LEI
uB v¿(L)
53q0 L3
5760EI
67q0L3
q0L4
CB
5760
1920
Substitute constants into equations for v and v¿.
C7
Method of Superposition
The problems for Section 9.5 are to be solved by the method of
superposition. All beams have constant flexural rigidity EI.
P
A
Problem 9.5-1 A cantilever beam AB carries three equally spaced
concentrated loads, as shown in the figure. Obtain formulas for the
angle of rotation B and deflection B at the free end of the beam.
Solution 9.5-1 Cantilever beam with 3 loads
Table G-1, Cases 4 and 5
L 2
2L 2
≤
P¢ ≤
3
3
PL2 7PL2
uB
2EI
2 EI
2 EI
9 EI
P¢
P
P
B
L
—
3
L
—
3
L
—
3
L 2
2L 2
≤
P¢ ≤
L
2L
PL3
3
3
B
¢ 3L ≤
¢ 3L
≤
6 EI
3
6 EI
3
3 EI
3
5PL
9 EI
P¢
566
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.5-2 A simple beam AB supports five equally spaced loads
P (see figure).
(a) Determine the deflection 1 at the midpoint of the beam.
(b) If the same total load (5P) is distributed as a uniform load
on the beam, what is the deflection 2 at the midpoint?
(c) Calculate the ratio of 1 to 2.
P
P
P
B
L
—
6
L
—
6
L
—
6
L
—
6
L
—
6
Simple beam with 5 loads
(a) Table G-2, Cases 4 and 6
(b) Table G-2, Case 1 qL 5P
L
≤
6
L 2
1
B 3L2 4 ¢ ≤ R
24 EI
6
L
P¢ ≤
3
L 2
PL3
B 3L2 4 ¢ ≤ R
24 EI
3
48 EI
2
P¢
P
A
L
—
6
Solution 9.5-2
P
(c)
5qL4
25 PL3
384 EI 384 EI
1
11 384
88
1.173
¢
≤
2 144 25
75
11PL3
144 EI
Problem 9.5-3 The cantilever beam AB shown in the figure has an extension
BCD attached to its free end. A force P acts at the end of the extension.
(a) Find the ratio a/L so that the vertical deflection of point B will be zero.
(b) Find the ratio a/L so that the angle of rotation at point B will be zero.
L
A
B
D
a
P
Solution 9.5-3
Cantilever beam with extension
Table G-1, Cases 4 and 6
P
B
A
L
Pa
(a) B
PL3 PaL2
0
3EI
2EI
a 2
L 3
(b) uB
PL2 PaL
0
2EI
EI
a 1
L 2
C
SECTION 9.5
Problem 9.5-4 Beam ACB hangs from two springs, as shown
in the figure. The springs have stiffnesses k1 and k2 and the beam
has flexural rigidity EI.
What is the downward displacement of point C, which
is at the midpoint of the beam, when the load P is applied?
Data for the structure are as follows: P 8.0 kN,
L 1.8 m, EI 216 kNm2, k1 250 kN/m, and
k2 160 kN/m.
567
Method of Superposition
L = 1.8 m
k1 = 250 kN/m
k2 = 160 kN/m
A
B
C
P = 8.0 kN
Solution 9.5-4
Beam hanging from springs
P 8.0 kN L 1.8 m
EI 216 kN m2 k1 250 kN/m
k2 160 kN/m
Substitute numerical values:
(8.0 kN)(1.8 m) 3
C
48 (216 kN m2 )
ˇ
Stretch of springs:
A
P2
k1
B
P2
k2
Table G-2, Case 4
PL3
1 P2 P2
C
¢
≤
48 EI 2 k1
k2
ˇ
8.0 kN
1
1
¢
≤
4
250 kNm 160 kNm
4.5 mm 20.5 mm
25 mm
PL3
P 1
1
¢ ≤
48EI 4 k1 k2
Problem 9.5-5 What must be the equation y f (x) of the axis
of the slightly curved beam AB (see figure) before the load is applied
in order that the load P, moving along the bar, always stays at the
same level?
y
P
B
A
L
Solution 9.5-5
Slightly curved beam
Let x distance to load P
downward deflection at load P
Table G-2, Case 5:
P(L x) x 2
Px2 (L x) 2
[L (L x) 2 x2 ]
6LEI
3LEI
Initial upward displacement of the beam must equal .
Px2 (L x) 2
∴ y
3LEI
x
568
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.5-6 Determine the angle of rotation B and deflection B at
the free end of a cantilever beam AB having a uniform load of intensity q
acting over the middle third of its length (see figure).
q
B
A
L
—
3
Solution 9.5-6
L
—
3
L
—
3
Cantilever beam (partial uniform load)
q intensity of uniform load
Original load on the beam:
SUPERPOSITION: Original load Load No. 1 minus
Load No. 2
Table G-1, Case 2
q
B
A
L
—
3
L
—
3
L
—
3
uB
q 2L 3
q L 3
7qL3
¢
≤
¢ ≤
6EI 3
6EI 3
162EI
B
q 2L 3
q 1 3
2L
L
¢
≤ ¢ 4L
≤
¢ ≤ ¢ 4L ≤
24EI 3
3
24EI 3
3
Load No. 1:
23qL4
648EI
B
2L
—
3
L
—
3
Load No. 2:
B
L
—
3
2L
—
3
Problem 9.5-7 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure
has flexural rigidity EI 2.1 106 k-in.2 Calculate the downward
deflections C and B at points C and B, respectively, due to the
simultaneous action of the moment of 35 k-in. applied at point C
and the concentrated load of 2.5 k applied at the free end B.
2.5 k
35 k-in.
A
B
C
48 in.
48 in.
SECTION 9.5
Solution 9.5-7
Cantilever beam (two loads)
P
Mo
A
B
C
L/2
M0 (L2)
L
PL3
¢ 2L ≤
2EI
2
3EI
3M0L2 PL3
8EI
3EI
( downward deflection)
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
C 0.01920 in. 0.10971 in.
0.0905 in.
B 0.05760 in. 0.35109 in.
0.293 in.
Table G-1, Cases 4.6, and 7
B
L/2
EI 2.1 106 k-in.2
M0 35 k-in.
P 2.5 k
L 96 in.
C
M0 (L2) 2 P(L2) 2
L
¢ 3L ≤
2EI
6EI
2
M0 L2 5PL3
8EI
48EI
( downward deflection)
Problem 9.5-8 A beam ABCD consisting of a simple span BD and an
overhang AB is loaded by a force P acting at the end of the bracket CEF
(see figure).
(a) Determine the deflection A at the end of the overhang.
(b) Under what conditions is this deflection upward? Under what
conditions is it downward?
A
2L
—
3
L
—
3
L
—
2
B
C
F
E
P
a
Solution 9.5-8
Beam with bracket and overhang
(a) DEFLECTION AT THE END OF THE OVERHANG
P
Mo
B
L
—
3
A uB ¢
C
D
2L
—
3
Consider part BD of the beam.
M0 Pa
Table G-2, Cases 5 and 9
P (L3)(2L3)(5L3)
6LEI
uB
569
Method of Superposition
Pa
L2
L2
B 6 ¢ ≤ 3 ¢ ≤ 2L2 R
6LEI
3
9
PL
(10L 9a)
162EI
( clockwise angle)
L
PL2
≤
(10L 9a)
2
324 EI
( upward deflection)
a
10
(b) Deflection is upward when 6
and
L
9
a
10
downward when 7
L
9
D
570
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
C
Problem 9.5-9 A horizontal load P acts at end C of the bracket ABC
shown in the figure.
(a) Determine the deflection C of point C.
(b) Determine the maximum upward deflection max of member AB.
Note: Assume that the flexural rigidity EI is constant throughout the
frame. Also, disregard the effects of axial deformations and consider only
the effects of bending due to the load P.
Solution 9.5-9
P
H
B
A
L
Bracket ABC
BEAM AB
(a) ARM BC Table G-1, Case 4
M0 PH
C
PH 3
PH 3 PH 2L
u8H
3EI
3EI
3EI
PH 2
(L H)
3EI
max
A
B
Mo = PH
(b) MAXIMUM DEFLECTION OF BEAM AB
M0 L2
PHL2
Table G-2, Case 7: max
913EI 913EI
L
Table G-2, Case 7: uB
M0 L PHL
3EI
3EI
Problem 9.5-10 A beam ABC having flexural rigidity EI 75 kNm2
is loaded by a force P 800 N at end C and tied down at end A by a
wire having axial rigidity EA 900 kN (see figure).
0.5 m
What is the deflection at point C when the load P is applied?
B
A
C
P = 800 N
0.5 m
0.75 m
D
Solution 9.5-10
Beam tied down by a wire
P
B
A
L1
H
C
L2
M0 PL2
Table G-2, Case 7:
u¿B
M0 L1 PL1L2
3EI
3EI
CONSIDER THE STRETCHING OF WIRE AD
D
EI 75 kN m2
P 800 N
EA 900 kN
H 0.5 m L1 0.5 m
L2 0.75 m
CONSIDER BC AS A CANTILEVER BEAM
Table G-1, Case 4:
CONSIDER AB AS A SIMPLE BEAM
PL32
¿C
3EI
¿A (Force in AD) ¢
PL2 H
PL2H
H
≤¢
≤¢
≤
EA
L1 EA
EAL1
DEFLECTION C OF POINT C
C ¿C u¿B (L2 ) ¿A
¢
L2
≤
L1
PL32 PL1L22 PL22H
3EI
3EI
EAL21
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
C 1.50 mm 1.00 mm 1.00 mm 3.50 mm
SECTION 9.5
Problem 9.5-11 Determine the angle of rotation B and deflection B at
the free end of a cantilever beam AB supporting a parabolic load defined
by the equation q q0 x 2/L2 (see figure).
571
Method of Superposition
q0
y
A
B
L
Solution 9.5-11
Cantilever beam (parabolic load)
TABLE G-1, CASE 5 (Set a equal to x)
q0 x2
LOAD: q 2
L
qdx element of load
uB
0
qdx
A
B
B
a
L
q0
2EIL2
L
0
L
(qdx)(x2 )
1
2EI
2EI
L
L
¢
0
q0 x2 2
≤ x dx
L2
3
x4dx
0
q0 L
10EI
(qdx)(x2 )
(3L x)
6EI
1
6EI
L
¢
0
q0
6EIL2
q0 x2
≤ (x2 )(3L x) dx
L2
L
(x4 )(3L x) dx
0
13q0 L4
180EI
q
Problem 9.5-12 A simple beam AB supports a uniform load of
intensity q acting over the middle region of the span (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation A at the left-hand support
and the deflection max at the midpoint.
B
A
a
a
L
Solution 9.5-12
Simple beam (partial uniform load)
TABLE G-2, CASE 6
uA
Pa(L a)
2EI
Replace P by qdx
LOAD: qdx element of load
x
qdx
Replace a by x
Integrate x from a to L/2
qdx
x
B
A
uA
a
a
a
L/2
L2
qdx
q
(x)(L x)
2EI
2EI
L2
(xL x2 ) dx
a
q
(L3 6a2L 4a3 )
24EI
L/2
TABLE G-2, CASE 6
max
Replace P by qdx
Replace a by x
Integrate x from a to L/2
Pa
(3L2 4a2 )
24EI
x
572
CHAPTER 9
max
L2
a
Deflections of Beams
qdx
(x)(3L2 4x2 )
24EI
max
L2
q
(3L2x 4x3 ) dx
24EI a
q
(5L4 24a2L2 16a4 )
384EI
ALTERNATE SOLUTION (not recommended; algebra is
extremely lengthy)
Table G-2, Case 3
q(L2)
B (L a) 4 4L(L a) 3
24LEI
L 2
4L2 (L a) 2 2(L a) 2 ¢ ≤
2
2
3
L
L
4L(L a) ¢ ≤ L ¢ ≤ R
2
2
qa2
L
L
B La2 4L2 ¢ ≤ a2 ¢ ≤
24LEI
2
2
6L ¢
q(L a) 2
qa2
[2L (L a) ] 2
(2L a) 2
24LEI
24LEI
q
(L3 6La2 4a3 )
24EI
uA
max
L 2
L 3
≤ 2¢ ≤ R
2
2
q
(5L4 24L3a2 16a4 )
384EI
q
q
A
q
B =
a
a
A
a
L-a
Problem 9.5-13 The overhanging beam ABCD supports two
concentrated loads P and Q (see figure).
(a) For what ratio P/Q will the deflection at point B be zero?
(b) For what ratio will the deflection at point D be zero?
P
C
B
A
L
—
2
Solution 9.5-13
Q
L
—
2
Overhanging beam
(a) DEFLECTION AT POINT B
(b) DEFLECTION AT POINT D
Table G-2, Cases 4 and 7
Table G-2, Case 4; Table G-1, Case 4;
Table G-2, Case 7
Qa3
PL2
L
D
(a)
Qa ¢
≤ (a) 0
16EI
3EI
3EI
P 16a(L a)
Q
3L2
3
B
2
PL
L
Qa ¢
≤0
48EI
16EI
P 3a
Q
L
D
a
SECTION 9.5
Method of Superposition
Problem 9.5-14 A thin metal strip of total weight W and length L is
placed across the top of a flat table of width L/3 as shown in the figure.
What is the clearance between the strip and the middle of the
table? (The strip of metal has flexural rigidity EI.)
573
L
—
6
L
—
3
L
—
6
L
—
3
Solution 9.5-14
Thin metal strip
W
W total weight
q
L
EI flexural rigidity
TABLE G-2, CASES 1 AND 10
5q L 4 M0 L 2
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
384EI 3
8EI 3
FREE BODY DIAGRAM (the part of the strip above the
table)
q
q-L2
Mo = —
18
Mo
L/6
19qL4
31,104EI
W
19WL3
But q : ∴
L
31,104EI
L/6
Problem 9.5-15 An overhanging beam ABC with flexural rigidity
EI 15 k-in.2 is supported by a pin support at A and by a spring
of stiffness k at point B (see figure). Span AB has length L 30 in.
and carries a uniformly distributed load. The overhang BC has length
b 15 in.
For what stiffness k of the spring will the uniform load produce
no deflection at the free end C?
Solution 9.5-15
5qL4
qL4
31,104EI 1296EI
B
A
EI = 15 k-in.2
L = 30 in.
Overhanging beam with a spring support
EI 15
L 30 in. b 15 in.
q intensity of uniform load
k-in.2
(1) Assume that point B is on a simple support
Table G-2, Case 1
qL3
¿C uB b
(b)
24EI
(upward deflection)
(2) Assume that the spring shortens
RB force in the spring
qL
2
RB qL
B
k
2k
Lb
–C B ¢
≤
L
q
(L b) (downward deflection)
2k
(3) Deflection at point C (equal to zero)
qL3b
q
(L b) 0
24EI 2k
12EI
L
Solve for k: k 3 ¢ 1 ≤
b
L
C ¿C –C
Substitute numerical values: k 20 lb/in.
k
b = 15 in.
C
574
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.5-16 A beam ABCD rests on simple supports at
B and C (see figure). The beam has a slight initial curvature
so that end A is 15 mm above the elevation of the supports
and end D is 10 mm above.
What loads P and Q, acting at points A and D, respectively,
will move points A and D downward to the level of the supports?
(The flexural rigidity EI of the beam is 2.5 106 N m2.)
P
Q
A
D
15 mm
B
C
2.5 m
Solution 9.5-16
Q
B
C
L
L
B
uB PL ¢
Table G-2, Case 7:
D
D
A
QL
4Q P
L
L2
(2P Q)
6EI
PL3
L3
uB L
(4P Q)
3EI
6EI
6EIA
4P Q
(Eq. 1)
L3
In a similar manner,
C
L
L
≤ QL ¢
≤
3EI
6EI
A
Table G-1, Case 4:
L
PL
D
L3
(4Q P)
6EI
6EID
L3
(Eq. 2)
Solve Eqs. (1) and (2):
2EI
2EI
P 3 (4A D ) Q 3 (4D A )
5L
5L
A 15 mm
D 10 mm
EI 2.5 106 N m2
L 2.5 m
Substitute numerical values:
P 3200 N Q 1600 N
Problem 9.5-17 The compound beam ABCD shown in the figure
has fixed supports at ends A and D and consists of three members
joined by pin connections at B and C.
Find the deflection under the load P.
P
B
A
3b
Solution 9.5-17
B
C
D
C
B
3b
C
b
Compound beam
P
A
2.5 m
Beam with initial curvature
P
A
2.5 m
10 mm
2b
b
Table G-1, Case 4 and Table G-2, Case 4
–PL3 –
P
1
9Pb3
B
¢ ≤ (3b) 3¢
≤
3EI
2
3EI
2EI
C
–PL3 –
P
1
Pb3
¢ ≤ (b3 ) ¢
≤
3EI
2
3EI
6EI
P(2b) 3 5Pb3
1
(B C )
2
48EI
2EI
b
D
b
SECTION 9.5
Problem 9.5-18 A compound beam ABCDE (see figure) consists of two
parts (ABC and CDE) connected by a hinge at C.
Determine the deflection E at the free end E due to the load P acting
at that point.
P
P
D
E
b
¿E downward deflection of point E
Pb3
Pb3
b
¿E
u¿D b
Pb ¢
≤b
3EI
3EI
3EI
3
b
b
C upward deflection of point C
Pb3
Pb3
2b
C
QBb
Pb ¢
≤b
3EI
3EI
3EI
b
b
E
Compound beam
BEAM CDE WITH A SUPPORT AT C
C
D
C
B
A
2b
Solution 9.5-18
575
Method of Superposition
2Pb
3EI
Pb3
EI
The upward deflection C produces an equal downward
Pb3
displacement at point E. ∴ –
E C
EI
DEFLECTION AT END E
E ¿E –E
5Pb3
3EI
BEAM ABC
P
B
A
2b
C
b
Problem 9.5-19 A steel beam ABC is simply supported at A and held
by a high-strength steel wire at B (see figure). A load P 240 lb acts
at the free end C. The wire has axial rigidity EA 1500 103 lb, and
the beam has flexural rigidity EI 36 106 lb-in.2
What is the deflection C of point C due to the load P?
Wire
20 in.
Beam
B
A
20 in.
P = 240 lb
C
30 in.
576
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Solution 9.5-19
Beam supported by a wire
¿C
h
P
B
A
Pc3
Pc3
b
u¿B c
(Pc) ¢
≤c
3EI
3EI
3EI
Pc2
(b c)(downward)
3EI
C
(2) ASSUME THAT THE WIRE STRETCHES
b
P 240 lb
c
b 20 in.
c 30 in.
h 20 in.
Beam: EI 36 10 6 lb-in.2
Wire: EA 1500 10 3 lb
T tensile force in the wire
P
(b c)
b
Th Ph(b c)
B
EA
EAb
–C B ¢
Ph(b c) 2
bc
≤
(downward)
b
EAb2
(1) ASSUME THAT POINT B IS ON A SIMPLE SUPPORT
(3) DEFLECTION AT POINT C
P
B
A
C
b
c
C ¿C –C
–C
D
C
¿C
L
L
5q(2L) 4
384EI
5qL4
24EI
CANTILEVER BEAM AB
A
L
D
A
C
B
Pin
L
L
c
L
–C downward displacement of point C due to B
q
q
q
Compound beam
BEAM BCD WITH A SUPPORT AT B
B
h(b c)
c2
R
3EI
EAb2
Substitute numerical values:
C 0.10 in. 0.02 in. 0.12 in.
Problem 9.5-20 The compound beam shown in the figure consists of a
cantilever beam AB (length L) that is pin-connected to a simple beam BD
(length 2L). After the beam is constructed, a clearance c exists between the
beam and a support at C, midway between points B and D. Subsequently,
a uniform load is placed along the entire length of the beam.
What intensity q of the load is needed to close the gap at C and bring
the beam into contact with the support?
Solution 9.5-20
P(b c) B
qL
B
B
qL4 (qL)L3
8EI
3EI
11qL4
(downward)
24EI
11qL4
1
B
2
48EI
DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF POINT C
C ¿C –C
5qL4 11qL4 7qL4
24EI
48EI
16EI
c clearance
c C
7qL4
16EI
INTENSITY OF LOAD TO CLOSE THE GAP
q
16EIc
7L4
SECTION 9.5
Method of Superposition
Problem 9.5-21 Find the horizontal deflection h and vertical deflection
v at the free end C of the frame ABC shown in the figure. (The flexural
rigidity EI is constant throughout the frame.)
Note: Disregard the effects of axial deformations and consider only
the effects of bending due to the load P.
P
B
C
c
b
A
Solution 9.5-21
Frame ABC
MEMBER BC WITH B FIXED AGAINST ROTATION
MEMBER AB:
h horizontal deflection
of point B
P
Pc
P
B
B
Table G-1, Case 6:
(Pc)b2 Pcb2
h
2EI
2EI
Pcb
uB
EI
b
A
Since member BC does not change in length,
h is also the horizontal displacement of point C.
Pcb2
∴ h
2EI
c
VERTICAL DEFLECTION OF POINT C
C v ¿C uBc
Pc2
(c 3b)
3EI
v
Pc2
(c 3b)
3EI
Pc3 Pcb
(c)
3EI
EI
P
Problem 9.5-22 The frame ABCD shown in the figure is squeezed by
two collinear forces P acting at points A and D. What is the decrease
in the distance between points A and D when the loads P are applied?
(The flexural rigidity EI is constant throughout the frame.)
Note: Disregard the effects of axial deformations and consider only
the effects of bending due to the loads P.
Solution 9.5-22
Table G-1, Case 4:
Pc3
¿C
3EI
C
C
B
A
a
D
C
L
Frame ABCD
MEMBER BA:
P
P
B
A
MEMBER BC:
L
PL
B
Table G-1, Case 4:
a
C
PL
P
Table G-2, Case 10:
uB
(PL)a PLa
2EI
2EI
PL3
uBL
3EI
PL3 PLa
(L)
3EI 2EI
PL2
(2L 3a)
6EI
A
DECREASE IN DISTANCE BETWEEN POINTS A AND D
2A
PL2
(2L 3a)
3EI
577
578
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.5-23 A beam ABCDE has simple supports at B
and D and symmetrical overhangs at each end (see figure).
The center span has length L and each overhang has length b.
A uniform load of intensity q acts on the beam.
(a) Determine the ratio b/L so that the deflection C at the
midpoint of the beam is equal to the deflections A and E at
the ends.
(b) For this value of b/L, what is the deflection C at the
midpoint?
Solution 9.5-23
q
A
E
B
b
C
L
D
b
Beam with overhangs
DEFLECTION C EQUALS DEFLECTION A
BEAM BCD:
q
qb2
2
qb2
2
B
qb
qL2
(5L2 24b2 )
(3b3 6b2L L3 )
384EI
24EI
D
C
Rearrange and simplify the equation:
48b4 96b3L 24b2L2 16bL3 5L4 0
or
L
Table G-2, Case 1 and Case 10:
qL3
qb2 L
qL
uB
¢
≤
(L2 6b2 )
24EI
2 2EI
24EI
(clockwise is positive)
5qL4
qb2 L2
qL2
¢
≤
(5L2 24b2 )
384EI
2 8EI
384EI
(downward is positive)
BEAM AB:
C
b 4
b 3
b 2
b
≤ 96 ¢ ≤ 24 ¢ ≤ 16 ¢ ≤ 5 0
L
L
L
L
b
L
Solve the preceding equation numerically:
b
b
0.40301 Say, 0.4030
L
L
(a) RATIO
(1)
(b) DEFLECTION C (EQ. 1)
q
A
48 ¢
B
b
Table G-1, Case 1:
qb4
qb4
qL
A
uBb
(L2 6b2 )b
8EI
8EI 24EI
qb
(3b3 6b2L L3 )
24EI
(downward is positive)
qL2
(5L2 24b2 )
384EI
qL2
[5L2 24 (0.40301 L) 2 ]
384EI
qL4
0.002870
EI
(downward deflection)
C
SECTION 9.5
Problem 9.5-24 A frame ABC is loaded at point C by a
force P acting at an angle to the horizontal (see figure).
Both members of the frame have the same length and the
same flexural rigidity.
Determine the angle so that the deflection of point C
is in the same direction as the load. (Disregard the effects
of axial deformations and consider only the effects of
bending due to the load P.)
Note: A direction of loading such that the resulting
deflection is in the same direction as the load is called a
principal direction. For a given load on a planar structure,
there are two principal directions, perpendicular to each other.
Solution 9.5-24
P
L
C
B
L
A
Principal directions for a frame
P
P2
L
B
C
P1
L
A
P1 P cos
P2 P sin
IF P1 ACTS ALONE
P1L3
¿H
(to the right)
3EI
P1L2
P1L3
≤L
2EI
2EI
(downward)
¿v uBL ¢
IF P2 ACTS ALONE
DEFLECTIONS DUE TO THE LOAD P
P1L3 P2L3
L3
H
(2P1 3P2 ) (to the right)
3EI
2EI
6EI
P1L3 4P2L3
L3
v
(3P1 8P2 ) (upward)
2EI
3EI
6EI
v 3P1 8P2
H
2P1 3P2
3P cos 8P sin 3 8 tan
2P cos 3P sin
2 3 tan
PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS
P1 and P2 are the components of the load P
–v
Method of Superposition
–H
P2L3
(to the left)
2EI
P2L3
P2L3
P2L2
4P2L3
uBL
¢
≤L
3EI
3EI
EI
3EI
(upward)
The deflection of point C is in the same direction as
the load P.
P2 v
3 8 tan
∴ tan
or tan
P1 H
2 3 tan
Rearrange and simplity: tan2 2 tan 1 0
(quadratic equation)
Solving, tan 1 2
22.5º,
112.5º,
67.5º,
157.5º,
579
580
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Moment-Area Method
The problems for Section 9.6 are to be solved by the moment-area method.
All beams have constant flexural rigidity EI.
q
Problem 9.6-1 A cantilever beam AB is subjected to a uniform load of intensity
q acting throughout its length (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation B and the deflection B at the free end.
Solution 9.6-1
L
Cantilever beam (uniform load)
MEI DIAGRAM:
uBA uB uA A1
x
A
M
EI O
B
A 0
C
Parabolic spandrel (area A1)
B
A
qL2
uB
qL3
6EI
qL3
(clockwise)
6EI
DEFLECTION
Q1 First moment of area A1 with respect to B
2EI
ANGLE OF ROTATION
qL3 3L
qL4
≤¢
≤
6EI
4
8EI
4
qL
B Q1
(Downward)
8EI
(These results agree with Case 1, Table G-1.)
Q1 A1x ¢
Use absolute values of areas.
qL2
qL3
1
Appendix D, Case 18: A1 (L) ¢
≤
3
2EI
6EI
3L
x
4
q0
Problem 9.6-2 The load on a cantilever beam AB has a triangular distribution with maximum intensity q0 (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation B and the deflection B at the free end.
B
A
L
Solution 9.6-2 Cantilever beam (triangular load)
M/EI DIAGRAM
x
A
M
EI O
B
C
q L2
0
6EI
A1
3rd degree curve (n 3)
ANGLE OF ROTATION
Use absolute values of areas.
Appendix D, Case 20:
q0 L2
q0 L3
bh
1
A1
(L) ¢
≤
n1 4
6EI
24EI
x
b(n 1) 4L
n2
5
uBA uB uA A1
A 0
uB
q0 L3
24 EI
q0 L3
(clockwise)
24EI
DEFLECTION
Q1 First moment of area A1 with respect to B
q0 L3 4L
q0 L4
Q1 A1x ¢
≤¢
≤
24EI
5
30EI
4
q0 L
B Q1
(Downward)
30EI
(These results agree with Case 8, Table G-1.)
SECTION 9.6
Problem 9.6-3 A cantilever beam AB is subjected to a concentrated
load P and a couple M0 acting at the free end (see figure).
Obtain formulas for the angle of rotation B and the deflection
B at end B.
581
Moment-Area Method
P
A
M0
B
L
Solution 9.6-3
Cantilever beam (force P and couple M0)
MEI DIAGRAM
M
+ 0
EI
DEFLECTION
x1
A1
O
C1
B
C2
A2
x2
PL
EI
NOTE: A1 is the MEI diagram for M0 (rectangle).
A2 is the M/EI diagram for P (triangle).
ANGLE OF ROTATION
Use the sign conventions for the moment-area
theorems (page 628 of textbook).
M0 L
L
PL2
2L
A1
x1 A2
x2
EI
2
2EI
3
M0 L PL2
A0 A1 A2
EI
2EI
B/A B A A0
uB A0
Q first moment of areas A1 and A2 with respect to
point B
M0 L2 PL3
Q A1x1 A2x2
2EI
3EI
M0 L2 PL3
tBA Q B
B
2EI
3EI
(B is positive when upward)
FINAL RESULTS
To match the sign conventions for B and B used in
Appendix G, change the signs as follows.
uB
PL2 M0 L
(positive clockwise)
2EI
EI
PL3 M0 L2
(positive downward)
3EI
2EI
(These results agree with Cases 4 and 6, Table G-1.)
B
A 0
M0 L PL2
EI
2EI
(B is positive when counterclockwise)
Problem 9.6-4 Determine the angle of rotation B and the deflection B
at the free end of a cantilever beam AB with a uniform load of intensity q
acting over the middle third of the length (see figure).
q
A
B
L
—
3
L
—
3
L
—
3
582
CHAPTER 9
Solution 9.6-4
Deflections of Beams
Cantilever beam with partial uniform load
qL3
1 L qL2
2L 2 L
8L
x3
¢ ≤¢
≤
¢ ≤
2 3 9EI
54EI
3
3 3
9
7qL3
A0 A1 A2 A3
162EI
B/A B A A0
7qL3
A 0 uB
(clockwise)
162EI
M/EI DIAGRAM
A3
x
L
—
3
A2
O
L
—
3
A1
qL2
B
Parabola
18EI
A3
L
—
3
qL2
6EI
DEFLECTION
Q first moment of area A0 with respect to point B
23qL4
Q A1x1 A2x2 A3x3
648EI
23qL4
B Q
(Downward)
648EI
ANGLE OF ROTATION
Use absolute values of areas. Appendix D, Cases 1,
6, and 18:
qL2
qL3
1 L
¢ ≤¢
≤
3 3 18EI
162EI
qL3
qL2
L
A2 ¢ ≤ ¢
≤
3 18EI
54EI
A1
L 3 L
7L
¢ ≤
3 4 3
12
2L L 5L
x2
3
6
6
x1
Problem 9.6-5 Calculate the deflections B and C at points B and C,
respectively, of the cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure. Assume M0
36 k-in., P 3.8 k, L 8 ft, and EI 2.25 109 lb-in.2
A
M0
P
C
B
L
—
2
Solution 9.6-5
L
—
2
Cantilever beam (force P and couple M0)
DEFLECTION B
QB first moment of areas A1 and A2 with respect to point B
M/EI DIAGRAM
A1
Mo
EI
O
PL
EI
A1x1 A2x2 ¢
A2
C
B
x
L
—
2
M0 L 3L
1 PL
2L
≤¢ ≤¢
≤ ¢
≤ (L) ¢
≤
EI 2
4
2 EI
3
L
—
2
NOTE: A1 is the M/EI diagram for M0
(rectangle). A2 is the M/EI diagram for P
(triangle).
Use the sign conventions for the moment-area
theorems (page 628 of textbook).
L2
(9M0 8PL)
24EI
L2
(9M0 8PL)
24EI
(B is positive when upward)
tBA QB B
B
DEFLECTION C
QC first moment of area A1 and left-hand part of A2 with
respect to point C
M0 L L
PL L L
1 PL L L
¢ ≤¢ ≤¢ ≤¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤ ¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤
EI 2 4
2EI 2 4
2 2EI 2 3
L2
(6M0 5PL)
48EI
L2
(6M0 5PL)
48EI
(C is positive when upward)
tCA QC C
C
SECTION 9.6
ASSUME DOWNWARD DEFLECTIONS ARE POSITIVE
(change the signs of B and C)
L2
B
(8PL 9M0 )
24EI
2
C
L
(5PL 6M0 )
48EI
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
P 3.8 k
M0 36 k-in.
L 8 ft 96in.
EI 2.25 106 k-in.2
B 0.4981 in. 0.0553 in. 0.443 in.
C 0.1556 in. 0.0184 in. 0.137 in.
Problem 9.6-6 A cantilever beam ACB supports two concentrated loads
P1 and P2 as shown in the figure.
Calculate the deflections B and C at points B and C, respectively.
Assume P1 10 kN, P2 5 kN, L 2.6 m, E 200 GPa, and
I 20.1 106 mm4.
Solution 9.6-6
A
P1
P2
C
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
Cantilever beam (forces P1 and P2)
DEFLECTION B
M/EI DIAGRAMS
O
L
—
2
C
L
—
2
B
O
B tBA QB first moment of areas with respect
to point B
1 P1L L L L
1 P2 L
2L
B ¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤ ¢
≤ (L) ¢
≤
2 2EI 2 2 3
2 EI
3
— P1L
2EI
L
—
2
5P1L3 P2L3
(downward)
48EI
3EI
DEFLECTION C
C
L
—
2
B
C tCA QC first moment of areas to the left
of point C with respect to point C
c
— P2L
EI
P1 10 kN P2 5 kN L 2.6 m
E 200 GPa I 20.1 106 mm4
Use absolute values of areas.
583
Moment-Area Method
P2 L L L
1 P1L L L
¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤ ¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤
2 2EI 2 3
2EI 2 4
1 P2L L L
¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤
2 2EI 2 3
P1L3 5P2L3
(downward)
24EI
48EI
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
B 4.554 mm 7.287 mm 11.84 mm
C 1.822 mm 2.277 mm 4.10 mm
(deflections are downward)
584
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.6-7 Obtain formulas for the angle of rotation A at
support A and the deflection max at the midpoint for a simple
beam AB with a uniform load of intensity q (see figure).
q
A
B
L
Solution 9.6-7
Simple beam with a uniform load
ANGLE OF ROTATION AT END A
Appendix D, Case 17:
qL3
2 L qL2
A1 A2 ¢ ≤ ¢
≤
3 2 8 EI
24 EI
DEFLECTION CURVE AND MEI DIAGRAM
L
—
2
A
A
L
—
2
C
B
3 L
3L
¢ ≤
8 2
16
tBA BB1 first moment of areas A1 and A2 with
respect to point B
qL4
L
(A1 A2 ) ¢ ≤
2
24 EI
B1
uA
Parabola
DEFLECTION max AT THE MIDPOINT C
x1
C2
C1
qL2
8EI
M
EI
O
A
A1
Distance CC1
A2
x
qL3
BB1
(clockwise)
L
24 EI
B
max maximum deflection
(distance CC2)
Use absolute values of areas.
qL4
1
(BB1 )
2
48 EI
tC2A C2C1 first moment of area A1 with respect
to point C
qL3
qL4
3L
A1 x1 ¢
≤¢
≤
24EI 16
128 EI
qL4
qL4
max CC2 CC1 C2C1
48EI 128EI
5qL4
(downward)
384 EI
(These results agree with Case 1 of Table G-2.)
Problem 9.6-8 A simple beam AB supports two concentrated
loads P at the positions shown in the figure. A support C at the
midpoint of the beam is positioned at distance d below the beam
before the loads are applied.
Assuming that d 10 mm, L 6 m, E 200 GPa, and
I 198 106 mm4, calculate the magnitude of the loads P so
that the beam just touches the support at C.
P
d
A
P
B
C
L
—
4
L
—
4
L
—
4
L
—
4
SECTION 9.6
Solution 9.6-8
L
—
2
DEFLECTION c AT MIDPOINT OF BEAM
At point C, the deflection curve is horizontal.
L
—
2
C
B
c t8
c
c tBC first moment of area between B and C
with respect to B
c
A1x1 A2x2
c deflection at the midpoint C
L
—
4
A1
L
—
4
L C
—
4
PL2 3L
PL2 L
¢
≤
¢ ≤
16EI 8
32EI 6
11PL3
384 EI
d gap between the beam and the support at C
P
4EI
M
EI
OA
x
A2
L
—
4
B
MAGNITUDE OF LOAD TO CLOSE THE GAP
d
PL2
3L
x1
16 EI
8
PL2
L
A2
x2
32EI
6
Use absolute values of areas.
A1
11PL3
384EI
P
384EId
11L3
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
d 10 mm
L6m
E 200 GPa
P 64 kN
I 198 10 6 mm4
M0
Problem 9.6-9 A simple beam AB is subjected to a load in the form
of a couple M0 acting at end B (see figure).
Determine the angles of rotation A and B at the supports and
the deflection at the midpoint.
A
B
L
Solution 9.6-9
Simple beam with a couple M0
DEFLECTION CURVE AND M/EI DIAGRAM
A
A
C
B
c2
B
M0
deflection at the midpoint C
distance CC2
Use absolute values of areas.
c1
ANGLE OF ROTATION A
B1
tBA BB1 first moment of area between A and B
with respect to B
A1
M0
EI
M0
2EI
M
EI
M0 L2
1 M0
L
¢
≤ (L) ¢ ≤
2 EI
3
6EI
uA
O
A
585
Simple beam with two equal loads
DEFLECTION CURVE AND M/EI DIAGRAM
A
Moment-Area Method
L
—
2
C
L
—
2
B
BB1 M0 L
(clockwise)
L
6 EI
586
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
ANGLE OF ROTATION B
tAB AA1 first moment of area between A and B
with respect to A
uB
M0 L2
1 M0
2L
¢
≤ (L) ¢
≤
2 EI
3
3 EI
M0 L2
1 M0 L L
¢
≤¢ ≤¢ ≤
2 2EI 2 6
48 EI
M0 L2 M0 L2
12EI 48 EI
M0 L2
(Downward)
16EI
(These results agree with Case 7 of Table G-2.)
DEFLECTION AT THE MIDPOINT C
CC1
CC1 C2C1
AA1 M0 L
(Counterclockwise)
L
3EI
Distance
tc2 A C2C1 first moment of area between A and C
with respect to C
M0 L2
1
(BB1 )
2
12EI
Problem 9.6-10 The simple beam AB shown in the figure
supports two equal concentrated loads P, one acting downward
and the other upward.
Determine the angle of rotation A at the left-hand end, the
deflection 1 under the downward load, and the deflection 2 at
the midpoint of the beam.
P
P
A
B
a
a
L
Solution 9.6-10
Simple beam with two loads
Because the beam is symmetric and the load is
antisymmetric, the deflection at the midpoint is zero.
P
A
1
D
A
P
C
B1
M1
EI
a
L
2
Pa2 (L 2a)
1 M1
¢
≤ (a)
2 EI
2LEI
A2
Pa(L 2a) 2
1 M1 L
¢
≤ ¢ a≤
2 EI 2
4LEI
C1
D2
A1 A2
A1
B
D1
A
O
2 0
M1 Pa(L 2a)
EI
LEI
c
L
2
a
a
B
a
M
EI1
ANGLE OF ROTATION A AT END A
tCA CC1 first moment of area between A and C
with respect to C
L
a
2 L
A1 ¢ a ≤ A2 ¢ ≤ ¢ a ≤
2
3
3 2
Pa(L a)(L 2a)
12EI
CC1 Pa(L a)(L 2a)
uA
(clockwise)
L2
6LEI
SECTION 9.6
DEFLECTION 1 UNDER THE DOWNWARD LOAD
DD1 ¢
Distance
a
≤ (CC1 )
L2
Pa2 (L a) (L 2a)
6LEI
tD2 A D2D1 first moment of area between A and
D with respect to D
Pa3 (L 2a)
a
A1 ¢ ≤
3
6LEI
1 DD1 D2D1
Pa2 (L 2a) 2
6LEI
Problem 9.6-11 A simple beam AB is subjected to couples M0 and 2M0 acting
as shown in the figure. Determine the angles of rotation A and B at the ends of
A
the beam and the deflection at point D where the load M0 is applied.
(Downward)
M0
D
A
D
B
E
M0
EI
B
A1
L
—
3
ANGLE OF ROTATION B AT END B
tAB AA1 first moment of area between A and B
with respect to A
2L
L 2L
2L L
A1 ¢ ≤ A2 ¢ ≤ A3 ¢ ≤ 0
9
3
9
3
9
AA1
uB
0
L
M0
EI
L
—
A2
3
L E A
—
3
3
B
DEFLECTION AT POINT D
M
EI
A1 A2
L
—
3
tBA BB1 first moment of area between A and B
with respect to B
M0 L2
2L L
L L
2L
A1 ¢ ≤ A2 ¢ ≤ A3 ¢ ≤
3
9
3 9
9
6EI
BB1 M0 L
uA
(clockwise)
L
6EI
B1
M
EI OA
L
—
3
ANGLE OF ROTATION A AT END A
D2
D1
A1
E
Simple beam with two couples
DEFLECTION CURVE AND M/EI DIAGRAM
A
2M0
B
L
—
3
Solution 9.6-11
Moment-Area Method
M0L
1 M0 L
¢
≤¢ ≤
2 EI 3
6EI
M0 L2
1
(BB1 )
3
18 EI
tD2 A D2D1 first moment of area between A and
D with respect to D
M0 L2
L
A1 ¢ ≤
9
54EI
Distance DD1
A3
M0 L
6EI
M0 L2
(downward)
27 EI
NOTE: This deflection is also the maximum deflection.
DD1 D2D1
587
588
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Nonprismatic Beams
Problem 9.7-1 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure has moments
of inertia I2 and I1 in parts AC and CB, respectively.
(a) Using the method of superposition, determine the deflection B at the
free end due to the load P.
(b) Determine the ratio r of the deflection B to the deflection 1 at the free
end of a prismatic cantilever with moment of inertia I1 carrying the same load.
(c) Plot a graph of the deflection ratio r versus the ratio I2 /I1 of the moments
of inertia. (Let I2 /I1 vary from 1 to 5.)
Solution 9.7-1
A
P
I2
C
I1
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
Cantilever beam (nonprismatic)
(3) Total deflection at point B
7I1
PL3
B (B ) 1 (B ) 2
¢1
≤
24EI1
I2
Use the method of superposition.
(a) DEFLECTION B AT THE FREE END
(1) Part CB of the beam:
P
C
(b) PRISMATIC BEAM
I1
B
L
—
2
3
(B ) 1
3
P L
PL
¢ ≤
3EI1 2
24EI1
Ratio:
r
1
PL3
3 EI1
B 1
7I1
¢1
≤
1 8
I2
(c) GRAPH OF RATIO
(2) Part AC of the beam:
A
I2
P PL
—
2
C
L
—
2
P(L 2) 3 (PL 2)(L 2) 2 5PL3
C
3EI2
2EI2
48EI2
2
P(L 2)
(PL 2)(L 2) 3PL2
uC
2EI2
EI2
8EI2
L
7PL3
(B ) 2 C uC ¢ ≤
2
24EI2
1
r
0.5
0
1
Problem 9.7-2 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure supports
a uniform load of intensity q throughout its length. The beam has moments
of inertia I2 and I1 in parts AC and CB, respectively.
(a) Using the method of superposition, determine the deflection B
at the free end due to the uniform load.
(b) Determine the ratio r of the deflection B to the deflection 1
at the free end of a prismatic cantilever with moment of inertia I1 carrying
the same load.
(c) Plot a graph of the deflection ratio r versus the ratio I2 /I1 of the
moments of inertia. (Let I2 /I1 vary from 1 to 5.)
2
3
4
5
6
I2
—
I1
I2
I1
r
1
2
3
4
5
1.00
0.56
0.42
0.34
0.30
q
A
C
I2
L
—
2
B
I1
L
—
2
SECTION 9.7
Solution 9.7-2
589
Nonprismatic Beams
Cantilever beam (nonprismatic)
(3) Total deflection at point B
qL4
15I1
B (B ) 1 (B ) 2
¢1
≤
128EI1
I2
Use the method of superposition
(a) DEFLECTION B AT THE FREE END
(1) Part CB of the beam:
q
1
(b) PRISMATIC BEAM
C
B
I1
(B ) 1
L
2
q L 4
qL4
¢ ≤
8EI1 2
128EI1
(2) Part AC of the beam:
qL
qL2 L 2
¢
≤ (L 2) 3
¢
≤¢ ≤
4
q(L 2)
17qL4
2
8
2
c
8EI2
3EI2
2EI8
384EI2
(c) GRAPH OF RATIO
1
r
qL
—
2
q
A
0.5
qL2
—
8
C
I2
B
15I1
1
¢1
≤
1 16
I2
r
Ratio:
qL4
8EI1
O
3
2
1
4
I2
I1
5
L
—
2
q(L 2) 3 (qL 2)(L 2) 2 (qL28)(L 2)
6EI2
2EI2
EI2
7qL3
48EI2
uC
(B ) 2 C uC ¢
15qL4
L
≤
2
128EI2
I2
I1
r
1
2
3
4
5
1.00
0.53
0.38
0.30
0.25
q
Problem 9.7-3 A simple beam ABCD has moment of inertia I near
the supports and moment of inertia 2I in the middle region, as shown
in the figure. A uniform load of intensity q acts over the entire length
of the beam.
Determine the equations of the deflection curve for the left-hand
half of the beam. Also, find the angle of rotation A at the left-hand
support and the deflection max at the midpoint.
A
B
C
I
D
I
2I
L
—
4
L
—
4
L
Solution 9.7-3 Simple beam (nonprismatic)
Use the bending-moment equation (Eq. 9-12a).
RA RB
qL
2
M Rx
qx 2 qL x qx 2
2
2
2
REACTIONS, BENDING MOMENT, AND DEFLECTION CURVE
q
y
B
A
I
RA
E
2I
x
C
A
D
L
—
4
B
L
—
4
E
L
—
4
C
I
A
RB
max
L
—
4
D
x
590
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATIONS FOR THE LEFT-HAND
INTEGRATE EQS. (7) AND (8)
HALF OF THE BEAM
qL x qx
EIv– M
2
2
2
L
¢0 x ≤
4
qL x qx 2
E(2I)v– M
2
2
L
L
¢ x ≤
4
2
EIv
qL x3 qx4 7qL3 x
C3
12
24
256
EIv
qL x3 qx4 qL3 x
C4
24
48
48
(1)
(2)
B.C.
INTEGRATE EACH EQUATION
qL x2 qx3
EIv¿
C1
4
6
2EIv¿
B.C.
L
¢0 x ≤
4
qL x2 qx3
C2
4
6
1 Symmetry: v¿ ¢
¢
L
L
x ≤
4
2
2EIv¿
(4)
EIv¿B
B.C.
L
into Eq. (9) with C3 0:
4
35 qL4
EIvB
6144
Right
∴ C4
(6)
2 CONTINUITY OF SLOPES AT POINT B
(v¿B ) Left (v¿B ) Right
∴ C1
7qL3
256
SLOPES OF THE BEAM (from Eqs. 3 and 5)
qLx2 qx3 7qL3
4
6
256
EIv¿
qLx2 qx3 qL3
8
12
48
¢0
¢
x
L
≤
4
L
L
x ≤
4
2
ANGLE OF ROTATION A (FROM EQ. 7)
uA v¿(0)
Left
qL L 3
q L 4 qL3 L
35qL4
¢ ≤
¢ ≤
¢ ≤ C4
24 4
48 4
48 4
6144
11 qL3
768
EIv¿
(vB)
From Eqs. (10) and (11):
L
into Eq. (5):
4
From Eqs. (3) and (6):
qL L 2 q L 3
11qL3
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ C1
4 4
6 4
768
(11)
4 Continuity of deflections at point B
(vB)
(5)
SLOPE AT POINT B (FROM THE RIGHT)
Substitute x
From Eq. (9): C3 0
Substitute x
B.C.
L
L
x ≤
4
2
L
L
x ≤ (10)
4
2
DEFLECTION AT POINT B (FROM THE LEFT)
qL
24
¢
L
≤ (9)
4
(3)
L
≤0
2
qL x2 qx3 qL3
4
6
24
¢
x
3 Deflection at support A
v(0) 0
3
From Eq. (4): C2
¢0
7qL3
(positive clockwise)
256EI
13qL4
12,288
DEFLECTIONS OF THE BEAM (FROM EQS. 9 AND 10)
qx
v
(21L3 64Lx2 32x3 )
768EI
L
¢0 x ≤
4
v
q
(13L4 256L3x 512Lx3 256x4 )
12,288EI
L
L
¢ x ≤
4
2
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (AT THE MIDPOINT E)
(7)
(8)
(From the preceding equation for v.)
31qL4
L
max v ¢ ≤
(positive downward)
2
4096EI
SECTION 9.7
Problem 9.7-4 A beam ABC has a rigid segment from A to B and a
flexible segment with moment of inertia I from B to C (see figure).
A concentrated load P acts at point B.
Determine the angle of rotation A of the rigid segment, the
deflection B at point B, and the maximum deflection max.
Rigid
P
I
A
B.C.
I
A
EIv
2L
—
3
L
—
3
y
B.C.
B
B
B
C
x
max
3B x
L
3B
v¿
L
L
≤
3
L
¢0 x ≤
3
x
(1)
(2)
FROM B TO C
PL Px
3
3
PLx Px2
EIv¿
C1
3
6
EIv– M
B.C.
1 At x L/3,
(3)
∴ C1
(4)
(5)
8PL3
729EI
B
8PL2
L3 243EI
Substitute for B in Eq. (5) and simplify:
P
v
(7L3 61L2x 81Lx2 27x3 )
486EI
L
¢ x L≤
3
Also,
P
v¿
(61L2 162Lx 81x2 )
486EI
L
¢ x L≤
3
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
L
v¿ 0 gives x1 (9 215) 0.5031L
9
3B
v¿
L
5PL2 3EIB
54
L
PLx Px2 5PL2 3EIB
EIv¿
3
6
54
L
L
¢ x L≤
3
2
3
PLx
Px
5PL2x 3EIBx
EIv
C2
6
18
54
L
L
¢ x L≤
3
PL3
3EIB
54
L
(vB)
(Eqs. 1 and 5)
3 At x , (vB)
Left
Right
3
uA
¢0
∴ C2
PLx2 Px3 5PL2x 3EIBx
6
18
54
L
2
PL
L
3EIB ¢ x L ≤
54
3
∴ B
FROM A TO B
v
2 v(L) 0
C
B
A
2L
—
3
Simple beam with a rigid segment
P
Rigid
C
B
L
—
3
Solution 9.7-4
591
Nonprismatic Beams
Substitute x1 in Eq. (6) and simplify:
4015PL3
vmax
6561EI
40 15PL3
PL3
max vmax
0.01363
6561EI
EI
(6)
(7)
592
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
P
Problem 9.7-5 A simple beam ABC has moment of inertia 1.5I from A
to B and I from B to C (see figure). A concentrated load P acts at point B.
Obtain the equations of the deflection curves for both parts of the
beam. From the equations, determine the angles of rotation A and C
at the supports and the deflection B at point B.
Solution 9.7-5 Simple beam (nonprismatic)
Use the bending-moment equation (Eq. 9-12a).
1.5I
A
I
C
B
L
—
3
2L
—
3
B.C.
4 Continuity of deflections at point B
(vB)
(vB)
Left
DEFLECTION CURVE
Right
From Eqs. (6), (8), and (7):
y
P
1.5I
A
B
A
C
I
x
C1L
B
B
4P L 3
L
PL L 2 P L 3
L
¢ ≤ C1¢ ≤
¢ ≤
¢ ≤ C2 ¢ ≤ C4
54 3
3
6 3
18 3
3
10PL3
C2L 3C4
243
(10)
BENDING-MOMENT EQUATIONS
SOLVE EQS (5), (8), (9), AND (10)
3I
2Px
E ¢ ≤ v– M
2
3
PL Px
EIv– M
3
3
C1
L
¢0 x ≤
3
L
¢ x L≤
3
(1)
(2)
4Px2
L
C1 ¢ 0 x ≤
18
3
2
PLx Px
L
EIv¿
C2 ¢ x L ≤
3
6
3
B.C.
(3)
(4)
1 Continuity of slopes at point B
(v¿B ) Left (v¿B ) Right
From Eqs. (3) and (4):
4P L 2
PL L
P L 2
¢ ≤ C1
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ C2
18 3
3 3
6 3
2
11PL
C2 C1
162
(5)
B.C.
(8)
3 Deflection at support C
v(L) 0
C3 0
2P
L
(19L2 81x2 ) ¢ 0 x ≤
729EI
3
P
2
2
v¿
(175L 486Lx 243x )
1458EI
L
¢ x L≤
3
v¿
uA v¿(0)
4Px3
L
EIv
C1x C3 ¢ 0 x ≤
(6)
54
3
PLx2 Px3
L
EIv
C2 x C4 ¢ x L ≤ (7)
6
18
3
B.C.
175PL2
1458
ANGLE OF ROTATION A (FROM EQ. 11)
INTEGRATE EQS. (3) AND (4)
2 Deflection at support A
v(0) 0 From Eq. (6): C3 0
C2
SLOPES OF THE BEAM (FROM EQS. 3 AND 4)
INTEGRATE EACH EQUATION
EIv¿
38PL2
729
13PL3
C4
1458
PL3
From Eq. (7): C4
C2L (9)
9
38PL2
729EI
(positive clockwise)
ANGLE OF ROTATION C (FROM EQ. 12)
34PL2
uC v¿(L)
(positive counterclockwise)
729EI
DEFLECTIONS OF THE BEAM
Substitute C1, C2, C3, and C4 into Eqs. (6) and (7):
2Px
L
v
(19L2 27x2 ) ¢ 0 x ≤
729EI
3
P
v
(13L3 175L2x 243Lx2 81x3 )
1458EI
L
¢ x L≤
3
DEFLECTION AT POINT B ¢ x
B v ¢
L
32PL3
≤
3
2187 EI
L
≤
3
(positive downward)
(11)
(12)
SECTION 9.7
593
Nonprismatic Beams
Problem 9.7-6 The tapered cantilever beam AB shown in
the figure has thin-walled, hollow circular cross sections of
constant thickness t. The diameters at the ends A and B are dA
and dB 2dA, respectively. Thus, the diameter d and moment
of inertia I at distance x from the free end are, respectively,
dA
d (L
x)
L
P
B
A
dA
t d 3
t d 3A
I
I
(L x)3 A3 (L x)3
3
8
8L
L
dB = 2dA
M Px
v–
EIv– Px
I
IA
(L x) 3
L3
Px
PL3
x
B
R
EI
EIA (L x) 3
From Appendix C:
1 v¿(L) 0
(L x)
xdx
3
∴ C1
3PL2
8EIA
From Appendix C:
dx
1
2
Lx
(L x)
2
L
ln(L x)
Lx
3PL2
x C2
8EIA
PL3
L
3x
B
ln(L x)
R C2
EIA 2(L x)
8L
L 2x
2(L x) 2
B.C.
INTEGRATE EQ. (2)
PL3 L
1
PL3
L
¢ ≤ ¢
≤
B
ln(L x) R
EIA 2
Lx
EIA L x
PL3
L 2x
3PL2
v¿
B
R
EIA 2 (L x) 2
8EIA
or
L
PL3
x
3PL2
PL3
v¿
B
R
B
R
EIA 2 (L x) 2
EIA (L x) 2
8EIA
xdx
v
(1)
PL3
L 2x
v¿
B
R C1
EIA 2 (L x) 2
(L x)
L
Tapered cantilever beam
INTEGRATE EQ. (1)
B.C.
d
x
in which IA is the moment of inertia at end A of the beam.
Determine the equation of the deflection curve and the
deflection A at the free end of the beam due to the load P.
Solution 9.7-6
t
2 v(L) 0
∴ C2
PL3 1
B ln(2L) R
EIA 8
DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM
Substitute C2 into Eq. (3).
PL3
L
3x 1
Lx
v
B
ln ¢
≤R
EIA 2(L x) 8L 8
2L
(2) DEFLECTION A AT END A OF THE BEAM
PL3
PL3
A v(0)
(8 ln2 5) 0.06815
8EIA
EIA
(positive downward)
1
NOTE: ln ln 2
2
(3)
594
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.7-7 The tapered cantilever beam AB shown in the figure has
a solid circular cross section. The diameters at the ends A and B are dA and
dB 2dA, respectively. Thus, the diameter d and moment of inertia I at
distance x from the free end are, respectively,
P
dA
d
(L x)
L
d 4
I
64
d 4A
(L
64L4
B
A
dB = 2dA
dA
I
x)4 A4 (L x)4
L
x
L
in which IA is the moment of inertia at end A of the beam.
Determine the equation of the deflection curve and the deflection A
at the free end of the beam due to the load P.
Solution 9.7-7
M Px
Tapered cantilever beam
EIv– Px
I
IA
(L x) 4
L4
Px
PL4
x
v–
B
R
EI
EIA (L x) 4
INTEGRATE EQ. (2)
(L x) 2(L x)
(L 2x)
xdx
(L x) 2(L x)
dx
From Appendix C:
1
3
(1)
3
INTEGRATE EQ. (1)
From Appendix C:
v¿
B.C.
(L x)
xdx
4
L 3x
6(L x) 3
∴ C1
PL2
12EIA
B.C.
PL4
L 3x
PL2
B
3R
EIA 6 (L x)
12EIA
v¿
L 2x
PL2
x C2
2 R
12EIA
2(L x)
L(L 2x)
PL3
L2
x
B
R C2 (3)
EIA
12(L x) 2 4(L x) 2 12L
2 v(L) 0
∴ C2
PL3 7
¢
≤
EIA 24
DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM
or
Substitute C2 into Eq. (3).
PL4
L
PL4
x
B
R
B
R
3
EIA 6 (L x)
EIA 2(L x) 3
PL2
12EIA
v
(2)
2
PL4 L
1
1 2 PL4 1
¢ ≤ ¢ ≤ ¢
≤
¢ ≤
EIA 6
2 Lx
EIA 2
B
PL4
L 3x
B
R C1
EIA 6 (L x) 3
1 v¿(L) 0
v¿
v
2
4L(2L 3x) 2x
PL3
B7
R
24EIA
L
(L x) 2
DEFLECTION A AT END A OF THE BEAM
A v(0)
PL3
24EIA
(positive downward)
SECTION 9.7
Problem 9.7-8 A tapered cantilever beam AB supports
a concentrated load P at the free end (see figure). The
cross sections of the beam are rectangular with constant
width b, depth dA at support A, and depth dB 3dA /2 at
the support. Thus, the depth d and moment of inertia I
at distance x from the free end are, respectively,
595
Nonprismatic Beams
P
B
A
dA
d
(2L x)
2L
3dA
dB = —
2
dA
bd 3
bd A3
I
I
(2L x)3 A(2L
x)3
3
12
8L3
96L
x
d
b
L
in which IA is the moment of inertia at end A of the beam.
Determine the equation of the deflection curve and the
deflection A at the free end of the beam due to the load P.
Solution 9.7-8
M Px
v–
Tapered cantilever beam
EIv– Px
I
IA
(2L x) 3
8L3
Px
8PL3
x
B
R
EI
EIA (2L x) 3
v
(1)
From Appendix C:
v¿
(2L x)
xdx
3
2L 2x
2(2L x) 2
B.C.
8PL3
Lx
B
R C1
EIA
(2L x) 2
1 v¿(L) 0
v¿
∴ C1
v
8PL3
Lx
16PL2
B
2R
EIA
9EIA
(2L x)
2 v(L) 0
∴ C2
2L x
≤]
3L
DEFLECTION A AT END A OF THE BEAM
????
16PL2
9EIA
(2)
INTEGRATE EQ. (2)
From Appendix C:
(2L x)
dx
(2L x)
xdx
2
8PL3 1
B ln(3L) R
EIA 9
8PL3
L
2x 1
B
EIA 2L x 9L 9
ln ¢
8PL3
L
8PL3
x
B
R
B
R
2
EIA (2L x)
EIA (2L x) 2
PL3
8L
16x
B
8ln(2L x)
R C2 (3)
EIA 2L x
9L
Substitute C2 into EQ. (3).
16PL
9EIA
or
v¿
16PL2
x C2
9EIA
DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM
2
B.C.
ln(2L x) R
INTEGRATE EQ. (1)
8PL3
L
8PL3
2L
¢
≤
B
EIA
2L x
EIA 2L x
2
1
2L x
2L
ln(2L x)
2L x
2
3
NOTE: ln ln
3
2
596
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.7-9 A simple beam ACB is constructed with square cross sections and
a double taper (see figure). The depth of the beam at the supports is dA and at the
midpoint is dC 2dA. Each half of the beam has length L. Thus, the depth d and
moment of inertia I at distance x from the left-hand end are, respectively,
q
dA
d
(L x)
L
d4
d A4
I
A
I
(L x)4 A4 (L x)4
12
12L4
L
in which IA is the moment of inertia at end A of the beam. (These equations
are valid for x between 0 and L, that is, for the left-hand half of the beam.)
(a) Obtain equations for the slope and deflection of the left-hand half of
the beam due to the uniform load.
(b) From those equations obtain formulas for the angle of rotation A at
support A and the deflection C at the midpoint.
Solution 9.7-9 Simple beam with a double taper
L length of one-half of the beam
IA
I 4 (L x) 4 (0 x L)
L
(x is measured from the left-hand support A)
B
x
L
L
SLOPE OF THE BEAM
Substitute C1 into Eq. (2).
qL4x2
qL3
3
16EIA
2EIA (L x)
3
qL
8Lx2
B1
R
16EIA
(L x) 3
v¿
Reactions: RA RB qL
Bending moment: M RAx
C
qx2
qx2
qLx
2
2
(0 x L) (3)
From Eq. (9-12a):
ANGLE OF ROTATION AT SUPPORT A
qx2
EIv– M qLx
2
uA v¿(0)
qL5x
qL4x2
4
EIA (L x)
2EIA (L x) 4
v–
(0 x L) (1)
xdx
L 3x
(L x) 4
6(L x) 3
x dx
(L x)
2
4
(positive clockwise)
INTEGRATE EQ. (3)
From Appendix C:
L(3L 4x)
x2dx
ln(L x)
3
(L x)
2(L x) 2
INTEGRATE EQ. (1)
From Appendix C:
qL3
16EIA
L2 3Lx 3x2
3(L x) 3
qL
L 3x
B
R
EIA
6(L x) 3
v
qL3
8L2 (3L 4x)
Bx
16EIA
2(L x) 2
8L ln(L x) R C2
5
v¿
B.C.
qL4
L2 3Lx 3x2
B
R C1
2EIA
3(L x) 3
qL4x2
C1
2EIA (L x) 3
(0 x L)
(2)
3
B.C.
1 (symmetry) v¿(L) 0
∴ C1
qL
16EIA
2 v(0) 0
∴ C2
(0 x L)
qL4 3
¢ ln L ≤
2EIA 2
DEFLECTION OF THE BEAM
Substitute C2 into Eq. (4) and simplify. (The algebra
is lengthy.)
v
qL4 (9L2 14Lx x2 )x
x
B
ln ¢ 1 ≤ R
2EIA
L
8L (L x) 2
(0 x L)
DEFLECTION AT THE MIDPOINT C OF THE BEAM
qL4
qL4
C v(L)
(3 4 ln 2) 0.02843
8EIA
EIA
(positive downward)
(4)
SECTION 9.8
597
Strain Energy
Strain Energy
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.8 have constant
flexural rigidity EI.
A
Problem 9.8-1 A uniformly loaded simple beam AB (see figure) of
span length L and rectangular cross section (b width, h height)
has a maximum bending stress max due to the uniform load.
Determine the strain energy U stored in the beam.
Solution 9.8-1
L
Solve for q: q
Find: U(strain energy)
qLx qx2
Bending moment: M
2
2
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80a): U
L
0
Maximum stress: smax
smax
(1)
Substitute I
4bhLs2max
bh3
: U
12
45E
Mmaxc Mmaxh
I
2I
qL2h
16I
Problem 9.8-2 A simple beam AB of length L supports a concentrated
load P at the midpoint (see figure).
(a) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam from the bending moment
in the beam.
(b) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam from the equation of the
deflection curve.
(c) From the strain energy, determine the deflection under the
load P.
Solution 9.8-2
16Ismax
L2h
Substitute q into Eq. (1):
16Is2max L
U
15h2E
M2dx
2EI
q2L5
240EI
qL2
8
b
Simple beam with a uniform load
Given: L, b, h, max
Mmax
h
B
P
A
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
Simple beam with a concentrated load
(a) BENDING MOMENT
M
Px
2
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80a): U 2
¢0
0
x
L2
2
L
≤
2
2 3
M dx P L
2 EI
96 EI
(b) DEFLECTION CURVE
From Table G-2, Case 4:
Px
L
v
(3L2 4x2 ) ¢ 0 x ≤
48EI
2
2
dv
P
Px
dv
(L2 4x2 )
dx
16EI
dx2 2EI
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80b):
L2
EI d 2v 2
U2
¢
≤ dx EI
2 dx 2
0
0
L2
¢
Px 2
≤ dx
2EI
2 3
PL
96EI
(c) DEFLECTION UNDER THE LOAD P
From Eq. (9-82a):
2U
PL3
P
48EI
598
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.8-3 A cantilever beam AB of length L supports a uniform
load of intensity q (see figure).
(a) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam from the bending moment
in the beam.
(b) Evaluate the strain energy of the beam from the equation of the
deflection curve.
Solution 9.8-3 Cantilever beam with a uniform load
(a) BENDING MOMENT
Measure x from the free end B.
qx2
M
2
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80a):
L
L
qx2 2
q2L5
M2dx
1
U
¢
≤ ¢
≤ dx
2EI
2EI
2
40EI
0
0
q
A
q
dv
(3L2x 3Lx2 x3 )
dx
6EI
q
d 2v
(L2 2Lx x2 )
2
2EI
dx
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80b):
L
EI d 2 v 2
¢
≤ dx
U
2 dx2
0
(b) DEFLECTION CURVE
EI
2
L
¢
0
Problem 9.8-4 A simple beam AB of length L is subjected to loads that
produce a symmetric deflection curve with maximum deflection at the
midpoint of the span (see figure).
How much strain energy U is stored in the beam if the deflection
curve is (a) a parabola, and (b) a half wave of a sine curve?
maximum deflection at
midpoint
Determine the strain energy U.
Assume the deflection v is positive downward.
(a) DEFLECTION CURVE IS A PARABOLA
4x
(L x)
L2
d2v
8
2 2
dx
L
dv 4
(L 2x)
dx L2
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80b):
L
L
EI d2 v 2
EI
8 2
32EI2
U
¢ 2 ≤ dx
¢ 2 ≤ dx
2 dx
2 0
L
L3
0
A
L
—
2
B
L
—
2
Simple beam (symmetric deflection curve)
GIVEN: L, EI,
v
q 2 2
≤ (L 2Lx x2 ) 2dx
2EI
q2L5
40EI
Measure x from the fixed support A.
From Table G-1, Case 1:
qx2
v
(6L2 4Lx x2 )
24EI
Solution 9.8-4
B
L
(b) DEFLECTION CURVE IS A SINE CURVE
v sin
x
L
dv
x
cos
dx
L
L
d2v
2
x
2
2 sin
L
dx
L
Strain energy (Eq. 9-80b):
L
L
EI d 2v 2
EI
2 2
x
U
¢ 2 ≤ dx
¢ 2 ≤ sin2
dx
2
2
L
dx
L
0
0
EI
4L3
4
2
SECTION 9.8
Problem 9.8-5 A beam ABC with simple supports at A and B and an
overhang BC supports a concentrated load P at the free end C (see figure).
(a) Determine the strain energy U stored in the beam due to the load P.
(b) From the strain energy, find the deflection C under the load P.
(c) Calculate the numerical values of U and C if the length L is 8 ft,
the overhang length a is 3 ft, the beam is a W 10 12 steel wide-flange
section, and the load P produces a maximum stress of 12,000 psi in the
beam. (Use E 29 106 psi.)
Solution 9.8-5
B
A
x
C
a
Pax
L
L
M2dx
1
Pax 2
P2a2L
¢
≤ dx
2EI
2EI
L
6EI
0
FROM A TO B: M
FROM B TO C: M Px
a
UBC
C
a
L
2EI (Px) dx 6EI
1
2
From Eq. (9-82a):
2U Pa2
C
(L a)
P
3EI
(c) CALCULATE U AND C
x
L
B
A
(b) DEFLECTION C UNDER THE LOAD P
P
UAB
P
Simple beam with an overhang
(a) STRAIN ENERGY (use Eq.9-80a)
P2a3
0
Data: L 8 ft 96 in. a 3ft 36 in.
W 10 12 E 29 106 psi
max 12,000 psi
d 9.87
I 53.8 in.4 c
4.935 in.
2
2
Express load P in terms of maximum stress:
smax I
Mc Mmaxc Pac
smax
∴ P
ac
I
I
I
2
2 2
P a (L a) smaxI(L a)
U
241 in.-lb
6EI
6c2E
Pa2 (L a) smaxa(L a)
C
0.133 in.
3EI
3cE
TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY:
U UAB UBC
P2a2
(L a)
6EI
Problem 9.8-6 A simple beam ACB supporting a concentrated load P at
the midpoint and a couple of moment M0 at one end is shown in the figure.
Determine the strain energy U stored in the beam due to the
force P and the couple M0 acting simultaneously.
P
A
P
L/2
x
RA
B
L
—
2
Simple beam with two loads
M0
C
A
M0
C
L
—
2
Solution 9.8-6
FROM A TO C
B
L/2
x
RB
P M0
RA
2
L
P M0
RB
2
L
UAC
599
Strain Energy
P M0
M RAx ¢
≤x
2
L
M2dx
1
2EI
2EI
0
L2
¢
P M0 2 2
≤ x dx
2
L
L
(P2L2 4PLM0 4M20 )
192EI
600
CHAPTER 9
P M0
M RB x M0 ¢
≤ x M0
2
L
FROM B TO C
UBC
Deflections of Beams
M 2dx
1
2EI
2EI
L2
0
2
P M0
B¢
≤ x M0 R dx
2
L
STRAIN ENERGY OF THE ENTIRE BEAM
U UAC UBC
L
(P2L2 8PLM0 28M20 )
192EI
P2L3 PM0L2 M02 L
96EI
16EI
6EI
Problem 9.8-7 The frame shown in the figure consists of a beam ACB
supported by a strut CD. The beam has length 2L and is continuous
through joint C. A concentrated load P acts at the free end B.
Determine the vertical deflection B at point B due to the load P.
Note: Let EI denote the flexural rigidity of the beam, and let EA
denote the axial rigidity of the strut. Disregard axial and shearing effects
in the beam, and disregard any bending effects in the strut.
Solution 9.8-7
L
(P2L2 6PLM0 16M02 )
96EI
L
L
B
A
C
P
L
D
Frame with beam and strut
LCD length of strut
12L
F axial force in strut
2 12P
BEAM ACB
x
C
A
L
B
L
F2LCD
(Eq. 2-37a)
2 EA
(2 12P) 2 ( 12L) 412P2L
USTRUT
2 EA
EA
USTRUT
RA P
For part AC of the beam: M Px
L
M2dx
1
P2L3
UAC
(Px) 2dx
2 EI
2 EI 0
6 EI
For part CB of the beam: UCB UAC
Entire beam: UBEAM UAC UCB
P2L3
6 EI
P2L3
3 EI
FRAME U UBEAM USTRUT
DEFLECTION B AT POINT B
From Eq. (9-82 a):
B
STRUT CD
2P
C
2P
D
2P
2P
45°
P2L3 412P2L
3 EI
EA
2U 2 PL3 812PL
P
3 EI
EA
SECTION 9.9
601
Castigliano’s Theorem
Castigliano’s Theorem
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.9 have constant
flexural rigidity EI.
M0
A
Problem 9.9-1 A simple beam AB of length L is loaded at the left-hand
end by a couple of moment M0 (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation A at support A. (Obtain the solution
by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using Castigliano’s
theorem.)
Solution 9.9-1
L
Simple beam with couple M0
STRAIN ENERGY
M0
A
B
x
M0
L
(downward)
M M0 RAx M0
U
M20
M2dx
2 EI
2 EI
L
¢1
0
M20 L
x 2
≤ dx
L
6 EI
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM uA
L
RA
Solution 9.9-2
M0 x
L
P
a
D
x
L
Pa
L
MAD RA x
Pbx
L
MDB RB x
Pax
L
UAD
1
2 EI
x
UDB
1
2EI
a
¢
0
0
b
¢
M2dx
2EI
Pbx 2
P2a3b2
≤ dx
L
6 EIL2
Pax 2
P2a2b3
≤ dx
L
6 EIL2
U UAD UDB
P2a2b2
6 LEI
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
D
b
L
B
dU Pa2b2
dP 3 LEI
B
D
a
STRAIN ENERGY U
b
RB
A
Simple beam with load P
P
Pb
L
(clockwise)
(This result agree with Case 7, Table G-2)
Problem 9.9-2 The simple beam shown in the figure supports a
concentrated load P acting at distance a from the left-hand support and
distance b from the right-hand support.
Determine the deflection D at point D where the load is applied.
(Obtain the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and
then using Castigliano’s theorem.)
A
M0 L
dU
dM0 3 EI
x
≤
L
M0 ¢ 1
RA
B
(downward)
602
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.9-3 An overhanging beam ABC supports a concentrated load
P at the end of the overhang (see figure). Span AB has length L and the
overhang has length a.
Determine the deflection C at the end of the overhang. (Obtain
the solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then using
Castigliano’s theorem.)
Solution 9.9-3
A
B
L
1
2 EI
x
a
L
C
1
2 EI
UCB
Pa
L
B
STRAIN ENERGY U
UAB
RA
A
C
a
Overhanging beam
P
x
P
(downward)
L
¢
0
Pax 2
P2a2L
≤ dx
L
6 EI
a
(Px) dx 6 EI
P2a3
2
0
P2a2
(L a)
6 EI
U UAB UCB
Pax
MAB RA x
L
MCB Px
M2dx
2 EI
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
C
dU Pa2
(L a)
dP 3EI
(downward)
q0
Problem 9.9-4 The cantilever beam shown in the figure supports
a triangularly distributed load of maximum intensity q0.
Determine the deflection B at the free end B. (Obtain the
solution by determining the strain energy of the beam and then
using Castigliano’s theorem.)
B
A
L
Solution 9.9-4
Cantilever beam with triangular load
q0
STRAIN ENERGY
P
U
B
A
x
M Px
q0 x3
6L
L
¢ Px
0
q0 x3 2
≤ dx
6L
Pq0 L
q20 L5
PL
6 EI
30 EI
42 EI
2 3
L
P fictitious load corresponding to deflection B
M2dx
1
2 EI
2 EI
4
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
q0 L4
0U PL3
(downward)
0P 3 EI 30 EI
(This result agrees with Cases 1 and 8 of Table G-1.)
B
SET P 0:
B
q0 L4
30 EI
SECTION 9.9
Problem 9.9-5 A simple beam ACB supports a uniform load of intensity
q on the left-hand half of the span (see figure).
Determine the angle of rotation B at support B. (Obtain the solution
by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
Castigliano’s Theorem
q
C
A
B
L
—
2
Solution 9.9-5
Simple beam with partial uniform load
q
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)
M0
C
A
uB
B
x
x
L
—
2
L
—
2
3 qL M0
8
L
RB
qL M0
8
L
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AC
MAC RA x
qx
qx
3 qL M0
¢
≤x
2
8
L
2
L
¢0 x ≤
2
0MAC x
0M0
L
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
CB
MCB RBx M0 ¢
0MCB
x
1
0M0
L
qL M0
≤ x M0
8
L
L
¢0 x ≤
2
≤¢
0M
≤ dx
0M0
L2
B¢
0
1
EI
1
EI
2
SEGMENT
1
EI
M
qx2
3qL M0
x
≤x
R B R dx
8
L
2
L
L2
B¢
0
qL M0
x
≤ x M0 R B 1 R dx
8
L
L
SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO
uB
2
¢
M0 fictitious load corresponding to angle of
rotation B
RA
EI
L2
¢
0
1
EI
0
3qLx qx2 x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
8
2
L
L2
¢
qLx
x
≤ ¢ 1 ≤ dx
8
L
qL3
qL3
7qL3
(counterclockwise)
128 EI 96 EI 384 EI
(This result agrees with Case 2, Table G-2.)
603
L
—
2
604
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.9-6 A cantilever beam ACB supports two concentrated loads
P1 and P2, as shown in the figure.
Determine the deflections C and B at points C and B, respectively.
(Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s
theorem.)
Solution 9.9-6
P1
C
L
—
2
L
—
2
B
B
1
EI
x
L
MCB P2 x ¢ 0 x ≤
2
0MCB
0MCB
0
x
0P1
0P2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
SEGMENT AC
MAC P1 ¢ x
L
≤ P2x
2
0MAC L
x
0P1
2
0MAC
x
0P2
¢
L
x L≤
2
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C
(MCB ) ¢
1
EI
0
L2
0
1
EI
0MCB
≤ dx
0P1
L
(MAC ) ¢
L2
L
—
2
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION B
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
SEGMENT CB
L
—
2
B
P2
1
EI
P2
C
Cantilever beam with loads P1 and P2
A
C
P1
A
0MAC
≤ dx
0P1
L
B P1 ¢ x
L2
L3
(2 P1 5 P2 )
48 EI
L
L
≤ P2x R ¢ x ≤ dx
2
2
L2
(MCB ) ¢
0
1
EI
0MCB
≤ dx
0P2
L
(MAC ) ¢
L2
0MAC
≤ dx
0P2
L2
1
EI
1
EI
(P2x) (x) dx
0
L
L2
B P1 ¢ x
L
≤ P2x R (x) dx
2
P2L3
L3
(5 P1 14 P2 )
24 EI 48 EI
L3
(5P1 16P2 )
48 EI
(These results can be verified with the aid of Cases 4
and 5, Table G-1.)
SECTION 9.9
Problem 9.9-7 The cantilever beam ACB shown in the figure is
subjected to a uniform load of intensity q acting between points A and C.
Determine the angle of rotation A at the free end A. (Obtain the
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
Castigliano’s Theorem
q
C
A
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
Solution 9.9-7
Cantilever beam with partial uniform load
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)
q
M0
C
A
B
x
L
—
2
L
—
2
uA
M0 fictitious load corresponding to the angle of
rotation A
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AC
2
qx
MAC M0
2
0MAC
1
0M0
¢0
x
L
≤
2
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
CB
MCB M0
qL
L
¢x ≤
2
4
¢
L
x L≤
2
¢
1
EI
M
≤¢
0M
≤ dx
0M0
L2
¢ M0
0
1
EI
qx2
≤ (1)dx
2
L
B M0
L2
qL
L
¢ x ≤ R (1)dx
2
4
SET FICTITIOUS LOAD M0 EQUAL TO ZERO
uA
SEGMENT
EI
605
1
EI
0
L2
qx2
1
dx
2
EI
L
L2
¢
qL
L
≤ ¢ x ≤ dx
2
4
qL3
qL3
48 EI 8 EI
7qL3
(counterclockwise)
48 EI
(This result can be verified with the aid of Case 3,
Table G-1.)
0MCB
1
0M0
Problem 9.9-8 The frame ABC supports a concentrated load P at point C
(see figure). Members AB and BC have lengths h and b, respectively.
Determine the vertical deflection C and angle of rotation C at end C
of the frame. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of
Castigliano’s theorem.)
b
B
C
P
h
A
606
CHAPTER 9
Solution 9.9-8
Deflections of Beams
Frame with concentrated load
b
B
C
M0
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION C
C
x
P
h
C
A
P concentrated load acting at point C
(corresponding to the deflection C)
M0 fictitious moment corresponding to the angle
of rotation C
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
MEMBER AB
0MAB
b
0P
(0 x h)
0MAB
1
M0
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
MEMBER BC
0MBC
x
0P
M
0M
≤ dx
0P
h
1
EI
≤¢
(Pb M0 )(b)dx
0
(0 x b)
1
EI
h
Pb2dx
0
Pb2
(3h b)
3 EI
1
EI
b
(Px M )(x)dx
0
0
1
EI
b
Px dx
2
0
(downward)
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF
ROTATION C
uC
EI
¢
1
EI
M
≤¢
0M
≤ dx
0M0
h
(Pb M0 )(1)dx
0
1
EI
b
(Px M )(1) dx
0
0
Set M0 0:
uC
MBC Px M0
¢
Set M0 0:
x
MAB Pb M0
EI
1
EI
h
Pb dx
0
Pb
(2h b)
2EI
1
EI
b
Px dx
0
(clockwise)
0MBC
1
0M0
Problem 9.9-9 A simple beam ABCDE supports a uniform load of
intensity q (see figure). The moment of inertia in the central part of the
beam (BCD) is twice the moment of inertia in the end parts (AB and DE).
Find the deflection C at the midpoint C of the beam. (Obtain the
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
q
B
A
C
I
L
—
4
D
I
2I
L
—
4
E
L
—
4
L
—
4
SECTION 9.9
Solution 9.9-9
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-88)
P
Integrate from A to C and multiply by 2.
C
B
I
C 2
E
D
I
2I
2¢
¢
MAC 0MAC
≤¢
≤ dx
EI
0P
1
≤
EI
L
P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection C
at the midpoint
qL P
RA
2
2
2¢
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR THE
LEFT-HAND HALF OF THE BEAM (A TO C)
qLx qx2 Px
L
¢0 x ≤
2
2
2
2
0MAC x
L
¢0 x ≤
0P
2
2
2
EI
MAC
C
1
≤
2 EI
¢
0
qLx qx2 Px x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
2
2
2 2
L2
¢
L4
LOAD
qLx qx2 Px x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
2
2
2 2
P EQUAL TO ZERO
qLx qx2 x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
2
2
2
L2
L4
¢
qLx qx2 x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
2
2
2
13 qL4
67 qL4
6,144 EI 12,288 EI
31qL4
4096 EI
(downward)
MA
A
B
a
B
L
C
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
SEGMENT BC
MA Pa
(downward)
L
L
MAx Pax
(0 x L)
MBC RC x
L
L
0MBC
x 0MBC
ax
0MA
L
0P
L
Reaction at support C: RC
a
x
C
Overhanging beam ABC
P
A
¢
0
L4
1
EI
Problem 9.9-10 An overhanging beam ABC is subjected to a couple MA
at the free end (see figure). The lengths of the overhang and the main span
are a and L, respectively.
Determine the angle of rotation A and deflection A at end A.
(Obtain the solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s
theorem.)
MA
L4
SET FICTITIOUS
C
Solution 9.9-10
607
Nonprismatic beam
q
A
Castigliano’s Theorem
L
x
MA couple acting at the free end A (corresponding
to the angle of rotation A)
P fictitious load corresponding to the deflection A
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES FOR
SEGMENT AB
MAB MA Px (0 x a)
0MAB
0MAB
1
x
0MA
0P
608
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR ANGLE OF
ROTATION A
uA
M 0M
¢ ≤¢
≤ dx
EI 0MA
1
EI
1
EI
EI
A
¢
a
(MA Px)(1) dx
0
1
EI
L
¢
0
MAx Pax
x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
L
L
L
a
M dx EI
1
A
0
0
MA
(L 3a)
3 EI
L
¢
M
≤¢
0M
≤ dx
0P
a
1
EI
(M Px)(x)dx
1
EI
A
0
L
¢
0
MAx Pax
ax
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
L
L
L
Set P 0:
Set P 0:
uA
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION A
1
EI
A
MAx x
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
L
L
(counterclockwise)
a
MAxdx
0
MAa
(2L 3a)
6EI
0
¢
MAx ax
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
L
L
(downward)
B
A
A
L
P
STRAIN ENERGY OF THE SPRING (EQ. 2-38a)
C
US
a
L
k
x
R2B P2 (L a) 2
2k
2 kL2
x
STRAIN ENERGY OF THE BEAM (EQ. 9-80a)
RA
RB
UB
Pa
(downward)
L
P
RB (L a) (upward)
L
RA
2 EI
M2dx
TOTAL STRAIN ENERGY U
U UB US
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
SEGMENT AB
MAB RAx
Pax
L
dMAB
ax
dP
L
(0 x L )
BENDING MOMENT AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVE FOR
BC
SEGMENT
dMBC
x
dP
(0 x a)
C
k
Beam with spring support
B
MBC Px
L
P
Problem 9.9-11 An overhanging beam ABC rests on a simple support
at A and a spring support at B (see figure). A concentrated load P acts
at the end of the overhang. Span AB has length L, the overhang has
length a, and the spring has stiffness k.
Determine the downward displacement C of the end of the
overhang. (Obtain the solution by using the modified form of
Castigliano’s theorem.)
Solution 9.9-11
1
EI
M2dx P2 (L a) 2
2 EI
2 kL2
APPLY CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM (EQ. 9-87)
dU
d M2dx
d P2 (L a) 2
B
R
dP dP 2 EI
dP
2 kL2
d M2dx P(L a) 2
dP 2 EI
kL2
C
a
SECTION 9.9
DIFFERENTIATE UNDER THE INTEGRAL SIGN (MODIFIED
CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM)
C
1
EI
¢
P(L a)
M dM
≤¢
≤ dx
EI dP
kL2
L
¢
0
1
EI
2
609
Castigliano’s Theorem
a
(Px)(x)dx
0
P(L a) 2
kL2
Pa L Pa3 P(L a) 2
3 EI 3 EI
kL2
2
Pax
ax
≤ ¢ ≤ dx
L
L
C
Pa2 (L a) P(L a) 2
3 EI
kL2
q
Problem 9.9-12 A symmetric beam ABCD with overhangs at both ends
supports a uniform load of intensity q (see figure).
Determine the deflection D at the end of the overhang. (Obtain the
solution by using the modified form of Castigliano’s theorem.)
A
B
L
—
4
D
C
L
—
4
L
Solution 9.9-12 Beam with overhangs
P
q
A
B
x
D
C
x
x
L
¢0 x ≤
4
1
EI
M
≤¢
L
≤
4
0M
≤ dx
0P
L4
¢
0
qx2
≤ (0) dx
2
L
B
0
L
1
L
≤ R B ¢ x ≤ R RB x
4
2
4
2
(0 x L)
L
1
EI
1
EI
q
3 qL P
L
¢x ≤ ¢
≤x
2
4
4
4
0MBC
x
0P
4
x
3qL P
q
L 2
¢x ≤ ¢
≤x R
2
4
4
4
L4
¢
0
qx2
Px ≤ (x)dx
2
SET P 0:
D
SEGMENT BC
¢
x
1
B R dx
4
EI
BENDING MOMENTS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
MBC B q ¢ x
EI
1
EI
3 qL 5P
RC
4
4
0MAB
0
0P
¢0
0MCD
x
0P
D
P fictitious load corresponding
to the deflection D
L
length of segments AB and CD
4
L length of span BC
SEGMENT AB
qx2
MAB
2
qx2
Px
2
MODIFIED CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM FOR DEFLECTION D
q intensity of uniform load
3 qL P
RB
4
4
MCD
SEGMENT CD
q
L 2 3qL
x
¢x ≤
x R B R dx
2
4
4
4
B
0
L4
¢
0
qx2
≤ (x) dx
2
5 qL4
qL4
37 qL4
768 EI 2048 EI
6144 EI
(Minus means the deflection is opposite in direction
to the fictitious load P.)
∴ D
37 qL4
6144 EI
(upward)
610
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Deflections Produced by Impact
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.10 have constant
flexural rigidity EI. Disregard the weights of the beams themselves,
and consider only the effects of the given loads.
Problem 9.10-1 A heavy object of weight W is dropped onto the
midpoint of a simple beam AB from a height h (see figure).
Obtain a formula for the maximum bending stress max due to the
falling weight in terms of h, st, and st, where st is the maximum
bending stress and st is the deflection at the midpoint when the weight
W acts on the beam as a statically applied load.
Plot a graph of the ratio max /st (that is, the ratio of the dynamic stress
to the static stress) versus the ratio h /st. (Let h /st vary from 0 to 10.)
Solution 9.10-1
W
h
A
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
Weight W dropping onto a simple beam
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
max st (2st 2hst ) 12
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is
proportional to the deflection .
smax max
2h 12
∴
1 ¢1 ≤
sst
st
st
smax sst B 1 ¢ 1
2h 12
≤ R
st
h
st
smax
sst
0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
2.00
3.45
4.33
5.00
5.58
WL3
for a simple beam with a load
48 EI
at the midpoint.
NOTE: st
GRAPH OF RATIO max/st
6
max
st
4
2
0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
h
st
Problem 9.10-2 An object of weight W is dropped onto the midpoint of a
simple beam AB from a height h (see figure). The beam has a rectangular
cross section of area A.
Assuming that h is very large compared to the deflection of the beam
when the weight W is applied statically, obtain a formula for the
maximum bending stress max in the beam due to the falling weight.
W
h
A
B
L
—
2
L
—
2
SECTION 5.5
Solution 9.10-2
Weight W dropping onto a simple beam
Height h is very large.
sst
M WL
S
4S
st
WL3
48 EI
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-95)
max 2hst
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is
proportional to the deflection .
smax max
2h
∴
sst
st
B st
2 hs2st
B st
W2L2
16 S2
s2st 3 WEI
2
st
SL
(2)
(3)
Substitute (2) and (3) into (1):
smax
18 WhE
B AL
(1)
Problem 9.10-3 A cantilever beam AB of length L 6 ft is
constructed of a W 8 21 wide-flange section (see figure). A
weight W 1500 lb falls through a height h 0.25 in. onto the
end of the beam.
Calculate the maximum deflection max of the end of the
beam and the maximum bending stress max due to the falling
weight. (Assume E 30 106 psi.)
Solution 9.10-3
s2st
For a RECTANGULAR BEAM (with b, depth d):
bd 3
bd 2 I
3
3
I
S
2
12
6
bd A
S
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
smax
611
Method of Superposition
W = 1500 lb
W 8 21
h = 0.25 in.
A
B
L = 6 ft
Cantilever beam
DATA: L 6 ft 72 in. W 1500 lb
h 0.25 in. E 30 106 psi
W 8 21
I 75.3 in.4 S 18.2 in.3
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic
structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the
stiffress of the particular structure being considered. For
instance: Simple beam with load at midpoint:
48 EI
k 3
L
Cantilever beam with load at the free end: k
Equation (9-94):
max st (2st 2 h st ) 12 0.302 in.
3 EI
Etc.
L3
Consider a cantilever beam with load P at the free
end:
Mmax PL
PL3
smax
max
S
S
3 EI
smax 3 EI
Ratio:
2
max
SL
3 EI
∴ smax 2 max 21,700 psi
SL
For the cantilever beam in this problem:
(1500 lb)(72 in.) 3
WL3
st
3 EI 3(30 106 psi)(75.3 in.4 )
0.08261 in.
Problem 9.10-4 A weight W 20 kN falls through a height h 1.0
mm onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 3 m (see figure).
The beam is made of wood with square cross section (dimension d on
each side) and E 12 GPa.
If the allowable bending stress in the wood is allow 10 MPa,
what is the minimum required dimension d?
W
h
A
d
B
d
L
—
2
L
—
2
612
CHAPTER 9
Solution 9.10-4
Deflections of Beams
Simple beam with falling weight W
DATA: W 20 kN h 1.0 mm L 3.0 m
E 12 GPa
allow 10 MPa
SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1)
2smaxd 3
8hEd 4 12
1 ¢1
≤
3 WL
WL3
CROSS SECTION OF BEAM (SQUARE)
d dimension of each side
d4
d3
I
S
12
6
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES:
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
1000 3
1600 4 12
d 1 B1
d R
9
9
max st
(2st
2 h st )
2(10 MPa)d3
8(1.0 mm)(12 GPa)d 4 12
1 B1
R
3(20 kN)(3.0 m)
(20 kN)(3.0 m) 3
12
SQUARE BOTH SIDES, REARRANGE, AND SIMPLIFY
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is
proportional to the deflection .
smax max
2h 12
∴
1 ¢1 ≤
(1)
sst
st
st
STATIC TERMS st AND st
M
WL 6
3 WL
sst ¢
≤ ¢ 3≤
S
4
d
2d3
st
WL3
WL3 12
WL3
¢ 4≤
48 EI 48 E d
4 Ed 4
(2)
1000 2 3 1600
2000
≤ d
d
0
9
9
9
2500d 3 36d 45 0 (d meters)
¢
SOLVE NUMERICALLY
d 0.2804 m 280.4 mm
For minimum value, round upward.
d 281 mm
(3)
Problem 9.10-5 A weight W 4000 lb falls through a height
h 0.5 in. onto the midpoint of a simple beam of length L 10 ft
(see figure).
Assuming that the allowable bending stress in the beam is
allow 18,000 psi and E 30 106 psi, select the lightest
wide-flange beam listed in Table E-1 in Appendix E that will be
satisfactory.
Solution 9.10-5
W = 4000 lb
h = 0.5 in.
A
B
L
— = 5 ft
2
L
— = 5 ft
2
Simple beam of wide-flange shape
DATA: W 4000 lb h 0.5 in.
L 10 ft 120 in.
allow 18,000 psi E 30 106 psi
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
max st (2st 2hst ) 12
or
(d meters)
max
2h 12
1 ¢1 ≤
st
st
STATIC TERMS st AND st
WL3
48 EI
4 sallow S
smax
4S
sallow ¢
≤
sst
WL
WL
2h
48 EI
96 hEI
2h ¢
≤
st
WL3
WL3
sst
M WL
S
4S
st
SUBSTITUTE (2) AND (3) INTO EQ. (1):
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is
proportional to the deflection .
smax max
2h 12
1 ¢1 ≤
∴
(1)
sst
st
st
4sallowS
96hEI 12
1 ¢1
≤
WL
WL3
REQUIRED SECTION MODULUS
S
WL
96 hEI 12
B 1 ¢1
≤ R
4sallow
WL3
(2)
(3)
SECTION 5.5
Trial
Actual
beam
I
S
W 8 35
127
31.2
W 10 45
248
49.1
W 10 60
341
66.7
W 12 50
394
64.7
W 14 53
541
77.8
W 16 31
375
47.2
Lightest beam is W 14 53
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES
20 3
5 I 12
in. ≤ B 1 ¢ 1 ≤ R
3
24
(S in.3; I in.4)
S¢
(4)
PROCEDURE
1. Select a trial beam from Table E-1.
2. Substitute I into Eq. (4) and calculate required S.
3. Compare with actual S for the beam.
4. Continue until the lightest beam is found.
Problem 9.10-6 An overhanging beam ABC of rectangular
cross section has the dimensions shown in the figure. A weight
W 750 N drops onto end C of the beam.
If the allowable normal stress in bending is 45 MPa,
what is the maximum height h from which the weight may
be dropped? (Assume E 12 GPa.)
Solution 9.10-6
40 mm
A
Required
S
41.6 (NG)
55.0 (NG)
63.3 (OK)
67.4 (NG)
77.8 (OK)
66.0 (NG)
W
h
C
B
1.2 m
613
Method of Superposition
2.4 m
40 mm
500 mm
Overhanging beam
DATA: W 750 N LAB 1.2 in. LBC 2.4 m
E 12 GPa allow 45 MPa
bd 3
1
(500 mm)(40 mm) 3
12
12
2.6667 106 mm4
2.6667 106 m4
bd 2 1
(500 mm)(40 mm) 2
6
6
133.33 103 mm3
133.33 106 m3
S
DEFLECTION C AT THE END OF THE OVERHANG
C
P
3 EI
2
C a (L a)
(1)
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 9-94)
I
B
Stiffness of the beam: k
Equation (9-94) may be used for any linearly elastic
structure by substituting st W/k, where k is the
stiffness of the particular structure being considered.
For instance:
48 EI
Simple beam with load at midpoint: k 3
L
3 EI
Cantilever beam with load at free end: k 3 Etc.
L
For the overhanging beam in this problem (see Eq. 1):
P
A
st
W Wa2 (L a)
k
3 EI
(2)
in which a LBC and L LAB:
L
a
P load at end C
L length of spear AB
a length of overhang BC
From the answer to Prob. 9.8-5 or Prob. 9.9-3:
Pa2 (L a)
C
3 EI
st
W(L2BC )(LAB LBC )
3 EI
(3)
EQUATION (9-94):
max st (2st 2 h st ) 12
or
max
2h 12
1 ¢1 ≤
st
st
(4)
614
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
MAXIMUM BENDING STRESS
For a linearly elastic beam, the bending stress is
proportional to the deflection .
smax max
2h 12
(5)
∴
1 ¢1 ≤
sst
st
st
M WLBC
sst
S
S
(6)
MAXIMUM HEIGHT h
Solve Eq. (5) for h:
smax
2h 12
1 ¢1 ≤
sst
st
¢
h
W(L2BC )(LAB LBC ) sallowS sallowS
¢
≤¢
2≤
6 EI
WLBC
WLBC
st smax smax
¢
≤¢
2≤
sst
2 sst
W(L2BC ) (LAB LBC )
0.08100 m
6 EI
sallow S 10
3.3333
WLBC
3
(7)
A
EI
R
Im
L
Rotating flywheel
NOTE: We will disregard the mass of the beam and
all energy losses due to the sudden stopping of the
rotating flywheel. Assume that all of the kinetic
energy of the flywheel is transformed into strain
energy of the beam.
KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATING FLYWHEEL
1
kE Im 2
2
M 2dx
2 EI
M Rx, where x is measured from support A.
L
R2L3
1
(Rx) 2dx
U
2 EI q
6 EI
STRAIN ENERGY OF BEAM U
10 10
≤¢
2 ≤ 0.36 m
3
3
or h 360 mm
Problem 9.10-7 A heavy flywheel rotates at an angular speed
(radians per second) around an axle (see figure). The axle is rigidly
attached to the end of a simply supported beam of flexural rigidity EI
.and length L (see figure). The flywheel has mass moment of inertia Im
about its axis of rotation.
If the flywheel suddenly freezes to the axle, what will be the
reaction R at support A of the beam?
Solution 9.10-7
(8)
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO E Q. (8):
h (0.08100 m) ¢
smax 2
smax
2h
≤ 2¢
≤11
sst
sst
st
h
Substitute st from Eq. (3), st from Eq. (6), and
allow for max:
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
kE U
R
1
R2 L3
Im 2
2
6 EI
3 EI Im 2
B
L3
NOTE: The moment of inertia IM has units of kg m2
or N m s2
SECTION 9.11
615
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Problem 9.11-1 through 9.11-12 A beam and its loading are shown in
the figure. Using discontinuity functions, write the expression for the
intensity q(x) of the equivalent distributed load acting on the beam
(include the reactions in the expression for the equivalent load).
y
P
D
A
B
x
b
a
L
Solution 9.11-1
Cantilever beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
y
P
RA P
D
A
MA Pa
B
x
USE TABLE 9-2.
MA
b
a
q(x) RA x1 MA x2 P x a1
L
RA
P x1 Pa x2 Px a1
Problem 9.11-2
y
q
D
A
B
x
b
a
L
Solution 9.11-2
Cantilever beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA qb
MA
qb
(2a b)
2
y
q
USE TABLE 9-2.
1
q(x) RA x
D
A
2
MA x
qb x1
B
x
q x a q x L
qb
(2a b) x2
2
q x a0 q x L0
0
0
MA
RA
b
a
L
616
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.11-3
y
q = 2 k/ft
P=4k
A
B x
D
6 ft
Solution 9.11-3
3 ft
Cantilever beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
y
q = 2 k/ft
MA
A
B x
D
a 6 ft
RA 16 k
P=4k
USE TABLE 9-2.
b 3 ft
Units: kips, inches
1
q(x) RA x MA x2 q x0 q x a0
P x L1
1
1
16 x1 864 x2 x0 x 720
6
6
4 x 1081
RA
q 2 kft
MA 864 k-in.
1
k in.
6
a 6 ft 72 in.
b 3 ft 36 in.
L 9 ft 108 in.
(Units: x in., q kin.)
Problem 9.11-4
y
P
A
D
B
x
a
b
L
Solution 9.11-4
Simple beam
pb
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
RA
L
RB
Pa
L
USE TABLE 9-2.
y
P
A
D
B
x
q(x) RA x1 P x a1 RB x L1
Pb 1
x P x a1
L
Pa
x L1
L
a
RA
b
L
RB
SECTION 9.11
617
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Problem 9.11-5
M0
y
A
D
B
x
a
b
L
Solution 9.11-5
Simple beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA
M0
y
A
D
B
USE TABLE 9-2.
x
a
q(x) RA x1 M0 x a2 RB x L1
M0 1
x M0 x a2
L
M0
x L1
L
b
L
RA
RB
Problem 9.11-6
M0
M0
RB
(downward)
L
L
y
A
P
P
D
E
B
x
a
a
L
Solution 9.11-6
Simple beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA RB P
y
USE TABLE 9-2.
1
q(x) RA x
A
P x a
1
P
D
E
B
x
1
P x L a
RB x L1
P x1 P x a1 P x L a1
P x L1
P
a
RA
a
L
RB
618
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.11-7
y
M0 = 20 k-ft
P = 18 k
D
A
x
16 ft
Solution 9.11-7
B
10 ft
Simple beam
M0 20 k-ft 240 k-in. P 18 k
a 16 ft 192 in. b 10 ft 120 in.
L 26 ft 312 in.
y
M0 = 20 k-ft
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA 7.692 k
P = 18 k
D
A
USE TABLE 9-2.
Units: kips, inches
1
q(x) RA x M0 x2 P x a1
B
x
a = 16 ft
RB x L1
b = 10 ft
RA
RB 10.308 k
7.692 x1 240 x2 18 x 1921
RB
10.308 x 312 1
(Units: x in., q kin.)
Problem 9.11-8
y
q
D
A
B
x
a
L
Solution 9.11-8
Simple beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
RA
qa
(2L a)
2L
RB
y
qa2
2L
USE TABLE 9-2.
q(x) RA x1 q x0 q x a0 RB x L1
q
B
x
(qa2L)(2L a) x1 q x0
q x a0 (qa22L) x L1
D
A
a
RA
L
RB
SECTION 9.11
Problem 9.11-9
619
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
q0
y
D
A
E
B
x
L/3
Solution 9.11-9
L/3
L/3
Simple beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM:
D
A
E
q(x) RA x1
B
x
L/3
RA
L/3
RB
5q0 L
54
USE TABLE 9-2.
q0
y
2q0 L
27
RA
L/3
q0 x
3q0
3q0
L
2L
x 1
x 1
L
3
L
3
2L 0
RB x L1
3
(2q0 L 27) x1 (3q0 L) x L 31
RB
(3q0 L) x 2L 31 q0 x 2L 30
(5q0 L 54) x L1
Problem 9.11-10
y
P = 120 kN
q = 20 kN/m
C
A
D
B
x
10 m
Solution 9.11-10
5m
5m
Simple beam
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA 180 kN
RB 140 kN
USE TABLE 9-2.
Units: kilonewtons, meters
1
q(x) RA x q x0 q x L 20
P x 3L 41 RB x L1
y
D
B
x
L
— = 10 m
2
1
120 x 15 140 x 20
(Units: x meters, q kNm)
C
A
180 x1 20 x0 20 x 100
1
P = 120 kN
q = 20 kN/m
RA
L
— =5m
4
L
—=5m
4
RB
620
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.11-11
y
P=8k
M0 = 12 k-ft
B
A
D
x
C
6 ft
Solution 9.11-11
y
6 ft
Beam with an overhang
M0 = 12 k-ft
B
A
P=8k
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA 3 k
RB 11 k
D
USE TABLE 9-2.
x
C
L
L
— = 6 ft — = 6 ft
2
2
RB
RA
6 ft
(downward)
(upward)
Units: kips, inches
q(x) RA x1 M0 x L 22 RB x L1
L
— = 6 ft
2
P x 3L 21
3 x1 144 x 722 11 x 144 1
8 x 216 1
M0 12 k-ft 144 k-in.
L
6 ft 72 in.
2
L 12 ft 144 in.
x in.,
(Units:
Problem 9.11-12
y
q = 12 kN/m
C
A
D
x
B
1.2 m
Solution 9.11-12
1.2 m
1.2 m
Beam with an overhang
y
USE TABLE 9-2.
q = 12 kN/m
C
A
q kNin.)
D
x
B
L = 1.2 m —
L = 1.2 m
—
2
2
L = 1.2 m
—
2
RA
RB
q x 3L 20
2.4 x1 10 x 1.21 10 x 2.41
12 x 2.40 24 x 2.41
q 12 kNm
L
1.2 m
2
L 2.4 m
FROM EQUILIBRIUM: RA 2.4 kN
RB 24.0 kN
Units: kilonewtons, meters
q
q
x L 21
x L1
q(x) RA x1
L 2
L 2
q x L 0 RB x L1 q x L0
12 x 2.40 12 x 3.60
(downward)
(upward)
2.4 x1 10 x 1.21 10 x 2.41
24 x 2.41 12 x 3.60
(Units: x meters, q kNm)
SECTION 9.12
Beam Deflections Using Discontinuity Functions
621
Beam Deflections Using Discontinuity Functions
The problems for Section 9.12 are to be solved by using discontinuity
functions. All beams have constant flexural rigidity EI. (Obtain the
equations for the equivalent distributed loads from the corresponding
problems in Section 9.11.)
Problem 9.12-1, 9.12-2, and 9.12-3 Determine the equation of the
deflection curve for the cantilever beam ADB shown in the figure. Also,
obtain the angle of rotation B and deflection B at the free end. (For the
beam of Problem 9.12-3, assume E 10 103 ksi and I 450 in.4)
Solution 9.12-1
Cantilever beam
v(0) 0
C2 0
EI(0) 0 0 0 C2
B.C.
y
P
D
A
B
x
FINAL EQUATIONS
EIv¿ (Px2)(x 2a) (P2) x a2
b
a
EIv (Px 26)(x 3a) (P6) x a3
L
RA
B CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT END B (x L)
FROM PROB: 9.11-1:
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv¿(L) (PL2)(L 2a) (P2) L a2
(PL2) (L 2a) (P2) (L a)2
Pa 22
EIv‡ V P x0 Pa x1 P x a0
uB v¿(L)
EIv–– q(x) P x1 Pa x2 P x a1
EIv– M P x1 Pa x0 P x a1
B DOWNLOAD DEFLECTION AT END B (x L)
Note: x1 x and x0 1
EIv(L) (PL26)(L 3a) (P6) L a3
(PL 26) (L 3a) (P6) (L a)3
(Pa 26)(3L a)
Pa2
B v(L)
(3L a) (downward)
6 EI
EIv¿ Px 22 Pax (P2) x a2 C1
B.C. v¿(0) 0
EI(0) 0 0 0 C1
C1 0
EIv Px36 Pa x22 (P6) x a3 C2
Solution 9.12-2
Pa2
(clockwise)
2EI
Cantilever beam
y
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
q
D
A
EIv‡ V qb x0 (qb2)(2a b) x1 q x a1
B
x
b
a
EIv¿ qbx22 (qb2)(2a b)x (q6) x a3 C1
L
B.C.
FROM PROB: 9.11-2:
v¿(0) 0
EI (0) 0 0 0 C1
C1 0
1
EIv–– q(x) qb x
2
(qb2)(2a b) x
q x a q x L
0
EIv– M qb x1 (qb2)(2a b) x0 q x a22
1
0
Note: x x and x 1
EIv qbx36 (qb2)(2a b)(x22) (q24) x a4 C2
0
Note: x L0 0 and may be dropped from the
equation.
v(0) 0
C2 0
B.C.
EI(0) 0 0 0 C2
622
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
FINAL EQUATIONS
B DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT END B (x L)
EIv¿ (qbx2)(x L a) (q6) x a3
EIv(L) (qbL212)(3a L) (q24) L a4
(qbL212)(3a L) (q24)(L a)4
(q24)(3L 4 4a3L a4)
(After some lengthy algebra)
q
B v(L)
(3L4 4a3L a4 ) (downward)
24 EI
EIv (qbx212)(2x 3a 3L)
(q24) x a4
B CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT END B (x L)
EIv¿(L) (qbL2)(a) (q6) L a3
qabL2 (q6)(L a)3
(q6)(L 3 a3)
q
uB v¿(L)
(L3 a3 )(clockwise)
6 EI
Solution 9.12-3
Cantilever beam
FINAL EQUATIONS
y
q = 2 k/ft
P=4k
A
B x
D
6 ft
q 2 kft
B CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT END B (x L 108 in.)
uB v¿(L) v¿(108)
I 450 in.4
FROM PROB: 9.11-3
Units: kips, inches
EIv–– q(x) 16 x1 864 x2 (16) x0
(16) x 720 4 x 1081
Note: x 1081 0 and may be dropped from the
equation.
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
1
EIv‡ V 16 x 864 x
0
(16) x
1
(16) x 72
1
0
1
Note: x 1 and x x
EIv– M 16x 864 x0 x2 12 (112) x 722
EIv¿ 8x2 864 x1 x3 36
(136) x 723 C1
1
Note: x x
v¿(0) 0
C1 0
B.C.
EI(0) 0 0 0 0 C1
EIv 8x33 432 x2 x4144
(1 144) x 724 C2
v(0) 0
C2 0
B.C.
EIv (x2144)(x2 384x 62,208)
(1144) x 724
Units: E ksi,
I in.4, v¿ radians,
v in., x in.
3 ft
1
kin.
6
b 36 in.
a 72 in.
L 108 in.
E 10 103 ksi.
EIv¿ (x36)(x2 288x 31,104) (136) x 723
EI(0) 0 0 0 0 C2
108
[(108)(108) 288(108) 31,104]
36 EI
1
¢
≤ (108 72) 3
36 EI
108
1
1
(11,664)
(46,656) (33,696)
36 EI
36 EI
EI
uB
EI (10 103 ksi)(450 in.4) 4.5 106 k-in.2
33,696
4.5 106
0.007488 radians (clockwise)
uB
B DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT END
B (x L 108 in.)
B v(L) v(108)
(108) 2
[(108)(108) 384(108) 62,208]
144EI
1
(108 72) 4
144 EI
(108) 2
1
(32,400)
(1,679,616)
144 EI
144 EI
B
2,612,736 2,612,736
EI
4.5 106
0.5806 in. (downward)
SECTION 9.11
Beam Deflections Using Discontinuity Functions
Problem 9.12-4, 9.12-5, and 9.12-6 Determine the equation of the deflection
curve for the simple beam AB shown in the figure. Also, obtain the angle
of rotation A at the left-hand support and the deflection D at point D.
Solution 9.12-4
Simple beam
y
P
A
D
B
x
a
FROM
PROB:
9.114:
b
EIv–– q(x) (PbL)x
EIv¿ Pbx22L (P2) x a2
(Pb6L)(3x2 b2 L2 ) (P2) x a2
(Pbx6L)(L2 b2 )
1
P x a
(Pbx6L)(x2 b2 L2 )
3
(PaL)x L
1
Note: x L
equation.
(P6) x a3
0 and may be dropped from the
A CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT SUPPORT A (x 0)
EIv¿(0) (Pb6L)(b2 L2 ) (P2)(0)
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V (PbL)x P x a
0
0
EIv– M (PbL)x1 P x a1
uA v¿(0) (Pb6L)(L2 b2 )(1EI)
Pb
Pb
(L2 b2 )
(L b)(L b)
6 LEI
6 LEI
Pab
(L b)
6 LEI
uA
EIv¿ (Pb2L) x2 (P2) x a2 C1
EIv (Pb6L) x3 (P6) x a3 C1x C2
Note: x2 x2 and x3 x3
B.C.
B.C.
v(0) 0 EI(0) 0 0 0 C2 C2 0
v(L) 0
EI(0) PbL26 (P6) L a3 C1L
PbL26 (P6)(b3) C1L
PbL Pb3
Pb 2
(L b2 )
∴ C1
6
6L
6L
Solution 9.12-5
Pb 2
(L b2 )
6L
EIv (Pb6L)(x) 3 (P6) x a3
L
1
FINAL EQUATIONS
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x a)
EIv(a) (Pba6L)(a2 b2 L2) (P/6)(0)
(Pab6L)(L2 b2 a2)
D v(a)
Pab 2
Pa2b2
(L b2 a2 )
6 LEI
3 LEI
Simple beam
M0
y
FROM PROB: 9.11-5:
EIv–– q(x) (M0 L)x1 M0 x a2
A
D
B
x
1
(M0 L)x L
a
Note: x L1 0 and may be dropped from the equation.
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V (M0 L)x0 M0 x a1
v(0) 0
C2 0
EIv– M (M0 L)x1 M0 x a0
B.C.
EIv¿ (M0 2L) x2 M0 x a1 C1
EIv (M0 6L) x3 (M0 2) x a2 C1x C2
Note: x2 x2 and x3 x3
b
L
B.C.
EI(0) 0 0 0 C2
v(L) 0
EI(0) M0 L26 (M0 2) L a2 C1L
M0 L26 (M0 2)(L a)2 C1L
M0
∴ C1 (2 L2 6 aL 3 a2 )
6L
623
624
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
FINAL EQUATIONS
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x a)
EIv¿ (M0 2L)x2 M0 x a1
EIv(a) (M0 6L)(a3) (M0 2)(0)
(M0 a6L)(2L2 6 aL 3a2)
(M0 6L)(2L2 6aL 3a2 )
(M0 6L)(3x2 6aL 3a2 2L2 ) M0 x a1
EIv (M0 6L)(x) (M0 2) x a
3
2
(M0 x 6L)(2L2 6aL 3a2 )
(M0 x 6L)(x2 6 aL 3a2 2L2 )
(M0 2) x a2
EIv¿(0) (M0 6L)(6 aL 3a2 2L2 ) (M0 2)(0)
Solution 9.12-6
y
D
E
M0 ab
(L 2a)
3L
M0 ab
D v(a)
(2a L)(downward)
3 LEI
a
EIv(0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 C2
C2 0
Note: x2 x2 and x3 x3
B.C.
B
x
FINAL EQUATIONS
a
EIv¿ Px2 2 (P2) x a2
L
(P2) x L a2 (Pa2) (L a)
FROM PROB: 9.11-6:
EIv–– q(x) P x1 P x a1
1
P x L a
Note: x L
equation.
M0 a
(L a)(2)(L 2a)
6L
Simple beam
P
1
M0
(6 aL 3a2 2L2)
6 LEI
(clockwise)
P
A
M0 a 2
(a 2L2 6 aL 3a2 )
6L
A CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT SUPPORT A (x 0)
uA v¿(0)
1
P x L
0 and may be dropped from the
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V P x0 P x a0 P x L a0
EIv– M P x1 P x a1 P x L a1
EIv¿ (P 2) x2 (P 2) x a2
(P 2) x L a2 C1
(symmetry) EIv¿(L 2) 0
0 (P2)(L 2)2 (P2)(L 2 a)2 (P2)(0) C1
Pa
∴ C1 (L a)
2
B.C.
EIv¿ (P 2) x2 (P 2) x a2
(P 2) x L a2 (Pa 2)(L a)
EIv (P 6) x3 (P 6) x a3
(P 6)x L a3 (Pa 2)(L a) x C2
(P2)(x2 aL a2 ) (P2) x a2
(P2) x L a2
EIv Px 3 6 (P 6) x a3
(P 6) x L a3 (3 Pax6)(L a)
(Px 6)(x2 3 aL 3 a2 ) (P 6) x a3
(P 6) x L a3
A CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT SUPPORT A (x 0)
EIv¿(0) (Pa 2)(L a) (P 2)(0) (P 2)(0)
(Pa 2)(L a )
Pa
uA v¿(0)
(L a)(clockwise)
2EI
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x a)
EIv(a) (Pa 6)(4a2 3aL) (P6)(0)
(P 6) L 2a3
(Pa 6)(4a2 3aL) (P6)(0)
(Pa 26)(4a 3L)
Pa2
D v(a)
(3L 4a) (downward)
6 EI
SECTION 9.11
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Problem 9.12-7 Determine the equation of the deflection curve for
the simple beam ADB shown in the figure. Also, obtain the angle of
rotation A at the left-hand support and the deflection D at point D.
Assume E 30 106 psi and I 720 in.4
Solution 9.12-7
Simple beam
B.C.
y
M0 = 20 k-ft
0 1.282(312) 3 120(312) 2 31203 C1 (312)
Note: 1203 (120) 3
0 22,071 103 C1(312) C1 70,740
P = 18 k
D
A
EIv (312) 0
B
x
FINAL EQUATIONS
16 ft
10 ft
M0 20 k-ft 240 k-in.
P 18 k
a 16 ft 192 in.
b 10 ft 120 in.
L a b 312 in.
E 30 103 ksi
I 720 in.4
FROM PROB. 9.11-7:
Units: kips, inches
(Note: x in., E ksi, I in.4, v¿ rad,
v in.)
EIv¿ 3.846x2 240x 9x 1922 70,740
EIv 1.282x3 120x2 3x 1923
70,740x
A CLOCKWISE ROTATION AT SUPPORT A (x 0)
EIv¿(0) 91922 70,740 70,740
70,740
70,740
EI
(30 103 )(720)
0.00327 rad (clockwise)
uA v¿(0)
EIv–– q(x) 7.692 x1 240 x2
18 x 1921 10.308 x 3121
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x 192)
Note: x 3121 0 and may be dropped from the
equation.
EIv(192) 1.282(192)3 120(192)2 70,740(192)
8.932 106
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
D v(192)
EIv‡ V 7.692 x0 240 x1 18 x 1920
EIv– M 7.692 x1 240 x0 18 x 1921
EIv¿ (7.6922) x2 240 x1 (182) x 1922
C1
Note: x2 x2 and x1 x
EIv¿ 3.846 x2 240 x 9x 1922 C1
EIv 1.282 x3 120 x2 3x 1923 C1x C2
B.C.
EIv (0) 0
C2 0
0 0 0 0 C1(0) C2
0.414 in.
8.932 106
8.932 106
EI
(30 103 )(720)
(downward)
625
626
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.12-8, 9.12-9, and 9.12-10 Obtain the equation of the
deflection curve for the simple beam AB (see figure). Also, determine
the angle of rotation B at the right-hand support and the deflection D
at point D. (For the beam of Problem 9.12-10, assume E 200 GPa
and I 2.60 109 mm4.)
Solution 9.12-8
Simple beam
FINAL EQUATIONS
y
EIv¿ (qax24L)(2L a) qx36 (q6)x a3
(qa224L)(2L a)2
EIv (qax312L)(2L a) qx424 (q24)x a4
(qa2x24L)(2 L a)2
qx[a2 (2L a) 2 2a(2L a)x2 L x3 ]24L
qx a424
q
D
A
B
x
a
L
B COUNTERCLOCKWISE
(x L)
FROM PROB. 9.11-8:
EIv–– q(x) (qa2L)(2L a)x1 qx0
qx a0 (qa22L)x L1
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V (qa2L)(2L a)x qx qx a
EIv– M (qa2L)(2L a)x1 (q2)x2
(q2)x a2
EIv¿ (qa4L)(2L a)x2 (q6)x3
(q6)x a3 C1
EIv (qa12L)(2L a)x3 (q24)x4
(q24)x a4 C1x C2
1
1
Note: x2 x2, x3 x3, and x4 x4
B.C.
EIv(0) 0
0 0 0 (q24)(0)
C2 0
B.C.
C1(0) C2
EIv(L) 0
0 (qaL212)(2L a) qL424 (q/24)(L a)4
C1L
After lengthy algebra,
qa2
(2L a) 2
C1
24 L
B
EIv¿(L) (qaL4)(2L a) qL36
(q6)(L a)3 (qa224L)(2 L a)2
Note: x L1 0 and may be dropped from the
equation
0
ROTATION AT SUPPORT
After lengthy algebra,
EIv¿(L) (qa224L)(2L2 a2 )
qa2
uB v¿(L)
(2L2 a2 )
24 LEI
(counterclockwise)
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x a)
EIv(a) qa[a2(2L a)2 2a3(2L a)
a3L]24L q(0)
(qa324L)[(2L a)2 2a(2L a) aL]
(qa324L)(4L2 7aL 3a2)
D v(a)
qa3
(4L2 7 aL 3a2 ) (downward)
24 LEI
SECTION 9.11
Solution 9.12-9
Simple beam
FINAL EQUATIONS
q0
y
D
A
627
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
E
B
x
L/3
L/3
L/3
EIv¿ (q0 L 27)x2 (q0 8L)x L34
(q0 8L)x 2L34 (q0 6)x 2L33
47q0 L3/4860
EIv (q0 L81)x3 (q0 40 L)x L35
(q0 40 L)x 2L35 (q0 24)x 2L34
47q0 L3x/4860
FROM PROB. 9.11-9:
EIv–– q(x) (2q0 L27)x1
(3q0 L)x L31 (3q0 L) x 2L31
B COUNTERCLOCKWISE
(x L)
q0x 2L30
(5q0 L54)x L1
Note: x L1 0 and may be dropped from the
equation
EIv¿(L) q0 L327 (q0 8L)(2L3) 4
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
uB v¿(L)
EIv‡ V (2q0 L27)x0 (3q0 2L)x L32
(3q0 2L)x 2L32 q0 x 2L31
Note: x0 1
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x L/3)
EIv– M (2 q0 L27)x (q0 2L)x L33
(q0 2L)x 2L33
(q0 2)x 2L32
EIv¿ (q0 L27)x2 (q0 8L)x L34
(q0 8L)x 2L34
(q0 6)x 2L33 C1
EIv (q0 L81)x3 (q0 40 L)x L35
(q0 40L)x 2L35 (q0 24)x 2L34
C1x C2
B.C.
EIv (0) 0
0 0 0 0 0 C1(0) C2
C2 0
B.C.
EIv(L) 0
0 q0 L4 81 (q0 40L)(2L 3) 5 (q0 40L)(L 3) 5
(q0 24)(L 3) 4 C1L
0
47q0 L4
C1L
4860
∴ C1
47q0 L3
4860
ROTATION AT SUPPORT
B
(q0 8L)(L3)4 (q0 6)(L3)3
47q0 L34860
101q0 L39720
101q0 L3
9720 EI
(counterclockwise)
EIv(L/3) (q0 L81)(L/3)3 (q0 40L)(0)
(q0 40L)(0) (q0 24)(0)
47q0 L3(L/3)/4860
121q0 L443,740
D v ¢
121q0 L4
L
≤
3
43,740 EI
(downward)
628
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Solution 9.12-10
Simple beam
FINAL EQUATIONS
y
P = 120 kN
q = 20 kN/m
C
A
D
EIv¿ 90 x2 (103)x3 (103)x 103
60 x 152 5625
B
x
10 m
5m
5m
q 20 kN/m
P 120 kN
L
10 m
2
L 20 m
E 200 GPa
I 2.60 103 m4
FROM PROB. 9.11-10:
B COUNTERCLOCKWISE ROTATION AT SUPPORT B
(x 20)
Eiv¿(20) 90(20) 2 (103)(20) 3 (103)(10) 3
60(5)2 5625
5541.67
Units: kilonewtons, meters
Note: x 201 0 and may be dropped from the
equation
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V 180 x0 20 x1 20 x 101
120 x 150
0
Note: x 1 and x1 x
EIv– M 180x 20(x22) (202) x 102
120 x 151
EIv¿ 180(x22) 20(x36) (103)x 103
60 x 152 C1
EIv 30x3 (56)x4 (56)x 104 20 x 153
C 1x C 2
EIv (0) 0
0 0 0 0 0 C1(0) C2
C2 0
B.C.
5541.67
EI
5541.67
6
(200 10 kPa)(2.60 103 m)
0.01066 rad (counterclockwise)
uB v¿(20)
EIv–– g(x) 180 x1 20 x0 20 x 100
120 x 151 140 x 201
B.C.
EIv 30x3 (56)x4 (56)x 104 20x 153
5625x
(x meters, v meters, v¿ radians,
E kilopascals, I meters4)
EIv(20) 0
0 30(20)3 (5/6)(20)4 (5/6)(10)4
20(5)3 C1(20)
0 112,500 20C1 C1 5625
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x 15)
EIv(15) 30(15)3 (56)(15)4 (56)(5)4
20(0) 5625(15)
24,791.7
24,791.7
EI
24,791.7
6
(200 10 kPa)(2.60 103 m)
0.04768 m 47.68 mm (downward)
D v(15)
SECTION 9.11
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Problem 9.12-11 A beam ACBD with simple supports at A and B
and an overhang BD is shown in the figure. (a) Obtain the equation
of the deflection curve for the beam. (b) Calculate the deflections C
and D at points C and D, respectively. (Assume E 30 106 psi
and I 280 in.4)
Solution 9.12-11
Beam with an overhang
FINAL EQUATIONS
y
P=8k
M0 = 12 k-ft
B
A
D
x
C
6 ft
6 ft
6 ft
M0 144 k-in.
L
72 in.
2
L LAB 144 in.
3L
216 in.
2
E 30 103 ksi
I 280 in.4
EIv¿ 3x22 144 x 721 (112)x 1442
12,960
EIv x32 72x 722 (116)x 1443
12,960 x
(x in., v in., v¿ rad, E 30 103 ksi,
I 280 in.4)
C UPWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT C (x 72)
EIv(15) (72)32 72(0) (116)(0)
12,960(72)
746,496
746,496
746,496
EI
(30 103 )(280)
0.08887 in. (upward)
C v(15)
FROM PROB. 9.11-11:
Units: kips, inches
EIv–– q(x) 3 x1 144 x 722
11x 1441 8 x 2161
Note: x 2161 0 and may be dropped from the
equation.
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x 216)
EIv(216) (216)32 72(144)2 (116)(72)3
12,960(216)
3,048,192
3,048,192
3,048,192
EI
(30 103 )(280)
0.3629 in. (downward)
D v(216)
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ V 3x0 144x 721 11x 1440
EIv– M 3x1 144x 720 11x 1441
EIv¿ (32)x2 144x 721 (112)x 1442
C1
EIv (12)x3 (1442)x 722
(116)x 1443 C1x C2
B.C.
EIv(0) 0
0 0 0 0 C1(0) C2
C2 0
B.C.
EIv(144) 0
0 (12)(144)3 (72)(72)2
0 1,866,240 144 C1
C1 12,960
(116)(0) C1(144)
629
630
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.12-12 The overhanging beam ACBD shown in the figure
is simply supported at A and B. Obtain the equation of the deflection
curve and the deflections C and D at points C and D, respectively.
(Assume E 200 GPa and I 15 106 mm4.)
Solution 9.12-12
Beam with an overhang
B.C.
y
q = 12 kN/m
C
A
D
B
1.2 m
1.2 m
x
EIv(2.4) 0
0 0.4(2.4)3 (1/12)(1.2)5 (1/12)(0) 4(0)
2.4 C1
0 5.73696 2.4 C1
C1 2.3904
1.2 m
FINAL EQUATION
q 12 knm
L
1.2 m
2
L LAB 2.4 m
E 200 GPa
I 15 106 mm4
FROM PROB. 9.11-12:
EIv¿ 1.2x2 (512) x 1.24 (512) x 2.44
12 x 2.42 2.3904
EIv 0.4x3 (112) x 1.25 (112) x 2.45
4 x 2.43 2.3904x
Units: kilometers, meters
EIv–– q(x) 2.4 x1 10x 1.21
10 x 2.41
24 x 2.41 12 x 3.60
Note: x 3.60 0
the equation.
and may be dropped from
INTEGRATE THE EQUATION
EIv‡ v 2.4 x0 (102) x 1.22
(102) x 2.42 24x 2.420
EIv– M 2.4 x¿ (53) x 1.23
(53) x 2.43 24 x 2.4¿
Note: x¿ x
EIv¿ 1.2x2 (512) x 1.24 (512) x 2.44
12 x 2.42 C1
EIv 0.4x3 (112) x 1.25 (112) x 2.45
4 x 2.43 C1x C2
B.C.
EIv(0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 C1(0) C2
C2 0
(x meters, v meters, v¿ radians,
E 200 106 kPa, I 15 106 m4)
C UPWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT C (x 1.2)
EIv(1.2) 0.4(1.2) 3 (112) (0) (112) (0)
4 (0) 2.3904 (1.2) 2.17728
C v(1.2)
2.17728
2.17728
EI
(200 106 )(15 106 )
0.00072576 m 0.7258 mm (upward)
D DOWNWARD DEFLECTION AT POINT D (x 3.6)
EIv(3.6) 0.4(3.6) 3 (112) (2.4) 5
(1/12) (1.2)5
4 (1.2)3 2.3904 (3.6)
9.57312
9.57312
9.57312
EI
(200 106 )(15 106 )
0.00319104 m 3.191 mm (downward)
D v(3.6)
SECTION 9.11
631
Representation of Loads on Beams by Discontinuity Functions
Temperature Effects
The beams described in the problems for Section 9.13 have constant
flexural rigidity EI. In every problem, the temperature varies linearly
between the top and bottom of the beam.
Problem 9.13-1 A simple beam AB of length L and height h undergoes
a temperature change such that the bottom of the beam is at temperature
T2 and the top of the beam is at temperature T1 (see figure).
y
h
T1
A
B
x
T2
Determine the equation of the deflection curve of the beam, the
angle of rotation A at the left-hand support, and the deflection max at
the midpoint.
L
Solution 9.13-1
Simple beam with temperature differential
d 2v (T2 T1 )
B.C. 2 V(0) 0
C2 0
Eq. (9-147): v– 2
h
dx
(T2 T1 )(x)(L x)
v
dv (T2 T1 )x
2h
v¿
C1
dx
h
(positive v is upward deflection)
(T2 T1 )(L 2x)
v¿
L
2h
B.C. 1 (Symmetry) v¿ ¢ ≤ 0
2
L(T2 T1 )
L(T2 T1 )
uA v¿(0)
∴ C1
2h
2h
(positive A is clockwise rotation)
(T2 T1 )x2 L(T2 T1 )x
C2
v
L2 (T2 T1 )
L
2h
2h
max v ¢ ≤
2
8h
(positive max is downward deflection)
Problem 9.13-2 A cantilever beam AB of length L and height h (see figure)
is subjected to a temperature change such that the temperature at the top is T1
and at the bottom is T2.
Determine the equation of the deflection curve of the beam, the angle
of rotation B at end B, and the deflection B at end B.
y
A
T1
T2
L
Solution 9.13-2
Cantilever beam with temperature differential
d 2v (T2 T1 )
B.C. 2 v(0) 0
C2 0
Eq. (9-147): v– 2
h
dx
(T2 T1 )x2
v
dv (T2 T1 )
2h
v¿
x C1
dx
h
(positive v is upward deflection)
B.C.
1 v¿(0) 0
v¿
C1 0
(T2 T1 )
x
h
(T2 T1 ) x2
¢ ≤ C2
v
h
2
L(T2 T1 )
h
(positive B is counterclockwise rotation)
uB v¿(L)
L2 (T2 T1 )
2h
(positive B is upward deflection)
B v(L)
h
B
x
632
CHAPTER 9
Deflections of Beams
Problem 9.13-3 An overhanging beam ABC of height h is heated to a
temperature T1 on the top and T2 on the bottom (see figure).
Determine the equation of the deflection curve of the beam, the angle
of rotation C at end C, and the deflection C at end C.
y
h
T1
A
T1
B
T2
T2
L
a
C
x
Solution 9.13-3
Overhanging beam with temperature differential
(T2 T1 ) 2
d 2v (T2 T1 )
v
(x Lx)
Eq. (9-147): v– 2
2h
h
dx
(positive v is upward deflection)
(This equation is valid for the entire length of the
beam.)
(T2 T1 )
v¿
(2x L)
(T2 T1 )x
2h
v¿
C1
h
(T2 T1 )
uC v¿(L a)
(L 2a)
(T2 T1 )x2
2h
C1x C2
v
(positive C is counterclockwise rotation)
2h
B.C.
1 v(0) 0
B.C.
2 v(L) 0
∴ C1
(T2 T1 ) (L a) (a)
2h
(positive C is upward deflection)
C v(L a)
C2 0
(T2 T1 )L
2h
Problem 9.13-4 A simple beam AB of length L and height h (see figure)
is heated in such a manner that the temperature difference T2 T1
between the bottom and top of the beam is proportional to the distance
from support A; that is,
y
x
L
in which T0 is a constant having units of temperature (degrees) per unit
distance.
Determine the maximum deflection max of the beam.
Solution 9.13-4
Simple beam with temperature differential proportional to distance x
T0 2
T2 T1 T0 x
v¿
(L 3x2 )
6h
2
d v (T2 T1 ) T0 x
Eq. (9-147): v– 2
(positive v¿ is upward to the right)
h
h
dx
dv T0 x2
C1
dx
2h
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
Set v¿ 0 and solve for x.
L
x1
L2 3x 2 0
3
T0 x3
v
C1x C2
6h
B.C.
B.C.
1 v (0) 0
2 v (L) 0
C2 0
∴ C1
T0 L2
6h
T0 x 2
v
(L x2 )
6h
(positive v is upward deflection)
vmax v(x1 )
max vmax
T0 L3
93h
T0 L3
93h
(positive max is downward)
B
x
T2
T2 T1 T0 x
v¿
h
T1
A
#
11
Chapter Title
Columns
Idealized Buckling Models
Problem 11.2-1 through 11.2-4 The figure shows an idealized structure
consisting of one or more rigid bars with pinned connections and linearly
elastic springs. Rotational stiffness is denoted R and translational
stiffness is denoted .
Determine the critical load Pcr for the structure.
P
P
C
B
B
L
L
R
a
A
A
Prob. 11.2-1
Prob. 11.2-2
P
P
C
C
L
—
2
B
R
L
—
2
B
R
L
—
2
R
A
A
Prob. 11.2-3
Prob. 11.2-4
L
—
2
671
672
CHAPTER 11
Solution 11.2-1
Columns
Rigid bar AB
a MA 0
P
L
B
P(uL) bR u 0
Solution 11.2-2
Rigid bar ABC
a MA 0
P
PuL bua 2 0
L
C
F a
B
M R
A
Two rigid bars with a pin
Solution 11.2-4
connection
Two rigid bars with a pin
P
P
C
H
C
R
B
B
R
A
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR BC
C
MC R
MC
R
H
A
Shows that there are no horizontal
a MA 0
reactions at the supports.
P
a M A 0 HL bR u 0
bR u
H
L
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF BAR BC
P
H
C
B
P
( 2L )
M C bRu
M B bR (2u)
B
bR (2u) bRu
6bR
L
H
P
L
a M B 0M B M C Pu ¢ 2 ≤ 0
Pcr
ba 2
L
A
Solution 11.2-3
connection
Pcr
a
bR
Pcr
L
PLu
2
L
uL
a M B 0H ¢ 2 ≤ P ¢ 2 ≤ 0
Pcr
H bR
u
L
SECTION 11.3
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
2
The problems for Section 11.3 are to be solved using the assumptions
of ideal, slender, prismatic, linearly elastic columns (Euler buckling).
Buckling occurs in the plane of the figure unless stated otherwise.
1
Problem 11.3-1 Calculate the critical load Pcr for a W 8 35 steel
6
column (see figure) having length L 24 ft and E 30 10 psi
under the following conditions:
(a) The column buckles by bending about its strong axis (axis 1-1),
and (b) the column buckles by bending about its weak axis (axis 2-2).
In both cases, assume that the column has pinned ends.
Probs. 11.3-1 through 11.3-3
Solution 11.3-1 Column with pinned supports
W 8 35 steel column
L 24 ft 288 in. E 30 106 psi
I2 42.6 in.4
A 10.3 in.2
I1 127 in.4
(a) BUCKLING ABOUT STRONG AXIS
Pcr
2EI1
453 k
L2
C
1
2
(b) BUCKLING ABOUT WEAK AXIS
2EI2
152 k
L2
Pcr
453 k
44 ksi
NOTE: scr
A
10.3 in.2
Solution is satisfactory if sPL 44 ksi
Pcr
Problem 11.3-2 Solve the preceding problem for a W 10 60
steel column having length L 30 ft.
Solution 11.3-2 Column with pinned supports
W 10 60 steel column
L 30 ft 360 in. E 30 10 6 psi
I1 341 in.4
I2 116 in.4
A 17.6 in.2
(a) BUCKLING ABOUT STRONG AXIS
Pcr
2EI1
779 k
L2
(b) BUCKLING ABOUT WEAK AXIS
2EI2
265 k
L2
Pcr
779 k
44 ksi
NOTE: scr
A
17.6 in.2
Solution is satisfactory if sPL 44 ksi
Pcr
Problem 11.3-3 Solve Problem 11.3-1 for a W 10 45 steel
column having length L 28 ft.
Solution 11.3-3
Column with pinned supports
W 10 45 steel column
L 28 ft 336 in. E 30 106 psi
I2 53.4 in.4
A 13.3 in.2
I1 248 in.4
(a) BUCKLING ABOUT STRONG AXIS
Pcr
2EI1
650 k
L2
(b) BUCKLING ABOUT WEAK AXIS
2EI2
140 k
L2
PCR
650 k
49 ksi
NOTE: scr
A
13.3 in.2
Solution is satisfactory if sPL 49 ksi
Pcr
673
674
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.3-4 A horizontal beam AB is pin-supported at end A and
carries a load Q at end B, as shown in the figure. The beam is supported
at C by a pinned-end column. The column is a solid steel bar
(E 200 GPa) of square cross section having length L 1.8 m
and side dimensions b 60 mm.
Based upon the critical load of the column, determine the allowable
load Q if the factor of safety with respect to buckling is n 2.0.
A
B
C
d
2d
Q
b
L
D
Probs. 11.3-4 and 11.3-5
Solution 11.3-4
Beam supported by a column
COLUMN CD (STEEL)
E 200 GPa L 1.8 m
Square cross section: b 60 mm
Factor of safety: n 2.0
I
P
a M A 0Q 3
Pallow Pcr Pcr
Q allow
109.7 kN
3
3n 6.0
BEAM ACB
b4
1.08 106 mm4
12
Pcr
2EI
657.97 kN
L2
Problem 11.3-5 Solve the preceding problem if the column is aluminum
(E 10 106 psi), the length L 30 in., the side dimension b 1.5 in.,
and the factor of safety n 1.8.
Solution 11.3-5 Beam supported by a column
COLUMN CD (STEEL)
E 10 10 6 psi L 30 in.
Square cross section: b 1.5 in.
Factor of safety: n 1.8
b4
I 0.42188 in.4
12
Pcr
P
a M A 0Q 3
Pallow Pcr
Pcr
Q allow
8.57 k
3
3 n 5.4
BEAM ACB
2EI
46.264 k
L2
Problem 11.3-6 A horizontal beam AB is pin-supported at end A and
carries a load Q at end B, as shown in the figure. The beam is supported
at C and D by two identical pinned-end columns of length L. Each
column has flexural rigidity EI.
What is the critical load Qcr? (In other words, at what load Qcr does
the system collapse because of Euler buckling of the columns?)
A
C
d
D
d
B
2d
Q
L
SECTION 11.3
675
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
Solution 11.3-6 Beam supported by two columns
Collapse occurs when both columns reach the critical load.
A
C
d
D
B
d
3 Pcr
a M A 0Q cr 4
2d
Pcr
Qcr
Pcr
Pcr
2EI
L2
32EI
4 L2
Q cr
Problem 11.3-7 A slender bar AB with pinned ends and length L is held
between immovable supports (see figure).
What increase T in the temperature of the bar will produce buckling
at the Euler load?
Solution 11.3-7 Bar with immovable pin supports
L length
A cross-sectional area
I moment of inertia E modulus of elasticity
coefficient of thermal expansion
T uniform increase in temperature
EULER LOAD
Pcr
2EI
L2
INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE TO PRODUCE BUCKLING
P EA(¢T )
2EI
2I
2 ¢T
L
AL2
P
Problem 11.3-8 A rectangular column with cross-sectional dimensions
b and h is pin-supported at ends A and C (see figure). At midheight, the
column is restrained in the plane of the figure but is free to deflect
perpendicular to the plane of the figure.
Determine the ratio h/b such that the critical load is the same
for buckling in the two principal planes of the column.
C
X
X
L
—
2
L
—
2
b
A
Column with restraint at midheight
FOR EQUAL CRITICAL LOADS
2
Critical loads for buckling about axes 1-1 and 2-2:
1h
1
2
b
EI1
L2
2
P1
EI2 4 EI2
(L2) 2
L2
2
P2
2
P1 P2
bh3
I1
12
bh3 4hb 3
b
h
B
Solution 11.3-8
B
L
P PcrEA(¢T )
AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE IN BAR (EQ. 2-17)
T
A
I1 4I2
hb 3
I2
12
h
2
b
Section X-X
676
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.3-9 Three identical, solid circular rods, each of radius r and length
L, are placed together to form a compression member (see the cross section shown
in the figure).
Assuming pinned-end conditions, determine the critical load Pcr as follows:
(a) The rods act independently as individual columns, and (b) the rods are bonded
by epoxy throughout their lengths so that they function as a single member.
What is the effect on the critical load when the rods act as a single member?
Solution 11.3-9
Three solid circular rods
y
x
R Radius
2r
L Length
(a) RODS ACT INDEPENDENTLY
2EI
r4
(3)I
4
L2
33Er4
Pcr
4L2
Pcr
The x and y axes have their origin at the centroid of
the cross section. Because there are three different
centroidal axes of symmetry, all centroidal axes are
principal axes and all centroidal moments of inertia
are equal (see Section 12.9).
From Case 9, Appendix D:
r 4
5r 4
11r 4
I IY
2¢
≤
4
4
4
2EI 113Er4
Pcr 2
L
4L2
NOTE: Joining the rods so that they act as a single
member increases the critical load by a factor of
113, or 3.67.
(b) RODS ARE BONDED TOGETHER
Problem 11.3-10 Three pinned-end columns of the same material have
the same length and the same cross-sectional area (see figure). The columns
are free to buckle in any direction. The columns have cross sections as
follows: (1) a circle, (2) a square, and (3) an equilateral triangle.
Determine the ratios P1 : P2 : P3 of the critical loads for these columns.
Solution 11.3-10 Three pinned-end columns
E, L, and A are the same for all three columns.
EI
L2
P1 : P2 : P3 I1 : I2 : I3
(1) CIRCLE Case 9, Appendix D
I
d 4
d 2
A2
A
∴ I1
64
4
4
(2) SQUARE Case 1, Appendix D
I
A2
b4
A b 2 ∴ I2
12
12
(2)
(3)
(3) EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE Case 5, Appendix D
2
Pcr
(1)
I
b 4 3
b 2 3
A2 3
A
∴ I3
96
4
18
P1 : P2 : P3 I1 : I2 : I3 1 :
23
:
3
9
1.000 : 1.047 : 1.209
NOTE: For each of the above cross sections, every
centroidal axis has the same moment of inertia
(see Section 12.9).
SECTION 11.3
677
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
Problem 11.3-11 A long slender column ABC is pinned at ends A and
C and compressed by an axial force P (see figure). At the midpoint B,
lateral support is provided to prevent deflection in the plane of the
figure. The column is a steel wide-flange section (W 10 45) with
E 30 106 psi. The distance between lateral supports is L 18 ft.
Calculate the allowable load P using a factor of safety n 2.4, taking
into account the possibility of Euler buckling about either principal
centroidal axis (i.e., axis 1-1 or axis 2-2).
P
2
C
X
W 10 45
L
X
1
1
B
L
2
Section X - X
A
Solution 11.3-11
Column with restraint at midheight
W 10 45
E 30 106 psi
L 18 ft 216 in. I1 248 in.4
n 2.4
BUCKLING ABOUT AXIS 1-1
BUCKLING ABOUT AXIS 2-2
I2 53.4 in.4
Pcr
2EI2
338.9 k
L2
ALLOWABLE LOAD
2EI1
Pcr
393.5 k
(2L) 2
Pallow
Pcr 338.9 k
141 k
n
2.4
Problem 11.3-12 The multifaceted glass roof over the lobby of a museum
building is supported by the use of pretensioned cables. At a typical joint in
the roof structure, a strut AB is compressed by the action of tensile forces F
in a cable that makes an angle 75° with the strut (see figure). The strut
is a circular tube of aluminum (E 72 GPa) with outer diameter d2 50 mm
and inner diameter d1 40 mm. The strut is 1.0 m long and is assumed to
be pin-connected at both ends.
Using a factor of safety n 2.5 with respect to the critical load,
determine the allowable force F in the cable.
F
A
d2
Strut
B
Cable
F
Solution 11.3-12
Strut and cable
F
P
A
E 72 GPa
d2 50 mm
d1 40 mm
L 1.0 m
I (d 42 d 41 ) 181.13 103 mm4
64
d2
PROPERTIES OF STRUT
B
F
P compressive force in strut
F tensile force in cable
angle between strut and cable
75º
2EI
128.71 kN
L2
Pcr 128.71 kN
Pallow
51.49 kN
n
2.5
Pcr
EQUILIBRIUM OF JOINT B
P 2F cos 75º
∴ Fallow
Pallow
99.5 kN
2 cos 75
678
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.3-13 The hoisting arrangement for lifting
a large pipe is shown in the figure. The spreader is a steel
tubular section with outer diameter 2.75 in. and inner
diameter 2.25 in. Its length is 8.5 ft and its modulus of
elasticity is 29 106 psi.
Based upon a factor of safety of 2.25 with respect to
Euler buckling of the spreader, what is the maximum weight
of pipe that can be lifted? (Assume pinned conditions at the
ends of the spreader.)
F
Cable
7
7
10
10
A
B
Spreader
Cable
Pipe
Solution 11.3-13
Hoisting arrangement for a pipe
T
A
P
W
2
T tensile force in cable
P compressive force in spreader
W weight of pipe
7
tan
10
PROPERTIES OF SPREADER
E 29 106 psi
d2 2.75 in. d1 2.25 in. L 8.5 ft 102 in.
I (d 42 d 41 ) 1.549 in.4
64
Pcr
2EI
42.61 k
L2
Pallow
EQUILIBRIUM OF JOINT A
a Fhoriz 0
P T cos 0
w
a Fvert 0 T sin 2 0
SOLVE THE EQUATION
W 2P tan
MAXIMUM WEIGHT OF PIPE
Wmax 2Pallow tan 2(18.94 k)(0.7)
26.5 k
Pcr 42.61 k
18.94 k
n
2.25
Problem 11.3-14 A pinned-end strut of aluminum (E 72 GPa) with
length L 1.8 m is constructed of circular tubing with outside diameter
d 50 mm (see figure). The strut must resist an axial load P 18 kN
with a factor of safety n 2.0 with respect to the critical load.
Determine the required thickness t of the tube.
t
d = 50 mm
SECTION 11.3
Solution 11.3-14
Aluminum strut
E 72 GPa
L 1.8 m
Outer diameter d 50 mm
t thickness
Inner diameter d 2t
P 18 kN n 2.0
MOMENT OF INERTIA
I
p 4
[d 2 (d 2 2t) 4 ] 164.14 3 103 mm4
64
REQUIRED THICKNESS
CRITICAL LOAD Pcr nP (2.0)(18 kN) 36 kN
Pcr
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
PcrL2
2EI
164.14 103 mm4
∴
I
L2
2E
d4 (d 2t)4 3.3438 106 mm4
(d 2t)4 (50 mm)4 3.3438 106 mm4
2.9062 106 mm4
d 2t 41.289 mm
2t 50 mm 41.289 mm 8.711 mm
tmin 4.36 mm
Problem 11.3-15 The cross section of a column built up of two steel
I-beams (S 6 17.25 sections) is shown in the figure on the next page.
The beams are connected by spacer bars, or lacing, to ensure that they act
together as a single column. (The lacing is represented by dashed lines in
the figure.) The column is assumed to have pinned ends and may buckle
in any direction. Assuming E 30 106 psi and L 27.5 ft, calculate
the critical load Pcr for the column.
Solution 11.3-15
S 6 17.25
4 in.
Column of two steel beams
COMPOSITE COLUMN
y
4 in.
2 in.
2
Iy 2[2.31 in.4 (5.07 in.2)(2 in.)2]
45.18 in.4 Iy Ix
Buckling occurs about the y axis.
Iy 2(I2 Ad 2 )d
x
x
y
4 in.
S 6 17.25
E 30 106 psi
L 27.5 ft 330 in.
I1 26.3 in.4
I2 2.31 in.4
A 5.07 in.2
Ix 2I1 52.6 in.4
CRITICAL LOAD
Pcr
2EIy
L2
123 k
679
680
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.3-16 The truss ABC shown in the figure supports a
vertical load W at joint B. Each member is a slender circular steel pipe
(E 200 GPa) with outside diameter 100 mm and wall thickness
6.0 mm. The distance between supports is 7.0 m. Joint B is restrained
against displacement perpendicular to the plane of the truss.
Determine the critical value Wcr of the load.
B
100 mm
W
40°
A
55°
C
7.0 m
Solution 11.3-16
Truss ABC with load W
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF JOINT B
B
B
W
40°
55°
A
FAB
FBC
50°
35°
C
W
L7m
STEEL PIPES AB AND BC
E 200 GPa L 7.0 m
d2 100 mm
t 6.0 mm
d1 d2 2t 88 mm
I (d 42 d 41 ) 1.965 106 mm4
64
LENGTHS OF MEMBERS AB AND BC
use the law of sines (see Appendix C)
sin 55
L AB L ¢
≤ 5.756 m
sin 85
sin 40
≤ 4.517 m
sin 85
Buckling occurs when either member reaches its
critical load.
L BC L ¢
CRITICAL LOADS
(Pcr ) AB
2EI
117.1 kN
L 2AB
(Pcr ) BC
2EI
190.1 kN
L 2BC
a Fhoriz 0
a Fvert 0
FAB sin 50 FBC sin 35 0
FAB cos 50 FBC cos 35 W 0
SOLVE THE TWO EQUATIONS
W 1.7368 FAB
W 1.3004 FBC
CRITICAL VALUE OF THE LOAD W
Based on member AB: Wcr 1.7368 (Pcr)AB
203 kN
Based on member BC: Wcr 1.3004 (Pcr)BC
247 kN
lower load governs. Member AB buckler.
Wcr 203 kN
SECTION 11.3
Critical Loads of Columns with Pinned Supports
Problem 11.3-17 A truss ABC supports a load W at joint B, as
shown in the figure. The length L1 of member AB is fixed, but the
length of strut BC varies as the angle is changed. Strut BC has a
solid circular cross section. Joint B is restrained against displacement
perpendicular to the plane of the truss.
Assuming that collapse occurs by Euler buckling of the strut,
determine the angle for minimum weight of the strut.
A
B
W
C
L1
Solution 11.3-17
Truss ABC (minimum weight)
All terms are constants except cos and sin .
Therefore, we can write VS in the following form:
k
VS
where k is a constant.
2
cos usin u
LENGTHS OF MEMBERS
LAB L1 (a constant)
L1
L BC
(angle u is variable)
cos u
Strut BC may buckle.
GRAPH OF
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF JOINT B
FAB
B
a Fvert 0
W
FBC
sin u
8
W
FBC
Vs
k
A
2
d
d
A
I
∴ I
4
64
4
4
0
min
90
45
2
2EI EA2 cos2u
Pcr 2
L BC
4 L 21
W
EA2 cos2 u
FBC Pcror
sin u
4 L 21
12
2 L1
W
¢
≤
Solve for area A: A
cos u E sin u
For minimum weight, the volume VS of the strut
must be a minimum.
VS AL BC
6
4
FBC sin W 0
STRUT BC (SOLID CIRCULAR BAR)
2
VS
k
2L 21
2
12
AL 1
W
¢
≤
cos u cos u E sin u
min angle for minimum volume (and minimum
weight)
For minimum weight, the term cos2 usin u must be
a maximum.
For a maximum value, the derivative with respect to
equals zero.
d
(cos2 usin u) 0
du
Taking the derivative and simplifying, we get
cos2 4 sin2 0
Therefore,
or 1 4 tan2 0 and tan u
1
2
681
682
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Columns with Other Support Conditions
The problems for Section 11.4 are to be solved using the assumptions
of ideal, slender, prismatic, linearly elastic columns (Euler buckling).
Buckling occurs in the plane of the figure unless stated otherwise.
Problem 11.4-1 An aluminum pipe column (E 10,400 ksi) with
length L 10.0 ft has inside and outside diameters d1 5.0 in. and
d2 6.0 in., respectively (see figure). The column is supported only
at the ends and may buckle in any direction.
Calculate the critical load Pcr for the following end conditions:
(1) pinned-pinned, (2) fixed-free, (3) fixed-pinned, and (4) fixed-fixed.
Solution 11.4-1
d2
Probs. 11.4-1 and 11.4-2
Aluminum pipe column
d2 6.0 in. d1 5.0 in. E 10,400 ksi
I (d 42 d 41 ) 32.94 in.4
64
L 10.0 ft 120 in.
(2) FIXED-FREE
(3) FIXED-PINNED
(4) FIXED-FIXED
(1) PINNED-PINNED
Pcr
d1
2EI
58.7 k
4L2
2.046 2EI
Pcr
480 k
L2
42EI
Pcr
939 k
L2
Pcr
2EI 2 (10,400 ksi)(32.94 in.4 )
L2
(120 in.) 2
235 k
Problem 11.4-2 Solve the preceding problem for a steel pipe column
(E 210 GPa) with length L 1.2 m, inner diameter d1 36 mm, and
outer diameter d2 40 mm.
Solution 11.4-2
Steel pipe column
d1 36 mm
E 210 GPa
d2 40 mm
I (d 42 d 41 ) 43.22 103 mm4L 1.2 m
64
(2) FIXED-FREE Pcr
2EI
15.6 kN
4L2
(3) FIXED-PINNED Pcr
(1) PINNED-PINNED Pcr
2EI
62.2 kN
L2
(4) FIXED-FIXED
Pcr
2.046 2EI
127 kN
L2
42EI
249 kN
L2
SECTION 11.4
Columns with Other Support Conditions
Problem 11.4-3 A wide-flange steel column (E 30 106 psi) of
W 12 87 shape (see figure) has length L 28 ft. It is supported only
at the ends and may buckle in any direction.
Calculate the allowable load Pallow based upon the critical load with
a factor of safety n 2.5. Consider the following end conditions:
(1) pinned-pinned, (2) fixed-free, (3) fixed-pinned, and (4) fixed-fixed.
2
1
Probs. 11.4-3 and 11.4-4
Solution 11.4-3
Wide-flange column
W 12 87
E 30 10 6 psi
L 28 ft 336 in. n 2.5
I2 241 in.4
(3) FIXED-PINNED
Pallow
(1) PINNED-PINNED
Pallow
Pcr 2 EI2
253 k
n
nL2
(4) FIXED-FIXED
Pallow
(2) FIXED-FREE
Pallow
2.0462 EI2
517 k
n L2
42 EI2
1011 k
n L2
2 EI2
63.2 k
4 n L2
Problem 11.4-4 Solve the preceding problem for a W 10 60 shape
with length L 24 ft.
Solution 11.4-4
Wide-flange column
W 10 60
E 30 106 psi
L 24 ft 288 in. n 2.5
I2 116 in.4
(3) FIXED-PINNED
Pallow
(1) PINNED-PINNED
Pallow
Pcr 2 EI2
166 k
n
nL2
(4) FIXED-FIXED
Pallow
(2) FIXED-FREE
Pallow
2 EI2
41.4 k
4 nL2
2.0462 EI2
339 k
nL2
42 EI2
663 k
nL2
1
2
683
684
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.4-5 The upper end of a W 8 21 wide-flange steel column
(E 30 103 ksi) is supported laterally between two pipes (see figure).
The pipes are not attached to the column, and friction between the pipes
and the column is unreliable. The base of the column provides a fixed
support, and the column is 13 ft long.
Determine the critical load for the column, considering Euler
buckling in the plane of the web and also perpendicular to the plane
of the web.
Solution 11.4-5
W 8 21
Wide-flange steel column
W 8 21
E 30 103 ksi
L 13 ft 156 in. I1 75.3 in.4
I2 9.77 in.4
1
AXIS 1-1 (FIXED-FREE)
Pcr
2 EI1
229 k
4 L2
AXIS 2-2 (FIXED-PINNED)
Pcr
2
2
2.0462 EI2
243 k
L2
Buckling about axis 1-1 governs.
Pcr 229 k
1
B
Problem 11.4-6 A vertical post AB is embedded in a
concrete foundation and held at the top by two cables
(see figure). The post is a hollow steel tube with modulus
of elasticity 200 GPa, outer diameter 40 mm, and thickness
5 mm. The cables are tightened equally by turnbuckles.
If a factor of safety of 3.0 against Euler buckling in the
plane of the figure is desired, what is the maximum allowable
tensile force Tallow in the cables?
40 mm
2.1 m
Steel tube
Turnbuckle
A
2.0 m
2.0 m
Steel tube
Pcr 78.67 kN
26.22 kN
n
3.0
B
m
Pallow
9
E 200 GPa d2 40 mm
d1 30 mm
L 2.1 m n 3.0
I (d 42 d 41 ) 85,903 mm4
64
Buckling in the plane of the figure means fixedpinned end conditions.
2.
Solution 11.4-6
2.1 m
2
Pcr
2.046 EI
78.67 kN
L2
Cable
2.0 m
A
SECTION 11.4
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF JOINT B
685
Columns with Other Support Conditions
EQUILIBRIUM
2.1 m
a Fvert 0Pallow 2T ¢ 2.9 m ≤ 0
B
T
T
ALLOWABLE FORCE IN CABLES
Pallow
Tallow (Pallow ) ¢
1 2.9 m
≤¢
≤ 18.1 kN
2 2.1 m
T tensile force in each cable
Pallow compressive force in tube
Problem 11.4-7 The horizontal beam ABC shown in the figure is
supported by columns BD and CE. The beam is prevented from moving
horizontally by the roller support at end A, but vertical displacement at
end A is free to occur. Each column is pinned at its upper end to the
beam, but at the lower ends, support D is fixed and support E is pinned.
Both columns are solid steel bars (E 30 10 6 psi) of square cross
section with width equal to 0.625 in. A load Q acts at distance a from
column BD.
(a) If the distance a 12 in., what is the critical value Qcr
of the load?
(b) If the distance a can be varied between 0 and 40 in., what is
the maximum possible value of Qcr? What is the corresponding value
of the distance a?
Solution 11.4-7
E 30 106 psi L 35 in.
b4
b 0.625 in.I 0.012716 in.4
12
2.046 2 EI
6288 lb
L2
COLUMN CE
Q
C
B
A
40 in.
35 in.
45 in.
0.625 in.
0.625 in.
D
E
Beam supported by two columns
COLUMN BD
Pcr
a
28
7
10
Q QQ PBD
40
10
7
PCE
12
3
10
Q QQ PCE
40
10
3
10
(6288 lb) 8980 lb
7
10
If column CE buckles: Q (1859 lb) 6200 lb
3
If column BD buckles: Q
E 30 106 psi
L 45 in.
4
b 0.625 in.I
PBD
b
0.012716 in.4
12
EI
1859 lb
L2
∴ Q cr 6200 lb
2
PCR
(a) FIND Qcr
IF
(b) MAXIMUM VALUE OF QCR
Both columns buckle simultaneously.
PBD 6288 lb PCE 1859 lb
a 12 in.
a Fvert 0Q CR PBD PCE 8150 lb
a
a M B 0Q CR (a) PCE (40 in.)
Q
C
B
a
40 in.
PBD
PCE
PCE (40 in.) (1859 lb) (40 in.)
Q cr
PBD PCE
(1859 lb) (40 in.)
9.13 in.
6288 lb 1859 lb
686
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.4-8 The roof beams of a warehouse are supported
by pipe columns (see figure on the next page) having outer
diameter d2 100 mm and inner diameter d1 90 mm. The
columns have length L 4.0 m, modulus E 210 GPa, and
fixed supports at the base.
Calculate the critical load Pcr of one of the columns using the
following assumptions: (1) the upper end is pinned and the beam
prevents horizontal displacement; (2) the upper end is fixed against
rotation and the beam prevents horizontal displacement; (3) the upper
end is pinned but the beam is free to move horizontally; and (4) the
upper end is fixed against rotation but the beam is free to move
horizontally.
Solution 11.4-8
Roof beam
Pipe column
d2
L
Pipe column (with fixed base)
E 210 GPa
L 4.0 m
d2 100 mmI (d 42 d 41 ) 1688 103 mm4
64
d1 90 mm
(3) UPPER END IS PINNED (BUT NO HORIZONTAL
RESTRAINT)
P
(1) UPPER END IS PINNED (WITH NO HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENT)
Pcr
P
Pcr
2 EI
54.7 kN
4L2
2.0462 EI
447 kN
L2
(4) UPPER END IS GUIDED
(no rotation; no horizontal restraint)
P
(2) UPPER END IS FIXED (WITH NO HORIZONTAL
DISPLACEMENT)
L
2
P
L
2
Pcr
42 EI
875 kN
L2
The lower half of the column is in the same
condition as Case (3) above.
Pcr
2 EI
2 EI
219 kN
4(L2) 2
L2
SECTION 11.4
Columns with Other Support Conditions
Problem 11.4-9 Determine the critical load Pcr and the equation of
the buckled shape for an ideal column with ends fixed against rotation
(see figure) by solving the differential equation of the deflection curve.
(See also Fig. 11-17.)
P
B
L
A
Solution 11.4-9
Fixed-end column
v deflection in the y direction
BUCKLING EQUATION
x
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ.11-3)
EIv– M M 0 Pvk 2
v– k 2v
B.C.
P
P
EI
cos kL 1
M0
M0
EI
B.C.
1 v(0) 0
Le
M0
C2
P
2 v¿(0) 0 ∴ C1 0
v
M0
(1 cos kx)
P
2 2 42 P 42
≤ 2 2
L
EI
L
L
2
4 EI
Pcr
L2
L
2
BUCKLED MODE SHAPE
Let deflection at midpoint ¢ x
v¿ C1 k cos kx C2 k sin kx
B.C.
and
M0
(1 cos kL)
P
kL 2
k2 ¢
GENERAL SOLUTION
M0
P
0
CRITICAL LOAD
L
4
v C1 sin kx C2 cos kx
3 v(L) 0
L
4
y
M0
L
≤
2
M0
L
kL
≤
¢ 1 cos
≤
2
P
2
M0
kL
∴
(1 cos )
2
P
v¢
P
v
2M 0 M 0
P
P
2
2x
¢ 1 cos
≤
2
L
687
688
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.4-10 An aluminum tube AB of circular cross section is
fixed at the base and pinned at the top to a horizontal beam supporting
a load Q 200 kN (see figure).
Determine the required thickness t of the tube if its outside
diameter d is 100 mm and the desired factor of safety with respect
to Euler buckling is n 3.0. (Assume E 72 GPa.)
Q 200 kN
B
1.0 m
1.0 m
2.0 m
d 100 mm
A
Solution 11.4-10
Aluminum tube
ALLOWABLE FORCE P
End conditions: Fixed-pinned
E 72 GPa
L 2.0 m n 3.0
d2 100 mm
t thickness (mm)
d1 100 mm 2t
Pallow
4
(d d 41 )
64 2
[ (100) 4 (100 2t) 4 ]
64
I
I
HORIZONTAL BEAM
Q
B
a
a
(2)
MOMENT OF INERTIA
MOMENT OF INERTIA (mm4)
C
Pcr 2.0462 EI
n
nL2
P
Q 200 kN
P compressive force in tube
a M c 0Pa 2Qa 0
P
Q ∴ P 2Q 400 kN
2
nL2Pallow
(3.0)(2.0 m) 2 (400 kN)
2
2.046 E
(2.046)(2 )(72 GPa)
3.301 106 m4 3.301 106 mm4
(1)
EQUATE (1) AND (3):
[ (100) 4 (100 2t) 4 ] 3.301 106
64
(100 2t)4 32.74 106 mm4
100 2t 75.64 mm tmin 12.2 mm
(3)
SECTION 11.4
Problem 11.4-11 The frame ABC consists of two
members AB and BC that are rigidly connected at joint
B, as shown in part (a) of the figure. The frame has pin
supports at A and C. A concentrated load P acts at joint
B, thereby placing member AB in direct compression.
To assist in determining the buckling load for member
AB, we represent it as a pinned-end column, as shown in
part (b) of the figure. At the top of the column, a rotational
spring of stiffness R represents the restraining action of
the horizontal beam BC on the column (note that the
horizontal beam provides resistance to rotation of joint
B when the column buckles). Also, consider only bending
effects in the analysis (i.e., disregard the effects of axial
deformations).
(a) By solving the differential equation of the
deflection curve, derive the following buckling
equation for this column:
Columns with Other Support Conditions
x
P
P
R
C
B
B
L
L
EI
y
A
L
R (kL cot kL 1) k 2L 2 0
EI
(a)
Column AB with elastic support at B
FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF COLUMN
P
H
MB
x
EQUILIBRIUM
a M 0 a M A 0M B HL 0
M B bRuB
H
L
L
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ. 11-3)
L
EIv– M Hx Pvk 2
v
y
0
H
P
v deflection in the y direction
MB moment at end B
B angle of rotation at end B (positive clockwise)
MB RB
H horizontal reactions at ends A and B
v– k 2v
P
EI
bRuB
x
LEI
GENERAL SOLUTION
bRuB
x
PL
C2 0
bRuB
C1
P sin kL
v C1 sin kx C2 cos kx
B.C.
1
B.C.
2
v (0) 0
v (L) 0
bRuB
x
PL
bRuB
v¿ C1k cos kx
PL
v C1 sin kx
A
(b)
in which L is the length of the column and EI is its
flexural rigidity.
(b) For the particular case when member BC is
identical to member AB, the rotational stiffness R
equals 3EI/L (see Case 7, Table G-2, Appendix G).
For this special case, determine the critical load Pcr .
Solution 11.4-11
689
690
CHAPTER 11
Columns
(a) BUCKLING EQUATION
(b) CRITICAL LOAD FOR R 3EIL
v¿(L) uB
bRuB
bRuB
(k cos kL)
uB
P sin kL
PL
Cancel B and multiply by PL:
3(kL cot kL 1) (kL)2 0
Solve numerically for kL: kL 3.7264
B.C.
3
Pcr k 2EI (kL) 2¢
EI
EI
≤ 13.89 2
L2
L
PL R kL cot kL R
Substitute P k2EI and rearrange:
bRL
(kL cot kL 1) k 2L2 0
EI
Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads
When solving the problems for Section 11.5, assume that bending occurs
in the principal plane containing the eccentric axial load.
P = 2800 lb
Problem 11.5-1 An aluminum bar having a rectangular cross section
(2.0 in. 1.0 in.) and length L 30 in. is compressed by axial loads
that have a resultant P 2800 lb acting at the midpoint of the long side
of the cross section (see figure).
Assuming that the modulus of elasticity E is equal to
10 10 6 psi and that the ends of the bar are pinned, calculate the
maximum deflection and the maximum bending moment Mmax.
Solution 11.5-1
bh3
0.1667 in.4
12
Eq. (11-51):
Eq. (11-56):
P
kL L
1.230
B EI
kL
1 ≤ 0.112 in.
2
kL
Mmax Pe sec
2
1710 lb-in.
e ¢ sec
Problem 11.5-2 A steel bar having a square cross section
(50 mm 50 mm) and length L 2.0 m is compressed by axial
loads that have a resultant P 60 kN acting at the midpoint of
one side of the cross section (see figure).
Assuming that the modulus of elasticity E is equal to 210
GPa and that the ends of the bar are pinned, calculate the
maximum deflection and the maximum bending moment Mmax.
Solution 11.5-2
in.
Bar with rectangular cross section
b 2.0 in. h 1.0 in. L 30 in.
P 2800 lb e 0.5 in. E 10 106 psi
I
2.0
1.0 in.
P = 60 kN
50 mm 50 m
Bar with square cross section
b 50 mm.
L 2 m. P 60 kN e 25 mm
b4
E 210 GPa
I 520.8 103 mm4
12
P
kL L
1.481
B EI
Eq. (11-51): e ¢ sec
kL
1 ≤ 8.87 mm
2
Eq. (11-56): Mmax Pe sec
kL
2.03 kN m
2
ˇ
ˇ
m
SECTION 11.5
Problem 11.5-3 Determine the bending moment M in the pinned-end
column with eccentric axial loads shown in the figure. Then plot the
bending-moment diagram for an axial load P 0.3Pcr .
Note: Express the moment as a function of the distance x from the
end of the column, and plot the diagram in nondimensional form with
M/Pe as ordinate and x /L as abscissa.
691
Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads
x
P
P
e
M0 Pe
B
v
L
A
Probs. 11.5-3, 11.5-4, and 11.5-5
Solution 11.5-3
M
1.7207
x
x
¢ tan
≤ ¢ sin 1.7207 ≤ cos 1.7207
Pe
2
L
L
or
M
x
x
1.162 ¢ sin 1.721 ≤ cos 1.721
Pe
L
L
(Note: kL and kx are in radians)
Use EQ. (11-49):
kL
sin kx cos kx 1 ≤
2
From Eq. (11-45):
M Pe Pv
v e ¢ tan
BENDING-MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR P 0.3 Pcr
kL
sin kx cos kx ≤
2
2
FOR P 0.3 Pcr:
From Eq. (11-52):
P
P
Column with eccentric loads
Column has pinned ends.
M Pe ¢ tan
y
e
M
Pe
P
kL
0.3
B Pcr
1.533
1
1
1.7207
0
0.5
1.0
x
L
Problem 11.5-4 Plot the load-deflection diagram for a pinned-end
column with eccentric axial loads (see figure) if the eccentricity e of the
load is 5 mm and the column has length L 3.6 m, moment of inertia
I 9.0 10 6 mm4, and modulus of elasticity E 210 GPa.
Note: Plot the axial load as ordinate and the deflection at the
midpoint as abscissa.
Solution 11.5-4
Column with eccentric loads
Column has pinned ends.
DATA
Use Eq. (11-54) for the deflection at the midpoint
(maximum deflection):
e 5.0 mm
L 3.6 m
I 9.0 106 mm4
e B sec ¢
P
≤ 1R
2 B Pcr
(1)
CRITICAL LOAD
Pcr
2 EI
1439.3 kN
L2
E 210 GPa
M0 Pe
692
CHAPTER 11
Columns
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (FROM EQ. 1)
(5.0) [sec (0.041404P) 1]
LOAD-DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
(2)
P
(kN) 1000
SOLVE EQ. (2) FOR P:
P 583.3 B arccos ¢
Pcr
1500
mm
Units: P kN
angles are in radians.
2
5.0
≤R
5.0
500
0
10
5
15
20
(mm)
Problem 11.5-5 Solve the preceding problem for a column with
e 0.20 in., L 12 ft, I 21.7 in.4, and E 30 10 6 psi.
Solution 11.5-5
Column with eccentric loads
Column has pinned ends
Use Eq. (11-54) for the deflection at the midpoint
(maximum deflection):
e B sec ¢
P
≤ 1R
2 B Pcr
SOLVE EQ. (2) FOR P:
P 125.6 B arccos ¢
(1)
2
0.2
≤R
0.2
LOAD-DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
DATA
Pcr
e 0.20 in. L 12 ft 144 in.
E 30 106 psi
I 21.7 in.4
300
P
(kips)
200
CRITICAL LOAD
Pcr
2 EI
309.9 k
L2
100
0
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (FROM EQ. 1)
(0.20) [sec (0.08924P) 1]
Units: P kips
inches
Angles are in radians.
ˇ
ˇ
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
(in.)
(2)
Problem 11.5-6 A wide-flange member (W 8 15) is compressed
by axial loads that have a resultant P acting at the point shown in the
figure. The member has modulus of elasticity E 29,000 ksi and
pinned conditions at the ends. Lateral supports prevent any bending
about the weak axis of the cross section.
If the length of the member is 20 ft and the deflection is limited
to 1/4 inch, what is the maximum allowable load Pallow?
P
W 8 15
SECTION 11.5
Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads
Solution 11.5-6 Column with eccentric axial load
Wide-flange member: W 8 15
E 29,000 psi L 20 ft 240 in.
Maximum allowable deflection 0.25 in. ( )
Pinned-end conditions
Bending occurs about the strong axis (axis 1-1)
From Table E-1: I 48.0 in.4
8.11 in.
e
4.055 in.
2
CRITICAL LOAD
Pcr
2 EI
238,500 lb
L2
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION (EQ. 11-54)
max e B sec ¢
P
≤ 1R
2 B Pcr
0.25 in. (4.055 in.) [sec(0.003216P) 1]
Rearrange terms and simplify:
cos(0.003216P) 0.9419
0.003216P arccos 0.9419 0.3426
(Note: Angles are in radians)
Solve for P: P 11,300 lb
ALLOWABLE LOAD
Pallow 11,300 lb
Problem 11.5-7 A wide-flange member (W 10 30) is compressed by
axial loads that have a resultant P 20 k acting at the point shown in the
figure. The material is steel with modulus of elasticity E 29,000 ksi.
Assuming pinned-end conditions, determine the maximum permissible
length L max if the deflection is not to exceed 1/400th of the length.
Solution 11.5-7
W 10 30
Column with eccentric axial load
Wide-flange member: W 10 30
Pinned-end conditions.
Bending occurs about the weak axis (axis 2-2).
P 20 k
E 29,000 ksi L length (inches)
L
Maximum allowable deflection
( )
400
From Table E-1: I 16.7 in.4
5.810 in.
e
2.905 in.
2
k
P = 20 k
P
0.006426 in.1
B EI
DEFLECTION AT MIDPOINT (EQ. 11-51)
e ¢ sec
kL
1≤
2
L
(2.905 in.) [sec (0.003213 L) 1]
400
Rearrange terms and simplify:
L
sec(0.003213 L) 1
0
1162 in.
(Note: angles are in radians)
Solve the equation numerically for the length L:
L 150.5 in.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH
Lmax 150.5 in. 12.5 ft
693
694
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.5-8 Solve the preceding problem (W 10 30) if the
resultant force P equals 25 k.
Solution 11.5-8
Column with eccentric axial load
Wide-flange member: W 10 30
Pinned-end conditions
Bending occurs about the weak axis (axis 2-2)
P 25 k
E 29,000 ksi L length (inches)
L
Maximum allowable deflection
( )
400
From Table E-1: I 16.7 in.4
5.810 in.
e
2.905 in.
2
k
P
0.007185 in. 1
B EI
DEFLECTION AT MIDPOINT (EQ. 11-51)
e ¢ sec
kL
1≤
2
L
(2.905 in.) [sec(0.003592 L) 1]
400
Rearrange terms and simplify:
L
sec(0.003592 L) 1
0
1162 in.
(Note: angles are in radians)
Solve the equation numerically for the length L:
L 122.6 in.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH
Lmax 122.6 in. 10.2 ft
Problem 11.5-9 The column shown in the figure is fixed at the base and
free at the upper end. A compressive load P acts at the top of the column
with an eccentricity e from the axis of the column.
Beginning with the differential equation of the deflection curve,
derive formulas for the maximum deflection of the column and the
maximum bending moment Mmax in the column.
x
P
P
e
e
B
L
A
y
(a)
Solution 11.5-9
(b)
Fixed-free column
e eccentricity of load P
deflection at the end of the column
v deflection of the column at distance x
from the base
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION (EQ. 11.3)
EIv– M P(e v)k 2
P
EI
v– k 2 (e v)
v– k 2v k 2 (e )
GENERAL SOLUTION
v C1 sin kx C2 cos kx e
v¿ C1 k cos kx C2 k sin kx
B.C. 1
v(0) 0
C2 e
B.C. 2
v¿(0) 0 C1 0
v (e )(1 cos kx)
B.C. 3
v(L)
(e )(1 cos kL)
or
e(sec kL 1)
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION e(sec kL 1)
MAXIMUM LENDING MOMENT (AT BASE OF COLUMN)
Mmax P(e ) Pe sec kL
NOTE:
v (e )(1 cos kx)
e(sec kL) (1 cos kx)
SECTION 11.5
Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads
Problem 11.5-10 An aluminum box column of square cross section is
fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure). The outside dimension b
of each side is 100 mm and the thickness t of the wall is 8 mm. The
resultant of the compressive loads acting on the top of the column is a
force P 50 kN acting at the outer edge of the column at the midpoint of
one side.
What is the longest permissible length Lmax of the column if the
deflection at the top is not to exceed 30 mm? (Assume E 73 GPa.)
P
t
A
A
L
b
Section A-A
Probs. 11.5-10 and 11.5-11
Solution 11.5-10
Fixed-free column
deflection at the top
Use Eq. (11-51) with L2 replaced by L:
e(sec kL 1)
(1)
(This same equation is obtained in Prob. 11.5-9.)
NUMERICAL DATA
SOLVE FOR L FROM EQ. (1)
I
e
sec kL 1
e
e
e
e
cos kL
kL arccos
e
e
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH
1
e
L arccos
k
e
L
k
P 50 kN
b 100 mm
30 mm
t 8 mm
b
e 50 mm
2
1 4
[b (b 2t) 4 ] 4.1844 106 mm4
12
Substitute numerical data into Eq. (2).
P
B EI
EI
e
arccos
BP
e
E 73 GPa
(2)
EI
e
2.4717 m
0.625
BP
e
e
arccos
0.89566 radians
e
Lmax (2.4717 m)(0.89566) 2.21 m
Problem 11.5-11 Solve the preceding problem for an aluminum
column with b 6.0 in., t 0.5 in., P 30 k, and E 10.6 103 ksi.
The deflection at the top is limited to 2.0 in.
Solution 11.5-11
Fixed-free column
deflection at the top
Use Eq. (11-51) with L2 replaced by L:
e(sec kL 1)
(1)
(This same equation is obtained in Prob. 11.5-9.)
NUMERICAL DATA
SOLVE FOR L FROM EQ. (1)
I
e
sec kL 1
e
e
e
e
cos kL
kL arccos
e
e
1
e
L arccos
k
e
L
e
EI
arccos
e
BP
k
P
B EI
(2)
E 10.6 103 ksi
P 30 k
b 6.0 in. t 0.5 in.
b
2.0 in. e 3.0 in.
2
1 4
[b (b 2t) 4 ] 55.917 in.4
12
695
696
CHAPTER 11
Columns
e
0.92730 radians
e
Lmax (140.56 in.)(0.92730)
130.3 in. 10.9 ft
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH
arccos
Substitute numerical data into Eq. (2).
EI
e
140.56 in.
0.60
BP
e
e = 100 mm
Problem 11.5-12 A steel post AB of hollow circular cross
section is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure). The
inner and outer diameters are d1 96 mm and d 2 110 mm,
respectively, and the length L 4.0 m.
A cable CBD passes through a fitting that is welded to the
side of the post. The distance between the plane of the cable
(plane CBD) and the axis of the post is e 100 mm, and the
angles between the cable and the ground are 53.13°.
The cable is pretensioned by tightening the turnbuckles.
If the deflection at the top of the post is limited to
20 mm, what is the maximum allowable tensile force
T in the cable? (Assume E 205 GPa.)
Solution 11.5-12
B
L = 4.0 m
Cable
d1
d2
d2
= 53.13°
A
C
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE COMPRESSIVE FORCE P
P
P compressive force in post
k
B EI
Use Eq. (11-51) with L2 replaced by L:
e(sec kL 1)
(1)
(This same equation in obtained in Prob. 11.5-9.)
Substitute numerical data into Eq. (2).
Pallow 13,263 N 13,263 kN
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE TENSILE FORCE T IN THE CABLE
SOLVE FOR P FROM EQ.(1)
e
sec kL 1
e
e
e
e
kL arccos
cos kL
e
e
T
PL2
PL2
e
arccos
B EI B EI
e
Square both sides and solve for P:
P
EI
e 2
¢
arccos
≤
e
L2
NUMERICAL DATA
E 205 GPa L 4.0 m e 100 mm
20 mm
d2 110 mm
d1 96 mm
I
D
Fixed-free column
deflection at the top
kL
= 53.13°
4
(d d 41 ) 3.0177 106 mm4
64 2
(2)
B
T
Free-body diagram of joint B:
53.13
P 2T sin 0
a Fvert 0
P
5P
T
8289 N
2 sin
8
SECTION 11.5
Problem 11.5-13 A frame ABCD is constructed of steel wide-flange
members (W 8 21; E 30 10 6 psi) and subjected to triangularly
distributed loads of maximum intensity q0 acting along the vertical
members (see figure). The distance between supports is L 20 ft and
the height of the frame is h 4 ft. The members are rigidly connected
at B and C.
(a) Calculate the intensity of load q0 required to produce a maximum
bending moment of 80 k-in. in the horizontal member BC.
(b) If the load q0 is reduced to one-half of the value calculated in
part (a), what is the maximum bending moment in member BC? What
is the ratio of this moment to the moment of 80 k-in. in part (a)?
697
Columns with Eccentric Axial Loads
A
D
h
E
B
C
q0
q0
E
L
Section E-E
Solution 11.5-13
Frame with triangular loads
A
(a) LOAD q0 TO PRODUCE Mmax 80 k-in.
D
P
h
P
C
B
h
3
h
3
M max 80,000 lb-in.
L
(radians)
80,000 P(16 in.) [sec(0.0070093P) ]
5,000 P sec(0.0070093P)
P 5,000[cos(0.0070093P) ] 0
MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM BC
M max Pe sec
SOLVE EQ. (2) NUMERICALLY
kL
2
2
k
PL2
B 4EI
0.0070093P
P resultant force
e eccentricity
q0h
h
P
e
2
3
From Eq. (11-56):
Substitute numerical values into Eq. (1).
Units: pounds and inches
P
PL
∴ M max Pe sec
B EI
B 4EI
(1)
P 4461.9 lb
2P
q0
186 lbin. 2230 lbft
h
NUMERICAL DATA
(b) LOAD q0 IS REDUCED TO ONE-HALF ITS VALUE
W 8 21
I I2 9.77 in.4 (from Table E-1)
6
E 30 10 psi
L 20 ft 240 in.
h 4 ft 48 in.
h
e 16 in.
3
P is reduced to one-half its value.
1
P (4461.9 lb) 2231.0 lb
2
Substitute numerical values into Eq. (1) and solve
for Mmax.
Mmax 37.75 k-in.
Mmax
37.7
Ratio:
5
5 0.47
80 k-in. 80
This result shows that the bending moment varies
nonlinearly with the load.
(2)
698
CHAPTER 11
Columns
The Secant Formula
P
When solving the problems for Section 11.6, assume that bending occurs
in the principal plane containing the eccentric axial load.
e
Problem 11.6-1 A steel bar has a square cross section of width
b 2.0 in. (see figure). The bar has pinned supports at the ends and is
3.0 ft long. The axial forces acting at the end of the bar have a resultant
P 20 k located at distance e 0.75 in. from the center of the cross
section. Also, the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 29,000 ksi.
(a) Determine the maximum compressive stress max in the bar.
(b) If the allowable stress in the steel is 18,000 psi, what is the
maximum permissible length L max of the bar?
Probs. 11.6-1 through 11.6-3
Solution 11.6-1 Bar with square cross section
Pinned supports.
L 3.0 ft 36 in.
E 29,000 ksi
P 20 k
(b) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH
allow = 18,000 psi
Solve Eq. (1) for the length L:
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
P
ec
L
P
smax B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
P P
5.0 ksi
A b2
I
b
c 1.0 in.
2
b4
1.333 in.4
12
ec
2.25
r2
r2
b
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 17.3 ksi
DATA
b 2.0 in.
e 0.75 in.
b
(1)
P(ecr 2 )
EI
arccos B
R
BP
smax A P
L2
(2)
Substitute numerical values:
Lmax 46.2 in.
I
0.3333 in.2
A
L
P
62.354 0.00017241
r
EA
Problem 11.6-2 A brass bar (E 100 GPa) with a square cross section
is subjected to axial forces having a resultant P acting at distance e from
the center (see figure). The bar is pin supported at the ends and is 0.6 m
in length. The side dimension b of the bar is 30 mm and the eccentricity
e of the load is 10 mm.
If the allowable stress in the brass is 150 MPa, what is the allowable
axial force Pallow?
Solution 11.6-2
Bar with square cross section
Pinned supports.
SECANT FORMULA (Eq. 11-59):
DATA
b 30 mm
e 10 mm
smax
L 0.6 m allow 150 MPa
E 100 GPa
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
(1)
SECTION 11.6
Units: Newtons and meters
max 150 106 Nm2
A = b2 900 106 m2
b
I
b2
c 0.015 mr 2 75 10 6 m2
2
A 12
699
The Secant Formula
SUBSTITUTE NUMERICAL VALUES INTO Eq. (1):
150 106
P
[1 2 sec(0.0036515P) ]
900 10 6
or
ec
L
P
2.0P newtons
0.0036515P
2rB EA
r2
P[1 2 sec(0.0036515P) ] 135,000 0
(2)
SOLVE EQ. (2) NUMERICALLY:
Pallow 37,200
N 37.2 kN
Problem 11.6-3 A square aluminum bar with pinned ends carries a load
P 25 k acting at distance e 2.0 in. from the center (see figure on the
previous page). The bar has length L 54 in. and modulus of elasticity
E 10,600 ksi.
If the stress in the bar is not to exceed 6 ksi, what is the minimum
permissible width bmin of the bar?
Solution 11.6-3
Square aluminum bar
Pinned ends
SUBSTITUTE TERMS INTO EQ. (1):
DATA
6,000
Units: pounds and inches
P 25 k 25,000 psi e 2.0 in.
L 54 in. E 10,600 ksi 10,600,000 psi
max = 6.0 ksi 6,000 psi
or
1
A b2
ec 12
b
r2
c
b
2
r2
12
4.5423
sec ¢
≤ 0.24 b 2 0
b
b2
(2)
SOLVE EQ. (2) NUMERICALLY:
SECANT FORMULA (Eq. 11-59)
P
ec
L
P
smax B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
25,000
12
4.5423
B1
sec ¢
≤R
b
b2
b2
bmin 4.10 in.
(1)
I
b2
A 12
L
P
4.5423
2rB EA
b2
Problem 11.6-4 A pinned-end column of length L 2.1 m is
constructed of steel pipe (E 210 GPa) having inside diameter
d1 60 mm and outside diameter d 2 68 mm (see figure). A
compressive load P 10 kN acts with eccentricity e 30 mm.
(a) What is the maximum compressive stress max in the column?
(b) If the allowable stress in the steel is 50 MPa, what is the
maximum permissible length Lmax of the column?
P
e
d1
d2
Probs. 11.6-4 through 11.6-6
700
CHAPTER 11
Solution 11.6-4
Columns
Steel pipe column
r2
Pinned ends.
DATA
Units: Newtons and meters
L 2.1 m E 210 GPa 210
d1 60 mm 0.06 m d2 68 mm 0.068 m
P 10 kN 10,000 N e 30 mm 0.03 m
109
Nm2
TUBULAR CROSS SECTION
A
2
(d d 21 ) 804.25 10 6m2
4 2
c
d2
0.034 m
2
ec
L
P
0.35638
2 1.9845
2rB EA
r
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 38.8 106 Nm2 38.8 MPa
allow 50 MPa
Solve Eq. (1) for the length L:
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
P(ecr 2 )
EI
L2
arccos B
R
BP
smax A P
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
r 22.671 10 3 m
(b) MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LENGTH
I (d 42 d 41 ) 413.38 10 9m4
64
smax
I
513.99 10 6 m 2
A
(1)
(2)
Substitute numerical values:
Lmax 5.03 m
P
12.434 106 Nm2
A
Problem 11.6-5 A pinned-end strut of length L 5.2 ft is constructed of steel
pipe (E 30 10 3 ksi) having inside diameter d1 2.0 in. and outside diameter d 2 2.2 in. (see figure). A compressive load P 2.0 k is applied with
eccentricity e 1.0 in.
(a) What is the maximum compressive stress max in the strut?
(b) What is the allowable load Pallow if a factor of safety n 2 with respect
to yielding is required? (Assume that the yield stress Y of the steel is 42 ksi.)
Solution 11.6-5
Steel pipe.
DATA
Pinned-end strut
d2
P
3.0315 ksi c 1.1 in.
A
2
ec
I
r 2 0.55250 in.2
1.9910
A
r2
Units: kips and inches
L 5.2 ft 62.4 in. E 30 103 ksi
d1 2.0 in. d2 2.2 in.
P 2.0 k e 1.0 in.
L
P
r 0.74330 in.
0.42195
2rB EA
TUBULAR CROSS SECTION
A
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 9.65 ksi
2
(d d 21 ) 0.65973 in.2
4 2
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
I (d 42 d 41 ) 0.36450 in.4
64
Y 42 ksi n 2
find Pallow
Substitute numerical values into Eq. (1):
P
42
[1 1.9910 sec(0.29836P) ]
0.65973
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
P
ec
L
P
≤R
smax B 1 2 sec ¢
A
2rB EA
r
(1)
Solve Eq. (2) numerically: P PY 7.184 k
PY
Pallow 3.59 k
n
(2)
SECTION 11.6
The Secant Formula
701
Problem 11.6-6 A circular aluminum tube with pinned ends supports
a load P 18 kN acting at distance e 50 mm from the center (see
figure). The length of the tube is 3.5 m and its modulus of elasticity is
73 GPa.
If the maximum permissible stress in the tube is 20 MPa, what is the
required outer diameter d 2 if the ratio of diameters is to be d1 /d 2 0.9?
Solution 11.6-6
Pinned ends.
DATA
Aluminum tube
c
P 18 kN
e 50 mm
P
1.6524
18,000 N
EA (73,000 Nmm2 )(0.14923 d 22 )
d 22
SECANT FORMULA (EQ. 11-59)
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
ec (50 mm)(d22) 220.99
d2
r2
0.11313 d 22
L
3500 mm
5,203.1
2r 2(0.33634 d2 )
d2
L 3.5 m E 73 GPa
max 20 MPa
d1/d2 0.9
smax
d2
2
(1)
2
(d d 21 ) [d 22 (0.9 d2 ) 2 ] 0.14923 d 22
4 2
4
(d2 mm; A mm2)
L
P
5,203.1 1.6524 6688.2
2rB EA
d2 B d 22
d 22
A
P
18,000 N
120,620 P
¢ MPa ≤
A 0.14923 d 22
A
d 22
4
(d 2 d 41 ) [d 42 (0.9 d2 ) 4 ] 0.016881 d 42
64
64
(d2 mm;
I mm4)
I
r 2 0.11313 d 22(d2 mm; r 2 mm2 )
A
I
r 0.33634 d2
SUBSTITUTE THE ABOVE EXPRESSIONS INTO EQ. (1):
smax 20 MPa
120,620
220.99
6688.2
sec ¢
≤ R (2)
+ B1
d2
d 22
d 22
SOLVE EQ. (2) NUMERICALLY:
d2 131 mm
(r mm)
Problem 11.6-7 A steel column (E 30 10 3 ksi) with pinned
ends is constructed of a W 10 60 wide-flange shape (see figure).
The column is 24 ft long. The resultant of the axial loads acting on
the column is a force P acting with an eccentricity e 2.0 in.
(a) If P 120 k, determine the maximum compressive stress
max in the column.
(b) Determine the allowable load Pallow if the yield stress is
Y 42 ksi and the factor of safety with respect to yielding of
the material is n 2.5.
P
e = 2.0 in.
W 10 60
702
CHAPTER 11
Solution 11.6-7
Columns
Steel column with pinned ends
E 30 103 ksi L 24 ft 288 in.
e 2.0 in.
W 10 60 wide-flange shape
A 17.6 in.2 I 341 in.4 d 10.22 in.
I
d
r 2 19.38 in.2r 4.402 in.c 5.11 in.
A
2
L
65.42
r
ec
0.5273
r2
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (P 120 k)
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
smax
P
ec
P
L
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
P
L
P
6.818 ksi
0.4931
A
2rB EA
Substitute into Eq. (1):
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
Y 42 ksi n 2.5
find Pallow
Substitute into Eq. (1):
P
42
[1 0.5273 sec(0.04502P) ]
17.6
Solve numerically: P PY 399.9 k
Pallow PY n 160 k
(1)
Problem 11.6-8 A W 16 57 steel column is compressed by a force
P 75 k acting with an eccentricity e 1.5 in., as shown in the figure.
The column has pinned ends and length L. Also, the steel has modulus of
elasticity E 30 103 ksi and yield stress Y 36 ksi.
(a) If the length L 10 ft, what is the maximum compressive
stress max in the column?
(b) If a factor of safety n 2.0 is required with respect to yielding,
what is the longest permissible length L max of the column?
Solution 11.6-8
max 10.9 ksi
P = 75 k
e = 1.5 in.
W 16 57
Steel column with pinned ends
W 16 57 A 16.8 in.2
I I2 43.1 in.4
b 7.120 in.
c b2 3.560 in.
I
e 1.5 in.
r2 2.565 in.2
A
ec
2.082
r 1.602 in.
r2
P
P 75 kE 30 103 ksi 148.8 10 6
EA
max 4.464 [1 2.082 sec (0.4569)]
14.8 ksi
(b) MAXIMUM LENGTH
Solve Eq. (1) for the length L:
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
P(ecr2 )
EI
(2)
L2
arccos B
R
BP
smax A P
PY n
P 150 k
Y 36 ksi n 2.0
Substitute PY for P and Y for max in Eq. (2):
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
L max 2
smax
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
L 10 ft 120 in.
P
4.464 ksi
A
L
P
0.4569
2rB EA
Substitute into Eq. (1):
PY (ecr 2 )
EI
arccos B
R
B PY
sY A PY
(1)
Substitute numerical values in Eq. (3) and solve
for Lmax:
Lmax 151.1 in. 12.6 ft
(3)
SECTION 11.6
Problem 11.6-9 A steel column (E 30 10 3 ksi) that is fixed at the
base and free at the top is constructed of a W 8 35 wide-flange member
(see figure). The column is 9.0 ft long. The force P acting at the top of the
column has an eccentricity e 1.25 in.
(a) If P 40 k, what is the maximum compressive stress in the
column?
(b) If the yield stress is 36 ksi and the required factor of safety
with respect to yielding is 2.1, what is the allowable load Pallow?
P
703
The Secant Formula
e
e
A
P
A
L
Section A-A
Probs. 11.6-9 and 11.6-10
Solution 11.6-9
Steel column (fixed-free)
E 30 103 ksi
e 1.25 in.
Le 2 L 2 (9.0 ft) 18 ft 216 in.
P
3.883 ksi
A
W 8 35 WIDE-FLANGE SHAPE
A 10.3 in.2 I I2 42.6 in.4
b 8.020 in.
I
r 2 4.136 in.2r 2.034 in.
A
b
Le
ec
c 4.010 in.
106.2
1.212
r
2
r2
max 9.60 ksi
(b) ALLOWABLE LOAD
Y 36 ksi
n 2.1
Substitute into Eq. (1):
find Pallow
P
[1 1.212 sec(0.09552P) ]
10.3
Solve numerically: P PY 112.6 k
Pallow PY n 53.6 k
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
P
ec
Le P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2r B EA
r
Substitute into Eq. (1):
36
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (P 40 k)
smax
Le P
0.6042
2r B EA
(1)
Problem 11.6-10 A W 12 50 wide-flange steel column with length
L 12.5 ft is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure). The load
P acting on the column is intended to be centrally applied, but because of
unavoidable discrepancies in construction, an eccentricity ratio of 0.25 is
specified. Also, the following data are supplied: E 30 10 3 ksi,
Y 42 ksi, and P 70 k.
(a) What is the maximum compressive stress max in the column?
(b) What is the factor of safety n with respect to yielding of the steel?
Solution 11.6-10
Steel column (fixed-free)
ec
E 30 10 ksi
0.25
r2
Le 2L 2 (12.5 ft) 25 ft 300 in.
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS (P 70 k)
W 12 50 WIDE-FLANGE SHAPE
smax
A 14.7 in.2 I I2 56.3 in.4
I
r2 3.830 in.2 r 1.957 in.
A
P
4.762 ksi
A
3
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
Le P
P
ec
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
Le P
0.9657
2rB EA
(1)
704
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 6.85 ksi
(b) FACTOR OF SAFETY WITH RESPECT TO YIELDING
Solve numerically:
PY = 164.5 k
PY 164.5 k
P 70 kn
2.35
P
70 k
Y 42 psi
Substitute into Eq. (1) with max Y and P PY:
42
PY
[1 0.25 sec(0.1154PY ) ]
A
Problem 11.6-11 A pinned-end column with length L 18 ft is
constructed from a W 12 87 wide-flange shape (see figure). The
column is subjected to a centrally applied load P1 180 k and an
eccentrically applied load P2 75 k. The load P2 acts at distance s
5.0 in. from the centroid of the cross section. The properties of the
steel are E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.
(a) Calculate the maximum compressive stress in the column.
(b) Determine the factor of safety with respect to yielding.
P2
s
P1
Wide-flange
column
Probs. 11.6.11 and 11.6.12
Solution 11.6-11 Column with two loads
Pinned-end column.
W 12 87
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
DATA
L 18 ft 216 in.
P1 180 k
P2 75 k
s 5.0 in.
E 29,000 ksi Y 36 ksi
P2s
P P1 P2 255 k
e
1.471 in.
P
A 25.6 in.2 I I1 740 in.4
d 12.53 in.
r2
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
I
28.91 in.2
A
d
c 6.265 in.
2
P
9.961 ksi
A
r 5.376 in.
ec
0.3188
r2
L
P
0.3723
2rB EA
smax
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 13.4 ksi
(b) FACTOR OF SAFETY WITH RESPECT TO YIELDING
max Y 36 ksi
P PY
Substitute into Eq. (1):
PY
36
[1 0.3188 sec(0.02332PY ) ]
25.6
Solve numerically: PY 664.7 k
P 2.55 kn
PY 664.7 k
2.61
P
255 k
(1)
SECTION 11.6
705
The Secant Formula
Problem 11.6-12 The wide-flange pinned-end column shown in the
figure carries two loads, a force P1 100 k acting at the centroid and
a force P2 60 k acting at distance s 4.0 in. from the centroid. The
column is a W 10 45 shape with L 13.5 ft, E 29 10 3 ksi,
and Y 42 ksi.
(a) What is the maximum compressive stress in the column?
(b) If the load P1 remains at 100 k, what is the largest permissible
value of the load P2 in order to maintain a factor of safety of 2.0 with
respect to yielding?
Solution 11.6-12 Column with two loads
Pinned-end column.
W 10 45
(b) LARGEST VALUE OF LOAD P2
DATA
L 13.5 ft 162 in.
P1 100 k
P2 60 k
s 4.0 in.
E 29,000 ksi Y 42 ksi
P2s
P P1 P2 160 k
e
1.50 in.
P
A 13.3 in.2 I I1 248 in.4
d 10.10 in.
r2
I
18.65 in.2r 4.318 in.
A
d
c 5.05 in.
2
P
12.03 ksi
A
ec
0.4062
r2
P1 100 k (no change)
n 2.0 with respect to yielding
Units: kips, inches
P P1 P2 100 P2
P2s
P2 (4.0)
P
100 P2
max Y 42 ksi
Use Eq. (1) with max replaced by Y and P replaced
by PY :
sY
PY
ec
L PY
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
B1
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
P
ec
L
P
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
Substitute into Eq. (1):
(2)
Substitute into Eq. (2):
2.0(100 P2 )
42
13.3
L
P
0.3821
2rB EA
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
smax
ec 1.0831 P2
2
100 P2
r
PY n P 2.0 (100 P2)
e
(1)
1.0831 P2
sec (0.04272100 P2 )R
100 P2
P2 78.4 k
Solve numerically:
max 17.3 ksi
Problem 11.6-13 A W 14 53 wide-flange column of length L 15 ft
is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure). The column supports a
centrally applied load P1 120 k and a load P2 40 k supported on a
bracket. The distance from the centroid of the column to the load P2 is
s 12 in. Also, the modulus of elasticity is E 29,000 ksi and the yield
stress is Y 36 ksi.
(a) Calculate the maximum compressive stress in the column.
(b) Determine the factor of safety with respect to yielding.
P1
P2
s
L
A
A
Section A-A
Probs. 11.6-13 and 11.6-14
706
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Solution 11.6-13
Column with two loads
W 14 53
Fixed-free column.
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
DATA
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
L 15 ft 180 in. Le 2 L 360 in.
P1 120 k
P2 40 k
s 12 in.
E 29,000 ksi Y 36 ksi
P2s
P P1 P2 160 ke
3.0 in.
P
A 15.6
in.2
I I1 541
in.4
smax
Substitute into Eq. (1):
P
10.26 ksi
A
(1)
max 17.6 ksi
(b) FACTOR OF SAFETY WITH RESPECT TO YIELDING
d 13.92 in.
I
r 2 34.68 in.2 r 5.889 in.
A
d
c 6.960 in.
2
Le P
P
ec
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
max Y 36 ksi
P PY
Substitute into Eq. (1):
PY
36
[1 0.6021 sec(0.04544PY ) ]
15.6
Solve numerically: PY 302.6 k
ec
0.6021
r2
Le P
0.5748
2rB EA
P 160 kn
PY 302.6 k
1.89
P
160 k
Problem 11.6-14 A wide-flange column with a bracket is fixed at the base and
free at the top (see figure on the preceding page). The column supports a load
P1 75 k acting at the centroid and a load P2 25 k acting on the bracket at
distance s 10.0 in. from the load P1. The column is a W 12 35 shape with
L 16 ft, E 29 103 ksi, and Y 42 ksi.
(a) What is the maximum compressive stress in the column?
(b) If the load P1 remains at 75 k, what is the largest permissible value of the
load P2 in order to maintain a factor of safety of 1.8 with respect to yielding?
Solution 11.6-14 Column with two loads
Fixed-free column. W 12 35
(b) LARGEST VALUE OF LOAD P2
DATA
L 16 ft 192 in. Le 2 L 384 in.
P1 75 k
P2 25 k
s 10.0 in.
E 29,000 ksi Y 42 ksi
P2s
P P1 P2 100 ke
2.5 in.
P
A 10.3 in.2 I I1 285 in.4
d 12.50 in.
I
r 2 27.67 in.2
r 5.260 in.
A
d
ec
c 6.25 in.
0.5647
2
r2
P
9.709 ksi
A
Le P
0.6679
2rB EA
Substitute into Eq. (1):
max 16.7 ksi
P2s P2 (10.0)
P
75 P2
ec 2.259 P2
2
75 P2
r
PY n P 1.8 (75 P2)
max Y 42 ksi
Use Eq. (1) with max replaced by Y and P replaced
by PY :
sY
L e PY
PY
ec
≤R
B 1 2 sec ¢
A
2rB EA
r
B1
Secant formula (Eq. 11-59):
Le P
P
ec
B 1 2 sec ¢
≤R
A
2rB EA
r
e
Substitute into Eq. (2):
1.8(75 P2 )
42
10.3
(a) MAXIMUM COMPRESSIVE STRESS
smax
P1 75 k (no change)
m 1.8 with respect to yielding
Units: kips, inches
P P1 P2 75 P2
(1)
2.259 P2
sec (0.0896175 P2 )R
75 P2
Solve numerically:
P2 34.3 k
(2)
SECTION 11.9
707
Design Formulas for Columns
Design Formulas for Columns
P
The problems for Section 11.9 are to be solved assuming that the axial
loads are centrally applied at the ends of the columns. Unless otherwise
stated, the columns may buckle in any direction.
STEEL COLUMNS
A
L
Problem 11.9-1 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a
W 10 45 steel wide-flange column with pinned ends (see figure)
for each of the following lengths: L 8 ft, 16 ft, 24 ft, and 32 ft.
(Assume E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.)
A
Section A - A
Probs. 11.9-1 through 11.9-6
Solution 11.9-1
Steel wide-flange column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Buckling about axis 2-2 (see Table E-1).
Use AISC formulas.
W 10 45
A 13.3 in.2
r2 2.01 in.
L
E 29,000 ksi Y 36 ksi
¢ ≤
200
r max
2
Eq. (11-76): ¢
L
2 E
≤
126.1
r c B sY
L
8 ft
16 ft
24 ft
32 ft
Lr
47.76
95.52
143.3
191.0
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.802
1.896
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81) 0.5152 0.3760
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
–
–
0.2020
0.1137
allow (ksi)
18.55
13.54
7.274
4.091
Pallow A allow
247 k
180 k
96.7 k
54.4 k
L
10 ft
20 ft
30 ft
40 ft
Lr
39.09
78.18
117.3
156.4
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.798
1.892
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
Lc 126.1 r 253.5 in. 21.1 ft
Problem 11.9-2 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a
W 12 87 steel wide-flange column with pinned ends (see figure)
for each of the following lengths: L 10 ft, 20 ft, 30 ft, and 40 ft.
(Assume E 29,000 ksi and Y 50 ksi.)
Solution 11.9-2
Steel wide-flange column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Buckling about axis 2-2 (see Table E-1).
Use AISC formulas.
r2 3.07 in.
W 12 87
A 25.6 in.2
L
E 29,000 ksi Y 50 ksi
¢ ≤
200
r max
Eq. (11-76): ¢
L
22E
≤
107.0
r c B sY
Lc 1.070 r 328.5 in. 27.4 ft
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
0.5192 0.3875
–
–
–
–
0.2172
0.1222
allow (ksi)
25.96
19.37
10.86
6.11
Pallow A allow
665 k
496 k
278 k
156 k
708
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.9-3 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a
W 10 60 steel wide-flange column with pinned ends (see figure)
for each of the following lengths: L 10 ft, 20 ft, 30 ft, and 40 ft.
(Assume E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.)
Solution 11.9-3
Steel wide-flange column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Buckling about axis 2-2 (see Table E-1).
Use AISC formulas.
W 10 60
A 17.6 in.2
r2 2.57 in.
L
E 29,000 ksi Y 36 ksi
¢ ≤
200
r max
22E
L
Eq. (11-76): ¢ ≤
126.1
r c B sY
L
Lr
10 ft
46.69
20 ft
93.39
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.799
1.894
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
allow Y (Eq. 11-81) 0.5177
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
30 ft
140.1
0.3833
–
–
–
0.2114
0.1189
–
allow (ksi)
18.64
13.80
7.610
4.281
Pallow A allow
328 k
243 k
134 k
75.3 k
Lc 126.1 r 324.1 in. 27.0 ft
Problem 11.9-4 Select a steel wide-flange column of nominal depth
10 in. (W 10 shape) to support an axial load P 180 k (see figure). The
column has pinned ends and length L 14 ft. Assume E 29,000 ksi
and Y 36 ksi. (Note: The selection of columns is limited to those
listed in Table E-1, Appendix E.)
Solution 11.9-4
Select a column of W10 shape
P 180 k
L 14 ft 168 in.
Y 36 ksi
E 29,000 ksi
K1
2
Eq. (11-76): ¢
L
2 E
≤
126.1
r c B sY
(1) TRIAL VALUE OF allow
Upper limit: use Eq. (11-81) with L r 0
A 13.3 in.2
r 2.01 in.
(4) ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR TRIAL COLUMN
L 168 in.
L
L
83.58 6 ¢ ≤
r 2.01 in.
r
r c
Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81):
n1 1.879
sallow
0.4153sallow 14.95 ksi
sY
(5) ALLOWABLE LOAD FOR TRIAL COLUMN
sY sY
max. sallow
21.6 ksi
n1 53
Try allow 16 ksi
Pallow allow A 199 k 180 k
(W 10 45)
(2) TRIAL VALUE OF AREA
(6) NEXT SMALLER SIZE COLUMN
A
P
sallow
180 k
11.25 in.2
16 ksi
(3) TRIAL COLUMN W 10 45
40 ft
186.8
(ok)
W10 30
A 8.84 in.2 r 1.37 in.
L
L
122.6 6 ¢ ≤
r
r c
n 1.916
allow 9.903 ksi
Pallow 88 k P 180 k (Not satisfactory)
SECTION 11.9
Design Formulas for Columns
Problem 11.9-5 Select a steel wide-flange column of nominal depth
12 in. (W 12 shape) to support an axial load P 175 k (see figure).
The column has pinned ends and length L 35 ft. Assume E 29,000
ksi and Y 36 ksi. (Note: The selection of columns is limited to those
listed in Table E-1, Appendix E.)
Solution 11.9-5
Select a column of W12 shape
P 175 k
L 35 ft 420 in.
Y 36 ksi
E 29,000 ksi
K1
L
22E
Eq. (11-76): ¢ ≤
126.1
r c B sY
(1) TRIAL VALUE OF allow
Upper limit: use Eq. (11-81) with Lr 0
sY sY
21.6 ksi
n1 53
Try allow 8 ksi (Because column is very long)
max. sallow
(2) TRIAL VALUE OF AREA
A
P
sallow
L 4.20 in.
L
L
136.8 7 ¢ ≤
r 3.07 in.
r
r c
Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82):
n2 1.917
sallow
0.2216sallow 7.979 ksi
sY
(5) ALLOWABLE LOAD FOR TRIAL COLUMN
Pallow allow A 204 k 175 k
(ok)
(6) NEXT SMALLER SIZE COLUMN
W 12 50
A 14.7 in.2
r 1.96 in.
L
214 Since the maximum permissible value of
r
Lr is 200, this section is not satisfactory.
175 k
22 in.2
8 ksi
Select W 12 87
(3) TRIAL COLUMN W 12 87
A 25.6 in.2
(4) ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR TRIAL COLUMN
r 3.07 in.
Problem 11.9-6 Select a steel wide-flange column of nominal depth
14 in. (W 14 shape) to support an axial load P 250 k (see figure). The
column has pinned ends and length L 20 ft. Assume E 29,000 ksi
and Y 50 ksi. (Note: The selection of columns is limited to those
listed in Table E-1, Appendix E.)
Solution 11.9-6
Select a column of W14 shape
P 250 k
L 20 ft 240 in.
Y 50 ksi
E 29,000 ksi
Eq. (11-76): ¢
K1
L
22E
≤
107.0
r c B sY
(2) TRIAL VALUE OF AREA
A
P
250 k
21 in.2
sallow 12 ksi
(3) TRIAL COLUMN W 14 82
(1) TRIAL VALUE OF allow
A 24.1 in.2
r 2.48 in.
Upper limit: use Eq. (11-81) with Lr 0
sY sY
max. sallow
30 ksi
n 1 53
Try allow 12 ksi
(4) ALLOWABLE STRESS FOR TRIAL COLUMN
L 240 in.
L
96.77 6
r 2.48 in.
r
Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81):
L
r
¢ ≤
c
n1 1.913
sallow
0.3089sallow 15.44 ksi
sY
709
710
CHAPTER 11
Columns
(5) ALLOWABLE LOAD FOR TRIAL COLUMN
Pallow allow A 372 k 250 k
(W 14 82)
(ok)
A 15.6 in.2
Pallow 149 k P 250 k
(Not satisfactory)
Select W 14 82
(6) NEXT SMALLER SIZE COLUMN
W 14 53
L
L
125.0 7 ¢ ≤
r
r c
n 1.917
allow 9.557 ksi
r 1.92 in.
Problem 11.9-7 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a steel
pipe column with pinned ends having an outside diameter of 4.5 in. and
wall thickness of 0.237 in. for each of the following lengths: L 6 ft,
12 ft, 18 ft, and 24 ft. (Assume E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.)
Solution 11.9-7
Steel pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Use AISC formulas.
d2 4.5 in. t 0.237 in. d1 4.026 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 3.1740 in.2
4
4
I (d 2 d 41 ) 7.2326 in.4
64
I
L
r
1.5095 in. ¢ ≤ 200
r max
BA
E 29,000 ksi
Eq.(11-76):
L
Lr
6 ft
12 ft
47.70
95.39
18 ft
24 ft
143.1
190.8
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.802
1.896
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
0.5153
0.3765
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
–
–
0.2026 0.1140
allow (ksi)
18.55
13.55
7.293
4.102
Pallow A allow
58.9 k
43.0 k
23.1 k
13.0 k
Y 36 ksi
L
22E
126.1
r c B sY
¢ ≤
Lc 126.1 r 190.4 in. 15.9 ft
Problem 11.9-8 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a
steel pipe column with pinned ends having an outside diameter of
220 mm and wall thickness of 12 mm for each of the following
lengths: L 2.5 m, 5 m, 7.5 m, and 10 m. (Assume E 200 GPa
and Y 250 MPa.)
Solution 11.9-8
Steel pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Use AISC formulas.
d2 220 mm
t 12 mm
d1 196 mm
2
2
2
A (d 2 d 1 ) 7841.4 mm
4
I (d 42 d 41 ) 42.548 106 mm4
64
I
L
r
73.661 mm ¢ ≤ 200
r max
BA
E 200 GPa
Y 250 MPa
L
22E
125.7
r c B sY
Lc 125.7 r 9257 mm 9.26 m
Eq.(11-76):
¢ ≤
L
2.5 m
5.0 m
7.5 m 10.0 m
Lr
33.94
67.88
101.8
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.765
1.850
1.904
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
–
1.917
0.4618
0.3528
–
–
–
0.2235
88.20
55.89
allow Y (Eq. 11-81) 0.5458
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
allow (MPa)
Pallow A allow
–
136.4
115.5
1070 kN
905 kN
135.8
692 kN 438 kN
SECTION 11.9
711
Design Formulas for Columns
Problem 11.9-9 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a steel
pipe column that is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure) for
each of the following lengths: L 6 ft, 9 ft, 12 ft, and 15 ft. The column
has outside diameter d 6.625 in. and wall thickness t 0.280 in.
(Assume E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.)
P
t
A
A
L
d
Section A-A
Probs. 11.9-9 through 11.9-12
Solution 11.9-9
Steel pipe column
Fixed-free column (K 2).
Use AISC formulas.
d2 6.625 in. t 0.280 in.
d1 6.065 in.
2
(d d 21 ) 5.5814 in.2
4 2
I (d 42 d 41 ) 28.142 in.4
64
A
r
I
2.2455
BA
E 29,000 ksi
¢
¢
Eq.(11-76):
Lc 126.1
KL
22E
≤
126.1
r c B sY
r
141.6 in. 11.8 ft
k
L
KL
≤
200
r max
6 ft
9 ft
12 ft
15 ft
KLr
64.13
96.19
128.3
160.3
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.841
1.897
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
Y 36 ksi
0.4730 0.3737
–
–
0.2519 0.1614
allow (ksi)
17.03
13.45
9.078
5.810
Pallow A allow
95.0 k
75.1 k
50.7 k
32.4 k
Problem 11.9-10 Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for a steel
pipe column that is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure) for
each of the following lengths: L 2.6 m, 2.8 m, 3.0 m, and 3.2 m. The
column has outside diameter d 140 mm and wall thickness t 7 mm.
(Assume E 200 GPa and Y 250 MPa.)
Solution 11.9-10
Steel pipe column
Fixed-free column (K 2).
Use AISC formulas.
t 7.0 mm
d2 140 mm
d1 126 mm
2
(d d12 ) 2924.8 mm2
4 2
I (d24 d14 ) 6.4851 106 mm4
64
A
I
KL
47.09 mm
¢
≤
200
r max
BA
E 200 GPa Y 250 MPa
r
¢
Eq.(11-76):
Lc 125.7
KL
22E
≤
125.7
r c B sY
r
2959 mm 2.959 m
K
L
2.6 m
2.8 m
3.0 m
3.2 m
KLr
110.4
118.9
127.4
135.9
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.911
1.916
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
1.917
1.917
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81) 0.3212 0.2882
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
allow (MPa)
Pallow A allow
–
–
0.2537
0.2230
80.29
72.06
63.43
55.75
235 kN 211 kN
186 kN 163 kN
712
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.9-11 Determine the maximum permissible length Lmax for a steel
pipe column that is fixed at the base and free at the top and must support an
axial load P 40 k (see figure). The column has outside diameter d 4.0 in.,
wall thickness t 0.226 in., E 29,000 ksi, and Y 42 ksi.
Solution 11.9-11 Steel pipe column
Fixed-free column (K 2).
P 40 k
Use AISC formulas.
d2 4.0 in. t 0.226 in. d1 3.548 in.
2
(d d12 ) 2.6795 in.
4 2
I (d 42 d 41 ) 4.7877 in.4
64
A
r
I
1.3367
BA
E 29,000 ksi
Eq.(11-76):
Lc 116.7
¢
¢
KL
≤
200
r max
Y 42 ksi
KL
22E
≤
116.7
r c B sY
r
78.03 in. 6.502 ft
K
Select trial values of the length L and calculate the
corresponding values of Pallow (see table). Interpolate
between the trial values to obtain the value of L that
produces Pallow P.
Note: If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
L(ft)
5.20
KLr
93.86
94.26
93.90
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.903
1.904
1.903
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
5.25
5.23
–
–
–
0.3575
0.3541
0.3555
–
–
–
allow (ksi)
15.02
14.87
14.93
Pallow A allow
40.2 k
39.8 k
40.0 k
For P 40 k,
Lmax 5.23 ft
Problem 11.9-12 Determine the maximum permissible length Lmax for
a steel pipe column that is fixed at the base and free at the top and must
support an axial load P 500 kN (see figure). The column has outside
diameter d 200 mm, wall thickness t 10 mm, E 200 GPa, and
Y 250 MPa.
Solution 11.9-12
Steel pipe column
Fixed-free column (K 2).
P 500 kN
Use AISC formulas.
d2 200 mm
t 10 mm
d1 180 mm
2
A (d 2 d 21 ) 5,969.0 mm2
4
I
(d 4 d41 ) 27.010 106 mm4
64 2
r
I
KL
67.27 mm ¢ ≤ 200
r max
BA
E 200 GPa Y 250 MPa
KL
22E
Eq. (11-76): ¢ ≤
125.7
r c B sY
r
Lc 125.7 4.226 m
K
Select trial values of the length L and calculate the
corresponding values of Pallow (see table). Interpolate
between the trial values to obtain the value of L that
produces Pallow P.
Note: If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
L(m)
3.55
3.60
3.59
KLr
105.5
107.0
106.7
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.908
1.909
1.909
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
0.3393
0.3338
0.3349
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
–
–
–
allow (MPa)
Pallow A allow
For P 500 kN,
84.83
83.46
83.74
506 kN
498 kN
500 kN
L 3.59 m
SECTION 11.9
713
Design Formulas for Columns
Problem 11.9-13 A steel pipe column with pinned ends supports an
axial load P 21 k. The pipe has outside and inside diameters of 3.5 in.
and 2.9 in., respectively. What is the maximum permissible length Lmax
of the column if E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi?
Solution 11.9-13
Steel pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
P 21 k
Use AISC formulas.
d2 3.5 in. t 0.3 in. d1 2.9 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 3.0159 in.2
4
4
I (d 2 d 41 ) 3.8943 in.4
64
I
r
1.1363 in.
BA
E 29,000 ksi
L
¢ ≤
200
r max
Y 36 ksi
L
22E
≤
126.1
r c B sY
Lc 126.1 r 143.3 in. 11.9 ft
Eq. (11-76): ¢
Select trial values of the length L and calculate the
corresponding values of Pallow (see table). Interpolate
between the trial values to obtain the value of L that
produces Pallow P.
Note: If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
L(ft)
13.8
13.9
14.0
Lr
145.7
146.8
147.8
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
–
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
1.917
1.917
1.917
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
–
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
0.1953
0.1925
0.1898
allow (ksi)
7.031
6.931
6.832
Pallow A allow
21.2 k
20.9 k
20.6 k
For P 21 k,
L 13.9 ft
Problem 11.9-14 The steel columns used in a college recreation
center are 55 ft long and are formed by welding three wide-flange
sections (see figure). The columns are pin-supported at the ends and
may buckle in any direction.
Calculate the allowable load Pallow for one column, assuming
E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.
W 12 87
W 24 162
W 12 87
Pinned-end column (K 1)
Solution 11.9-14
y
W 12 87
W 24 162
A 47.7 in.2
I1 5170 in.4
tw 0.705 in.
I2 443 in.4
h
FOR THE ENTIRE CROSS SECTION
z
W 24 162
L 55 ft 660 in.
E 29,000 ksi
Y 36 ksi
W 12 87
A 25.6 in.2
I1 740 in.4
d 12.53 in.
I2 241 in.4
A 2 (25.6) 47.7 98.9 in.2
IY 2 (241) 5170 5652 in.4
h d2 tw 2 6.6175 in.
Iz 443 2 [740 (25.6)(6.6175)2] 4165 in.4
min. r
Iz
BA
Eq. (11-76):
4165
6.489 in.
B 98.9
L
22E
126.1
r c B sY
¢ ≤
714
CHAPTER 11
Columns
L
660 in.
101.7
r 6.489 in.
L
L
6 ¢ ≤
r
r c
allow 0.3544 Y 12.76 ksi
Pallow allow A (12.76 ksi) (98.9 in.2)
Use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
From Eq. (11-79):
n1 1.904
From Eq. (11-81): allow Y 0.3544
1260 k
Problem 11.9-15 A W 8 28 steel wide-flange column with pinned ends
carries an axial load P. What is the maximum permissible length Lmax of
the column if (a) P 50 k, and (b) P 100 k? (Assume E 29,000 ksi
and Y 36 ksi.)
Probs. 11.9-15 and 11.9-16
Solution 11.9-15
Steel wide-flange column
(b) P 100 k
Pinned ends (K 1).
Buckling about axis 2-2 (see Table E-1).
Use AISC formulas.
W 8 28
A 8.25 in.2
r2 1.62 in.
E 29,000 ksi
Y 36 ksi
L
r
L (ft)
max
L
22E
126.1
r c B sY
Lc 126.1 r 204.3 in. 17.0 ft
Eq. (11-76):
¢ ≤
For P 100 k,
For each load P, select trial values of the length L
and calculate the corresponding values of Pallow (see
table). Interpolate between the trial values to obtain
the value of L that produces Pallow P.
Note: If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
L (ft)
21.0
21.5
21.2
Lr
155.6
159.3
157.0
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
–
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
1.917
1.917
1.917
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
–
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
0.1714
0.1635
0.1682
allow (ksi)
6.171
5.888
6.056
Pallow A allow
50.9 k
48.6 k
50.0 k
(a) P 50 k
For P 50 k,
Lmax 21.2 ft
14.4
14.5
Lr
105.9
106.7
107.4
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.908
1.908
1.909
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
–
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
0.3393
0.3366
0.3338
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
–
–
–
allow (ksi)
12.21
12.12
12.02
Pallow A allow
100.8 k
100.0 k
99.2 k
k
200
¢ ≤
14.3
Lmax 14.4 ft
SECTION 11.9
715
Design Formulas for Columns
Problem 11.9-16 A W 10 45 steel wide-flange column with pinned
ends carries an axial load P. What is the maximum permissible length
Lmax of the column if (a) P 125 k, and (b) P 200 k? (Assume
E 29,000 ksi and Y 42 ksi.)
Solution 11.9-16 Steel wide-flange column
Pinned ends (K 1).
Buckling about axis 2-2 (see Table E-1).
Use AISC formulas.
W 10 45
A 13.3 in.2
r2 2.01 in.
E 29,000 ksi
Y 42 ksi
(a) P 125 k
L
¢ ≤
200
r max
L
22E
116.7
Eq. (11-76): ¢ ≤
r c B sY
L (ft)
21.0
21.1
21.2
Lr
125.4
126.0
126.6
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
–
–
–
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
1.917
1.917
1.917
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
–
–
–
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
0.2202
0.2241
0.2220
allow (ksi)
9.500
9.411
9.322
126.4 k
125.2 k
124.0 k
Pallow A allow
Lc 116.7 r 235 in. 19.6 ft
For each load P, select trial values of the length L
and calculate the corresponding values of Pallow (see
table). Interpolate between the trial values to obtain
the value of L that produces Pallow P.
For P 125 k,
Note: If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
L(ft)
15.5
15.6
15.7
Lr
92.54
93.13
93.73
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.902
1.902
1.903
Lmax 21.1 ft
(b) P 200 k
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
–
–
–
0.3607
0.3584
0.3561
–
–
–
15.15
15.05
14.96
Pallow A allow
201.5 k
200.2 k
198.9 k
For P 200 k,
Lmax 15.6 ft
allow (ksi)
Problem 11.9-17 Find the required outside diameter d for a steel pipe
column (see figure) of length L 20 ft that is pinned at both ends and
must support an axial load P 25 k. Assume that the wall thickness
t is equal to d/20. (Use E 29,000 ksi and Y 36 ksi.)
Probs. 11.9-17 through 11.9-20
Solution 11.9-17
Pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
L 20 ft 240 in. P 25 k
d outside diameter t d/20
E 29,000 ksi Y 36 ksi
A [d2 (d 2t) 2 ] 0.14923 d2
4
t
d
I
4
[d (d 2t) 4 ] 0.016881 d4
64
r
I
0.33634 d
BA
716
CHAPTER 11
Columns
L
22E
126.1
Lc (126.1)r
r c B sY
Select various values of diameter d until we obtain
Pallow P.
¢ ≤
d (in.)
4.80
4.90
5.00
(in.2)
3.438
3.583
3.731
(in.4)
8.961
9.732
10.551
1.614
1.648
1.682
A
I
r (in.)
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
Lc (in.)
If L
Lr
Lc, Use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
For P 25 k,
d 4.89 in.
204
208
212
148.7
145.6
142.7
n2 (Eq. 11-80)
2312
2312
2312
allow Y (Eq. 11-82)
0.1876
0.1957
0.2037
allow (ksi)
6.754
7.044
7.333
Pallow A allow
23.2 k
25.2 k
27.4 k
Problem 11.9-18 Find the required outside diameter d for a steel pipe
column (see figure) of length L 3.5 m that is pinned at both ends and
must support an axial load P 130 kN. Assume that the wall thickness
t is equal to d/20. (Use E 200 GPa and Y 275 MPa).
Solution 11.9-18
Pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
L 3.5 m P 130 kN
d outside diameter t d20
E 200 GPa Y 275 MPa
A [d2 (d 2t) 2 ] 0.14923 d2
4
4
I [d (d 2t) 4 ] 0.016881 d4
64
r
L
22E
119.8
r c B sY
d (mm)
98
A (mm2)
1433
I
(mm4)
1557
r (mm)
I
0.33634 d
BA
¢ ≤
Select various values of diameter d until we obtain
Pallow P.
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
Lc (119.8)r
99
100
1463
103
1622
32.96
1492
103
33.30
1688 103
33.64
Lc (mm)
3950
3989
4030
Lr
106.2
105.1
104.0
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.912
1.911
1.910
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
0.3175
0.3219
0.3263
allow (MPa)
Pallow A allow
For P 130 kN,
87.32
88.53
89.73
125.1 kN
129.5 kN
133.9 kN
d 99 mm
Problem 11.9-19 Find the required outside diameter d for a steel pipe
column (see figure) of length L 11.5 ft that is pinned at both ends and
must support an axial load P 80 k. Assume that the wall thickness t is
0.30 in. (Use E 29,000 ksi and Y 42 ksi.)
Solution 11.9-19
Pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
L 11.5 ft 138 in. P 80 k
d outside diameter t 0.30 in.
E 29,000 ksi Y 42 ksi
A [d2 (d 2t) 2 ]
4
I
4
[d (d 2t) 4 ]
64
r
I
BA
22E
L
116.7
Lc (116.7)r
r c B sY
Select various values of diameter d until we obtain
Pallow P.
¢ ≤
SECTION 11.9
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
For P 80 k,
d 5.23 in.
d (in.)
5.20
5.25
5.30
(in.2)
4.618
4.665
4.712
(in.4)
13.91
14.34
14.78
1.736
1.753
1.771
A
I
717
Aluminium Columns
r (in.)
Lc (in.)
Lr
203
205
207
79.49
78.72
77.92
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.883
1.881
1.880
allow Y (Eq. 11-81)
0.4079
0.4107
0.4133
allow (ksi)
17.13
17.25
17.36
Pallow A allow
79.1 k
80.5 k
81.8 k
Problem 11.9-20 Find the required outside diameter d for a steel pipe
column (see figure) of length L 3.0 m that is pinned at both ends and
must support an axial load P 800 kN. Assume that the wall thickness
t is 9 mm. (Use E 200 GPa and Y 300 MPa.)
Solution 11.9-20
Pipe column
Pinned ends (K 1).
L 3.0 m P 800 kN
d outside diameter t 9.0 mm
E 200 GPa Y 300 MPa
A [d2 (d 2t) 2 ]
4
4
I
I [d (d 2t) 4 ]
r
64
BA
L
22E
114.7
r c B sY
¢ ≤
Lc (114.7)r
Select various values of diameter d until we obtain
Pallow P.
d (mm)
193
A (mm2)
5202
(mm4)
20.08
I
r (mm)
194
195
5231
106
22.43
65.13
5259
106
65.48
22.80 106
65.84
Lc (mm)
7470
7510
7550
Lr
46.06
45.82
45.57
n1 (Eq. 11-79)
1.809
1.809
1.808
allow Y (Eq. 11-81) 0.5082
0.5087
0.5094
allow (MPa)
152.5
152.6
152.8
Pallow A allow
793.1 kN
798.3 kN
803.8 kN
For P 800 kn,
d 194 mm
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-79) and (11-81).
If L Lc, Use Eqs. (11-80) and (11-82).
Aluminum Columns
Problem 11.9-21 An aluminum pipe column (alloy 2014-T6) with
pinned ends has outside diameter d 2 5.60 in. and inside diameter
d1 4.80 in. (see figure).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the following
lengths: L 6 ft, 8 ft, 10 ft, and 12 ft.
Solution 11.9-21
Aluminum pipe column
Alloy 2014-T6
Pinned ends (K 1).
d2 5.60 in.
d1 4.80 in.
d1 d2
Probs. 11.9-21 through 11.9-24
2
(d d 21 ) 6.535 in.2
4 2
(d 2 d 21 ) 22.22 in.4
I
64 2
A
718
CHAPTER 11
Columns
I
1.844 in.
BA
Use Eqs. (11-84 a and b):
allow 30.7 0.23 (Lr) ksi
Lr 55
allow 54,000/(Lr)2 ksi
Lr 55
r
L (ft)
Lr
6 ft
8 ft
10 ft
12 ft
39.05
52.06
65.08
78.09
allow (ksi)
21.72
18.73
12.75
8.86
Pallow allow A
142 k
122 k
83 k
58 k
Problem 11.9-22 An aluminum pipe column (alloy 2014-T6) with
pinned ends has outside diameter d 2 120 mm and inside diameter
d1 110 mm (see figure).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the following
lengths: L 1.0 m, 2.0 m, 3.0 m, and 4.0 m.
(Hint: Convert the given data to USCS units, determine the required
quantities, and then convert back to SI units.)
Solution 11.9-22
Aluminum pipe column
Alloy 2014-T6
Pinned ends (K 1).
d2 120 mm 4.7244 in.
d1 110 mm 4.3307 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 2.800 in.2
4
2
I (d 2 d 21 ) 7.188 in.4
64
r
I
40.697 mm 1.6022 in.
BA
Use Eqs. (11-84 a and b):
allow 30.7 0.23 (Lr) ksi
Lr 55
allow 54,000(Lr)2 ksi
Lr 55
L (m)
1.0 m
2.0 m
3.0 m
4.0 m
L (in.)
39.37
78.74
118.1
157.5
Lr
24.58
49.15
73.73
98.30
allow (ksi)
25.05
19.40
9.934
5.588
Pallow allow A
70.14 k
54.31 k
27.81 k
15.65 k
Pallow (kN)
312 kN
242 kN
124 kN
70 kN
Problem 11.9-23 An aluminum pipe column (alloy 6061-T6) that is
fixed at the base and free at the top has outside diameter d 2 3.25 in.
and inside diameter d1 3.00 in. (see figure).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the following
lengths: L 2 ft, 3 ft, 4 ft, and 5 ft.
Solution 11.9-23
Aluminum pipe column
Alloy 6061-T6
Fixed-free ends (K 2).
d2 3.25 in.
d1 3.00 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 1.227 in.2
4
2
I (d 2 d 21 ) 1.500 in.4
64
r
I
1.106 in.
BA
Use Eqs. (11-85 a and b):
allow 20.2 0.126 (KLr) ksi
allow
51,000(KLr)2
ksi
KLr
KLr 66
66
L (ft)
2 ft
3 ft
4 ft
5 ft
KLr
43.40
65.10
86.80
108.5
allow (ksi)
14.73
12.00
6.77
4.33
Pallow allow A
18.1 k
14.7 k
8.3 k
5.3 k
SECTION 11.9
719
Aluminium Columns
Problem 11.9-24 An aluminum pipe column (alloy 6061-T6) that is
fixed at the base and free at the top has outside diameter d 2 80 mm
and inside diameter d1 72 mm (see figure).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the following
lengths: L 0.6 m, 0.8 m, 1.0 m, and 1.2 m.
(Hint: Convert the given data to USCS units, determine the required
quantities, and then convert back to SI units.)
Solution 11.9-24
Aluminum pipe column
Alloy 6061-T6
Fixed-free ends (K 2).
d2 80 mm 3.1496 in.
d1 72 mm 2.8346 in.
A (d 22 d 21 ) 1.480 in.2
4
2
I (d 2 d 21 ) 1.661 in.4
64
r
I
26.907 mm 1.059 in.
BA
Use Eqs. (11-85 a and b):
allow 20.2 0.126 (KLr) ksi KLr 66
allow 51,000(KLr)2 ksi KLr 66
L (m)
0.6 m
47.24
62.99
78.74
94.49
44.61
59.48
74.35
89.23
allow (ksi)
14.58
12.71
9.226
6.405
Pallow allow A
21.58 k
18.81 k
13.65 k
9.48 k
Pallow (kN)
96 kN
84 kN
61 kN
42 kN
A
d 2
d 4
3.142 in.2I
4
64
I d
0.5 in.
BA 4
P
60 k
19.10 ksi
sallow
A 3.142 in.2
Assume Lr is less than 55:
Eq. (11-84a): allow 30.7 0.23 (Lr) ksi
or 19.10 30.7 0.23 (Lr)
L
L
Solve for Lr: 50.43 6 55 ∴ ok
r
r
Lmax (50.43)
r 25.2 in.
r
d
Probs. 11.9-25 through 11.9-28
(b) FIND dmin IF L 30 IN.
P = 60 k
(a) FIND Lmax IF d = 2.0 IN.
1.2 m
KLr
Aluminum bar
Alloy 2014-T6
Pinned supports (K = 1).
A
1.0 m
KL (in.)
Problem 11.9-25 A solid round bar of aluminum having diameter
d (see figure) is compressed by an axial force P 60 k. The bar has
pinned supports and is made of alloy 2014-T6.
(a) If the diameter d 2.0 in., what is the maximum allowable
length L max of the bar?
(b) If the length L 30 in., what is the minimum required
diameter d min?
Solution 11.9-25
0.8 m
d 2
d L 30 in. 120 in.
r
4
4 r
d4
d
P
76.39
60 k
(ksi)
2
A d 4
d2
Assume Lr is greater than 55:
sallow
Eq. (11-84b): sallow
54,000 ksi
(Lr) 2
76.39
54,000
or 2
d
(120d) 2
d4 20.37 in.4
dmin 2.12 in.
Lr 120d 1202.12 56.6 55
ok
720
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.9-26 A solid round bar of aluminum having diameter
d (see figure) is compressed by an axial force P 175 kN. The bar
has pinned supports and is made of alloy 2014-T6.
(a) If the diameter d 40 mm, what is the maximum allowable
length L max of the bar?
(b) If the length L 0.6 m, what is the minimum required
diameter d min?
(Hint: Convert the given data to USCS units, determine the
required quantities, and then convert back to SI units.)
Solution 11.9-26
Aluminum bar
Alloy 2014-T6
Pinned supports (K 1).
P 175 kN 39.34 k
(a) FIND Lmax IF d 40 MM 1.575 IN.
d
d
1.948 in.2I
4
64
2
A
4
I d
0.3938 in.
BA 4
P
39.34 k
sallow
20.20 ksi
A 1.948 in.2
Assume Lr is less than 55:
Eq. (11-84a): allow 30.7 0.23 (Lr) ksi
r
or 20.20 30.7 0.23 (Lr)
L
L
Solve for Lr:
45.65 6 55 ∴ ok
r
r
Lmax (45.65) r 17.98 in. 457 mm
(b) FIND dmin IF L 0.6 m 23.62 in.
d 2
d L 23.62 in. 94.48 in.
r
4
4 r
d4
d
P 39.34 k 50.09
sallow
(ksi)
A
d 24
d2
A
Assume Lr is greater than 55:
54,000 ksi
(Lr) 2
50.09
54,000
or 2
d
(94.48d) 2
Eq. (11-84b): sallow
d 4 8.280 in.4 dmin 1.696 in. 43.1 mm
Lr 94.48d 94.481.696 55.7 55
ok
Problem 11.9-27 A solid round bar of aluminum having diameter
d (see figure) is compressed by an axial force P 10 k. The bar has
pinned supports and is made of alloy 6061-T6.
(a) If the diameter d 1.0 in., what is the maximum allowable
length L max of the bar?
(b) If the length L 20 in., what is the minimum required
diameter dmin?
Solution 11.9-27
Aluminum bar
Alloy 6061-T6
Pinned Supports (K 1).
(a) FIND L max
A
r
IF
P 10 k
d 1.0 IN.
d 2
0.7854 in.2
4
I
d 4
64
I d
0.2500 in.
BA 4
sallow
P
10 k
12.73 ksi
A 0.7854 in.2
Assume Lr is less than 66:
Eq. (11-85a):
allow 20.2 0.126 (Lr) ksi
or
12.73 20.2 0.126 (Lr)
L
L
Solve For Lr:
ok
59.29
6 66
r
r
Lmax (59.29)r 14.8 in.
SECTION 11.9
(b) FIND dmin IF L 20 in.
d 2
d
L 20 in. 80 in.
r
r
4
4
d4
d
12.73
P
10 k
sallow 2
(ksi)
A d 4
d2
A
Wood Columns
Assume Lr is Greater than 66:
51,000 ksi
Eq. (11-85b):
sallow
(Lr) 2
12.73 51,000
d2
(80d) 2
dmin 1.12 in.
d 4 1.597 in.4
Lr 80d 801.12 71 66
or
ok
Problem 11.9-28 A solid round bar of aluminum having diameter
d (see figure) is compressed by an axial force P 60 kN. The bar
has pinned supports and is made of alloy 6061-T6.
(a) If the diameter d 30 mm, what is the maximum allowable
length Lmax of the bar?
(b) If the length L 0.6 m, what is the minimum required
diameter d min?
(Hint: Convert the given data to USCS units, determine the required
quantities, and then convert back to SI units.)
Solution 11.9-28
Aluminum bar
Alloy 6061-T6
Pinned Supports (K 1).
(a) FIND L max
A
IF
P 60 kN 13.49 k
d 30 MM 1.181 IN.
d 2
1.095 in.2
4
I
d 4
64
I d
0.2953 in.
r
BA 4
sallow
P
13.49 k
12.32 ksi
A 1.095 in.2
Assume Lr is less than 66:
Eq. (11-85a):
allow 20.2 0.126 (Lr) ksi
or
12.32 20.2 0.126 (Lr)
L
L
62.54
6 66
Solve For Lr:
ok
r
r
Lmax (62.54)r 18.47 in. 469 mm
(b) FIND dmin IF L 0.6 M 23.62 IN.
d 2
d
L 23.62 in. 94.48 in.
r
r
4
4
d4
d
P 13.48 k 17.18
sallow
(ksi)
A
d 24
d2
A
Assume Lr is Greater than 66:
51,000 ksi
Eq. (11-85b): sallow
(Lr) 2
17.18
51,000
2
d
(94.48d) 2
4
4
d 3.007 in. dmin 1.317 in. 33.4 mm
Lr 94.48d 94.481.317 72 66
ok
or
Wood Columns
When solving the problems for wood columns, assume that the columns
are constructed of sawn lumber (c 0.8 and KcE 0.3) and have
pinned-end conditions. Also, buckling may occur about either principal
axis of the cross section.
Problem 11.9-29 A wood post of rectangular cross section (see figure)
is constructed of 4 in. 6 in. structural grade, Douglas fir lumber
(Fc 2,000 psi, E 1,800,00 psi). The net cross-sectional dimensions
of the post are b 3.5 in. and h 5.5 in. (see Appendix F).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the following
lengths: L 5.0 ft, 7.5 ft, and 10.0 ft.
h
b
Probs. 11.9-29 through 11.9-32
721
722
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Solution 11.9-29
Wood post (rectangular cross section)
Fc 2,000 psi E 1,800,000 psi c 0.8
KcE 0.3 b 3.5 in. h 5.5 in. d b
Find Pallow
Eq. (11-94):
f
Le
KcE E
Fc (Le d) 2
1f
1f 2 f
Eq. (11-95): CP
B
R
c
2c
B
2c
Eq. (11-92): Pallow Fc CP A Fc CP bh
5 ft
7.5 ft
10.0 ft
Le /d
17.14
25.71
34.29
0.9188
0.4083
0.2297
CP
0.6610
0.3661
0.2176
Pallow
25.4 k
14.1 k
8.4 k
Problem 11.9-30 A wood post of rectangular cross section
(see figure) is constructed of structural grade, southern pine lumber
(Fc 14 MPa, E 12 GPa). The cross-sectional dimensions of
the post (actual dimensions) are b 100 mm and h 150 mm.
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the
following lengths: L 1.5 m, 2.0 m, and 2.5 m.
Solution 11.9-30
Wood post (rectangular cross section)
Fc 14 MPa E 12 GPa c 0.8
b 100 mm h 150 mm d b
Find Pallow
Eq. (11-94):
KcE 0.3
Le
Le /d
K cE E
f
Fc (L e d) 2
1f
1f 2 f
Eq. (11-95): CP
B
R
c
2c
B
2c
Eq. (11-92): Pallow FcCP A Fc CP bh
1.5 m
2.0 m
2.5 m
15
20
25
1.1429
0.6429
0.4114
CP
0.7350
0.5261
0.3684
Pallow
154 kN
110 kN
77 kN
6 ft
8 ft
10 ft
Problem 11.9-31 A wood column of rectangular cross section
(see figure) is constructed of 4 in. 8 in. construction grade,
western hemlock lumber (Fc 1,000 psi, E 1,300,000 psi).
The net cross-sectional dimensions of the column are b 3.5 in.
and h 7.25 in. (see Appendix F).
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the
following lengths: L 6 ft, 8 ft, and 10 ft.
Solution 11.9-31
Wood column (rectangular cross section)
Fc 1,000 psi E 1,300,000 psi c 0.8
KcE 0.3 b 3.5 in. h 7.25 in. d b
Find Pallow
Eq. (11-94):
K cE E
f
Fc (L e d) 2
1f
1f 2 f
B
R
Eq. (11-95): CP
c
2c
B
2c
Eq. (11-92): Pallow FcCF A FcCP bh
Le
Le /d
20.57
27.43
34.29
0.9216
0.5184
0.3318
CP
0.6621
0.4464
0.3050
Pallow
16.8 k
11.3 k
7.7 k
SECTION 11.9
Wood Columns
Problem 11.9-32 A wood column of rectangular cross section
(see figure) is constructed of structural grade, Douglas fir lumber
(Fc 12 MPa, E 10 GPa). The cross-sectional dimensions of the
column (actual dimensions) are b 140 mm and h 210 mm.
Determine the allowable axial load Pallow for each of the
following lengths: L 2.5 m, 3.5 m, and 4.5 m.
Solution 11.9-32 Wood column (rectangular cross section)
Fc 12 MPa E 10 GPa c 0.8 KcE 0.3
Le
b 140 mm h 210 mm d b
2.5 m
3.5 m
4.5 m
Le /d
17.86
25.00
32.14
0.7840
0.4000
0.2420
CP
0.6019
0.3596
0.2284
Pallow
212 kN
127 kN
81 kN
Find Pallow
Eq. (11-94):
f
K cE E
Fc (L e d) 2
1f
1f 2 f
B
R
Eq. (11-95): CP
c
2c
B
2c
Eq. (11-92):
Pallow FcCP A Fc CP bh
Problem 11.9-33 A square wood column with side dimensions
b (see figure) is constructed of a structural grade of Douglas fir for
which Fc 1,700 psi and E 1,400,000 psi. An axial force
P 40 k acts on the column.
(a) If the dimension b 5.5 in., what is the maximum allowable
length Lmax of the column?
(b) If the length L 11 ft, what is the minimum required
dimension bmin?
Solution 11.9-33
b
b
Probs. 11.9-33 through 11.9-36
Wood column (square cross section)
Fc 1,700 psi E 1,400,000 psi c 0.8
KcE 0.3 P 40 k
(b) MINIMUM DIMENSION bmin FOR L 11 ft
Trial and error:
(a) MAXIMUM LENGTH Lmax FOR b d 5.5 IN.
From Eq. (11-92): CP
P
0.77783
Fcb 2
From Eq. (11-95):
1f
1f 2
f
CP 0.77783
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Trial and error: 1.3225
From Eq. (11-94):
K cEE
L
13.67
d B fFc
Lmax 13.67 d (13.67)(5.5 in.)
75.2 in.
CP
L L
d b
f
K cE E
Fc (Ld) 2
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Given load:
P FcCP b2
P 40 k
Trial b
(in.)
L L
d b
CP
P
(kips)
6.50
20.308
0.59907
0.49942
35.87
6.70
19.701
0.63651
0.52230
39.86
6.71
19.672
0.63841
0.52343
40.06
bmin 6.71 in.
723
724
CHAPTER 11
Columns
Problem 11.9-34 A square wood column with side dimensions b
(see figure) is constructed of a structural grade of southern pine for
which Fc 10.5 MPa and E 12 GPa. An axial force P 200 kN
acts on the column.
(a) If the dimension b 150 mm, what is the maximum
allowable length Lmax of the column?
(b) If the length L 4.0 m, what is the minimum required
dimension bmin?
Solution 11.9-34 Wood column (square cross section)
Fc 10.5 MPa E 12 GPa c 0.8
(b) MINIMUM DIMENSION bmin FOR L 4.0 M
KcE 0.3
P 200 kN
Trial and error:
(a) MAXIMUM LENGTH Lmax FOR b d 150 mm
P
From Eq. (11-92): CP
0.84656
Fc b 2
From Eq. (11-95):
1f
1f 2
f
CP 0.84656
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Trial and error: 1.7807
From Eq. (11-94):
K cE E
L
13.876
d B fFc
Lmax 13.876 d (13.876)(150 mm)
CP
L L
d b
f
K cE E
Fc (Ld) 2
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Given load:
P FcCP b2
P 200 kN
Trial b
(mm)
L L
d b
CP
P
(kN)
180
22.22
0.69429
0.55547
189.0
182
21.98
0.70980
0.56394
196.1
183
21.86
0.71762
0.56814
199.8
184
21.74
0.72549
0.57231
203.5
2.08 m
bmin 184 mm
Problem 11.9-35 A square wood column with side dimensions b
(see figure) is constructed of a structural grade of spruce for which
Fc 900 psi and E 1,500,000 psi. An axial force P 8.0 k acts
on the column.
(a) If the dimension b 3.5 in., what is the maximum allowable
length Lmax of the column?
(b) If the length L 10 ft, what is the minimum required
dimension bmin?
Solution 11.9-35
Fc 900 psi
KcE 0.3
Wood column (square cross section)
E 1,500,000 psi
P 8.0 k
c 0.8
(a) MAXIMUM LENGTH Lmax FOR b d 3.5 IN.
P
From Eq. (11-92): CP
0.72562
Fcb 2
From Eq. (11-95):
CP 0.72562
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Trial and error: 1.1094
From Eq. (11-94):
K cEE
L
21.23
d B fFc
Lmax 21.23 d (21.23)(3.5 in.) 74.3 in.
SECTION 11.9
725
Wood Columns
(b) MINIMUM DIMENSION bmin FOR L 10 FT
Trial and error.
CP
L L
d b
f
K cEE
Fc (Ld) 2
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Given load: P 8000 lb
P FcCPb 2
Trial b
(in.)
L L
d b
CP
P
(lb)
4.00
30.00
0.55556
0.47145
6789
4.20
28.57
0.61250
0.50775
8061
4.19
28.64
0.60959
0.50596
7994
bmin 4.20 in.
Problem 11.9-36 A square wood column with side dimensions b
(see figure) is constructed of a structural grade of eastern white pine
for which Fc 8.0 MPa and E 8.5 GPa. An axial force P 100 kN
acts on the column.
(a) If the dimension b 120 mm, what is the maximum allowable
length Lmax of the column?
(b) If the length L 4.0 m, what is the minimum required
dimension bmin?
Solution 11.9-36
Wood column (square cross section)
Fc 8.0 MPa
KcE 0.3
E 8.5 GPa
P 100 kN
(a) MAXIMUM LENGTH Lmax FOR b d 120 mm
From Eq. (11-92): CP
P
0.86806
Fcb 2
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
Trial and error: 2.0102
From Eq. (11-94):
(b) MINIMUM DIMENSION bmin FOR L 4.0 m
Trial and error.
CP
From Eq. (11-95):
CP 0.86806
1.51 m
c 0.8
K cEE
L
12.592
d B fFc
Lmax 12.592 d (12.592)(120 mm)
L L
d b
f
K cEE
Fc (Ld) 2
1f
1f 2
f
B
R
1.6
B
1.6
0.8
P FcCPb 2
Given load: P 100 kN
Trial b
(mm)
L L
d b
CP
P
(kN)
160
25.00
0.51000
0.44060
90.23
164
24.39
0.53582
0.45828
98.61
165
24.24
0.54237
0.46269
100.77
bmin 165 mm
SCE NOIT 12.3
3
Cnesdiort fo Cetisopm saerA
The smelbo rp rof Senoitc 12.3 e ra ot eb devlos yb gnisu eht salumrof rof
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CRETPAH 12 veRwi fo Cnesdiort nad nemoMst fo nIaitre
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SCE NOIT 12.3
W
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5
Cnesdiort fo Cetisopm saerA
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CRETPAH 12 veRwi fo Cnesdiort nad nemoMst fo nIaitre
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SCE NOIT 12.4 nemoMst fo nIaitre
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CRETPAH 12 veRwi fo Cnesdiort nad nemoMst fo nIaitre
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SCE NOIT 12.4 nemoMst fo nIaitre
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CRETPAH 12 veRwi fo Cnesdiort nad nemoMst fo nIaitre
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SECTION 12.6
Polar Moments of Inertia
Polar Moments of Inertia
Problem 12.6-1 Determine the polar moment of inertia IP of an isosceles
triangle of base b and altitude h with respect to its apex (see Case 5, Appendix D)
Solution 12.6-1
Polar moment of inertia
y
POINT A (APEX):
A
IP (IP ) c A ¢
2/3 h
h
2h 2
≤
3
bh
bh 2h 2
(4h2 3b 2 )
¢ ≤
144
2 3
bh 2
IP
(b 12h2 )
48
C
b
POINT C (CENTROID) FROM CASE 5:
(IP ) c
bh
(4h2 3b 2 )
144
Problem 12.6-2 Determine the polar moment of inertia (IP)C with
respect to the centroid C for a circular sector (see Case 13, Appendix D).
Solution 12.6-2
Polar moment of inertia
A r 2
2r sin
y
3
y
C
y
r
POINT C (CENTROID):
x
O
(IP ) C (IP ) O Ay2
POINT O (ORIGIN) FROM CASE 13:
(IP ) o
r 4
2
( radians)
r4
2r sin 2
r2 ¢
≤
2
3
r4
(9 2 8 sin2)
18
Problem 12.6-3 Determine the polar moment of inertia IP for a W 8 21
wide-flange section with respect to one of its outermost corners.
Solution 12.6-3
Polar moment of inertia
2
1
C
1
y
W 8 21
I1 75.3 in.4
I2 9.77 in.4
A 6.16 in.2
Depth d 8.28 in.
Width b 5.27 in.
Ix I1 A(d2)2 75.3 6.16(4.14)2 180.9 in.4
Iy I2 A(b2)2 9.77 6.16(2.635)2 52.5 in.4
x
O
2
IP Ix Iy 233 in.4
15
16
CHAPTER 12
Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia
Problem 12.6-4 Obtain a formula for the polar moment of inertia IP with
respect to the midpoint of the hypotenuse for a right triangle of base b and
height h (see Case 6, Appendix D).
Solution 12.6-4
Polar moment of inertia
POINT P:
d = CP
P
h
h/2
C
h/3
b/3
b/2
b
POINT C FROM CASE 6:
(IP ) c
bh 2
(h b 2 )
36
IP (IP ) c Ad 2
bh
A
2
b b 2
h h 2
d2 ¢ ≤ ¢ ≤
2 3
2 3
2
2
2
b
h
b h2
36 36
36
bh 2
bh b 2 h2
IP
(h b 2 )
¢
≤
36
2
36
bh 2
(b h2 )
24
Problem 12.6-5 Determine the polar moment of inertia (IP)C with
respect to the centroid C for a quarter-circular spandrel (see Case 12,
Appendix D).
Solution 12.6-5
y
Polar moment of inertia
yC
POINT C (CENTROID):
Ix c Ix Ay 2 ¢ 1
x
r
C
O
POINT O FROM CASE 12:
5 4
Ix ¢ 1
≤r
16
(10 3)r
y
3(4 )
A ¢ 1 ≤r 2
4
y
¢1
xC
x
5 4
≤r
16
2 (10 3)r 2
≤ (r ) B
R
4
3(4 )
COLLECT TERMS AND SIMPLIFY:
r4 176 84 9 2
¢
≤
144
4
IyC IxC
(by symmetry)
IxC
(IP ) c 2 IxC
r4 176 84 92
¢
≤
72
4
SECTION 12.7
Products of Inertia
Products of Inertia
Problem 12.7-1 Using integration, determine the product of inertia Ixy for the
parabolic semisegment shown in Fig. 12-5 (see also Case 17 in Appendix D).
Solution 12.7-1 Product of inertia
Product of inertia of element dA with respect to axes
through its own centroid equals zero.
x2
dA y dx h ¢ 1 2 ≤ dx
b
dIxy product of inertia of element dA with respect
to xy axes
d1 x d2 y2
dI
xy
b
x
h2
2
¢1
0
x2
b2
)
dA
h
Parallel-axis theorem applied to element dA:
dIxy 0 (dA)(d1d2) (y dx)(x)(y 2)
h2x
x2 2
¢ 1 2 ≤ dx
2
b
Ixy
(
yh 1
y
y/2
O
x
b
dx
x
x2 2
b 2h2
2 ≤ dx
12
b
Problem 12.7-2 Using integration, determine the product of inertia Ixy
for the quarter-circular spandrel shown in Case 12, Appendix D.
Solution 12.7-2
Product of inertia
ELEMENT dA:
y
r
dA
x
dy
y
(r x)/2
EQUATION OF CIRCLE:
x 2 ( y r)2 r 2
or r 2 x 2 (y r)2
x
d1 distance to its centroid in x direction
(r x)2
d2 distance to its centroid in y direction y
dA area of element (r x) dy
Product of inertia of element dA with respect to axes
through its own centroid equals zero.
Parallel-axis theorem applied to element dA:
rx
dIxy 0 (dA)(d1d2 ) (r x)(dy) ¢
≤ (y)
2
1
1
(r 2 x 2 ) y dy (y r) 2y dy
2
2
r
Ixy 12
y(y r) dy 24
2
0
r4
17
18
CHAPTER 12
Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia
y
Problem 12.7-3 Find the relationship between the radius r and the
distance b for the composite area shown in the figure in order that
the product of inertia Ixy will be zero.
r
x
O
b
Solution 12.7-3
yC
Product of inertia
y
C centroid of
semicircle
SEMICIRCLE (CASE 10):
Ixy Ixcyc Ad1d2
r
xC
C
x
O
r 2
2
d1 r
Ixcyc 0
A
Ixy 0 ¢
r 2
4r
2r 4
≤ (r) ¢
≤
2
3
3
b
d2
COMPOSITE AREA (Ixy 0)
TRIANGLE (CASE 7):
Ixy
b 2h2 b 2 (2r) 2 b 2r 2
Ixy
24
24
6
b 2r 2 2r 4
0
6
3
b 2r
y
Problem 12.7-4 Obtain a formula for the product of inertia Ixy of the
symmetrical L-shaped area shown in the figure.
t
b
t
x
O
Solution 12.7-4
Product of inertia
y
AREA 2:
(Ixy ) 2 Ixc yc A2d1d2
t
0 (b t)(t)(t2) ¢
A1
b
A2
bt
O
b
t
b
x
t2 2
(b t 2 )
4
COMPOSITE AREA:
Ixy (Ixy ) 1 (Ixy ) 2
AREA 1:
(Ixy ) 1
t2b2
4
bt
≤
2
t2
(2b2 t2 )
4
4r
3
SECTION 12.7
Products of Inertia
Problem 12.7-5 Calculate the product of inertia I12 with respect to the centroidal axes 1-1 and 2-2 for an L 6 6 1 in. angle section (see Table E-4,
Appendix E). (Disregard the cross-sectional areas of the fillet and rounded
corners.)
Solution 12.7-5
Product of inertia
y
Coordinates of centroid of aera A1 with respect to 1–2 axes:
2
d1 (x 0.5) 1.3636 in.
d2 3.0 y 1.1364 in.
1 in.
A1
1
Product of inertia of area A1 with respect to 1-2 axes:
C
6 in.
I¿12 0 A1d1d2
1
5 in.
y
1 in.
6 in.
O
x
(6.0 in.2)(1.3636 in.)(1.1364 in.) 9.2976 in.4
Coordinates of centroid of area A2 with respect to 1–2 axes:
x
A2
d1 3.5 x 1.6364 in.
d2 (y 0.5) 1.3636 in.
Product of inertia of area A2 with respect to 1-2 axes:
2
All dimensions in inches.
A1 (6)(1) 6.0 in.2
A2 (5)(1) 5.0 in.2
A A1 A2 11.0 in.2
With respect to the x axis:
6 in.
Q 1 (6.0 in.2 ) ¢
≤ 18.0 in.3
2
I–12 0 A2d1d 2
(5.0 in.2)(1.6364 in.)(1.3636 in.)
11.1573 in.4
ANGLE SECTION: I12 I¿12 I–12 20.5 in.4
1.0 in.
≤ 2.5 in.3
2
Q 1 Q 2 20.5 in.3
y
1.8636 in.
A
11.0 in.2
x y 1.8636 in.
Q 2 (5.0 in.2 ) ¢
Problem 12.7-6 Calculate the product of inertia Ixy for the composite area
shown in Prob. 12.3-6.
Solution 12.7-6
Product of inertia
y
AREA A1: (Ixy)1 0
d1
(By symmetry)
AREA A2: (Ixy)2 0 A2 d1d2 (90 30)(60)(75)
12.15 106 mm4
A1
AREA A3: (Ixy)3 0
d2
A2
O
x
A4
A3
All dimensions in millimeters
A2 90 30 mm
A1 360 30 mm
A3 180 30 mm
A3 90 30 mm
d1 60 mm
d2 75 mm
(By symmetry)
AREA A4: (Ixy)4 (Ixy)2 12.15 106 mm4
Ixy (Ixy)1 (Ixy)2 (Ixy)3 (Ixy)4
(2)(12.15 106 mm4)
24.3 106 mm4
19
20
CHAPTER 12
Review of Centroids and Moments of Inertia
Problem 12.7-7 Determine the product of inertia Ixcyc with respect to centroidal axes xc
and yc parallel to the x and y axes, respectively, for the L-shaped area shown in Prob. 12.3-7.
Solution 12.7-7
Product of inertia
y
With respect to the y axis:
Q 1 A1x 1 (3.0 in.2 )(0.25 in.) 0.75 in.3
2
x
Q 2 A2x 2 (1.75 in.2 )(2.25 in.) 3.9375 in.3
A1
6.0
C
3.5
O
y
Q 1 Q 2 4.6875 in.3
0.98684 in.
A
4.75 in.2
Product of inertia of area A1 with respect to xy axes:
(Ixy)1 (Ixy)centroid A1 d1 d2
0 (3.0 in.2)(0.25 in.)(3.0 in.) 2.25 in.4
Product of inertia of area A2 with respect to xy axes:
(Ixy)2 (Ixy)centroid A2 d1 d2
0 (1.75 in.2)(2.25 in.)(0.25 in.) 0.98438 in.4
x
xc
x
4.0
A2
All dimensions in inches.
A1 (6.0)(0.5) 3.0 in.2
A2 (3.5)(0.5) 1.75 in.2
A A1 A2 4.75 in.2
ANGLE SECTION
With respect to the x axis:
Q 1 A1 y1 (3.0 in.2 )(3.0 in.) 9.0 in.3
Q 2 A2 y2 (1.75 in.2 )(0.25 in.) 0.4375 in.3
y
Ixy (Ixy)1 (Ixy)2 3.2344 in.4
CENTROIDAL AXES
Ixcyc Ixy Ax y
Q 1 Q 2 9.4375 in.3
1.9868 in.
A
4.75 in.2
3.2344 in.4 (4.75 in.2)(0.98684 in.)(1.9868 in.)
6.079 in.4
Rotation of Axes
y
y1
The problems for Section 12.8 are to be solved by using the transformation
equations for moments and products of inertia.
Problem 12.8-1 Determine the moments of inertia Ix1 and Iy1 and the
b
C
product of inertia Ix y for a square with sides b, as shown in the figure. (Note
1 1
that the x1y1 axes are centroidal axes rotated through an angle with respect
to the xy axes.)
Solution 12.8-1
b
EQ. (12-29):
Ix1 Iy1 Ix Iy
b
C
EQ. (12-25):
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
Ix Iy
2
b4
12
EQ. (12-27):
x
cos 2u Ixy sin 2u
00
Iy1
x1
FOR A SQUARE:
b4
Ix Iy
12
b
Ix1
x
Rotation of axes
y
y1
x1
b4
12
Ix1y1
Ixy 0
Ix Iy
2
sin 2u Ixy cos 2u 0
Since may be any angle, we see that all moments
of inertia are the same and the product of inertia is
always zero (for axes through the centroid C).
SECTION 12.8
Problem 12.8-2 Determine the moments and product of inertia with
y
y1
respect to the x1y1 axes for the rectangle shown in the figure. (Note that
the x1 axis is a diagonal of the rectangle.)
Rotation of Axes
x1
h
x
C
b
Solution 12.8-2
Rotation of axes (rectangle)
ANGLE OF ROTATION:
y
y1
x1
cos u
h
h
b h2
2
SUBSTITUTE INTO EQS. (12-25), (12-29), AND (12-27)
CASE 1:
bh3
12
sin u
b 2 h2
b 2 h2
2 bh
sin 2 2 sin cos 2
b h2
b
Ix
b h
2
cos 2 cos2 sin2
x
C
b
2
AND SIMPLIFY:
Iy
hb 3
12
Ixy 0
Ix1
b 3h3
6(b 2 h2 )
Ix1y1
Iy1
bh(b 4 h4 )
12(b 2
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