Aquatic Ape Theory made easy 2017.pptx

Medical hypotheses, 1985

Much more than other primates, man has several features that are seen more often in aquatic than terrestrial mammals: nakedness, thick subcutaneous fat-layer, stretched hindlimbs, voluntary respiration, dilute urine etc. The Aquatic Ape Theory states that our ancestors once spent a significant part of their life in water. Presumably, early apes were plant and fruit eaters in tropical forests. Early hominids also ate aquatic food; at first mainly weeds and tubers, later sea shore animals, especially shellfish. With the Pleistocene cooling, our ancestors returned to land and became bipedal omnivores and scavengers and later hunters of coastal and riverside animals.

Medical Hypotheses, 1991

While most older palaeo-anthropological studies emphasise the similarities of the fossil hominids with modern man, recent studies often stress the unique and the apelike features of the australopithecine dentitions, skulls and postcranial bones. It is worth reconsidering the features of Australopithecus, Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis in the light of the so-called Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) of Hardy and Morgan, and to compare the skeletal parts of our fossil relatives with those of (semi)aquatic animals. Possible convergences are observed with proboscis monkeys, beavers, sea-otters, hippopotamuses, seals, sea-lions, walruses, sea-cows, whales, dolphins, porpoises, penguins and crocodiles. The aquatic hypothesis The AAT claims that human ancestors a few million years ago (MY) were partly aquatic, i.e. they waded, swam or dived daily in rivers, lagoons, lakes or seas (l-20). Although many scientists believe that human peculiarities like nakedness or abundant subcutaneous fat do not need aquatic explanations (21-24), the combination in non-human mammals of a functionally naked skin and a fat-layer over the central body parts is only seen in aquatic or tropical semi-aquatic mammals (13). While the traditional alternative for the AAT, the Savanna Theory of human evolution, even in its weakened version of a mosaic savanna environment, is totally incompatible with human physiology (3,4, 13, 14, 25), and is gradually losing its credibility among palaeontologists (26, 27), the AAT is strongly supported by a large number of independent arguments (l-20) and is nowhere contradicted by the fossil evidence. 'Lucy', e.g. an australopithecine of c.3 MY, was discovered amid crocodile and turtle Date received

Human Evolution

While some paleo-anthropologists remain skeptical, data from diverse biological and anthropological disciplines leave little doubt that human ancestors were at some point in our past semi-aquatic: wading, swimming and/or diving in shallow waters in search of waterside or aquatic foods. However, the exact sce-nario — how, where and when these semi-aquatic adaptations happened, how profound they were, and how they fit into the hominid fossil record — is still disputed, even among anthro-pologists who assume some semi-aquatic adaptations. Here, I argue that the most intense phase(s) of semi-aquatic adaptation in human ancestry occurred when populations be-longing to the genus Homo adapted to slow and shallow littoral diving for sessile foods such as shellfish during part(s) of the Pleistocene epoch (Ice Ages), possibly along African or South-Asian coasts.

Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2002

Paleoanthropology, for his analysis of the hominoid evolution, provides the necessary framework to detect how our animal nature has became a "hominity". Aquatic life has been deduced from the observation of mammals wading in search of aquatic plants and by analysis of diet in comparing aspects of microscopic wear on teeth

2011

In 2008, Don Johansen noted in his book, Lucy's Legacy , that recent palaeo-environmental research “has sounded the death knell for the so-called savannah hypothesis that reigned supreme when I was a student.” As he explained: “These latest findings indicate that our primeval predecessors must have been bipedal in the forest. The concept of the woodland biped has now become, in its turn, the conventional wisdom, and the once ‘supreme’ savannah hypothesis has been so discreetly dismantled that some of today's students are unaware that it ever existed.” For roughly half a century, it had been treated as proven by a solid consensus of the scientists specializing in the study of human origins. But towards the end of the 20th century doubts about the savannah scenario were accumulating, and were confirmed when new tools of research enabled scientists to analyse and identify fossilized pollen in the sites where hominid remains had been found. It meant that at least one of the salient hallmarks of mankind – bipedalism – must have evolved while our ancestors apparently occupied the same environment as the other apes. Replacing the savannah scenario with a woodland one has been treated as a necessary but minor readjustment in the official story of human evolution. But this re-appraisal involves one major drawback. The strength of the savannah hypothesis lay in the fact that it offered possible explanations of unique human features such as bipedalism. The woodland hypothesis made this more difficult. We have a clear extant example of a ground-dwelling African ape: Adult gorillas walk on all fours in the forest, presumably because it has proved to be the most effective mode of locomotion in those conditions. Why then would a similar environment among the trees cause just one branch of the anthropoid apes to evolve along such different lines? The old question, "Why a naked biped?" - now seems further than ever from a solution in terms of the traditional scenario. A possible answer had been proposed in 1960, when Professor Alister Hardy enquired whether Man might have been more aquatic in the past. It was not surprising that scientists initially ignored his article. Their view of the matter was that the suggestion he made was unnecessary and unheard of: It had not been submitted to a professional journal in the approved manner, and it was written by a marine biologist with no anthropological qualifications. In some people's minds, the concept that Man may have been more aquatic in the past is still thought of as an eccentric fancy, which state-of-the-art scientists could demolish at any time if they thought it was worth the trouble. One of the main reasons for publishing this book is to help readers to appreciate how much that perception has changed in fifty years. It should enable them to judge for themselves whether the arguments being advanced here deserve to be taken seriously or not. They have assembled an impressive list of contributors – most of them with specialized knowledge, and some who have reached the heights of their profession. That should end any lingering suspicion that these ideas are exclusively the province of amateurs. What all contributors to this book have in common is a belief that at least at some point in the past, the lifestyle and evolutionary development of our ancestors was definitively influenced by the presence of water in their immediate environment. No contributor takes responsibility for the views voiced by any other contributor. Discussions on these issues are as animated as were the disputes, in the heyday of savannah hypothesis, over whether the grassland apes were hunters or scavengers, and whether or not they were pair-bonded. Such debates are now, as they were then, healthy signs of intellectual work in progress. They generate further questions, and they stimulate research. There is no reason why this line of thinking should continue to be confined to the kind of academic ghetto, accurately described by Robert Foley. He commented, in the second edition of 'Principles of Human Evolution' that supporters and opponents of the aquatic ape hypothesis are still ‘talking past one another’. Let us look forward to the day when it may be possible for them to talk face to face. Elaine Morgan

Medical Hypotheses, 1987

The Aquatic Ape Theory claims that human ancestors once lived in a semiaquatic habitat. Some human diseases might be explained by our aquatic past. Such problems include hyperventilation, periodic breathing, laryngo-and bronchospasm, vasomotor rhinopathy., seborrhea, dandruff, male pattern alopecia, rhinophyma, osteoarthriti,s, inguinal hernias, varicose veins, common obesity, myopia, and earwax .

САНКТПЕТЕРБУРГЪ 1812 года только слабые кадры, и прошелъ по фропту, pour voir ses braves camarades («чтобы повидаться со своими храбрыми товарищами»), какъ выразился опъ. Русская пѣхота снова заняла кустарпикъ и оттуда стала опять наступать. Тогда полковой комапдиръ взялъ обѣ вольтижерныя роты п по два фланговыхъ взвода отъ каждаго баталіопа, поручилъ мнѣ комапду надъ ними и приказалъ отпять у русскихъ кустарпикъ. Непріятель ожидалъ насъ стойко, подъ спльпымъ огпемъ. Я открылъ огонь съ самой близкой дпстанціи, вслѣдствіѳ чего русскіе отошли, а мы послѣдовали за ними въ кустарпикъ. Но всѣ войска, стоявшія вправо п вдѣво отъ пространства, которое мы пробѣжали, спокойно оставались въ огпѣ, стрѣляя механически туда, гдѣ ne было пепріятеля. Они прекратили стрѣльбу, кажется, по приказание, потому что мы слышали команду и барабанный бой. Для (*) Съ другой стороны, какъ кажется, пмѣдась въ виду также и угрова самой .Хивѣ, входоііъ въ устье Аму-Дарьи. Пр. авт.

Industrial Marketing Management, 2003

Firms should be able to apply the time-based philosophy of revenue management to their sales forces. To do so requires a revision in the way most sales divisions traditionally have viewed salesperson time. Hence, a different type of proposed measure, revenue per available salesperson hour, is proposed to better integrate the value of the salesperson's time as a factor in sales potential and revenue calculation. This article seeks to (1) foster a positive perception of revenue management as a viable sales approach, (2) establish a framework for such a strategy, and (3) set a useful road map for facilitating execution.