A Study on the Present Scenario of Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 1754 A Study on the Present Scenario of Solar Irrigation in Bangladesh Al-Amin, Tasmiah Fatema Tanni, Dr.Md. Habibur Rahman, Miah Md. Asaduzzaman, Md. Abdullah Al Matin Abstract - Bangladesh has a primarily agrarian economy. Irrigation plays a very important role in our agriculture as well as on economy. During dry season, irrigation of the whole country faces an acute crisis due to load shedding of 1400 MW [1]. As Bangladesh has good solar resources, with high availability during the peak irrigation season, therefore, solar pumping of water for irrigation is an innovative and environment-friendly solution for its largely agro-based economy. Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) is providing financial support to solar irrigation. Already 450 irrigation pumps have been installed by IDCOL in different divisions of Bangladesh. In this paper, 450 project’s data has been analyzed and the findings are shown by different graphs. Different division’s radiation, water-head and required water are mainly focused in the analysis which will be very useful for upcoming irrigation projects. To accomplish the analysis on solar irrigation, several field visits were done at Poradaho, Kushtia, Bangladesh. This is a project of Bright Green Energy Foundation (BGEF) and financed by IDCOL. Numerous important prospects of solar irrigation besides Diesel-based Irrigation in Bangladesh have come out from this comparative study. Keywords -Solar Irrigation, Field survey, Solar Pump, Diesel Pump, Cost analysis, Extra Energy, Bangladesh. ———————————————————— 1 INTRODUCTION Bangladesh has good solar resources, with high availability during the peak irrigation season. As a result, solar pumping of water for irrigation presents an innovative and environment-friendly solution for its largely agro-based economy. The country has about 1.71 million irrigation pumps, of which 83% run on diesel. The remaining 17 % are electricity-operated. The demand for irrigation is concentrated during February-March. So much so that during the peak irrigation period 2000 MW of power demand is solely required for running the electric pumps [2]. The diesel-run irrigation pumps on the other end consume more than half a million tons of diesel. This comes at a great cost to the exchequer as Bangladesh imports 100% of its diesel requirement which is then distributed to the users at a highly subsidized price. uptake of solar pumps increases, the aid amount will be gradually reduced. IJSER On the basis of life cycle costs, solar irrigation pumps are much more attractive compared to diesel pumps. In addition to this, PV pumping systems allow low operating cost, unattended operation, low maintenance, easy installation, and long life. These advantages are especially important in remote rural areas which are yet to be grid connected. The initial high cost is the biggest barrier to adoption. To overcome this, IDCOL has been experimenting with both a ‘water as a service’ (community) model and ‘individually owned small size pumps’ model. To accelerate the number of installations, a large part of the capital cost is being provided as a combination of grant and soft loan. IDCOL is providing financial support to solar irrigation projects based on a debt, equity and grant ratio of 30:20:50. As the ———————————————— • Al-Amin.Lecturer,DepartmentofEEE.City University.Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] • Tasmiah Fatema Tanni.Lecturer,Department of EEE.University of Information, Technology and Sciences.Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] • Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman.Professor,Department of EEE.University of Dhaka.Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] • Miah Md. Asaduzzan.Assistant Professor,Department of EEE.Metropolitan University.Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] • Md. Abdullah Al Matin.Assistant Manager,Technical, Renewable Energy,IDCOL,Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] 2 SOLAR IRRIGATION SCENERIO IN KUSHTIA DISTRICT In the face of tremendous social, economic and political pressure to solve power crisis in Bangladesh it has become critically important to look for energy solutions beyond the conventional sources like domestic natural gas, coals, hydroelectricity and imported fuels. Irrigation plays a vital role in our social economy. Solar irrigation can be the best solution. In this regards IDCOL helps us a lot by giving proper information about their different survey. Bright Green Energy Foundation (BGEF) is one of the partner organizations of IDCOL. One of the project of BGEF has been visited by ourselves. Our main focus is to study the performance of a practical solar water pumping system. Different features of a working water pump have been studied. Farmers have shared their feelings about their experience using solar pump and diesel pump. Among IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 collection and better understanding of the real picture. Cultivating Boro, a breed of peddy, is expensive while much cannot be earned by selling them. Farmers prefer cultivating tobacco, wheat, Lentils. But in real scenario cultivating tobacco for a long term is unhealthy for the soil. Noticeable findings from the site visit: several projects of BGEF we selected a large project which is situated at Kushtia. The following figure is the photograph of the project signboard. 2.1 Overview of the Project: Location Tegoria, Kushtia Water head 10-20m Solar Panel Capacity 19.2KWp Water discharge rate 15-18 lac lit/day Crop Different Tracking No Area coverage 125 bigha Borewel pipe dia 12m Pump 13K Duration 6am - 6pm Farmer 30-40 Table-1: Project Overview 3 1755 • • • • • • • The Owners still consider solar pump as a deficient and lossy system Use of extra energy Battery charging station Rice husking Mini grid Utilization of land under panel Problems with solar irrigation 3.2 Comparison between Diesel pump and Solar pump WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATION IN KUSHTIA DISTRICT As Kushtia is quite a low lying land, water is found in just 60 ft. below the ground. Still the pumps have boring up to 240 ft. The boring has been this deep because of the uncertainty of water level which may go down below a lot more than 60 ft. The 240 ft. boring is divided into 120 ft. of filter and 120 ft. of blank pipe. It is not that the filtered pipe runs along 120ft and after that it is 120 ft. blank pipe rather it is a hefty mixture of the both. When water is raised by the pump, it flows through a 12 inch diameter pipe. Then the water travels through 8 inch diameter pipe which leads to a header tank through an 8-inch diameter pipe which goes underground and the water travels to the rising valve. This valve determines how much water gets out of the system. Between Header tank and rising valves there are gas pipes which takes out the gas bubbles remaining in water [8,9]. PV based irrigation can be economically competitive (even less expensive) when compared to diesel based irrigation system [3]. While talking with farmers various information has been collected about diesel pump and solar pump. They have shared their experience about growing crops using those. Here the difference has been shown between them: IJSER Issues Land area Irrigation Cost 1bigha and 1 irrigation Diesel pump 1 bigha 1 time Engine rent 200 tk Diesel price 70 tk/lit *2 Total=340 tk Solar pump 1 bigha 1 time 3 months, total 50 times irrigation cost= 3500 tk Only 70 tk Cost per season per bigha(Boro) Labor 25 irrigations (200*25)+(50*70) = 8500tk 1 50 irrigationsOnly 3500tk None Quality of crop Availability of water Good Better Not available Available Table-2: Comparison between Diesel and Solar pump based on the cost of irrigation Fig. 1. Water suppling system for irrigation of that visited area along with pipe diameters. 3.1 Discussion with Farmers It is quite clear from the table that the cost per season per A. Several visits were done in the project area for data IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 bigha for 25 irrigation using a solar pump is much less than that of a Diesel pump. Besides, using Solar pump does not require any extra labor for operating the pump since it is automated and it does not require to be refueled like Diesel pump. So no labor cost is added in case of a solar pump. After considering this fact the overall total cost for irrigation using solar pump becomes much more less than that of a diesel pump which is shown in the table. 4 MEASURED DATA OF TEGHORIA VILLAGE, KUSHTIA DISTRICT, BANGLADESH Detailed data collection for this comparative study has been done in Teghoria village of Kushtia district, Bangladesh. The measured parameters are given below: 11: 00 11: 20 11: 40 12: 00 12: 20 12: 40 13: 00 13: 20 13: 40 14: 00 14: 20 14: 40 15: 00 15: 20 15: 40 16: 00 Ai r Te mp ºc Ra dia tio n (W /m2 ) PV O/P IL (A) 38 860 569 38 928 37 939 38 926 38 882 39 962 37. 5 37 864 23.7 0 23.8 8 24.0 0 23.7 2 23.6 8 23.4 3 22.8 38 865 38 737 38 864 37 820 37 825 36 752 36 778 35 740 23.2 7 23.1 4 23.7 4 23.2 0 23.1 4 23.1 5 22.6 0 23.0 4 22.8 2 910 PV O/P VL( V) 569 570 579 572 Invert er O/P IL (A) Inve rter O/P VL (V) 25.56 232 26.11 234. 2 234. 8 233. 9 212. 9 235. 2 224. 4 229. 2 268. 6 232. 2 232. 14 244. 68 230. 84 229. 18 229. 50 228. 44 Wat er disc harg e Rate (Lit/ min) 3100 Fr eq ue n cy 3100 48. 5 48. 5 48. 4 48. 1 48. 5 41. 5 47. 9 48. 1 48. 2 47. 6 47. 6 47. 4 46. 8 46. 8 46. 4 Various data of several days were collected but a particular day was focused for result optimization. Air temperature, radiation, PV output, inverter output, water discharge rate and efficiency of the system (motor + pump) were measured at 20 minutes interval [11, 12]. The following graphs show the present condition of irrigation in Teghoria village. Figure-2 shows the air temperature (in degree) of that area from on a typical day of July. The highest temperature 39 degree is found at 12.40pm and the lowest temperature 35degree is measured at 4.00pm. From the Figure-3, it is seen that the output of the PV increases with the increase of radiation. The average radiation was found 856 W/m2 of that particular day. The rating of the PV was19.2 kWp and it served 13.68 KW when the radiation was 939 W/m2. For the lowest radiation 740 W/m2 the PV showed 12.71 KW as output. (H z) 45 IJSER 25.52 25.12 25.23 569 25.54 561 24.7 563 24.85 561 24.74 566 25.45 569 25.54 565 25.43 564 25.40 560 25.32 558 25.30 557 25.31 3000 2400 3000 3100 3000 2700 3100 3100 3100 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Fig. 2. Day time vs. Air temperature measured of that day Daily Radiation vs PV Output 14000 12000 PV Output (W) Ti me 1756 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 860 928 939 926 882 962 864 910 865 737 864 820 825 752 778 740 Radiation(W/m2) Fig. 3. Radiation vs. PV output Table-3: Day long different measured solar data from the visited area. 4.1 Graphical Representation of Measured Data: 10000 A Flow meter was used to measure the water discharge rate (lit/min) [13,14]. Figure-4 shows the variation of water discharge rate with the variation of solar radiation. As the average radiation was 856 W/m2 and the other radiations did not vary too much so that the water discharge rate was approximately same over the measured period. The value of the average water discharge rate was 2982 lit/min. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 Average pump head for different divisions 18 3000 16 Average pump head (m) Water Discharge rate (lit/min) Water Discharge Rate 3500 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 860 928 939 926 882 962 864 910 865 737 864 1757 820 825 752 778 14 16.7 12 14.66 10 13 12.8 8 13.44 6 4 2 740 Radiation (W/m2) 0 Rangpur Rajshahi Khulna Dhaka Chittagong Division Fig. 4. Radiation vs Water discharge rate Fig. 5. Average pump head for different divisions 4.2 Graphical Analysis of IDCOL Data Solar based irrigation systems are innovative and environment friendly solution for the agro-based economy of Bangladesh. The program is intended to provide irrigation facility to off-grid areas and thereby reduce dependency on fossil fuel. IDCOL has approved 459 solar irrigation pumps of which 324 are already in operation [5]. The remaining pumps are expected to come into operation shortly. IDCOL has a target to finance 1,550 solar irrigation pumps by 2017. The World Bank, KfW, GPOBA (Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid), JICA (Japan International co-operation agency), USAID (United States Agency for International Development), ADB (Asian Development Bank) and Bangladesh Climate Change Resilience Fund (BCCRF) are supporting this initiative [6]. There are 37 PO’s (partner organization) of IDCOL are working for different solar irrigation projects in Bangladesh. Bright Green Energy Foundation (BGEF) is one of the active PO of IDCOL. The present scenario data for different divisions has been collected and given in the following graphs. Figure-6 shows how the PV capacity varies with different pump heads in different divisions of Bangladesh. Total 450 solar pumps are installed in five divisions of Bangladesh. It is seen from the graph that average PV capacity increases with the average pump head in every division of Bangladesh except Rajshahi. The maximum average pump capacity 13kw is needed for a solar irrigation project with average 14.2m pump head in Khulna division. Only average 3.75kw pump is required for a minimum average pump head of 12.8m. So it can be concluded that place or division with higher pump head will require the higher PV capacity. Khulna division has the maximum averagePV capacity and it is at the top of chart among 205 solar irrigation projects. IJSER Khulna 12 Average PV capacity (KW) Figure-5 shows the average pump head for different divisions in Bangladesh. The highest pump head is required at Rajshahi division and the value is 16.7m. On the other hand, Chittagong division needs only 12.8m pump head for solar irrigation. It is the lowest pump head among different divisions. Around 450 solar irrigation pumps are installed by IDCOL and 37 pumps are installed in Rajshahi division. Rangpur is one of the leading divisions for solar pumping with 13.44m pump head and almost 200 pumps are already installed in this division. Therefore, it is very important for every upcoming irrigation project in different divisions to consider the above pump head before installation as the pump capacity increases with the pump head. Pump head VS PV capacity 14 10 Rangpur 8 Rajshahi 6 Chittagong 4 Dhaka 2 0 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 Average pump head (m) Fig. 6. Pump head vs. PV capacity Figure-7 shows that among different divisions the maximum average pump capacity is 13 KW in Khulna division and it takes almost 19 kWp PV for running this higher rating pump. In case of Dhaka division, average pump capacity is 3.75 KW and it requires only 7.5 kWp PV panel to the project. But Chittagong division shows a IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 different figure from the rest. Here 12.5 kWp PV capacity is required for supporting only 3.5 KW pump. Insufficient solar radiation is the reason behind this kind of problem. Therefore, this types of issue should be kept in mind before installing a solar pump in such divisions. Though the PV capacity increases with the increase of pump capacity, sometimes it may show different scenario depending on the solar radiation for different divisions. Pump capacity VS PV capacity 20 Khulna Average PV capacity (KWp) 18 16 14 Chittagong Rajshahi 12 1758 Company Limited (IDCOL) has installed almost 450 solar irrigation projects in different divisions of Bangladesh. Solar irradiation, water head, water flow per day and irrigation water demand are some of important issues for feasible solar irrigation. Considering these issues all divisions are not same preferable for solar irrigation. Figure-9 shows that 46% of the total pumps are installed at Khulna and the number is 205 pumps out of 450 pumps. With the number 198 out of 450 Rangpur is at 2nd position and it covers almost 44% of the total installed pumps. The contribution of Rajshahi is 8% of the total pumps and the number is 37. From figure 3.5 it is clearly observed that Dhaka and Chittagong division are listed below with less than 1% contribution in solar irrigation. Rangpur Total no. of installed pump in different divisions of Bangladesh Chittagong Khulna Rajshahi Dhaka Rangpur < 1% 10 Dhaka 8 6 4 44% 46% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 198 205 2 14 Average pump capacity (KW) 37 Fig. 7. Pump capacity vs. PV capacity Already 450 solar irrigation projects have been installed by IDCOL in different divisions of Bangladesh. As the average sunshine hour and water head is not same for all areas in Bangladesh, therefore the average water flow per day is not equal for all divisions. Figure-8 shows that the highest average water flow (m3/day) has been found at Khulna division. In addition, 46% of the total installed pumps are at Khulna. So the higher rate of water flow can be a blessing reason behind this number. Chittagong has the lowest average water flow per day and only two irrigation projects has been installed so far. Rangpur is at 2nd position in the figure with average water flow of 688.12 m3per day. As a result, 44% of total installed pumps are found at Rangpur. 8% < 1% IJSER Average water flow per day for different divisions 1400 Figure-10 shows the monthly average sunshine hour for different divisions of Bangladesh over the year. From the figure it is found that the maximum monthly average sunshine hour is 6.2 at Rangpur. The highest average sunshine hour is found at the season of March, April and May. In June, July month monthly average sunshine hour becomes very low due to the heavy rainfall. Almost in every month the average sunshine hour is same for Rangpur and Khulna division. May be that is why most of the irrigation pumps have been installed in those divisions. July, August and September are the months of low radiations. The average sunshine hour for these months is near about 4.2 hours. The sunshine hour for Dhaka division in consistently poor over the year compared to other divisions. 1000 Monthly average irradiation for different divisions 7 Rajs hahi 800 688.12 611.52 Monthly avg Sunshine hours Average water flow (m3/day) 1207 1200 Fig. 9. Total no. of installed pump in different divisions of Bangladesh 575 600 354 400 200 0 Rangpur Rajshahi Khulna Dhaka Chittagong Rangpur 6 Dhaka Khulna 5 4 3 2 1 Division 0 Jan Feb Mar April May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Fig. 8. Average water flow per day in different divisions Since Bangladesh is an agricultural country and it receives sufficient solar energy that’s why solar irrigation is becoming popular day by day. Infrastructure Development Fig. 10. Monthly average radiation for different divisions over the year Figure-11 shows the average water required (m3/hectare/month) for different divisions of Bangladesh. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 From the figure it is found that Rangpur requires least average water requirement for irrigation per month per hectare land. On an average 2768 m3 water is needed per hectare per month for irrigation purpose. 198 pumps are installed out of total 450 pumps by IDCOL at Rangpur. Less amount of required water helps Rangpur to achieve this. Rajshahi division needs 3742 m3/hectare/month which is the maximum amount of average required water among all divisions and as a result only 37 solar pumps are installed at Rajshahi. Therefore, amount of required water per month is a important factor for solar irrigation. crops – Potato, Boro and Aman. It shows that 51% of irrigation water is consumed by Boro rice. Potato and Aman consumes almost same amount of water for irrigation per month per hectare. Boro consumes 4367.5 m3water per month per hectare for irrigation. Since a huge amount of water is consumed by Boro that’s why farmers has to pay a lot for Boro irrigation. This cost is an alarming issue for solar irrigation. This is because it may discourage farmers to cultivate Boro rice. Monthly average water consumption by different crops (m3/hectare/month) Average water required per month in different divisions of Bangladesh Avg water req (m3/hectare/month) Potato Aman Boro 25% 4000 3500 1759 3742 2171 3000 2500 2934 2768 4367.5 2850 51% 2000 2082 1500 1000 24% 500 0 Rangpur Rajshahi Dhaka Chittagong Fig. 13. Water consumption by different crops Division Fig. 11. Average water required per month for different divisions 5 RESULTS IJSER Potato, Boro and Aman are the main crops of Bangladesh which require huge amount of water for irrigation. These three major crops are totally dependent on irrigation. Figure-12 shows the amount of average water required for these three main crops. It is seen that in every division Boro requires the highest amount of water for irrigation compare to other crops. It needs almost 5500 m3 water per month per hectare for irrigation. That means Boro costs much for irrigation compare to other crops. Therefore, farmers are not willing to cultivate Boro in their land. Farmers switch to other crops for low cost which require less amount of water. Potato requires only 1600 m3 water per hectare per month which costs less than other crops. Avg water req (m3/hectare/month) 5.1 Result from the Measured Data Efficiency of the existing system can be calculated using various formulas. Here one of the formula is used to find the efficiency of the system (pump+motor) [4,8,9,10,11,12]. Inverter output = (motor+ pump)’s Input = VI cosƟ = 25.56*232*0.8 = 4743.936 W (Motor+ Pump)’s output = 3100 lit/min = 3100*8*60 = 1488000 lit/day 1488000 lit/day = (1488000*18.25)/367 =72223.40 Wh/day , Water head = 18.25 m Average water req for different crops 6000 Potato Boro Aman 5000 Two sets of results were calculated. The first set is from the practical field visits and second set is from the data provided by IDCOL. Both findings are given below: 72223.40 Wh/day = 72223.40*0.0416666667 = 3009.30 W 4000 System Efficiency = 3000 ������ ����� = ����.�� ����.�� = ��. �� % 5.2 Result from the Data provided by IDCOL 2000 1000 0 ������ ������ Rajshahi Rangpur Dhaka Chittagong Division Fig. 12. Average water required for different crops In Figure-13, the pie chart shows the month amount of water consumption by different crops. In rural area total amount of irrigation water is consumed by main three Before planning to set new solar water pumping system some important concerns should keep in mind. As there are seven divisions in Bangladesh so the radiation, water head and water demand for crops are not same for geographical reason. Therefore some important concerns were found from the data analysis which will help to set up a feasible solar pump for different divisions in Bangladesh. IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 8, Issue 8, August-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 • • • • • • • • • • 6 Almost 200 solar pumps are installed at Rangpur division out of 450 pumps and the average pump head is 13.44m for Rangpur. PV size in KW increases with the increase of pump head. Division with higher pump head will require the higher pump capacity. Highest average water flow (m3/day) has been found at Khulna division is 1207m3/day and 46% of the total installed pumps are at Khulna. Rangpur is at 2nd position in the figure with average water flow of 688.12 m3per day and 44% of total installed pumps are found at Rangpur. 205 solar pumps are installed at Khulna division. The maximum monthly average sunshine hour is 6.2 at Rangpur division. The sunshine hour for Dhaka division in consistently poor over the year compare to other divisions. Rangpur requires least average water for irrigation per month per hectare land among seven divisions. It is seen that in every division Boro requires the highest amount of water for irrigation compare to other crops. It needs almost 5500 m3 water per month per hectare for irrigation. CONCLUSION System ; [4]www.seai.ie/Your_Business/Resources/Pump_Energy_Efficiency_ Calculation_Tool.xls [5] Official web site of IDCOL; http://idcol.org/home/solar_ir [6] Cleantechnica. -Bangladesh-solar-irrigation- pumps [7] Central Intelligence Agency, The world fact book, Retrieved 24 February 2016. [8] Robert V. Enochian, (1982), Solar- and Wind-powered Irrigation Systems, U.S. Government Printing Office [9] Robert Vaughn Enochian, (1982,Digitalized-2009), Solarand Wind-powered Irrigation Systems U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service [10] Godfrey Boyle, (2012), Renewable EnergyPower for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press [11] Jeremy Shere, (2013), Renewable: The World-Changing Power of Alternative Energy, St. Martin's Press [12] Robert Ehrlich, (2013), Renewable Energy: A First Course, CRC Press [13] Waqar A. Jehangir, Hugh Turral and I. Masih, ‘Water productivity of rice crop in irrigated areas’,4th International crop Science Congress, 2004, Brisbane, Australia [14] V. Geethalakshmi, A. Lakshmanan, T. Ramesh, ‘Assessment of water requirement for different systems of rice cultivation’,Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, A report on field experiment conducted in 2008. IJSER Since agriculture is the single largest producing sector of the economy which comprises about 18.6% (data released on November, 2010) of the country's GDP and employs around 45% of the total labor force [7], irrigation plays a vital role in this sector. In addition, considering load shedding and off-grid areas of Bangladesh IDCOL is providing financial support to solar irrigation projects in different areas of Bangladesh. In this paper, almost 450 irrigation projects data have been analyzed for different divisions. Some important concerns are shown by graphical representation from the analysis which can be very helpful for upcoming irrigation projects of Bangladesh. Comparison between diesel pump and solar pump are found from the practical field visits of a project at Kustia under IDCOL. During the conversation with local farmers it is also observed that they do not need water daily for irrigation. So that this extra energy from Solar irrigation can be used in mini-grid, rice-husking and battery charging for easy-bikes. 7 1760 REFERENCES [1] Khaled Shafiullah, Load shedding of Electricity in Bangladesh, April 16, 2009. [2] Ahmed, R. (2010). “Power crisis In Bangladesh”, http://hubpages.com/hub/Power-crisis-In-Bangladesh [3] M Rezwan khan; Prospect of Solar PV Based Irrigation in Rural Bangladesh: A Comparative Study with Diesel Based Irrigation IJSER © 2017 http://www.ijser.org