Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Scottish Darien Colony (1698-1700)

Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Scottish Darien Colony (1698-1700) by M. C. Horton, D. A. Higgins and A. Oswald 1987 Reprinted from: P Davey (ed.), 1987, The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe, X, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford, British Series No 178, 239-252 8:2 CLAY TOBACO PIPES FROM THE SCOTTISH DARIEN COLONY (1698-1700). M. C. Horton, D. A. Higgins, A. Oswald. Summary. The Darien Company papers give details of the style, price and shipment of some 282,832 pipes made by four makers during the period 1696-9. Archaeological work in Panama has identified the range of pipes in use, including specially produced 'export style' pipes, pipes of different status and personal examples belonging to the colonists. It has shown both that outdated moulds continued in production with new styles, and that the widow of a pipemaker could effectively continue production, even creating new moulds, after her husband's death. The majority are shown to come from Edinburgh and provide a tightly dated sample of late 17th Century Scottish styles. Introduction. Survey and archaeological excavation were undertaken at the Darien Colony, located on the Atlantic coast of Panama, in 1979 and 1985. During the course of this project considerable numbers of clay pipe bowls and stems were recovered, from contexts directly attributable to the Scottish occupation of 1698 to 1700. This paper will document these pipes and attempt to identify them with the suppliers mentioned in the Company accounts. Fuller accounts of the excavations and the history of the colony have been published elsewhere (Horton 1980, Inch 1932). The Colony. The Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies sent an expedition of five ships (St Andrew, Caledonia, Unicorn, Dolphin and Endeavour) fitted out in Edinburgh to establish a colony on the Panamanian Isthmus in 1698. They settled a peninsula, adjacent to a deep harbour, on the rough Atlantic coastline in November of that year. This place was known as Punta Escoces, and can still be identified on the ground. The colonist's first intention was to construct a fortification, with a civilian settlement to the south, called New ｅ､ｩｮ｢ｵｲｧｾ＠ William Paters on, whose eyewitness report survives, stated that although construction was started on this new town it was soon abandoned and the settlers moved inside the fort, which they named Fort St Andrew, (Bur ton 1849, 181). This was a small peninsula, five hectares in area, which the Scots defended on the landward side by a breastwork and moat, with cannon batteries to seaward. The ships were unloaded here and timber storehouses were built. This first expedition only lasted a few months, with the appalling weather and disease decimating the settlers. In July 1699, the remaining 700 Scots, out of the original 1300 fled to Jamaica, leaving what was left of their colony behind. Meanwhile two relief ships had been sent to 239 ｄ｡ｲｩ･ｾ＠ The Olive Branch and the Hopeful Binning, set out from the Clyde and arrived in late July, only a few weeks after the evacuation of Fort St. Andrew. The ships anchored in the harbour and while the Scots considered their next move, the Olive Branch accidentally caught fire, and sank at her moorings. The Hopeful Binning then left for Jamaica, without unloading any of her cargo. Unaware of these two disasters, a further group of 1500 eager colonists set out in August 1699. Their ships, the Rising Sun, Duke of Hamilton, Hope of Bo'ness and Hope, had been fitted out in the Clyde. They arrived in Darien in late November 1699, where they found only the burnt out remaiM of huts and the wreck of the Olive Branch lying in the harbour. They set to rebuilding the colony within Fort St. Andrew. Food was short, and the earlier fortifications had not been completed by the first expedition, rut within a few months they had finished the ramparts and batteries and erected 87 huts, two storehouses and a church. Topographic details of the colony were recorded on a contemporary Spanish map, suggesting that these buildings were on the south side of the fort, where they are shown in two neat rows, close to the stone built powder magazine. The Colony was not to survive. A Spanish force had been brought together from Panama and Cartagena, and met with their Atlantic fleet near the Scottish Colony. There was a long siege, and the Scots capitulated on April 12th, 1700. The terms were generous, and the colonists were given While many of two weeks to pack their stores and leave Fort St. Andrew. the survivors were too weak to do much work, the archaeological evidence suggests that many of the provisions were loaded back onto the ships. None of the Scottish ships however reached Scotland; the Hope was wrecked off Cuba, the Hope of Bo'ness surrendered to the Spanish at Cartagena, while the Rising Sun and the Duke of Hamilton were lost in a hurricane off South Carolina, while all hands were lost. The Supply of Clay Pipes. The first expedition was fitted out from Edinburgh, and a large number of pipes were loaded on board the St. Andrew, Caledonia and Unicorn, from two pipemakers, Jean Wemyss, the widow of Patrick Crawford, and David Montgomery of Tranent. D. Gallagher, (this volume, p. 236) has calculated that 155,664 pipes were loaded onto these ships. Many of these were taken to Fort St. Andrew, and abandoned there, although the Caledonia did eventually return to Scotland in November 1699 with four boxes of broken pipes (Gallagher in this volume, p. 237). The pipes supplied to the Olive Branch and Hopeful Binning are less clearly documented. ｕｮｬｩｫｾ＠ the first expedition where tradesmen supplied the Company directly, the fitting out of these ships was undertaken by James Balfour and the pipe receipts have not survived. The manifest of the Olive Branch recorded that four gross of pipes were loaded at Glasgow, packed in barrels. Pipes were also sent on the final expedition, which set sail from the Clyde. They were mainly loaded onto the Rising Sun. This ship was made and fitted out at Amsterdam, but according to the records all the pipes were Scottish, and supplied by the Glasgow pipemakers, James Colquhoun and William Hyndshaw. Colquhoun supplied 109 gross of short Caledonia pipes and 20 gross of long pipes, while Hyndshaw sent only 18 gross for use on board the ships. 240 The Archaeological Work. The area of Punta Escoces was surveyed in detail, but archaeological deposits containing Scottish material were entirely concentrated within the area of Fort St. Andrew. Here there was very little soil above bed rock, and the ground surface was close to what it had been in the seventeenth century. Consequently much of the artifactual material lay on the surface, or just below it, and could be recovered by surface collection. Evacavation took place on the ramparts, and at three sites in the centre of the fort, where traces of post hole structures were recovered. Pipe fragments were found in all the excavations, as well as on the surface. Many pieces, marked PC came from a single concentration close to the magazine, which may mark the location of one of the storehouses. A total of 233 bowls were collected from this storehouse area, of which about half were marked with the initials PC. A further 117 bowls were collected from the rest of the fort, comprising mainly plain and PC marked pipes. A limited number of other marked pipes were also found within the fort. In a survey of the marine archaeological remains in the harbour the wreck of a burnt out wooden ship some 30 metres long was found. This can be identified as the remains of the Olive Branch, which sank here in 1699. Eight pipe bowls were brought up from the wreck, some of which were concreted together in the remains of a barrel. In addition to the seven recognisable Scottish pipe bowls, one example of a Dutch pipe (no. 19) was found on the site of the wreck. The Pipes. All of the pipes recovered in this area can be directly attributed to the documented Scottish settlement. Initially they will be considered in two sections: those from Fort St. Andrew which derive from the first and third shipments, and those from the Olive Branch which represents the second shipment. Fort St. Andrew. The majority of the pipes were found during the 1979 survey when well over 350 bowls were recovered. A much smaller number were found in 1985. Most of the pipes remain in Panama, but a representative sample of twenty five bowls, together with an additional eight drawings were available for study in this country - all of them from the 1979 survey (Appendix 1). It is these pipes which are discussed below. They are illustrated in figures one and two, and a selection photographed in figure three. All of the pipes are made from a local fabric (i.e. not West country) which exhibits small gritty inclusions and shiny mica flecks. I t generally fires to a drab off-white or greyish colour, although five of the pipes have a strong pinkish hu& All of the pipes have bottered tops (individually smoothed by rotating a button round the mouth of the bowl), and with one possible exception appear to be of Scottish manufacture. None of them has an internal bowl cross. 241 Plain Heel Pipes. About one third of the group is made up of unmarked heel pipes. in turn can be divided into two types:- These No. 1. Nine of the bowls are of this 'Scottish chinned' form, which has an upright, bulbous bowl with a marked constriction at its base. They probably all come from the same mould and must have represented one of the most common types current on the site. Although competently finished and with a naturally glossy fabric none of them are burnished, and there is little attempt made to provide good milling. This would be consistent with a staple produce intended for general use. Two of the bowls are made of the pinkish fabric. No. 2. Single example of a thicker, fuller bowl, also in a pinkish fabric. Once again it has a medium finish with mold lines visible around the heel (which does not appear to have been trimmed) and a very crudely finished rim. Export Style Pipes. Nos. 3, 4 & 5. There are five examples of export style pipes, characterised by the absence of a heel or spur. They represent at least three mould types. The distinctive funnel shaped bowl is a style developed specifically for export requirements, and is rarely found in Britain. The finish of the bowls is average, although more attention was gi ven to the rim. The two measurable examples both have three-quarters milling. One example (no. 5) marked PC, displays moulded initials, a characteristically Scottish method of marking at this date. Heel Marked Pipes. The remaining pipes are all heel pipes with makers' marks either stamped, moulded or applied by both methods to the bowl. The majority of these are marked PC, and clearly represent the most common type used at Fort St. Andrew. Three mould types marked PC are represented, with a further seven moulds with other moulded marks. No. 6 is a Scottish chinned variety very similar to no. 1, but marked PC and is the commonest type of heel marked pipe found. There are eight examples which are eaSily identified by flaws in the mould around the lettering. The P has a small lump within its loop, a small wedge projecting from the upright just under the loop, and a pronounced triangular mark to the right of the letter. The C has two fine lines projecting from its left hand side. This mark could have been caused by a misplaced blow -if a punch was being used to form the letters in the mould. This type again appears to be an average product since none of the examples are burnished, and there is little effort at full milling. One of the examples is in a pinkish fabric. None have base stamps. Nos. 7 & 8. In contrast the other two PC moulds represent higher quality pipes. The bowls are well burnished and all three examples have base stamps. There are two examples of No. 8, both with very poor stamp impressions. These probably consist of a small square castle stamp, flanked by the letters PC. Both examples probably come from the same die. 242 2 3 6 Fig. 1 o 4 8 7 Pipes from the Darien Colony, Panama, nos. 1-8, pipes 1:1, stamp details 2:1 243 ｾ＠ 11 ｾ＠ Ｍｾ＠ Ｍｾ＠ e ｾ＠ 14 12 0 Jo Fig. 2 16 \lI o 17 19 Pipes from the Darien Colony, Panama, nos. 9-19 pipes 1:1, stamp details 2:1 244 No. 7 has a larger stamp type of similar design. This bowl is of particular interest since the moulded letters have been recut indicating a change in ownership of the mould. The letter P has become large and crude in an attempt to obscure the previous initial, traces of which remain within the loop. Within the C is a clear loop from the previous letter, which was possibly an 0 or D. These bowls do not have such pronounced waists and upright heels as nos. 1 & 6, and being of better quality would probably have had longer stems and fuller milling. The remaining seven bowls all have different marks on them - in four cases both stamped and moulded. In general terms they represent higher quality pipes with better burnishing and milling. No. 9. This is the least typical pipe from the group. It has a much more forward leaning bowl than the other examples, although still a local fabric, and is well burnished. The mark too is atypical, with a heart shaped border, containing some form of initials or device. It is however still likely to be a Scottish pipe, where heart shaped marks are sometimes found (for example NW from Kirkwall, Oswald 1975: 45). No. 10. Another forward leaning bowl, with a large bowl and thin walls. It is a well finished bowl with the moulded initials DB and a castle stamp on the heel. No. 11. Large fairly thin walled bowl with moulded initials IB and a castle stamp. Although too abraded to determine whether it was burnished originally there are still some mould lines showing that it was never particularly well trimmed. No. 12. Bowl marked with moulded initial mark. The letters are considered to be IC, the square end of the C being a feature in common with the PC pipes. The C is distinctive in that it appears to have a double cut at its centre. The mould is stylistically rather out of date having been replaced by the larger fuller forms predominating in this group. Its presence on a site where there is no question of residual material is a salutory reminder that the popular adoption of new forms does not exclude the possibility of older types continuing to circulate. This piece is also of note since it has had its end ground smooth where broken, suggesting that the pipe was re-used. No. 13. Heel pipe with moulded IP mark, stamped with a portcullis. No. 14. Based on a field drawing only this pipe appears to have an inverted G on the Christian name side and the surname letter P. It has a square base stamp, that may be either a castle, or a portcullis. One bowl (CB 79 IX. 8.999 - unnumbered on figure three) is identical inform to no. 2, but has traces of a moulded mark on the heel, the base of which is totally missing. The first initial could possible be a P in which case it may be a PC pipe from the same mould as no. 16 from the Olive Branch. The Olive Branch. A small number of bowls has been recovered from the wreck of the Olive Branch, from the second relief ･ｸｰ､ｩｴｯｾ＠ The six pipes recovered in 1985 245 Fig. 3 Selected pipes from the Darien Colony, Panama, Scale in cm. 246 were studied in Panama, while the 1979 material was studied through field drawings. Surprisingly there are at least seven moulds represented by the eight pipes available for study, and most of these are different to types found within the fort. One example of the plain Scottish chinned form (no. 1) was found, and a PC pipe was found in 1979 which is probably the same as those from the fort (no. 6). No. 15. Two badly damaged examples, possibly the same, marked ?PI, with a ?portcullis mark on the base. These are of the same style as the other marked and stamped pipes from the fort. No. 16. One of the PC pipes found in 1985 was from a different mould to the examples from the fort (no. 6). It was slightly larger and fuller in the body. Like all the pipes from the wreck it has a badly eroded and encrusted surface, making it impossible to determine finishing details such as milling and burnishing. Nos. 17 & 18. Of rather different forms are the plain pipes. Although the constricted base and flared heel of no. 18 is typical of Scottish pipes, no. 17 is more like London style pipes of cI660-80. ｎｾ＠ 19. The final piece is also unusual since it is of Dutch origin, with its characteristic bowl shape and fine ｳｰｵｾ＠ The surface finish was too eroded to observe either burnish or milling. Holland was also a major European clay pipe production centre at this period, and had a reputation for the quality and finish of its pipes. As a result they were often able to penetrate the British market in small numbers, particularly in Scotland where they are relatively ｣ｯｭｾ＠ The presence of this pipe is therefore likely to represent a personal object belonging to one of the crew, rather than a shipment of imported pipes. Discussion. The Darien pipes provide the rare opportunity to relate considerable documentary evidence to a closely dated pipe assemblage. From Fort St. Andrew the majority of the forms are typical of those produced in late 17th century Scotland. The pipes have developed a full form, with the bowl rim coming up parallel to the ｳｴｾ＠ They typically have constricted waists and slightly flared round heels. In only one case Ｈｮｾ＠ 12) does an earlier form persist. There are no Scottish spur pipes, despite the fact that imported Dutch pipes of that style were in circulation (no. 19). The Scottish pipes can be recognised as being of two qualities - a standard everyday pipe (nos. 1 & 6) with simple trimming, lack of burnish and poor milling, and a higher quality pipe (nos. 7 & 8) which is finished with milling and burnish. The better pipes have both moulded and stamped marks, whereas the inferior pipes are either unmarked or have only moulded marks. These two categories may equate with the 'short Caledonian pipes' at 12d per gross, and the long pipes at 2/- per gross supplied to the Company (Gallagher, this volume, p 237). The extra cost represents the additional time needed to mould long pipes and provide the quality finish. 247 The fabric used in these two qualities of pipe was the same although none of the better pipes were found with the pinkish hue. This pinkish hue was found both on the unburnished pipes marked PC (no. 6) and on the unmarked pipes of very similar form (nos. 1 & 2). The PC maker probably made both the marked and unmarked varieties. At the very least the similar pinkish fabric suggests that all these pipes originate from Edinburgh rather than Glasgow. The PC pipemaker was working in Edinburgh, as some of his pipes have a castle stamp (nos. 7 & 8), generally considered diagnostic of the city. The Darien material shows clearly that export style pipes were produced in Scotland at this time. This style has been recognised amoung English pipes especially those exported from Bristol, by the absence of heel or spur. In 1696 the Company asked the London Director for patterns of goods suitable for trade with Africa and the East and West Indies. Among the recommendations were clay pipes used when shipping negroes. Later that year they sent to Glasgow for patterns of 'Virginia Tobacco Pipes' (Gallagher, this volume). This shows both that export styles were made in Glasgow at this date, and that the Company was anxious to obtain suitable styles of pipe for their ｶ･ｮｴｵｲｾ＠ But the only export pipes known to have been produced specifically for the Darien Company were 26,064 'African fashioned' pipes made by David Montgomery, for which he was finally paid in 1697. The terms 'African' and 'Virginia' have not yet been satisfactorily identified, but the finding of spurless pipes (nos. 3 & 4), at the Darien Colony, with a known reference to African style pipes, suggests that these export pipes were known as 'African fashioned' and produced by Montgomery. A third type of spurless pipe had the moulded PC mark (no. 5). This mark has been equated with an Edinburgh maker, (since other PC pipes have the Edinburgh Castle base stamp) so it can be demonstrated that this type of export pipe was made in Edinburgh. The presence of at least three export mould types shows that the Edinburgh pipemakers went to some trouble in providing special moulds (which were always expensive articles) for the Company. The Pipe Makers. The Company documentation provides much information concerning the origin of the pipes. The most prolific supplier was Jean Wemyss - widow of the Edinburgh maker Pat rick Crawford. Based on the lists transcribed by Gallagher in this volume and the principle that barrels cost 1/2d and pipes 14d per gross it can be estimated that she provided some 235,600 pipes to the Company. David Montgomery provided 26,064, James Colquhoun 18,576, and William Hyndshaw 2,592, making a total of 282,832. But shipment records of pipes to Panama in Gallagher's paper list only 177,408 leaving an excess over the number purchased of 105,424. It seems very unlikely that the Company would have made other orders with such a surplus of pipes at hand. But in the assemblage from Darien eight different makers are represented by their marks. Most are found in single or rare examples and can be considered as the personal objects taken out by the colonists. Only two makers can be identified by their pipes from the Company's accounts. These are the PC and IC initials. 248 PC pipes. There can be little doubt from these supply figures that the numerous pipes found in Panama, marked PC, were supplied by Jean Wemyss using moulds marked with the initials of her deceased husband, Pat rick ｃｲ｡ｷｦｯｾ＠ It is interesting that she continued to trade under her husband's name, as is shown by the export style pipe (no. 5) made specifically for the Company and marked PC. This documented Edinburgh pipe maker can also be recognised by the use of the castle base stamp (nos. 7 & 8), very similar in concept and style to the castle hall-mark used for silver. The Darien pipes provide clear confirmation that this castle base stamp is a characteristic of pipes made in Edinburgh. Similar castle marks have been reported from pipes of the mid seventeenth century from St. Mary's Street Edinburgh (Lawson 1980, 171). Exact parallels can be found from the pipes from High Street, Edinburgh, (Lawson 1978, 217, no. 27). Here a very similar or identical castle stamp was found to a Darien example (no. 7) with the moulded initials PC on both bowls. Another example of the PC and castle base stamp combination comes from Edinburgh Castle (Knight, 1961, 32), while a reversed PC and castle stamp has been reported from Kirkwall, Gunns Close (Cauldwell 1982, 426, no. 24) and from the recent Kelso excavations (Gallagher pers. comm.). IC stamps. The products of James Colquhoun of Glasgow supplied to the third expedition are represented by a single type, marked IC (no. 12). The rarity of his pipes is surprising in the sample, considering that he supplied over 18,000 pipes. Pipes marked IC have been identified with the pipemaker James Colquohoun in the past. The Darien pipes provide a welcome confirmation of this maker. A similar chinned bowl, with the IC mark came from Linlithgow Palace (Laing 1968, 126, no. 4) where a pipe stem marked COLHOWN, was also ｦｯｵｮｾ＠ The mark has been reported from pipes found on HMS Dartmouth, which sank in 1690, and which had just taken on stores from Greenock (this volume p 000). Similar pipes have also been found at West Welpington and Kielder Valley. IC was used as a base mark in a pipe from Hillis Tower, Dumfries. Gallaher has pointed out (p 38) that there were two James Colquohoun pipemakers at this time; the original business of James Colquohoun I was transferred to his cousin of the same name around 1695. Who supplied the Company is not known, but as the Darien pipe uses (no. 12) an old mould similar to ones used in 1690 for the pipes from HMS Dartmouth, clearly the same moulds continued in use through any change of ｯｷｮ･ｲｳｨｩｾ＠ The other makers' marks present a problem as they are not documented as suppliers to the Company. Two can be identified as Edinburgh pipemakers on the basis of the distinctive Edinburgh base stamp, while it is possible that one group (nos. 9, 13, 15) came from Stirling. DB pipes. This occurs as a heel pipe with what may be a castle basemark, with a trilope, (no. 10). A similar marked pipe came from Kirkwall, Gunns Close 249 (Cauldwell, 1982, 426, no. 26). Also from Kirkwall, Mounthoolie Lane, was an example with moulded initials DB without a base stamp, (Cauldwell 1982, 424, no. 3). Denis Gallagher has recorded a David Banks working in Leith in 1705/6 who may be this pipemaker. GP pipes. This occured on a single example (no. 14) only recorded on a field drawing. This combination of initials is unrecorded elsewhere. It is possible that the G is badly formed, and the mould is a reversal of the more common PC maker. IB pipes. We know of no previous finds of this type (no. 11). The castle base Possible candidates are John Banks mark shows this was an Edinburgh maker. (Edinburgh, 1658/9) and John Balk (Edinburgh, 1668) but both seem too early (Gallagher, per. comm.). IP pipes. No moulded marked pipes have been reported with these initials, but pipes from Stirling Castle have initials I P S on a heart shaped base stamp (Davey 1980, 49, nos. 8 & 9). In this case the IP is likely to represent the initials and the S the place of manufacture rather than the surname. The Darien example has a portcullis base stamp, (no. 13). While another example (no. 15) PI may be a reversal. Another unmarked Darien pipe has a heart shaped base stamp (no. 9) similar to the Stirling examples. These pipes may have been made in Stirling. John and James Paterson are recorded as pipemakers there in 1685 (Gallagher per. comm.). Conclusion. The The lack of Glasgow pipes found in Panama is hard to account for. third shipment included 21,168 Glasgow pipes of which only one piece can be attributed (to James Colquohoun, no. 12) and none to the other supplier William Hyndshaw. Other pipes are either stamped with the castle, or have the mark of the Edinburgh maker PC or of the possible Stirling maker, IP. On fabric grounds the plain types (nos. 1 & 2) belong to Edinburgh makers, leaving only the two unmarked export styles (nos. 3 & 4) unattributed. As we have argued above, these probably belong to the Edinburgh maker, David Montgomery. The third phase colonists, who set out with the Glasgow pipes were given two weeks to pack goods by the Spanish, and so could have taken many pipes back with them - although it is inconceivable that some were not broken and discarded. One possible explanation is that the Glasgow makers did not mark their products as consistently as those from Edinburgh, and that their products remain amongst the unmarked pieces not studied in this present sample. The pipes from the Olive Branch show a great range of forms - far more than would be expected from a small shipment (4 gross) of pipes. Since they were also found with objects such as a wooden bowl, some may represent 250 personal possessions rather than part of the cargo. As such they form a valuable sample of the pipes available at the time of the departure in 1699. Despite the fact that the Olive Branch set out from the Clyde, none of the pipes so far found on the wreck can be attributed to Glasgow. In general the sample of pipes from the Darien Colony represent a tightly dated group, belonging to the three years 1696 to 1699. Some of the unattributed pipes may be private possessions of the colonists, and may date to a few years earlier. The bulk of the material has an Edinburgh origin, although pipes are also represented from Glasgow, possibly Stirling, and Holland. Acknowledgements The field work in Panama was undertaken as part of an expedition organised by the Scientific Exploration Society; in 1979 called Operation Drake, and in 1985 called Operation Raleigh. We are grateful to the Patrimonio Historico, Panama for supporting the work and providing many facilities. Colonel John Blashford-Snell led the expedition and we are grateful to him, the sponsors and the many young people who helped in the ｷｯｲｾ＠ Andrew Hunter, Paul Flavell, Meridith Sassoon, Brian Ranner and Marc Moody supervised the excavations, while Debbie Fulford and Maria Mabee worked on the finds including the clay pipes. Denis Gallagher and David Caldwell have assisted us with information for this paper. Appendix 1 (overleaf) This appendix gives details of all the pipes used in this study. Abbreviations are used as follows:P/D - Pipe/Drawing, to indicate the source of information. Fabric - W = Greyish/White, P = Pink. Burnish - 0 = not burnished, 1 to 4 = total amount of milling estimated to nearest quarter, Y = Yes, present, but unmeasurable. Stem bore - measured in 64ths of an inch. 251 ...:<: biJ ...... ｾ＠ ｾ＠ 0 Z FORT ST. ANDREW CB 79 Il1.1.289 CB 79 IIl.502 CB 79 IIl.1.501 CB 79 IIl.I.509 CB 79 IIl.5lO CB 79 IIl.974 CB 79 IX.3.FI CB 79 VI.8.998 CB 79 IX. 95 CB 79 IlI.I.503 CB 79 IX.50.985 CB 79 Ill. 972 CB 79 IIl.I.13 CB 79 IIl.I.49 CB 79 IX.55 CB 79 IIl.I.504 CB 79 Il1.I.509 CB 79 IlI.I.164 CB 79 IlI.I.12 CB 79 11.1.+ CB 79 IlI.502 CB 79 XII.I CB 79 VI.I.153 Not numbered Not numbered CB 79 IIl.502 CB 79 IX.124 CB 79 VI.8.999 CB 79 IX. B.+ CB 79 IIl.I.IO CB 79 Il1.16 CB 79 IX. 8.999 CB 79 VI. 8.997 bJJ ...... ｾ＠ '"('j u ...... (l) El ('j rJ) I I I I I I I I I 2 3 ?3 4 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 ?6 ?6 7 8 ?8 9 10 11 12 13 14 '"' ...:<: ('j Cl 0:;- P P P P P P P D D P P P P D D P P P P P P D D P P P P P P P P D D ｾ＠ '"' ｾ＠ "d A ...... '" ｾ＠ '"' ;:::i !=Cl W P W W P P W P W W W -bJJ ｾ＠ ...... ...... ｾ＠ 0 0 0 0 0 (l) "d ;:::i ｾ＠ 0 '"' ('j ｾ＠ (l) "d (l) 0.. ('j ...., El El ....,(l) rJ) rJ) Y 1 0 7 7 7 7 0 Y Y 0 3 3 Y Notes 7 7 0 0 0 0 '0"' !=Cl 8 7 7 6 PC Spurless type. W P W W W W 0 0 0 0 0 0 W G W G W Y W G W A W W ?Y W 3 2 1 1 2 2 Y Y Y Y Y 3 0 ?3 PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC PC DB IB IC IP ?P 6 7 7 7 C C C *C C P Y Y *G- ?C 8 8 8 7 8 8 7 * Heart shaped mark. *G is inverted OLIVE BRANCH CB CB CB CB CB OB OB OB 79 V.G29 79 G.I0 85.37.17 85.39.19 85.35.3 85.39.19 85.39.19 85.37.17 1 ?6 15 ?I5 16 17 18 19 D D P P P P P P Y PC 0 ?PI ?p - ?P?I ?P 0 PC W W W W W W Dutch pipe. 252