Political Communication.pdf

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ckdêm;s Pkao ukdmh 2005,2010 yd 2015 hk j¾I j,oS Ndú;d l, wdldrh yd ;u mjq,a miqìu, wOHdmkh, ck udOH Ndú;h, wd.u yd úYajdi moaO;Ska ms<snoj orK u;h, foaYmd,ksl mjq,a miqìu ms<snoj Tyq f;dr;=re oSug leue;a; m<l< ksid uu fuu wOHhkh ioyd Tyqj f;dard .;af;ñ' mosxÉ m%foaYh rduidñ fi,ajrdcd kue;s fuu ;eke;a;d j¾I 1954 - 12-23 jk osk fld<U osia;%slalfhys fld<kakdj ue;sjrK fldÜGdihg wh;a uq,af,aßhdj kï ia:dkfhys m%foaYSh iNd wxl 847$05 cd;sl ksjdi ixlS¾Kfhys, fovï.ydfyak, f.d;gqj kj k`.rfhys, wxf.dv kï ia:dkfhys Wmka ;eke;af;lS' Tyqf.a mshd kqjr t<sh m%foaYfhys Wmka wfhlS' Tyqf.a uj l¿;r kdf.dv m%foaYfhys Wmka ;eke;a;shlS' Tyq S.moaud kue;s ;eke;a;sh iu`. újdy jQ w;r újdyfhka miq fld<U osia;%slalfha fougf.dv fld<U 09 wxl 276$31 orK ia:dkfhys jir 3 l muK ld,hla mosxÉj bkamiq 1999 j¾Ifhys fkdjeïn¾ ui .%dufiajd jiï wxl 178, kef.kysr l=mamshdj;a; s, ;sôß.iahdh m%dfoaYSh f,aLï fldÜGdifhys, fld<U 10 issßOïu udj; wxl 255$20 orK ia:dkfhys iaÒr mosxÉhg meñK oekg jir 18 la muK fõ' mjq,a miqìu uOHu mdka;sl lïlrefjl= jk Tyqf.a mshd kqjr t<sh osia;%slalfhys Wm; 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Pkao wfmalaIlhd f.a wxlh, i,l=K, iqÿiqlï yd ;ud úiska fnodfok wfmalaIl fmdfrdkaÿ m;%h fyd`oska lshjd n,d, fuu wfmalaIlhd miq.sh ld,fha oS ,ndÿka Pkao fmdfrdkaÿ fï jk úg;a bgqlr weoao hkak fidhd n,d tu wfmalaIlhd md¾,sfuka;=jg heùu u`.ska rfÜ ck;djg hym;la jkjd o hkak oek f.k ;uka mj;akd h:d¾:h wjfndaO lrf.k ;u ukdmh wod, wfmaalaIlhdg ,nd fok nj;a, hï lsis wfmalaIlfhl= f.a m%;sm;a;s m%ldYhka yd pß;h fyda Tyqg lsisÿ iqÿiqlula ke;s nj ;udg jegfya kï ;ud tu wfmalaIlhdg Pkaoh ,ndoSu lsisÿ mels<Sulska f;drj m%;slafIam lrk nj;a ioyka l<d' 2005 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS Pkaoh Ndú;d l< wdldrh rduidñ fi,ajrdcd kue;s fuu ;eke;a;d 2005 j¾Ifha oS ckdêm;sjrK ue;sjrK wfmalaIlhd f.a fmdaiag¾, lgjqÜ, oekaùï, fmd;a, mqj;a m;a ue;sjrK fmdfrdkaÿ m%ldY wdosh lshjd n,d tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaodkfhys tjlg ysgmq w.%dud;H jrfhl= jk uyskao rdcmlaI uy;dg YS% ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdoS ckrcfha rdcH kdhlhd f,i m;aùug ;u Pkaoh iaj leue;af;ka m<l, njhs' 2010 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS Pkaoh Ndú;d l< wdldrh rduidñ fi,ajrdcd kue;s fuu ;eke;a;d 2010 j¾Ifha oS o ckdêm;sjrK ue;sjrK wfmalaIlhd f.a fmdaiag¾, lgjqÜ, oekaùï, fmd;a, mqj;a m;a ue;sjrK fmdfrdkaÿ m%ldY wdosh lshjd n,d tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaodkfhys tjlg ysgmq ckdêm;sjrhd jk uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d f.a l,ska jir j,oS rfÜ ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg idodrKhla bgqjQ ksid o, Tyq f.a jev ms<sfj< .ek meyeoSula we;s jQ ksid o, fojk j;djg;a rdcH kdhlhd f,i tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaodkfhys ckdêm;s wfmalaIl uyskao rdcmlaI uy;dg YS% ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjdoS ckrcfha w;s.re ckdêm;s;=ud f,i kej;;a m;alsu ioyd ;u Pkaoh iaj leue;af;ka m<l, njhs' 2015 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS Pkaoh Ndú;d l< wdldrh 2015 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS ckaoh Ndú;d lrk ,o wdldrfhys b;du;a meyeos,s fjkila oelsh yel' fï ms<sno j Tyq fufia ioyka l<d —2015 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS uu Pkaoh Ndú;d l< wdldrh meyeos<sj fjkia tys oS YS% ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha ysgmq ckdêm;s;=ud jk uyskao rdcmlaI uy;dg ck;d m%idoh wvqfjk nj fraäfhda , mqj;am;a yd rEmjdysksh ne`¿ ne,augu fmkqkd''' Tyq f.a m%;srEmh yd Tyq .ek ;snqk fyd`o ku ke;sjSf.k hk wdldrhla fmfkkak ;snqKd' Tyq ms<sn`oj fuf;la fkdlshjqKq lreKq, Tyqf.a mjqf,a foaYmd,k miqìu,Tyq f.a orejkaf.a yeisrSfï ú,dYh yd hdmkh m%foaYfhys foaYmd,k /iajSulg f.dia isgh s oS Tyq fou< ck;dj wu;d b;du;a my;a wdldrfhka l;d l< ksidfjkao, Tyq mreI jpk Ndú;d lrñka tu msßig nek jeÿk wdldrho ug wikAkg yd ñ;=rka ud¾.fka jSäfhda o¾YK oel.kak ,enqKd' ta ksid ug Tyq flfrys ;snqKQ f.!rjh yd m%;srEmh iïmQ¾Kfhkau my< jefgkak fya;= jqKd' 2015 ckdêm;sjrkfha oS tjlg Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIfha ysgmq uy f,aLï yd fi!LH weu;s;=ud jQ ffu;S%md, isßfiak uy;dg uu Pkaoh Ndú;d l<d˜ hkqfjkS' ckao odhlhdf.a ;SrK .ekSfï lshdj,sh ms<sn`oj udf.a ks.ukh foaYmd,k ikaksfõokh m;%hg wod, fuu m¾fhaIKd;aul wOHhkh ioyd i;s 3 l muK ld,hla ta ioyd iqÿiq mqoa.,fhl= fidhd.ekSug fkdyelsj lsym s fofkl=g fuu m¾fhaIKfha wruqK .ek ioyka lsÍfuka miqj udf.a fouõmshkaf.a o Wmfoia u; wyUq f,i fld<U k`.rfhys ;sôß.iahdh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihg wh;a kef.kysr l=mamshdj;a; .%dufiajd jifuys, mosxÉ Tyq kñka rduidñ fi,ajrdcd h' ^cd;sl yeÿkqïm;a wxl 543581453V) wjqreÿ 20 l muK ld,hl isg Tyq fl<U osia;%slalfha iaÓr mosxÉ lrefjlS' tu ;eke;a;d 2005$2010 yd 2015 ckdêm;sjrK j,oS ;u Pkaoh ,ndÿka wdldrh yd miqìu .ek tu l%shdj,sh ms<sn`oj m%YaK wëu ioyd ud úiska rduidñ fi,ajrdcd kue;s ;eke;a;dj f;dard .;af;ñ' Tyqf.a mshd kqjr t<sh osia;%slalfha Wmka ;eke;af;l= jk w;r uj l¿;r osia;%slalfhys Wmka ;eke;a;shlS' Tyqka Wm;skau yskaÿ wd.ñlhskah' Tyqkag odj orejka 11 fofkla bmoS we;s w;r ud f;dard.;a fuu ;eke;a;d tu mjqf,a 4 fjks msßñ orejdh' fuu ;eke;a;d yd Tyqf.a fouõmshka Wm;skau yskaÿ wd.ñlhska jqjo Tyqka ks;r fofõf,a wdY%h lr we;af;a isxy, fn!oaO ñ;%hka iu`.h' Tyqf.a ifydaor ifydaoßhka 11 fokdf.ka Tyq;a we;=¿j lsysmfofkla isxy, udOHfhka o, lsysmfofkla fou< udOHfhka o wOHdmkh ,nd we;' rduidñ fi,ajrdcd kue;s fuu ;eke;a;d wOHdmkh ,nd we;af;a isxy, udOhfhkah' t ksidfjka Tyq weiqre lrk ,o fndfyda fokd isxy, ñ;=re ñ;=ßhka f,i Tyq ioyka lf<ah' Tyq ;u ukdmh m< lsÍu ioyd Tyqf.a wOHdmkh , Tyq jgd we;s ñ;% msßi, Tyqf.a fouõmshka yd ifydaor ifydaoßhkaf.a wdl,am,woyia Wiyia yd Ñka;kho n,mEïldÍ ù we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' ;jo Tyq l=vd l< mgka oyï mdi,a wOHdmkho ,nd we;'iajdóka jyiafia,df.a wkq oekqu we;sj mskaoyï lghq;=j,o ksr;ù we;'tysoS mkai,a wdYs%; iajdóka jykafia,df.a foaYmd,k woyia Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï l%dhdj,sh flfryso fya;=ù we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' tfukau Tyq oS¾>ld,hla fld<U osia;%slalfhys mosxÑ ;eke;af;lS' fld<U osia;%slalfhys nyq;r ck;djf.a ukdm u;h o Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh ioyd iDcqju fyda jl%j n,md we;s nj;a ks.ukh l< yelsh' ;jo Tyq úúO /lshd j,o ksr;j we;' tla wdh;khl jir 12 la o, wfkla wdh;kfhys jir 8 la o fiajh lr we;' tfukau tu /lshd ia:dk j,oS Tyq úúO fm!¾Yhka iyso mqÿ.,hska weiqre lr we;' tu wdh;k m%OdkSkaf.a yd fiajlhskaf.a foaYmd,k wiyia Tyqf.a foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg n,mEï t,a,lr we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' Tyqf.a jeäuy,a ifydaoßh tlai;a ck;d ksoyia ikaodkfha m<d;a iNd wfmalaIsldjla f,i ;r`. lr we;s nj;a Tyq ioyka l<d' Tyq f.a jeäuy,a ifydaoßhf.a foaYmd,k woyia yd u;hka o 2005 yd 2010 oS Tyq tlai;a ck;d ksoyia mlaIfha wfmalaIlhdg ;u ukdmh m< lsug fya;=ù we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' Tyq Wm;ska fou< cd;shfhla Wjo, Tyq f.a foaYmd,k ;Skaÿ ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg Tyq ;u cd;sh, wd.u fyda l=<h g uq,a ;ekla oS fkdue;s njh' Tyq hka;%,iQ;% fyda yQkshï .ek ke;skï ,dN i;aldr n,dfmfrd;a;=fjka lsisÿ wfmalaIlfhl= f;dard fkd.kaakd nj;a meyeos,sh' fuys oS Tyq udOH Ndú;d lrk wdldrh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïoS Tyq mjid isáfha rdcH wxYfhys kd,sldj, m%;srEmh rdcH kd,sld j,skao, fm!oa.,sl wfmalaIlhskaf.a ukdm oekaùï fm!oa.,sl kd,sldj,ska o m%;srEm f.dvkxjk nj Tyq ioyka l<d'ta wkqj Tyq foaYmd,k oekaùï u; mokï j ;ud ukdmh ,ndosh hq;= wfmalaIlhd f;dard.kakd nj;a ks.ukh l< yelsh' Tyq l=vd l< mgka fmd;a yd mqj;am;a lshjk wfhl= f,i ioyka l<d' úfIYfhkau oskñK yd Sunday Obsawer hk mqj;am;a ks;r lshjk nj;a ioyka l<d' tu mqj;a m;a ysñsldÍ;ajfhys we;s foaYmd,k u;hka o Tyqf.a u; f.dvkekaùu ioyd fya;=ù we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' cd;sl rEmjdysksh,isri kd,sldj yd iaj¾Kjdysks kd,sldj Tyq jeämqr krUk nj;a ioyka l<d tu kd,sld m%OdkSka i;= foaYmd,k o¾YKhka o Tyq flfrys meyeos,sn n,mEï lr we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' 2005 yd 2010 j¾I j,oS Tyq ;u Pkdêm;sjrK ukdmh m<lr we;af;a tlai;a ck;d ksiyia ikaodkhghs' kuq;a Tyq 2015 j¾Ifha oS ;u ukdmh m<lr we;af;a tlai;a ck;d ksoyia mlaIfhys ckdêm;s wfmalaIlhdgh' fuys oS Tyqf.a foaYmd,k woyia yd wdl,amhka oeä f,i fjkiaù we;s wdldrh yÿkd.; yelsh' fuys oS Tyq BBC fou< yd isxy, fiajfhys .=jka úÿ,s kd,sldj Y%jkh lrk nj ioyka l<d'Tyqf.a foaYmd,k u;h ysá yeáfhau fjkiaùu ioyd fuu .=jka úÿ,s kd,sldfjys n,mEuo oeä f,i isÿù we;ehs ks.ukh l< yelsh' 2015 ckdêm;sjrKfha oS kj udOH u`.ska úYd, fmr,shla isÿ lr we;s nj wms oksuq' Tyq fuysoS ;u oshKshg lshd oshKshf.a Face Book .sKqfuys wfmaalaIlhska .ek ioyka lr we;af;a l=ulao hkak fidhd n,k nj ioyka l<d' ;u oshKshf.a foaYmd,k u;hka yd woyia fuysoS uqiqù we;ehs o wmg ks.ukh l< yelsh' ;jo, 2015 j¾Ifhys tlai;a ck;d ksoyia mlaIfhys ckdêm;s wfmalaIl uyskao rdcmlaI uy;d hdmkh k`.rhg ;u foaYmd,k /iaùula ioyd iyNd.S jQ wjia:dfjysoS fou< ck;djg wiNH jpkfhka nek josk ùäfhdajla ;udf.a ÿj ;udg fmkajQ nj;a Tyq ioyka l<d' fuu isÿùu ;udf.a foaYmd,k u;h ilia lsÍu ioyd oeäj n,md we;ehs ks.okh l< yelsh' fuu ish¿ ldrKd idrdxY lr ne,SfïoS wmg meyeos,sj fmfkkafka fuu Pkao odhlhdf.a u; yd wdl,am ieliSu flfrys Tyq udOH mßyrKh lrk ,o wdldrh n,mdk nj;a, Tyq kj udOH Ndú;d fkdl<;a wfkl=;a udOHhka ish,a, Ndú;d lsÍu u`.ska ;u u;hka yd wdl,amhka fjkia lrf.k we;s wdldrhhs' Tyq wm rfÜ foaYmd,k wdl,am yd woyia flfrys Wkkaÿ ;eke;af;l= nj Tyq ioyka l<d' ;jo Tyq ks;r ;u ñ;=r ka iu`. yd wi,ajeishka iu`. foaYmd,k woyia yqjudre lr.kakd nj;a ioyka l<d'tu ksid fuu ;eke;a;df.a foaYmd,k woyia fjkiaùu flfrys wi,ajeis yd ñ;%hka wdoSkaf.a wdl,amhka o fya;=ù we;ehs meyeos,sj ks.ukh l< yelsh' uq,dY%hka iïuqL idlPapdj  2017-01-02 jk osk fld<U osia;%slalfhys, ;sôß.iahdh m%dfoaYh S f,alï fldÜGdifhys, kef.kysr l=mamshdj;a; .%dufiajd jifuys jdih lrk rduidñ fi,ajrdcd ^cd;sl yeÿkqïm;a wxl 543581453V) uy;d iu`. lrk ,o iïuqL idlPapdj' mßYS,k uQ,dY%hka  Negrine, R. (1996) The Communication of Politics, London: SAGA Publications, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi.  2016-11-11 jk osk,le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fhys,ckikaksfõok wOKhk wxYfhys fPaIaG lÓldpd¾h úchkdkao rEmisxy uy;d úiska —ue;sjrK yd Pkao odhlhdf.a yeisÍu˜ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a lrk ,o foaYKh'