This paper presents a new assessment of the Stolper-Samuelson The-orem. We start by showing, thro... more This paper presents a new assessment of the Stolper-Samuelson The-orem. We start by showing, through traditional mandated-wages regres-sions, that skilled-wage differentials changes were less pronounced among more unionized sectors in the US economy for the ...
This papers reviews main topics concerning sub-national revenues (intergovernmental transfers and... more This papers reviews main topics concerning sub-national revenues (intergovernmental transfers and taxes) and discusses some policy options to develop own sub-national revenues. The review covers the political-legal framework and the fiscal outcomes, finding that: i) intergovernmental transfers policies have expanded over time, generating inequity problems, principally at the departmental level; ii) sub-national revenues depend mostly on intergovernmental transfers; this has
This paper analyzes the factors that explain earnings in levels and inequality in the urban areas... more This paper analyzes the factors that explain earnings in levels and inequality in the urban areas of Bolivia, considering not only the usual individual characteristics (education, experience, gender, and ethnicity) but also firm characteristics. Given the information available at the firm level in the household surveys, two simple models were developed: one for independent workers (for which there is relatively detailed firm-level data), and the other for dependent workers (where firm variables were approximated by sector, size, and by the legal condition of the workers). The main econometric results show that: i) earnings regressions that include only individual variables present highly biased (overestimated) coefficients; ii) firm characteristics are fundamental factors for explaining earnings for independent workers, almost doubling R2 and explaining 45.5% of observed earnings inequality; and iii) firm proxies for dependent workers are also relevant; however, they explain wages a...
Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Br... more Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Brazil, as revealed by its international trade. We study two di¤erent time periods: one characterized by high trade barriers (1980 to 1985) and the trade liberalization period (1990 to 1995). Two alternative methodologies are used: the estimation of factor intensity regressions on net exports and the direct computation of factor content in net exports. In the factor intensity regression, we incorporate technological changes that might have occurred over time, and those turned out to be signi…cant. Both methods yield the same results: the Brazilian international trade reveals relative abundance in capital, land and unskilled labor, and scarcity in skilled labor, with qualitatively equivalent results for the two time periods studied. JEL Classi…cation: F11, F14
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
This paper presents a new assessment the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, relaxing the neoclassical hyp... more This paper presents a new assessment the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, relaxing the neoclassical hypothesis of perfect factor mobility and wage ‡exibility. We build a model economy in which some sector face imperfect competition and workers are unionized in those sector, so that wages are not ‡exible. The model predicts that the impact of trade openness on wage di¤erentials is smaller in unionized sector, since they su¤er two opposite e¤ect. First, we have the standard Stolper-Samuelson e¤ect. The second e¤ect relates to the additional partial adjustment process between wages and employment due to the unionization, dampening down the Stolper-Samuelson e¤ect, since it restricts factor mobility between sectors, thus reducing wages changes. For unionized sectors, we construct an alternative version of the mandates wages empirical model incorporating the e¤ects of wage bargaining. We test the new model for the United States and we found evidence of a positive impact of trade openness on wage di¤erentials for that economy.
La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ing... more La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ingresos rurales del Altiplano de Bolivia; dado que, por un lado, el grano se armoniza óptimamente a las costumbres y tradiciones laborales y familiares de los habitantes de ésta región y, por otro lado, la demanda internacional por el producto ha aumentado sustancialmente generando buenas oportunidades económicas y mejores precios. A través de microsimulaciones se observa que en el Altiplano Sur los hogares se estarían beneficiando de la producción y comercialización de quinua, y podrían aún incrementar de manera importante estos ingresos (disminuyendo los niveles de pobreza) aumentando la productividad de la tierra o sustituyendo otros cultivos por ésta. Sin embargo, en las restantes zonas altiplánicas la producción del grano tiene un impacto modesto en términos de ingresos y pobreza. Estas diferencias se explican porque prácticamente solo en el Altiplano Sur se produce una variedad altamente demanda, "la quinua real"; mientras que en las restantes zonas las actividades agropecuarias alternativas son relativamente más rentables.
La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ing... more La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ingresos rurales del Altiplano de Bolivia; dado que, por un lado, el grano se armoniza óptimamente a las costumbres y tradiciones laborales y familiares de los habitantes de ésta región y, por otro lado, la demanda internacional por el producto ha aumentado sustancialmente generando buenas oportunidades económicas y mejores precios. A través de microsimulaciones se observa que en el Altiplano Sur los hogares se estarían beneficiando de la producción y comercialización de quinua, y podrían aún incrementar de manera importante estos ingresos (disminuyendo los niveles de pobreza) aumentando la productividad de la tierra o sustituyendo otros cultivos por ésta. Sin embargo, en las restantes zonas altiplánicas la producción del grano tiene un impacto modesto en términos de ingresos y pobreza. Estas diferencias se explican porque prácticamente solo en el Altiplano Sur se produce una variedad altamente demanda, "la quinua real"; mientras que en las restantes zonas las actividades agropecuarias alternativas son relativamente más rentables.
Revista Latinoamericana De Desarrollo Economico, Sep 1, 2003
Resumen El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles ... more Resumen El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles a problemas de discriminación en el sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral. El estudio analiza la segregación pre-mercado (que se da cuando un grupo de la ...
El estudio presenta un panorama de las reformas sociales y económicas implementadas en Bolivia de... more El estudio presenta un panorama de las reformas sociales y económicas implementadas en Bolivia desde 1985, en su relación e incidencia con el funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo. Inicialmente, se destaca la efectividad de las llamadas Reformas Estructurales, aplicadas durante 1985-2005, en la generación de la estabilidad macroeconómica; en la captación de inversión extranjera directa, en la apertura de mercados y en la disminución de la pobreza (medida por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas). Sin embargo, se observa que las medidas destinadas a crear empleos decentes fueron escasas y los rubros favorecidos por las reformas crearon pocas fuentes de trabajo. El nuevo gobierno, que ascendió al poder en 2006, aumentó los programas sociales y revirtió varias reformas implementadas durante 1985-2005. No obstante, las políticas públicas se concentraron en los mismos rubros que las anteriores reformas, descuidando los problemas en torno a la generación de buenos empleos en Bolivia. En este...
This paper analyses non-agricultural work supplied by rural households in Bolivia. It is shown th... more This paper analyses non-agricultural work supplied by rural households in Bolivia. It is shown that roughly 50% of all rural households complement their incomes through non-agricultural work, but that households in the lowlands are more likely to do so than households in the highlands. Since non-agricultural work pays several times better than agricultural work, access to this source of complementary income constitutes an important opportunity to escape rural poverty.
The growth of young, technology-based firms has received considerable attention in the literature... more The growth of young, technology-based firms has received considerable attention in the literature given their importance for the generation and creation of economic wealth. Taking a strategic management perspective, we link the entrepreneurial strategy deployed by young, technology-based firms with firm growth. In line with recent research, we consider both revenue and employment growth as they reflect different underlying value creation processes. Using a unique European dataset of research-based spin-offs, we find that firms emphasizing a product and hybrid strategy are positively associated with growth in revenues. The latter strategy also has a positive influence on the creation of additional employment. Contrary to expectation, however, we find that firms pursuing a technology strategy do not grow fast in employment. Our study sheds new light on the relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and firm growth in revenues and employment.
El presente estudio estima el aporte de los servicios ecosistémicos a la economía y al PIB del se... more El presente estudio estima el aporte de los servicios ecosistémicos a la economía y al PIB del sector de Silvicultura, Caza y Pesca, usando dos metodologías complementarias. La primera basada en el Manual de Cuentas Nacionales que considera que el capital natural y específicamente su renta forma parte del Excedente Bruto de Explotación y la segunda, que siguiendo la definición
Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Br... more Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Brazil, as revealed by its international trade. We study two di¤erent time periods: one characterized by high trade barriers (1980 to 1985) and the trade liberalization period (1990 to 1995). Two alternative methodologies are used: the estimation of factor intensity regressions on net exports and the direct computation of factor content in net exports. In the factor intensity regression, we incorporate technological changes that might have occurred over time, and those turned out to be signi…cant. Both methods yield the same results: the Brazilian international trade reveals relative abundance in capital, land and unskilled labor, and scarcity in skilled labor, with qualitatively equivalent results for the two time periods studied. JEL Classi…cation: F11, F14
This paper presents a new assessment of the Stolper-Samuelson The-orem. We start by showing, thro... more This paper presents a new assessment of the Stolper-Samuelson The-orem. We start by showing, through traditional mandated-wages regres-sions, that skilled-wage differentials changes were less pronounced among more unionized sectors in the US economy for the ...
This papers reviews main topics concerning sub-national revenues (intergovernmental transfers and... more This papers reviews main topics concerning sub-national revenues (intergovernmental transfers and taxes) and discusses some policy options to develop own sub-national revenues. The review covers the political-legal framework and the fiscal outcomes, finding that: i) intergovernmental transfers policies have expanded over time, generating inequity problems, principally at the departmental level; ii) sub-national revenues depend mostly on intergovernmental transfers; this has
This paper analyzes the factors that explain earnings in levels and inequality in the urban areas... more This paper analyzes the factors that explain earnings in levels and inequality in the urban areas of Bolivia, considering not only the usual individual characteristics (education, experience, gender, and ethnicity) but also firm characteristics. Given the information available at the firm level in the household surveys, two simple models were developed: one for independent workers (for which there is relatively detailed firm-level data), and the other for dependent workers (where firm variables were approximated by sector, size, and by the legal condition of the workers). The main econometric results show that: i) earnings regressions that include only individual variables present highly biased (overestimated) coefficients; ii) firm characteristics are fundamental factors for explaining earnings for independent workers, almost doubling R2 and explaining 45.5% of observed earnings inequality; and iii) firm proxies for dependent workers are also relevant; however, they explain wages a...
Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Br... more Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Brazil, as revealed by its international trade. We study two di¤erent time periods: one characterized by high trade barriers (1980 to 1985) and the trade liberalization period (1990 to 1995). Two alternative methodologies are used: the estimation of factor intensity regressions on net exports and the direct computation of factor content in net exports. In the factor intensity regression, we incorporate technological changes that might have occurred over time, and those turned out to be signi…cant. Both methods yield the same results: the Brazilian international trade reveals relative abundance in capital, land and unskilled labor, and scarcity in skilled labor, with qualitatively equivalent results for the two time periods studied. JEL Classi…cation: F11, F14
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
This paper presents a new assessment the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, relaxing the neoclassical hyp... more This paper presents a new assessment the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, relaxing the neoclassical hypothesis of perfect factor mobility and wage ‡exibility. We build a model economy in which some sector face imperfect competition and workers are unionized in those sector, so that wages are not ‡exible. The model predicts that the impact of trade openness on wage di¤erentials is smaller in unionized sector, since they su¤er two opposite e¤ect. First, we have the standard Stolper-Samuelson e¤ect. The second e¤ect relates to the additional partial adjustment process between wages and employment due to the unionization, dampening down the Stolper-Samuelson e¤ect, since it restricts factor mobility between sectors, thus reducing wages changes. For unionized sectors, we construct an alternative version of the mandates wages empirical model incorporating the e¤ects of wage bargaining. We test the new model for the United States and we found evidence of a positive impact of trade openness on wage di¤erentials for that economy.
La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ing... more La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ingresos rurales del Altiplano de Bolivia; dado que, por un lado, el grano se armoniza óptimamente a las costumbres y tradiciones laborales y familiares de los habitantes de ésta región y, por otro lado, la demanda internacional por el producto ha aumentado sustancialmente generando buenas oportunidades económicas y mejores precios. A través de microsimulaciones se observa que en el Altiplano Sur los hogares se estarían beneficiando de la producción y comercialización de quinua, y podrían aún incrementar de manera importante estos ingresos (disminuyendo los niveles de pobreza) aumentando la productividad de la tierra o sustituyendo otros cultivos por ésta. Sin embargo, en las restantes zonas altiplánicas la producción del grano tiene un impacto modesto en términos de ingresos y pobreza. Estas diferencias se explican porque prácticamente solo en el Altiplano Sur se produce una variedad altamente demanda, "la quinua real"; mientras que en las restantes zonas las actividades agropecuarias alternativas son relativamente más rentables.
La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ing... more La presente investigación analiza la producción de la quinua como una opción para mejorar los ingresos rurales del Altiplano de Bolivia; dado que, por un lado, el grano se armoniza óptimamente a las costumbres y tradiciones laborales y familiares de los habitantes de ésta región y, por otro lado, la demanda internacional por el producto ha aumentado sustancialmente generando buenas oportunidades económicas y mejores precios. A través de microsimulaciones se observa que en el Altiplano Sur los hogares se estarían beneficiando de la producción y comercialización de quinua, y podrían aún incrementar de manera importante estos ingresos (disminuyendo los niveles de pobreza) aumentando la productividad de la tierra o sustituyendo otros cultivos por ésta. Sin embargo, en las restantes zonas altiplánicas la producción del grano tiene un impacto modesto en términos de ingresos y pobreza. Estas diferencias se explican porque prácticamente solo en el Altiplano Sur se produce una variedad altamente demanda, "la quinua real"; mientras que en las restantes zonas las actividades agropecuarias alternativas son relativamente más rentables.
Revista Latinoamericana De Desarrollo Economico, Sep 1, 2003
Resumen El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles ... more Resumen El objetivo del presente documento es identificar las diferencias salariales atribuibles a problemas de discriminación en el sistema educativo y en el mercado laboral. El estudio analiza la segregación pre-mercado (que se da cuando un grupo de la ...
El estudio presenta un panorama de las reformas sociales y económicas implementadas en Bolivia de... more El estudio presenta un panorama de las reformas sociales y económicas implementadas en Bolivia desde 1985, en su relación e incidencia con el funcionamiento del mercado de trabajo. Inicialmente, se destaca la efectividad de las llamadas Reformas Estructurales, aplicadas durante 1985-2005, en la generación de la estabilidad macroeconómica; en la captación de inversión extranjera directa, en la apertura de mercados y en la disminución de la pobreza (medida por Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas). Sin embargo, se observa que las medidas destinadas a crear empleos decentes fueron escasas y los rubros favorecidos por las reformas crearon pocas fuentes de trabajo. El nuevo gobierno, que ascendió al poder en 2006, aumentó los programas sociales y revirtió varias reformas implementadas durante 1985-2005. No obstante, las políticas públicas se concentraron en los mismos rubros que las anteriores reformas, descuidando los problemas en torno a la generación de buenos empleos en Bolivia. En este...
This paper analyses non-agricultural work supplied by rural households in Bolivia. It is shown th... more This paper analyses non-agricultural work supplied by rural households in Bolivia. It is shown that roughly 50% of all rural households complement their incomes through non-agricultural work, but that households in the lowlands are more likely to do so than households in the highlands. Since non-agricultural work pays several times better than agricultural work, access to this source of complementary income constitutes an important opportunity to escape rural poverty.
The growth of young, technology-based firms has received considerable attention in the literature... more The growth of young, technology-based firms has received considerable attention in the literature given their importance for the generation and creation of economic wealth. Taking a strategic management perspective, we link the entrepreneurial strategy deployed by young, technology-based firms with firm growth. In line with recent research, we consider both revenue and employment growth as they reflect different underlying value creation processes. Using a unique European dataset of research-based spin-offs, we find that firms emphasizing a product and hybrid strategy are positively associated with growth in revenues. The latter strategy also has a positive influence on the creation of additional employment. Contrary to expectation, however, we find that firms pursuing a technology strategy do not grow fast in employment. Our study sheds new light on the relationship between entrepreneurial strategy and firm growth in revenues and employment.
El presente estudio estima el aporte de los servicios ecosistémicos a la economía y al PIB del se... more El presente estudio estima el aporte de los servicios ecosistémicos a la economía y al PIB del sector de Silvicultura, Caza y Pesca, usando dos metodologías complementarias. La primera basada en el Manual de Cuentas Nacionales que considera que el capital natural y específicamente su renta forma parte del Excedente Bruto de Explotación y la segunda, que siguiendo la definición
Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Br... more Based on the Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek model, this paper investigates relative factor abundance in Brazil, as revealed by its international trade. We study two di¤erent time periods: one characterized by high trade barriers (1980 to 1985) and the trade liberalization period (1990 to 1995). Two alternative methodologies are used: the estimation of factor intensity regressions on net exports and the direct computation of factor content in net exports. In the factor intensity regression, we incorporate technological changes that might have occurred over time, and those turned out to be signi…cant. Both methods yield the same results: the Brazilian international trade reveals relative abundance in capital, land and unskilled labor, and scarcity in skilled labor, with qualitatively equivalent results for the two time periods studied. JEL Classi…cation: F11, F14
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