Births: Final Data for 2001

Volume 50, Number 5 February 12, 2002 Births: Final Data for 2000 by Joyce A. Martin, M.P.H.; Brady E. Hamilton, Ph.D.; Stephanie J. Ventura, M.A.; Fay Menacker, Dr. P.H.; and Melissa M. Park, M.P.H., Division of Vital Statistics Abstract Objectives—This report presents 2000 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Data are presented for maternal demographic characteristics including age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment; maternal characteristics (medical risk factors, weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use); medical care utilization by pregnant women (prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth, and method of delivery); and infant characteristics (period of gestation, birthweight, Apgar score, abnormal conditions, congenital anomalies, and multiple births). Also presented are birth and fertility rates by age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, and marital status. Selected data by mother’s State of residence are shown, as well as data on month and day of birth, sex ratio, and age of father. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. Methods—Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 4.059 million births that occurred in 2000 are presented. Results—The number of births rose 3 percent in 2000; birth and fertility rates rose 1 to 2 percent. The total fertility rate was above ‘‘replacement’’ for the first time in almost 30 years. Teenage birth rates continued to fall while birth rates for women aged 20–24 years rose slightly, and rates for women in their late twenties and thirties rose 3 to 5 percent. Births to women in their forties and early fifties were also up for 2000. The number of births to unmarried women, the birth rate, and the percent of births that were to unmarried women rose 1 to 3 percent, but birth rates for unmarried teenagers declined. Smoking by pregnant women was down again. The cesarean delivery rate rose 4 percent to 22.9, the fourth consecutive increase; the primary cesarean rate was up and the rate of vaginal births after a previous cesarean was down. The number and rate of twin births continued to rise, but the triplet/+ birth rate declined for the second year in a row. For the first year in almost a decade the preterm birth rate declined (to 11.6 percent); the low birthweight rate, however, was unchanged at 7.6 percent. Keywords: births c birth certificate c maternal and infant health c birth rates c maternal characteristics Figure 1. Live births and fertility rates: United States, 1930–2000 Acknowledgments This report was prepared under the general direction of Mary Anne Freedman, Director of the Division of Vital Statistics (DVS) and Stephanie J. Ventura, Chief of the Reproductive Statistics Branch. Nicholas F. Pace, Chief of the Systems, Programming, and Statistical Resources Branch (SPSRB), and Steven Steimel, Gail Parr, Thomas D. Dunn, Jordan Sacks, Annie Liu, Jiaquan Xu, Bonita Gross, Manju Sharma and Jaleh Mousavi provided computer programming support and statistical tables. Robert N. Anderson of the Mortality Statistics Branch and Lester R. Curtin of the Office of Research and Methodology contributed to the Technical notes. Melissa M. Park of the Reproductive Statistics Branch coordinated content review, assisted by Yashodhara Patel and Paul D. Sutton. Staff of the Data Acquisition and Evaluation Branch carried out quality evaluation and acceptance procedures for the State data files on which this report is based. The Registration Methods staff of DVS consulted with State vital statistics offices regarding the collection of birth certificate data. This report was edited by Demarius V. Miller, typeset by Jacqueline M. Davis, and the graphics produced by Jarmila G. Ogburn of the Publications Branch, Division of Data Services. 2 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Highlights The number of U.S. births increased 3 percent for 2000 to 4,058,814, the third consecutive increase following a 7 percent decline from 1990 to 1997. The birth rate also rose, but slightly, to 14.7 births per 1,000 total population for 2000. The fertility rate, which relates births to the number of women of childbearing age, was up 2 percent for 2000, to 67.5 births per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years. Fertility rates increased for women of each racial and Hispanic origin subgroup in 2000. Rates rose 3 percent or less for non-Hispanic white women, non-Hispanic black women, American Indian women, and 8 to 12 percent for Asian or Pacific Islander (API) women. Among Hispanic subgroups, rates rose 3 percent for Mexican women and 8 to 12 percent for Puerto Rican and Cuban women. For 2000, as for recent years, the fertility rate was highest for Mexican women (115 per 1,000) and lowest for non-Hispanic white and Cuban women (59 and 57 per 1,000). The U.S. total fertility rate (TFR) moved above ‘‘replacement’’ (the rate at which a given generation can exactly replace itself) for the first time in almost 30 years in 2000. The TFR, which estimates the number of births that a cohort of 1,000 women would have if they experienced throughout their childbearing years the same age-specific birth rates observed in a given year, increased 3 percent for the current year to 2,130.0. The birth rate for teenagers declined again in 2000, falling 2 percent to 48.5 births per 1,000 women aged 15–19 years, a record low for the Nation. The rate has declined 22 percent since 1991 (62.1). The birth rate for young teenagers 15–17 years fell 5 percent from 1999 to 2000 to 27.4 per 1,000, also an all-time low, and 29 percent below the 1991 peak. The rate for older teenagers 18–19 years declined 1 percent to 79.2. The rate for older teenagers has declined 16 percent since 1991. Reductions in teenage birth rates have been particularly large for young black teenagers (down 40 percent since 1991 to a record low), but all population groups have experienced declines. The teenage pregnancy rate has declined 19 percent in the 1990s, to 94.3 per 1,000 teenagers 15–19 years in 1997, reflecting concurrent declines in birth and abortion rates. The birth rate for women in their early twenties increased slightly in 2000 to 112.3 per 1,000 women aged 20–24 years. The rate for women aged 25–29 years rose 3 percent to 121.4 per 1,000, its highest level since 1971. Birth rates for women in their twenties have been relatively stable over the past 20 years. Birth rates for women in their thirties increased 5 percent, to 94.1 per 1,000 women aged 30–34 years, and to 40.4 per 1,000 women aged 35–39 years. The birth rate for women 40–44 years increased again in 2000 to 7.9 per 1,000. Rates for women aged 45–49 years also rose in 2000. The first birth rate rose as well in 2000, to 27.1 first births per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years, the second consecutive increase in this rate. The median age at first birth increased to 24.6 years; the median age of first-time mothers has risen fairly consistently over the last three decades. All measures of childbearing by unmarried women increased in 2000. The birth rate rose 2 percent to 45.2 births per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15–44 years. The number of births increased 3 percent to 1,347,043, the highest number ever reported, and the percent of all births that were to unmarried women increased from 33.0 in 1999 to 33.2 percent in 2000. Births and birth rates for unmarried teenagers, however, declined in 2000. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy declined again in 2000, to 12.2 percent. The overall rate has fallen steadily since 1989, by 37 percent. Tobacco use declined for teenagers and women aged 25–39 years, and increased slightly for women aged 20–24 years. Overall smoking rates remain lowest for non-Hispanic black, Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino women, and among Hispanic subgroups, Mexican and Cuban women. Infant birthweight is seriously compromised by maternal smoking: In 2000, 11.9 percent of births to smokers compared with 7.2 percent of births to nonsmokers weighed less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). The cesarean delivery rate increased for the fourth consecutive year, to 22.9 percent of all births, a 4 percent increase from 1999 (22.0 percent). Following declines between 1989 and 1996, the rate has increased steadily; the 2000 rate is the highest reported since 1989, when these data first became available from birth certificates. The increase in the total cesarean rate for 1999–2000 was the result of a 4 percent rise in the rate of primary cesarean deliveries and a 12 percent drop in the rate of vaginal births after previous cesareans (VBAC). The preterm birth rate, or percent of infants born at less than 37 completed weeks of gestation, was down for the first year in almost a decade, from 11.8 to 11.6 percent for 1999–2000. The preterm birth rate rose fairly steadily, by 25 percent between 1981 and 1999. The very preterm birth rate (gestation of less than 32 completed weeks) was 1.93 percent for 2000, compared with 1.96 percent for 1999. Preterm rates declined slightly for each of the three largest racial/ethnic groups for the current year. Since the early 1990s, the rate of preterm birth for non-Hispanic black infants, although still much higher than that for other groups, has improved somewhat (from 18.9 to 17.4 percent), but the preterm rate has been essentially unchanged for Hispanic births (at about 11.2 percent), and has deteriorated for non-Hispanic white births (from 8.5 to 10.4 percent). The percent low birthweight (LBW) (less than 2,500 grams) was unchanged for 2000 at 7.6 percent. The LBW rate has risen from 6.8 percent in the mid-1980s, a rise that has been linked in part to the increased multiple birth rate. The rate of very low birthweight (VLBW) (less than 1,500 grams) was 1.43 percent for 2000, essentially unchanged from 1999 (1.45 percent), but up from 1.16 percent in 1981. LBW levels were unchanged for non-Hispanic white births (6.6 percent) and Hispanic births (6.4 percent), but declined slightly among black births (13.2 to 13.1 percent). The number and rate of twin births continued to climb for 2000, rising to 118,916 or 29.3 per 1,000 total births. The twinning rate has risen 55 percent, from 18.9 per 1,000 since 1980. The dramatic upsurge in triplet and other higher order multiple births (triplet/+) over the last two decades, however, may be at an end—the triplet/+ birth rate declined for the second consecutive year to 180.5 triplet/+ births per 100,000 live births. The rate of triplet/+ births had surged from 37.0 to 193.5 between 1980 and 1998. There were 7,325 births in triplet/+ deliveries in 2000, about the same as that for 1999. The triplet/+ birth rate was down among non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black women, but was up slightly for Hispanic women. Twin birth rates rose for all three groups. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Introduction This report presents detailed data on numbers and characteristics of births in 2000, birth and fertility rates, maternal lifestyle and health characteristics, medical services utilization by pregnant women, and infant health characteristics. These data provide important information on fertility patterns among American women by such characteristics as age, live-birth order, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, and educational attainment. Up-to-date information on these fertility patterns is critical to understanding population growth and change in this country and in individual States. Data on maternal characteristics such as weight gain, tobacco and alcohol use, and medical risk factors are useful in accounting for differences in birth outcomes. Information on use of prenatal care, obstetric procedures, complications of labor and/or delivery, attendant at birth and place of delivery, and method of delivery by maternal demographic characteristics can also help to explain differences in birth outcomes. It is very important that data on birth outcomes, especially levels of low birthweight and preterm birth, be continuously monitored, because these variables are important predictors of infant mortality and morbidity. A report of preliminary birth statistics for 2000 presented data on selected topics based on a substantial sample (96.3 percent) of the 2000 birth file (1). Findings for the selected measures (age, race, Hispanic origin, marital status of mother, live-birth order, prenatal care, cesarean delivery, and low birthweight) based on the preliminary data are very similar to those presented here based on final data. In addition to the tabulations included in this report, more detailed analysis is possible by using the Natality public-use data tape that is issued for each year. Birth data are also available in CD-ROM format since 1990, and a selection of tables of detailed data are available on the NCHS home page at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/statab/ unpubd/natality/natab98.htm (2, 3). Methods Data shown in this report are based on 100 percent of the birth certificates registered in all States and the District of Columbia. More than 99 percent of births occurring in this country are registered (4). Tables that show data by State also provide separate information for Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas. However, these areas are not included in totals for the United States. In this report, tabulations of births beginning with 1980 data are by race of mother; for years prior to 1980, tabulations are by race of child. Details of the differences in tabulation procedure are described in the Technical notes. Text references to black births and black mothers or white births and white mothers are used interchangeably for ease in writing. Race and Hispanic origin are reported independently on the birth certificate. In tabulations of birth data by race and Hispanic origin, data for Hispanic persons are not further classified by race because the vast majority of women of Hispanic origin are reported as white. Most tables in this report show data for these categories: white total, white nonHispanic, black total, black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic. Data for 3 American Indian and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) births are not shown separately by Hispanic origin because the vast majority of these populations are non-Hispanic. Data are also presented for the following five Hispanic subgroups: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and other and unknown Hispanic. However, when reporting birth rates for Hispanic subgroups, births to Central and South American women are added to births to other and unknown Hispanic women because population data for Central and South American women are not available. Data are shown for five API subgroups: Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino, and ‘‘other’’ API. In addition, 11 States report data on API subgroups included in the ‘‘other API’’ category (Vietnamese, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, Guamanian, and remaining API); see Technical notes. U.S. and State-level birth and fertility rates in this report are computed on the basis of population denominators provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. All population estimates are projected from the 1990 census because detailed populations from the 2000 census were not available when this report was prepared. A comparison of summary 2000 census population results with the unpublished estimates for 2000 projected from the 1990 census indicates that the U.S. Hispanic population used for this report is 8 percent lower than the population based on the 2000 census (5, 6, 7). The underestimate for Hispanic women aged 15–44 years is 9.5 percent (compared with an underestimate of 2 percent for all women aged 15–44 years). Therefore, the Hispanic birth and fertility rates presented here are overstated because the population base is too small. Similar but less pronounced effects for other population groups are also likely; see Technical notes. When the necessary population estimates based on the 2000 census and intercensal estimates become available, population-based rates for the 1990s and 2000 will be recalculated and presented in an upcoming report. Rates by State shown in this report also may differ from rates computed on the basis of other population estimates. Information on the measurement of marital status, gestational age, and birthweight; the computation of derived statistics and rates; population denominators; random variation and relative standard error; and the definitions of terms are presented in the Technical notes. Information on births by age, race, or marital status of mother is imputed if it is not reported on the birth certificate. These items were not reported for less than 1 percent of U.S. births in 2000. (See Technical notes for additional information.) All other maternal and infant characteristics (except items on which length of gestation is calculated) are not imputed; see Technical notes. Births for which a particular characteristic is unknown are subtracted from the figures for total births that are used as denominators before percents, percent distributions, and medians are computed. Thus, for example, the proportion of women receiving care in the first trimester of pregnancy is computed on the basis of births for which month prenatal care began was reported. Levels of nonreporting vary substantially by specific item and by State. Table I in the Technical notes provides information on the percent of records with missing information for each item by State for 2000. Readers should note that the levels of incomplete or inaccurate reporting for some of the items are quite high in some States. Data for 2000 for Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Kentucky, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Washington as well as the Northern Marianas are of particular concern. 4 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Demographic characteristics Births and birth rates Number of births The number of births in the United States rose to 4,058,814 in 2000 from 3,959,417 in 1999, an increase of 3 percent. This marks the third consecutive increase. Between 1990, the most recent high point in U.S. births, and 1997, the most recent low, the number of births declined 7 percent. Since 1997, however, the number of births has risen 5 percent. (See tables 1–12 for national and State birth data by age, live-birth order, race, and Hispanic origin). Increases in the number of births were observed for all race and ethnic groups in 2000 (tables 1 and 6), but the magnitude of the increases differed. Births to non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and American Indian women rose 1 to 4 percent compared with an 11 percent rise for Asian or Pacific Islander (API) births. Among the API subgroups, increases ranged from 3 percent for Japanese, to 19 percent for Chinese births. Births to Hispanic mothers rose 7 percent, but substantial increases were limited to two subgroups: Mexican and Central and South American. Crude birth rate The crude birth rate rose from 14.5 live births per 1,000 total population in 1999 to 14.7 in 2000, a 1 percent increase from the record lows reported for 1997 and 1999, but still lower than any rate from 1977 through 1995. The crude birth rate rose 14 percent between 1975 (14.6) and 1990 (16.7), but fell 13 percent between 1990 and 1997. Fertility rate The general fertility rate, which relates births to the number of women in their childbearing ages, was 67.5 live births per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years in 2000, 2 percent higher than that for 1999 (65.9). Like the number of births and the birth rate, the recent high point for the fertility rate was 1990 (70.9). After dropping 8 percent between 1990 and 1997, the fertility rate has increased 4 percent since 1997 (table 1 and figure 1), signaling an apparent halt to the downward trend observed in the 1990s. Increases in fertility rates were reported for each race and Hispanic origin group for 2000. Rates increased 2 percent or less for non-Hispanic white (58.5 per 1,000 aged 15–44 years), non-Hispanic black (73.7), and American Indian women (71.4), and 8 percent for API women (70.7). Among Hispanic subgroups, rates increased 2 percent for ‘‘other’’ Hispanic, 3 percent for Mexican, 8 to 12 percent for Puerto Rican (84.3), and Cuban women (57.3) (tables 1 and 6). (Birth and fertility rates for the API subgroups cannot be computed because the necessary populations are not available.) A comparison of recent trends in fertility rates reveals important differences among the race and Hispanic origin subgroups. Since 1990, fertility has declined for Mexican (3 percent), non-Hispanic white (7 percent), and non-Hispanic black women (17 percent), but increased for Puerto Rican (2 percent), and Cuban women (9 percent). The fertility rate has decreased 6 percent for American Indian women and increased 2 percent for API women since 1990. Trends in Hispanic fertility by subgroup for 1989–95 are presented in more detail in a separate report (8). Age of mother Teenagers—Birth rates for teenagers dropped continuously from 1991 to 2000, reaching new record lows in 2000 in some cases. The birth rate for the youngest teenagers was unchanged in 2000, at 0.9 births per 1,000 females 10–14 years (table 4). This rate declined steadily from 1994 through 1999 (the rate was 1.4 in each year 1989 through 1994). The number of births to 10–14-year-olds dropped 6 percent from 1999 to 2000, to 8,519, the lowest total reported in any year since 1966 (8,128 births). The birth rate for teenagers 15–19 years declined 2 percent to 48.5 per 1,000 in 2000, another record low for the Nation. This rate has declined 22 percent from 1991 when the rate reached a peak (62.1) (table A). The declines in the 1990s through 2000 in the teenage birth rate reverse the 24-percent increase that occurred from 1986 (50.2 per 1,000) to 1991. The reductions in teenage birth rates since the mid1990s primarily reflect declines in the first birth rate, meaning that fewer teenagers are becoming mothers for the first time. The first birth Table A. Birth rates for teenagers 15–19 years by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1991, 1999, and 2000, and percent change, 1991–2000 and 1999–2000 [Rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified group] Non-Hispanic Year and age Asian or Pacific Islander2 Hispanic3 Total White Black American Indian2 48.5 49.6 62.1 32.5 34.0 43.4 81.9 83.7 118.9 67.8 67.8 85.0 21.6 22.3 27.4 94.4 93.4 106.7 –22 –25 –31 –20 –21 –12 –2 –4 –2 0 –3 1 27.4 28.7 38.7 15.8 17.1 23.6 52.0 53.7 86.7 39.6 41.4 52.7 11.5 12.3 16.1 60.0 61.3 70.6 –29 –33 –40 –25 –29 –15 –5 –8 –3 –4 –7 –2 79.2 80.3 94.4 56.8 58.9 70.5 125.1 126.8 163.1 113.1 110.6 134.3 37.0 38.0 43.1 143.6 139.4 158.5 –16 –19 –23 –16 –14 –9 –1 –4 –1 2 –3 3 1 15–19 years 2000 . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . 19914 . . . . . . . . . . Percent change, 1991–2000 . . . . . . Percent change, 1999–2000 . . . . . . 15–17 years 2000 . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . 19914 . . . . . . . . . . Percent change, 1991–2000 . . . . . . Percent change, 1999–2000 . . . . . . 18–19 years 2000 . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . . . . . 19914 . . . . . . . . . . Percent change, 1991–2000 . . . . . . Percent change, 1999–2000 . . . . . . 1 Includes origin not stated. Includes persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. 3 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. 4 See reference 8 for information on reporting areas in 1991. 2 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 5 Figure 2. Birth rates by age of mother: United States, 1960–2000 rate declined 18 percent from 1994 to 2000. State-specific birth rates for teenagers are discussed in the section ‘‘Births and birth rates by State.’’ Birth rates for teenage subgroups 15–17 and 18–19 years also fell between 1999 and 2000. The rate for teenagers 15–17 years declined 5 percent to 27.4 per 1,000, an all-time low (3, 9). This rate dropped 29 percent from 1991 (38.7) to 2000 (tables A, 4, and figure 2). The number of births to teenagers 15–17 years fell 4 percent during 1999–2000 to 157,209, fewer than in any year since 1955 (149,722). The birth rate for older teenagers 18–19 years declined 1 percent, to 79.2 per 1,000 in 2000. Since 1992, when the rate reached its recent high (94.5), it has declined 16 percent and is at its lowest point in more than a decade (78.5 in 1987). There was a very slight decline in the number of births to older teenagers between 1999 and 2000—to 311,781. Teenage birth rates by race and Hispanic origin vary substantially (tables 3, 4, 8, and 9). The discontinuities in population data based on the 1990 and 2000 censuses described in the ‘‘Methods’’ section diminish but do not erase these variations. Rates in 2000, as in previous years, were highest for Mexican, non-Hispanic black, Puerto Rican, and American Indian teenagers and lowest for non-Hispanic white, Cuban, and API teenagers, a pattern that has been observed since 1994. Despite the marked variation in rates (ranging in 2000 from 21.6 to 101.7 per 1,000 aged 15–19 years), all population groups experienced notable declines from 1991 to 2000: The rates for Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and ‘‘other’’ Hispanic teenagers fell by 6 to 13 percent each, while rates for American Indian and API teenagers fell 20 to 21 percent and rates for non-Hispanic white and black teenagers dropped 24 and 31 percent, respectively. The rate for black teenagers for 2000 is an historic low (data available since 1960). 6 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Teenage pregnancy rates (based on the sum of live births, induced abortions, and fetal losses) have also declined in recent years (10, 11). The pregnancy rate for teenagers 15–19 years fell 19 percent from 116.5 per 1,000 in 1991 to 94.3 in 1997, reversing an 11 percent rise from 1986 to 1991 (10, 11). (The most recent year for which pregnancy rates are available is 1997.) Pregnancy rates for teenage subgroups have fallen as well, at a pace similar to the declines in the birth rates: The rate for young teenagers dropped 20 percent during 1991–97, to 63.7 per 1,000, while the rate for older teenagers declined 15 percent to 141.7 per 1,000. Further declines in teenage pregnancy rates since 1997 are likely based on the sustained decline in the teenage birth rate. The factors accounting for the current downturn in teenage pregnancy and birth rates are discussed in recent reports (9–11). Briefly, the proportion of teenagers who are sexually experienced has stabilized and in some cases declined in the mid-1990s, reversing the steady increases over the past two decades (12–14). Many public and private initiatives have focused teenagers’ attention on the importance of pregnancy prevention through abstinence and responsible behavior (15). Moreover, teenagers are more likely to use contraceptives at first intercourse, especially condoms (14, 16). Some sexually active teenagers have switched to implant and injectable contraceptives, which are effective new birth control methods (10, 14, 16). Women aged 20 years and over: Women in their twenties—The birth rate for women aged 20–24 years increased slightly in 2000 to 112.3, from 111.0 in 1999. The rate for this group fell 6 percent from 1990 (116.5) to 1995 (109.8), but has risen 2 percent since (tables 3, 4, 8, and 9). The rate for women aged 25–29 years rose 3 percent in 2000 to 121.4, its highest level since 1971; this rate has increased 8 percent since 1995 (112.2), following steady declines during 1990–95. Birth rates for women in their twenties, the principal childbearing ages, have been relatively stable over the past 20 years. Women in their thirties—Birth rates for women in their thirties increased 5 percent in 2000. Rates for women in these age groups have increased quite steadily since the mid- to late 1970s (tables 4 and 9) (3, 17). The rate for women aged 30–34 years increased to 94.1 per 1,000 in 2000 from 89.6 in 1999. The 2000 rate was higher than for any year since 1965 (94.4), and 80 percent higher than the low point reported for 1975 (52.3) (3,17). The rate of increase has slowed during the 1990s to about 1 percent per year compared with the 3 percent annual increases for 1975–90. The number of births to women aged 30–34 years increased 4 percent for the current year even though the number of women in that age group declined slightly (7). The birth rate for women aged 35–39 years also increased 5 percent to 40.4. This represents a more than 100 percent increase from 1978 (19.0); the 2000 rate matches the previous high in 1966 (3). Between 1990 and 2000 the rate rose 27 percent, but the pace of increase for this age group has slowed slightly over the last decade, to just over 2 percent annually, compared with 4 percent per year from 1978 to 1990. The number of births to women aged 35–39 years reached another record high in 2000 (452,057). This number has risen by 42 percent since 1990 (317,583), compared with a 13 percent increase in the population of this age group (18, 19). Among women in their thirties, birth rates were highest for API, Mexican, and ‘‘other’’ Hispanic women (tables 3 and 8). Women in their forties—The birth rate for women aged 40–44 years increased to 7.9 per 1,000 in 2000 from 7.4 for 1999. This rate has increased 44 percent since 1990, from 5.5. From 1981, the most recent low (3.8), to 2000, the rate more than doubled; the current year rate is the highest since 1970 (8.1). During 1990–2000, the number of births to this age group rose from 48,607 to 90,013. The birth rate for women aged 45–49 years increased to 0.5 births per 1,000 in 2000, the highest level reported in 30 years. Reflecting not only the continued increase in the number of women in this age group (who were born between 1951 and 1955), but also a greater likelihood to give birth, the number of births to women aged 45–49 years was up 4 percent to 4,349 in 2000, the highest number recorded in more than three decades. Births to women aged 50 years and over—Data on births to women aged 50–54 years have only recently become available again. From 1964 to 1996, age of mother was imputed for ages under 10 years and 50 years or over (4). (See Technical notes.) In 2000 there were 255 births to women aged 50–54 years, a substantial increase over the 174 births reported for 1999 (tables 2 and 7 for 2000 data). Despite the increase, the number of births to women aged 50–54 years remains too small to compute an age-specific birth rate. In computing birth rates by age of mother, births to women aged 50–54 years have been included with births to women aged 45–49 years; the denominator for the rate is women aged 45–49 years. The rise in the birth rates for women in their late thirties and older for the last 20 years (table 4) has been linked to several factors, including the availability and use of fertility-enhancing therapies. Among currently childless women aged 35–44 years reporting impaired fecundity, according to the National Survey of Family Growth, the proportion seeking fertility treatment rose considerably from 1982 to 1995 (12, 20). For 2000, 103 of the 255 births to women aged 50–54 years were born in a multiple delivery, an outcome associated with infertility therapy (see section on ‘‘Multiple births’’). Live-birth order The first birth rate for women aged 15–44 years was 27.1 in 2000, a 2 percent increase over the 1999 rate (26.6) (table 5). Despite the recent increase, the rate for 2000 was 7 percent lower than in 1990 (29.0). Rates for second- and fourth- order births also increased 2 percent each from 1999. Rates for third- and fifth-order births rose 4 and 7 percent, respectively, whereas higher-order birth rates were stable. The first birth rate increased 2 percent overall, but substantial differences in trends by age of mother were observed (see table 3 for 2000 data). Rates for teenagers 15–17 and 18–19 years declined by 4 and 1 percent, respectively, compared with 1 and 2 percent increases for women aged 20–24 and 25–29 years, and a rise of 6 percent for women aged 30–44 years. Women aged 30 years and over accounted for 24 percent of all first births in 2000, essentially unchanged from the proportion in 1999, but substantially higher than the 5 percent reported for 1975 (17). A more general measure useful in interpreting age trends in childbearing is the median age at first birth. The median age is the middle point, or center, of the distribution of age at first birth. Ranked in order of age of mother, 50 percent of the births would occur above and below the median age. The median age at first birth in 2000 was 24.6 years compared with 24.5 years in 1999. While the increase in 2000 was small, the tendency of women to postpone childbearing, observed since the early 1970s, continues largely unabated (3). The median age at first birth has risen from 22.0 years in 1972. The mean National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 age at first birth is another general measure useful in reviewing age patterns in fertility. (The mean is equal to the sum of all observations divided by the total number of observations.) The mean age of first-time mothers in 2000 was 24.9 years, compared with 24.8 years in 1999. Total fertility rate The total fertility rate (TFR) summarizes the potential impact of current fertility patterns on completed family size. The TFR estimates the number of births that a hypothetical (or ‘‘synthetic’’) cohort of 1,000 women would have if they experienced throughout their childbearing years the same age-specific birth rates observed in a given year. The rate can be expressed as the average number of children that would be born per woman. Because it is computed from age-specific birth rates, the TFR is age-adjusted and can be readily compared for populations across time or among geographic areas. In 2000 the TFR was 2,130.0 (or 2.13 births per woman), 3 percent higher than the rate in 1999 (2,075.0) (tables 4 and 9). The TFR has risen 5 percent since 1995, reversing the decline from 1990 to 1995. The increase in the TFR in 2000 is the result of increases in age-specific birth rates for women aged 20 years and over; the birth rate of women aged 15–19 years declined (see section above on ‘‘Age of mother’’). The U.S. TFR for 2000 was above the ‘‘replacement’’ rate (2,100) for the first time in nearly 30 years. The ‘‘replacement’’ rate is the rate at which a given generation can exactly replace itself. While TFRs increased for all race and Hispanic origin groups in 2000, substantial differences among groups continue. The TFR was above ‘‘replacement’’ for Mexican, Puerto Rican, ‘‘other’’ Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and American Indian women, but below ‘‘replacement’’ for Asian or Pacific Islander (API), non-Hispanic white, and Cuban women (tables 4, 9, 13, and 14). TFRs for most race and ethnic groups increased 3 percent or less between 1999 and 2000, but the TFR for API women was up 8 percent. State-specific TFRs for 2000 are discussed in the next section. The U.S. TFR continues to be high in comparison to those of most developed countries. According to the latest available data, TFRs for selected developed countries ranged from 1.2 for Spain to 2.1 for the U.S. (21). (See table B). It should be noted, however, that TFRs can vary substantially, even among developed countries, and any comparison between the United States and other countries should take into account the relative diversity of the U.S. population. Table B. Total fertility rate for selected developed countries: 1994, 1995, or 2000 Country Spain . . . . . . . Germany . . . . . Japan. . . . . . . United Kingdom. Australia . . . . . Ireland . . . . . . Norway . . . . . . Iceland . . . . . . United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total fertility rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOURCE: U.N. World Fertility Patterns 1997. 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 7 Births and birth rates by State Birth data by race and by Hispanic origin for 2000 are shown in tables 10–12 for the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas. It is important to note that the American Indian, Asian or Pacific Islander (API), and Hispanic populations (and Hispanic subgroups) are highly concentrated geographically. The majority of States (46 of 50) and the District of Columbia reported increases in the number of births for 2000. Increases of about 2 percent were reported for most States, but births rose at least 4 percent or more in North Carolina, Colorado, Arizona, Nevada, Georgia, Texas, and New Hampshire. Births declined in Maine, Connecticut, Vermont, and South Dakota. The number of births was also down for all of the territories except the Northern Marianas where a rise of 4 percent was reported. Crude birth rates by State for the current year ranged from 11 births per 1,000 total population (Maine and Vermont) to 22 per 1,000 (Utah) (table 10). Birth rates increased significantly in 22 States and the District of Columbia, and declined significantly in the Virgin Islands and Guam. An increase of 4 percent was recorded for North Carolina, whereas a decrease of 7 percent or more was measured for the Virgin Islands and Guam. Fertility rates per 1,000 women aged 15–44 years in 2000 ranged from a low of 49 (Vermont and Maine) to a high of 94 (Utah) (table 10). Rates increased significantly in 40 States, the District of Columbia, and the Northern Marianas, and declined significantly in the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. Rates rose 4 percent or more for North Carolina, Hawaii, Colorado, Arizona, and the District of Columbia, but declined by 10 percent or more for the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. State-specific total fertility rates (TFRs) for 2000 are shown in table 10. These rates provide a summary measure of lifetime fertility at the State level; rates for 1980, 1990, and 1996–99 have been published (22–27). The TFRs by State for 2000 varied substantially from a high of 2,761.5 (or 2.76 births per woman) for Utah to a low of 1,565.5 (1.57 births per woman) for Vermont. Differences in the TFRs and changes between 1999 and 2000 by State are quite similar to those for the general fertility rate. Birth rates for teenagers Birth rates for teenagers vary considerably by State (tables C and 10). Birth rates for teenagers 15–19 years ranged from 23.4 per 1,000 in New Hampshire to 72.0 in Mississippi for 2000. Although not directly comparable, because it is a city, the highest rate was for the District of Columbia, 80.7. Teenage birth rates in 2000 were lower than in 1999 in all but 11 States. The decade-long trend of falling teenage birth rates in the Nation has been replicated in all States (table B). Birth rates in 2000 were significantly lower than in 1991 in every State and in the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, and Guam, with overall declines ranging from 12 to 35 percent. Information on current trends and variations in teenage birth rates by State, age, race, and Hispanic origin, is presented in a recent report (9). Sex ratio The relative number of births by sex is important because it affects population dynamics, and thus social and economic dynamics. In 2000 there were 2,076,969 male live births compared with 1,981,845 female live births, a ratio of 1,048 males per 1,000 8 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table C. Birth rates for teenagers 15–19 years by State, 1991 and 2000, and percent change, 1991–2000: United States and each State and territory [Rates are live births per 1,000 estimated female population aged 15–19 years in each area] State United States1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alabama . . . . . . . Alaska . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . California. . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . Connecticut . . . . . Delaware. . . . . . . District of Columbia Florida . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . Hawaii . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . Iowa . . . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . . . . Kentucky . . . . . . . Louisiana. . . . . . . Maine. . . . . . . . . Maryland . . . . . . . Massachusetts . . . Michigan . . . . . . . Minnesota . . . . . . Mississippi . . . . . . Missouri . . . . . . . Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 2000 Percent change, 1991–2000 62.1 48.5 –22 73.9 65.4 80.7 79.8 74.7 58.2 40.4 61.1 114.4 68.8 76.3 58.7 53.9 64.8 60.5 42.6 55.4 68.9 76.1 43.5 54.3 37.8 59.0 37.3 85.6 64.5 46.7 62.9 42.4 69.1 68.5 48.5 49.2 31.9 51.6 80.7 52.6 64.2 45.1 43.1 49.5 50.3 34.7 45.3 55.3 62.1 28.7 41.6 27.1 39.2 29.6 72.0 48.8 35.8 –15 –35 –14 –14 –35 –15 –21 –16 –29 –24 –16 –23 –20 –24 –17 –19 –18 –20 –18 –34 –23 –28 –34 –21 –16 –24 –23 State Nebraska. . . . . Nevada. . . . . . New Hampshire. New Jersey . . . New Mexico . . . New York . . . . North Carolina. . North Dakota . . Ohio . . . . . . . Oklahoma . . . . Oregon . . . . . . Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina . South Dakota . . Tennessee . . . . Texas . . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . Vermont . . . . . Virginia . . . . . . Washington . . . West Virginia . . Wisconsin . . . . Wyoming . . . . . 1991 2000 Percent change, 1991–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 75.3 33.3 41.6 79.8 46.0 70.5 35.6 60.5 72.1 54.9 46.9 45.4 72.9 47.5 75.2 78.9 48.2 39.2 53.5 53.7 57.8 43.7 54.2 37.2 62.2 23.4 31.7 66.2 35.6 59.9 28.2 45.6 60.1 43.2 35.2 38.4 60.6 37.2 61.5 69.2 40.0 24.1 40.8 38.2 46.4 34.5 40.8 –12 –17 –30 –24 –17 –23 –15 –21 –25 –17 –21 –25 –15 –17 –22 –18 –12 –17 –39 –24 –29 –20 –21 –25 Puerto Rico . . . . Virgin Islands . . . Guam. . . . . . . . American Samoa . Northern Marianas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4 77.9 95.7 ----- 71.5 46.8 69.5 38.1 61.1 –1** –40 –27 ----- ** Not significant at p < .05. - - - Data not available. 1 Excludes data for the territories. females. This compares with a ratio of 1,049 for the previous year (tables 13 and 14). The annual sex ratio has changed little over the last 60 years, varying by less than 1 percent (1,055 in 1940). Athough the difference is small, if the 1940 ratio prevailed in 2000, there would have been 6,753 more male births. Sex ratios differ widely by race and ethnicity. In 2000 the ratio for Japanese mothers was 1,084, the highest number of male to female births, while the sex ratio for non-Hispanic black mothers was a comparatively low 1,031. (Ratios for black and American Indian births are typically lower than those of other groups.) As in previous years, the sex ratio for Hispanic (1,043), was intermediate between nonHispanic white (1,053) and non-Hispanic black births. Differences among groups may be due to environmental and/or maternal conditions (28–30). Month of birth August was the month with the most births in 2000, while the fewest births were reported for April (table 15). Births peak historically in August and reach a nadir in February. The average number of births per month was 338,235. After standardizing the number of births for the number of days of the month, the number of births per month in 2000 was highest for August and lowest for April (even after taking into account that February had an extra day in 2000, a leap year). The observed monthly birth rates were higher for 9 months of 2000 than the rates for the same months in 1999; the observed monthly fertility rates were higher for 10 months compared with the same months in 1999. When seasonal variation is filtered from the monthly birth and fertility rates, an estimate of the underlying trends in these rates is obtained. The seasonally adjusted birth rates for 9 months and the seasonally adjusted fertility rates for 11 months were higher in 2000 than for the same months in 1999. November had the highest seasonally adjusted birth rate and the highest seasonally adjusted fertility rate in 2000. April had the lowest seasonally adjusted birth rate and the lowest seasonally adjusted fertility rate. In general, the differences among monthly birth rates have declined since 1950. Day of the week of birth The average number of births on any given day was 11,090 in 2000 (table 16). However, substantial variation exists in the number of births by day of the week. Daily averages ranged from 12,581 on Tuesday to 8,052 on Sunday. Variation in the daily pattern of births can also be measured by an index of occurrence. The index is defined as the ratio of the average number of births per day of the week to the average number of births per day of the year with the base set at 100. In 2000 the index for Tuesday was 113.4, indicating that there were 13.4 percent more births National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 on Tuesday than the average day. As in past years, the index was lowest for Sunday (72.6), followed by Saturday (79.4). A weekend ‘‘deficit’’ is apparent for both vaginal and cesarean deliveries, but is far greater for cesarean deliveries, particularly repeat cesareans. The Sunday index for vaginal births in 2000 was 77.9, compared with 63.9 for primary cesareans, and 41.0 for repeat cesareans. The deficit in births by day of the week and method of delivery has increased since 1989 when these data first became available. Births to unmarried women All measures of childbearing by unmarried women increased in 2000 (tables D, 17, and 18). The birth rate for unmarried women increased 2 percent to 45.2 births per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15–44 years. Despite this increase, the rate was still lower than the peak reached in 1994, 46.9 (table 18). The number of births to unmarried women rose 3 percent to 1,347,043, the highest number ever reported. Most of the increase was due to the increased birth rate; the 1 percent increase in the number of unmarried women contributed as well. During the 1990–2000 decade, the number of births increased 16 percent altogether, a far slower pace than during the 1980s, when the total number rose 75 percent and annual increases amounted to about 6 percent. The percent of all births that were to unmarried women rose to 33.2 percent in 2000, compared with 33.0 percent in 1999 and 28.0 percent in 1990. Procedures for reporting the mother’s marital status have not changed in any State since 1998. In earlier years, these changes had contributed to the trends and variations in nonmarital childbearing. In 2000 all States except for Michigan and New York reported the mother’s marital status through a direct question on the birth certificate or in the electronic birth registration process. Michigan and New York infer the mother’s marital status on the basis of other information on the birth certificate; see Technical notes. Birth rates for unmarried women vary considerably by race and Hispanic origin. The rate for Hispanic women was highest in 2000, 97.3 per 1,000, followed by the rate for black women, 72.5, and the rate for non-Hispanic white women, 27.9 (tables 17 and 18). The birth rate for non-Hispanic white women was unchanged in 2000 from 1999, and has changed very little since 1994 (28.5). The birth rate for black women increased slightly in 2000 (from 71.5 in 1999), the first increase since 1989. Despite the increase in 2000, the rate remained 20 percent below its 1989 peak (90.7). The rate for Hispanic women had declined during 1994–98, and has since risen about 8 percent. Birth rates for unmarried women are consistently highest for women aged 20–24 years (74.5 per 1,000), followed by women aged 18–19 (62.9) and 25–29 years (62.2). The rates for women in their early thirties and young teenagers are considerably lower, followed by women in age groups 35 years and over (tables 17 and 18). For the teenage years, rates for black and Hispanic women are fairly similar, but at ages 20 years and over, rates are considerably higher for Hispanic women. During 1999–2000, birth rates for unmarried women declined only for teenagers, a pattern that has generally been observed since 1994. The rate for young teenagers declined 4 percent to 24.4 per 1,000 whereas the rate for older teenagers dropped by about 1 percent to 62.9 (figure 3). Since 1994, these rates have fallen 24 and 10 percent, respectively (31). Between 1999 and 2000, rates for ages 15–19 years fell 4 percent for non-Hispanic white teenagers and 2 percent for black teenagers; the rate for Hispanic teenagers increased about 1 percent. Birth rates for unmarried women in age groups 20–24 years and older all increased in 2000, by 2 to 3 percent for women in their twenties, and 4 percent for women in their thirties. The rate for women aged 40–44 years also rose in 2000. The largest increases in these age groups were reported for Hispanic women. The proportion of all births that occurred to unmarried women was 22.1 percent for non-Hispanic white women, unchanged from Table D. Number, rate, and percent of births to unmarried women, and birth rate for married women: United States, 1980 and 1985–2000 Births to unmarried women Year 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1980 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number Rate1 Percent2 Birth rate for married women3 1,347,043 1,308,560 1,293,567 1,257,444 1,260,306 1,253,976 1,289,592 1,240,172 1,224,876 1,213,769 1,165,384 1,094,169 1,005,299 933,013 878,477 828,174 665,747 45.2 44.4 44.3 44.0 44.8 45.1 46.9 45.3 45.2 45.2 43.8 41.6 38.5 36.0 34.2 32.8 29.4 33.2 33.0 32.8 32.4 32.4 32.2 32.6 31.0 30.1 29.5 28.0 27.1 25.7 24.5 23.4 22.0 18.4 89.3 86.5 85.7 84.3 83.7 83.7 83.8 86.8 89.0 89.9 93.2 91.9 90.8 90.0 90.7 93.3 97.0 Births to unmarried women per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15–44 years. Percent of all births to unmarried women. 3 Births to married women per 1,000 married women aged 15–44 years. 2 9 Figure 3. Birth rates for unmarried women, by age of mother: United States, 1980–2000 10 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 1999; it declined for non-Hispanic black women from 69.1 to 68.7 percent. Among births to Hispanic women, the proportion increased from 42.2 to 42.7 percent (see tables 13, 14, 17, and 19 for 2000 data). The modest change in the proportion of births to unmarried women is the result of a 1 percent increase in births to married women in 2000, only the second increase since 1990. The birth rate for married women in 2000 (89.3 per 1,000) was higher than in any year since 1991 (89.9) (table D). Earlier in the 1990s, the proportion of births to unmarried women changed relatively little because of compensating changes in births and birth rates for unmarried and married women (31). During 1998–2000, the proportion continued to inch up because the increases in nonmarital births have been slightly larger than the increases in marital births. The numbers and proportions of births to unmarried women by State by race and Hispanic origin for 2000 are shown in table 19. Increases in the numbers far outpaced declines: Numbers rose in all but 4 States (Alaska, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Vermont), the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and American Samoa. The declines were modest except for a 3 percent drop in Vermont, and declines of 7 to 8 percent in the Virgin Islands and Guam. The proportions increased in 32 States and Puerto Rico, declined in 14 States, the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, and Guam, and were unchanged in 4 States and American Samoa. Age of father The birth rate per 1,000 men aged 15–54 years was 51.6 in 2000 (table 20), an increase of 2 percent from 1999 (50.8). Birth rates increased 1 to 5 percent for men aged 20–49 years, were stable for men aged 50 years and over, and decreased for males under age 20 years. After declining 11 percent between 1990 and 1995, the overall birth rate for men has remained stable. The mean age of fathers was 29.8 years in 2000 compared with 29.7 in 1999 (tabular data not shown). Information on age of father is often missing on birth certificates of children born to women less than 25 years of age and unmarried women as well (31). In 2000 the age of father was not reported for 14 percent of all births, 24 percent of births to all women under age 25 years, and 39 percent of all nonmarital births. In computing birth rates by age of father, births where age of father is not stated were distributed in the same proportion as births where age of father is stated within each 5-year age interval of mother. This procedure avoids the distortion in rates that would result if the relationship between age of mother and age of father were disregarded. The procedures for computing birth rates by age of father are described in more detail in the Technical notes. Educational attainment The educational attainment of women is important because higher educational attainment has been shown to be associated with more timely receipt of prenatal care and fewer lifestyle and health behaviors during pregnancy that can be detrimental to birth outcome. In 2000, 78 percent of women who gave birth had 12 or more years of schooling (a high school education), and 25 percent had 16 or more years of schooling (4 years of college) (table 21). Since 1990, these proportions have increased 3 and 40 percent, respectively. The percent of mothers with at least a high school education generally increased with maternal age, to about 90 percent for women aged 30 years and over. The educational attainment of women giving birth (based on the completed years of education at the time of birth) has increased substantially over the last few decades. This trend reflects in part increases in educational attainment of all women during that time period (32, 33). The median educational attainment for all mothers, however, was unchanged from the preceding year at 12.9 years in 2000 (tabular data not shown for this and earlier years), but has risen from 12.4 since 1970. Although the overall trend in educational attainment has been up, variations by race and ethnicity persist. Almost all Japanese women giving birth in 2000 completed 12 years of school (98 percent) (table 13) while only about half of Hispanic women completed high school (51 percent) (table 14). While the overall proportion of Hispanic mothers with at least 12 years of schooling was comparatively low, variation among Hispanic subgroups was wide, ranging from 45 percent of Mexican mothers to 88 percent of Cuban mothers. The percent of non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black mothers having completed high school were 88 and 75, respectively (tables 14 and 21). Maternal lifestyle and health characteristics Weight gain Maternal weight gain during pregnancy influences infant birthweight (34). In 1990 the Institute of Medicine published guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy for singleton gestations, later endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (35). Based on the mother’s body mass index (BMI), which is calculated from her prepregnancy weight and height, the guidelines recommend that women who are underweight (low BMI) gain 28 to 40 pounds, those who are of normal weight (average BMI) gain 25 to 35 pounds, those who are overweight (high BMI), gain 15 to 25 pounds, and obese women, gain not more than 15 pounds (35). However, it is recommended that weight gain goals be tailored to individual needs (35). Studies suggest that weight gain within these guidelines is associated with the best outcomes; these studies also suggest, however, that most maternal weight gain is outside of the recommended ranges (36). Only information on maternal weight gain is collected on the birth certificate; therefore, it is not possible to determine whether the weight gain was within the recommendations for the mother’s BMI. In 2000, 64 percent of women gained at least 26 pounds during pregnancy (table 22). The median weight gain for all mothers was 30.5 pounds, which has changed only slightly since 1989. Although the median weight gain has remained stable, the percent of mothers who gained at either end of the weight gain spectrum has increased. In 2000 the percent of mothers who gained less than 16 pounds (11.6) and the percent who gained 46 pounds or more (12.4) was higher than in 1989 (9.4 and 9.1, respectively). High maternal weight gain during pregnancy has been associated with an elevated risk of delivering a large- forgestational age (LGA) infant, as well as an increased risk of cesarean delivery (37, 38). Overall, maternal weight gain varied by period of gestation (table 22). In 2000 mothers who had preterm infants (gestations of under 37 completed weeks) had a median weight gain of 28.0 pounds, almost 3 pounds less than mothers who had babies with gestations of 37 to 39 weeks (30.5) or 40 weeks and over (30.9 pounds). The median National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 weight gain for non-Hispanic white women (30.9 pounds) was higher than for either non-Hispanic black women (30.1 pounds) or Hispanic women (29.6 pounds). Non-Hispanic black and American Indian mothers were more likely to have weight gains of less than 16 pounds (17 percent) than nonHispanic white mothers (10 percent). Among the Hispanic subgroups, the percent who gained less than 16 pounds ranged from 15 percent of Mexican to 8 percent of Cuban mothers. Asian or Pacific Islander women were generally less likely to gain less than 16 pounds—levels ranged from 6 percent of Chinese to 11 percent of Japanese mothers (tables 24 and 25). Maternal weight gain has been shown to have a positive correlation with infant birthweight (36, 38). In 2000 (table 23) as in previous years, the percent of infants with low birthweight decreased with increasing maternal weight gain through 36 to 40 pounds, (from 13.9 to 5.2 percent) remained at 5.2 percent for women who gained 41 to 45 pounds, and then increased slightly for mothers who gained 46 pounds or more (5.6 percent). A similar pattern generally can be observed for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic women for each gestational age. Medical risk factors Maternal medical risk factors can contribute to serious pregnancy complications and infant deaths, particularly if not treated properly (39–41). Sixteen medical risk factors that can affect pregnancy outcome are separately identified on the birth certificate (table 26). Medical risk factor data were missing from only 1.5 percent of records for 2000, but birth certificate data may underreport or incorrectly report medical risk factor prevalence due to a lack of adherence to uniform definitions and difficulty in interpreting data from medical records (42). Rates for rarely occurring medical risk factors and for smaller population groups can vary from year to year and should be used with caution. In 2000 the most frequently reported medical risk factors were pregnancy-associated hypertension (38.8 per 1,000 live births), diabetes (29.3), and anemia (23.9) (table 26). These have been the most frequently reported risk factors for the past decade, and their rates have risen steadily, by about 30 to 40 percent, since 1990. Pregnancyassociated hypertension, chronic hypertension, and eclampsia are all closely related hypertensive disorders, but the latter two are rarer conditions. Rates for chronic hypertension have increased moderately during the 1990s (7.6 for 2000), whereas the eclampsia rate has declined (3.1 for 2000). Overall, and for the majority of racial and ethnic groups, the reported rate of hydramnios/oligohydramnios (the excess or shortage of amniotic fluid) has consistently increased during the 1990s, more than doubling between 1990 and 2000 (from 5.9 to 13.4). These conditions have been associated with maternal diabetes (34, 43). Acute or chronic lung disease (e.g., asthma, tuberculosis) also has risen dramatically. Although reported for only 1 percent of all women overall, the rate of lung disease has more than tripled between 1990 and 2000 (from 3.0 to 11.9 per 1,000). Medical risk factors during pregnancy vary greatly by race/ethnicity (tables 27 and 28). American Indian and Chinese women have similarly high rates of diabetes, 5 percent each, the highest rates reported for any of the racial/ethnic subgroups. American Indian women also 11 have the highest rates of pregnancy-associated hypertension and anemia (5 percent each), whereas Chinese mothers have the lowest rates (1 percent each). Among the Hispanic subgroups in 2000, diabetes levels ranged from 2 percent for Cuban mothers to 4 percent for Puerto Rican mothers. Medical risk factor rates also often differ widely by maternal age (table 26). Anemia, for example, is more common among younger mothers (34.8 per 1,000 for mothers under age 20 years compared with 19.2 for mothers aged 40 years and over). Older mothers, conversely, are more prone to chronic conditions such as diabetes (69.5 per 1,000 for mothers aged 40 years and over compared with 8.8 per 1,000 for mothers under age 20 years). Some risk factors, however, such as pregnancy-associated hypertension, follow a U-shaped pattern, with the highest levels at the extremes of the maternal age distribution. Tobacco use during pregnancy Smoking during pregnancy declined to 12.2 percent of women giving birth in 2000, a 3-percent drop from 1999, and 37 percent lower than in 1989 (19.5 percent) when this information first became available from the birth certificate (44, 45). In 2000 information on tobacco use was reported on the birth certificates of all States except for California; South Dakota is included in the reporting area beginning in 2000. The addition of South Dakota, which has a higher smoking rate than the Nation as a whole (19.8 percent), had no impact on the national levels or trends, because only 0.3 percent of U.S. births were to South Dakota residents in 2000. The reporting area of 49 States and the District of Columbia accounted for 87 percent of U.S. births in 2000. Information on the impact on the trends in the 1990s of reporting area changes is provided in a recent report (45). The completeness of reporting of maternal smoking on the birth certificate has been discussed in several studies. These studies have suggested some underreporting of smoking because of a number of factors, including the lack of a specific time reference for smoking status, variations in the source of the information for each birth, and the considerable stigma associated with tobacco use which may be exacerbated in cases of poor birth outcome (45–49). Nonetheless, the trends identified from birth certificate data are generally consistent with trends from other sources, including various cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Summary, and others. Moreover, variations in smoking among population subgroups based on birth certificate data have been confirmed with data from other studies (12, 50–53). Measuring the incidence of tobacco use during pregnancy is important because it is one of the key preventable causes of a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including low birthweight, intrauterine growth retardation, miscarriage, and infant mortality, as well as negative consequences for child health and development (51,54–56). The costs associated with these adverse outcomes are substantial (57). In 2000 as in previous years, smoking rates were highest for older teenagers, 18–19 years (19.2 percent), followed by women aged 20–24 years (16.8 percent) (tables 24, 25, and 29–32). Smoking rates declined in 2000 for teenagers and for women in age groups 25–39 years. There was a slight increase for women aged 20–24 years and no change in the rate for women aged 40–54 years. Rates of smoking during pregnancy generally declined in all racial and Hispanic origin groups. Substantial variations persist in 12 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 smoking rates, however, with the highest rates reported for American Indian, non-Hispanic white, and Hawaiian women, and the lowest rates, for Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, Filipino, and Central and South American women (tables 24 and 25). Women born in the 50 States and the District of Columbia have substantially higher smoking rates than women born outside these areas, a pattern that has been noted elsewhere (58). Disparities in smoking rates are particularly large for teenage population subgroups. For example, among teenagers 18–19 years, the proportion smoking ranged from 3.2 percent for Mexican teenagers to 30.8 percent for non-Hispanic white teenagers (figure 4). Details of smoking patterns and trends by age, race, and Hispanic origin, and by State are described in a recent report (45). Not only have overall smoking rates fallen over the last decade, but also the proportions of smokers who smoked at least a half pack daily. In 2000, 28 percent of smokers reported smoking at least a half pack daily, compared with 41 percent in 1990 (45). Non-Hispanic white women were most likely to smoke half a pack or more (table 31). The strong association between higher educational attainment and lower smoking rates continued in 2000. Women who have attended but did not complete high school have the highest smoking rates, 25 percent in 2000, while college-educated women have the lowest rate, 2 percent. This pattern persists even when the data are limited to women aged 20 years and over: Twenty- eight percent of all women with 9–11 years of education smoked during pregnancy, while 48 percent of non-Hispanic white women in this category were smokers. The negative association of smoking and low birthweight has been shown repeatedly in birth certificate data as well as in other studies (45, 50, 54, 58, 59). In 2000 the incidence of low birthweight among babies born to smokers was two-thirds higher than that for nonsmokers, 11.9 percent compared with 7.2 percent. The disparity is observed for all age groups and for births to Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. In general, the gap tends to widen with advancing maternal age. This may be related to the greater smoking consumption of older compared with younger women (table 29). There is no ‘‘safe’’ level of smoking: Even among births to the lightest smokers, that is 1 to 5 cigarettes daily, the percent low birthweight was 11.2 percent in 2000, 56 percent higher than for nonsmokers (tabular data not shown). Alcohol use during pregnancy Alcohol use during pregnancy can severely jeopardize birth outcome, independent of other risk factors including tobacco use and other maternal risk factors (60, 61). Questions on alcohol use designed to monitor patterns of alcohol use were on the birth certificates of the District of Columbia and all States except California in 2000, accounting for 87 percent of U.S. births. Data for South Dakota are available beginning in 2000. The addition of South Dakota, which has a higher drinking rate than the Nation as a whole (2.7 percent compared with 0.9 percent), had no impact on the national levels or trends, because only 0.3 percent of U.S. births were to South Dakota residents in 2000. Despite the importance of information on maternal alcohol use, it unfortunately continues to be substantially underreported on birth certificates. This is apparent when birth certificate estimates of alcohol use are compared with results of surveys of pregnant women. In 2000 fewer than 1 percent of women reported alcohol use during pregnancy—0.9 percent compared with 1.0 percent in 1999 and 4.1 percent in 1989, the first year for which these data were reported on birth certificates (data for 2000 shown in tables 24 and 25). The most recent study of alcohol use during pregnancy from CDC’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System found drinking rates of 15 percent in 1995 compared with 1.5 percent reported from birth certificate data (62, 63). The birth certificate question on alcohol use is apparently not sensitive enough to measure this behavior for several reasons. It has no time reference (alcohol use at any time during pregnancy) and does not encourage the reporting of very light alcohol use (the question refers to the number of drinks per week). In addition, the stigma of maternal alcohol use likely contributes to the underreporting (62, 64). Medical services utilization Prenatal care Figure 4. Percent of mothers 18–19 years who smoked during pregnancy by race/ethnicity, 2000 In 2000, 83.2 percent of mothers began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy, unchanged from the level reported for 1999. The proportion of women with timely care had improved slowly, but consistently, during the 1990s (from 75.8 percent in 1990). (See table E and tables 33–35.) In 2000, 3.9 percent of all mothers received late or no care (care beginning in the third trimester or no care at all), compared with 3.8 percent in 1999. The percent of women with late or no care also improved during the 1990s, falling from 6.1 percent in 1990. Appropriate prenatal care can be important to both mother and child because it can promote healthier pregnancies by managing preexisting and pregnancy-related medical conditions, providing health behavior advice, and assessing the risk of poor pregnancy outcome (65, 66). For 1999–2000 small gains in timely care were observed among non-Hispanic white (88.4 to 88.5 percent) and non-Hispanic black women (74.1 to 74.3 percent), while the percent of Hispanic women National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table E. First trimester prenatal care by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1980, 1985, 1990–2000 Black American Indian2 Asian or Pacific Islander2 Hispanic3 74.3 74.1 73.3 72.3 71.5 70.4 68.3 66.1 64.0 61.9 60.7 59.9 ----- 69.3 69.5 68.8 68.1 67.7 66.7 65.2 63.4 62.1 59.9 57.9 57.9 57.5 55.8 84.0 83.7 83.1 82.1 81.2 79.9 79.7 77.6 76.6 75.3 75.1 74.8 74.1 73.7 74.4 74.4 74.3 73.7 72.2 70.8 68.9 66.6 64.2 61.0 60.2 59.5 ----- Non-Hispanic Year 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1985 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . All races1 White 83.2 83.2 82.8 82.5 81.9 81.3 80.2 78.9 77.7 76.2 75.8 75.5 76.2 76.3 88.5 88.4 87.9 87.9 87.4 87.1 86.5 85.6 84.9 83.7 83.3 82.7 ----- - - - Data not available. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes persons of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin. 3 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. beginning care in the first 3 months of pregnancy was unchanged at 74.4 percent. Although wide disparities among racial/ethnic groups persist (ranging from 69.3 percent for American Indian mothers to 91.7 percent for Cuban mothers), substantial gains in the timing of care among those groups least likely to receive early care have somewhat narrowed the gap; between 1990 and 2000 first trimester care increased by 20 to 26 percent among non-Hispanic black, American Indian, Hawaiian, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Central and South American women. (See tables 24 and 25 for 2000 data.) Women living in the New England States continued to be the most likely to receive timely prenatal care. At least 88 percent of women residing in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont began care in the first trimester of pregnancy in 2000; 1 to 2 percent of New England women received late or no care (table 34). Residents of New Mexico and Nevada were the least likely to begin care early (68.6 and 74.4 percent, respectively), and the most likely to receive care late, or have no care at all (9.4 and 8.5 percent). The Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index (APNCU) is an alternative measure of prenatal care utilization, which takes into account both the month that prenatal care began and the number of prenatal visits, adjusting for gestational age (67). As shown in table F, the APNCU includes categories for intensive, adequate, intermediate, and inadequate levels of prenatal care utilization. The ‘‘intensive’’ utilization category (the proportion of women for whom the number of prenatal care visits exceeds the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ recommendations by a ratio of observed to expected visits of at least 110 percent) was down from 31.6 to 31.2 percent for 1999–2000. This is the first reported decline in this measure since comparable data have been available (1981); intensive utilization had risen substantially (by about 70 percent) during the 1980s and 1990s (68). The percent of women with adequate care was essentially unchanged for 1999–2000, but levels of intermediate and inadequate care were up. Obstetric procedures Of the six specific obstetric procedures listed on the birth certificate, electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) and ultrasound are most frequently reported. In 2000, as in previous years, EFM was the most prevalent procedure, reported for 84 percent of all live births in the United States (table 36), over 3.3 million births. In 2000 at least 67.0 percent of mothers who had live births received ultrasound, a slight increase from 1999 (65.9). The use of obstetric procedures may be underreported on the birth certificate (69–72). In 2000 the rate of stimulation of labor was 17.9 percent (a 64 percent increase from the 1989 level of 10.9 percent). The rate of induction of labor was 19.9 (more than twice the 1989 level of 9.0 percent). Between 1999 and 2000, the rate of stimulation of labor did not change and the rate of induction of labor increased very slightly from 19.8. The rate of induction rose every year for all gestational ages between 1989 (the first year these data were reported on the birth certificate) and 2000 (figure 5). Since spontaneous labor is associated with fewer complications than induced labor, induction without a Table F. Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index: United States, 1990, 1995–2000 2000. 1999. 1998. 1997. 1996. 1995. 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Intensive use Adequate Intermediate Inadequate 31.2 31.6 31.0 30.7 29.3 28.8 24.6 43.0 43.1 43.3 43.3 43.6 43.7 42.3 14.0 13.6 13.8 14.0 14.7 14.7 15.7 11.9 11.7 11.9 12.0 12.4 12.8 17.4 NOTE: See reference 67 for information on calculation of this measure. 13 Figure 5. Rates of induction of labor by length of gestation in weeks: United States, 1989–2000 14 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 medical indication is discouraged (34). Medical indications for induction include premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, severe preeclampsia, pregnancy-associated hypertension, and diabetes (73, 74). Elective induction may increase the cesarean rate among nulliparous women (73, 74). The overall rate for tocolysis, the use of agents that decrease uterine activity for the management of preterm labor, was similar in 2000 (2.3 percent) and 1999 (2.4 percent). Recent studies have suggested that tocolytics may not improve perinatal outcomes (75). The overall rate for amniocentesis decreased to 2.4 percent of births in 2000 from 2.7 percent in 1999, and has declined every year since 1989, (3.2 percent). Other, less invasive screening tests (e.g., ultrasound, maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and multiple marker screening) may be replacing the use of amniocentesis in some instances (35). Complications of labor and/or delivery In 2000 of the 15 complications of labor and/or delivery reported on the birth certificate, the five most frequently reported were meconium moderate/heavy (53.9 per 1,000 live births), fetal distress (39.2 per 1,000), breech/malpresentation (38.8 per 1,000), dysfunctional labor (28.2 per 1,000), and premature rupture of membrane (PROM) (24.6 per 1,000) (table 37). Placental complications are infrequent but serious events. Abruptio placenta occurred in approximately 22,000 births (5.5 per 1,000). Placenta previa occurred in almost 13,000 births (3.2 per 1,000). More than one complication may be reported for a mother, and different complications may be related. For example, causes of fetal distress include placenta abruptio and cord prolapse; cord prolapse is also associated with breech/malpresentation (43). Complications of pregnancy may be underreported on the birth certificate (69–71). Complication rates vary among racial/ethnic groups (tables 27 and 28). In 2000 as in previous years, non-Hispanic black mothers had the highest rates of meconium (72.2 per 1,000) and fetal distress (48.8). Non-Hispanic white mothers had the highest rate of breech/malpresentation (44.0 per 1,000). Rates of dysfunctional labor were highest for Chinese (45.7 per 1,000) and Cuban (40.4) mothers. The rate of PROM was highest for American Indian mothers (36.2 per 1,000). Mexican mothers generally had the lowest complication rates. Generally, complication rates also can vary by age, especially three of the most frequently reported complications (table 37). The highest rates of meconium and fetal distress were reported in the youngest and oldest mothers (less than 20 years and 35 years of age and over). Rates of abruptio placenta, placenta previa, and cord prolapse were highest for older mothers. The percent of births attended by midwives increased between 1975 and 1999 from 1.0 to 7.7 percent and increased again in 2000 to 7.8 percent. The rate has more than doubled since 1989 (3.7 percent). A recent report found that nearly all of the growth in midwifeattended births was for those in hospitals (76). About 95 percent of all midwife-attended births in 2000 were by certified nurse midwives (CNMs). These numbers have been fairly stable since 1996, as has the number of deliveries by ‘‘other’’ midwives (5 percent). Due to misclassification of midwife-attended deliveries, these data should be considered lower estimates of the actual number of midwife-attended births (77, 78). About 99 percent of births in 2000 were delivered in hospitals, virtually unchanged in the last several decades. The majority of outof-hospital births were in a residence (63 percent); 29 percent were in a freestanding birthing center. These numbers have fluctuated only slightly since 1989. About 92 percent of births to non-Hispanic white and black women were attended by a physician in a hospital compared with 90 percent of births to Hispanic women. In 2000 as in previous years, Hispanic women were more likely to have a midwife-attended hospital birth (9.2 percent) than were either non-Hispanic white or black women (6.5 and 7.0 percent, respectively). Method of Delivery The rate of cesarean delivery increased for the fourth consecutive year, to 22.9 percent of all births, a 4 percent increase from 1999 (22.0 percent). This rate had fallen each year 1989–96, but has increased steadily since 1996, by 11 percent, and is now the highest reported since 1989, when these data first became available from birth certificates (table 39, 40, and figure 6). This rise in the total rate is due to both an increase in the primary cesarean rate and a decrease in the rate of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC). Recent reports on the risks associated with VBAC delivery may help to explain the decline in the VBAC rate (79–81). Debate continues regarding the risks and benefits of vaginal birth versus cesarean Attendant at birth and place of delivery In 2000 more than 9 out of 10 births (91.6 percent) were attended by a physician in a hospital, making this arrangement by far the most typical (table 38). The percent of all births delivered by physicians in hospitals has declined steadily since 1989 (95.1). Among doctor-attended births, 4.5 percent were by doctors of osteopathy (DOs) while the remaining were attended by doctors of medicine (MDs). Although still small, the number and percent of physician births attended by DOs has grown slowly from 3.0 percent in 1989, the first year data on DOs were available from the birth certificate. Figure 6. Total and primary cesarean rate and vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC) rate: United States, 1989–2000 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 section, especially with regard to VBAC (82–84). The increase in primary cesarean deliveries may be related to nonclinical factors such as demographics and physician practice patterns (82–84). The primary cesarean rate in 2000 (16.1 per 100 live births to women who had no previous cesarean) was 4 percent higher than in 1999 (15.5), and 10 percent higher than the low reported for 1996–97 (14.6). The rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery (VBAC) declined 12 percent between 1999 and 2000—from 23.4 per 100 women with a previous cesarean to 20.6. The VBAC rate has declined 27 percent between 1996 and 2000 after increasing by 50 percent between 1989 and 1996 (from 18.9 to 28.3). In 2000 total and primary cesarean rates increased for all age groups and racial and ethnic groups (including subgroups), and VBAC rates decreased. For the current year as in previous years, overall cesarean rates increased steadily with advancing maternal age and were more than two times as high for mothers aged 40–54 years (36.1) than for mothers under age 20 years (15.7) (table 40). When only singleton births were considered, one-half of all deliveries to the oldest women (50–54 years of age) were by cesarean (data not shown). Conversely, VBAC rates declined with increasing age—23.9 percent of teenagers who had a previous cesarean had a vaginal delivery compared with 16.7 percent of mothers aged 40–54 years. VBACs among women aged 50–54 years were extremely rare. Between 1999 and 2000, there was an increase of 4 to 5 percent in the total cesarean rate for each major racial and ethnic group. Non-Hispanic black women had a higher total cesarean rate in 2000 (24.3) than either non-Hispanic white (23.1) or Hispanic women (22.1). All groups also experienced increases in their primary cesarean rate from 1999 to 2000 of 4 to 5 percent. The primary cesarean rate for non-Hispanic black women (17.3) also was higher than the rate for non-Hispanic white women (16.4) and Hispanic women (14.5). The VBAC rate for each group declined 9 to 12 percent between 1999 and 2000. The VBAC rate in 2000 was highest for non-Hispanic white women (21.1), lowest for Hispanic women (18.5) and intermediate for non-Hispanic black women (20.5). A detailed discussion of trends in cesarean and VBAC rates in the 1990s may be found in a recent report (85). Cesarean rates for American Indian women (20.2) were lower than rates for non-Hispanic white or black mothers, (23.1 and 24.3, respectively) (tables 24 and 25). The rate of cesarean delivery ranged between 21.4 and 23.9 for all Hispanic subgroups, with the exception of Cuban mothers whose rate was much higher (33.7), likely related in part to their older age at childbearing. With the exception of Filipino mothers, all API subgroups had lower rates of cesarean delivery than either non-Hispanic white or black mothers. Cesarean rates increased for 48 of the 50 States and for the District of Columbia for 1999–2000. There was considerable variation in cesarean rates by State, ranging from 14.7 percent for Hawaii (the rate for this State, however, is considered to be substantially underreported; see Technical notes) to 28.3 percent for Mississippi (table 41). The rate for Puerto Rico was 39.1. Between 1999 and 2000, VBAC rates decreased in 48 of the 50 States and the District of Columbia. There was also considerable variation in VBAC rates by State. Rates ranged from 9.7 in Louisiana to 41.5 in Vermont. 15 All of the selected medical risk factors in table 42 were associated with cesarean rates that were higher than the national average. Cesarean rates for the medical risk factors ranged from 22.7 for mothers with Rh sensitization to 48.8 for mothers with eclampsia. Certain complications of labor and/or delivery are also associated with higher cesarean rates. Nearly all births with cephalopelvic disproportion were cesarean deliveries (96.4) while the cesarean rates were also very high for breech/malpresentation (85.0) and placenta previa (81.0). Concurrent with the increase in cesarean deliveries, births delivered by either forceps or vacuum extraction decreased for 1999–2000, from 7.4 to 7.0 percent (data not shown). The 2000 rate is 26 percent lower than the peak of 9.5 percent in 1994 (76). Infant health characteristics Period of gestation The preterm birth rate declined from 11.8 to 11.6 percent for 2000, the first decline in this measure since 1992. The percent of births born preterm (at less than 37 completed weeks of gestation) has risen fairly steadily over the last two decades, from 9.4 percent in 1981, and 10.6 in 1990. The very preterm birth rate (gestational age of under 32 completed weeks) was 1.93 percent for 2000, compared with 1.96 percent for 1999. The proportion of infants born at these earlier, more vulnerable gestational ages is essentially unchanged from that reported for 1990 (1.92 percent), but has increased from 1.81 percent since 1981. (See tables 24, 25, 43, 44, figure 7.) Figure 7. Percent preterm, very preterm, and moderately preterm births by race and Hispanic origin, 1990 and 2000 16 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 The increased incidence in preterm births is of concern because of their heightened risk of morbidity and early mortality. Almost one-fifth of all very preterm infants do not survive the first year of life, compared with about 1 percent of infants born moderately preterm (32–36 weeks) and 0.3 percent of infants born at term (37–41 weeks) (86). Preterm newborns who do survive are more likely to be neurologically impaired (87). The etiologies of preterm delivery, which can result from spontaneous preterm labor, premature rupture of the membanes (PROM) or medical induction of labor (nonmutually exclusive categories) are not fully understood, and until progress is made in this regard, meaningful reduction in the incidence of preterm delivery is unlikely (87, 88). Preterm births were down for the three largest racial and ethnic groups between 1999 and 2000: non-Hispanic white (from 10.5 to 10.4 percent), black (17.5 to 17.3 percent), and Hispanic (11.4 to 11.2 percent). This is the first decline in the preterm rate for nonHispanic white births in more than a decade; rates had been rising steadily, from 8.5 percent in 1990. This upward trend has been somewhat influenced by the increased multiple birth rate; infants born in multiple deliveries tend to be born at shorter gestations than those born in singleton deliveries. The preterm rates for singletons has also risen (from 7.5 to 8.7 percent between 1990 and 2000); however, nearly all of the increase has been among moderately preterm births; the very preterm singleton birth rate was largely unchanged over this period (1.11 compared with 1.14 percent). Although still substantially more likely than mothers of other racial/ethnic groups to deliver before term, the preterm birth rate for black mothers has been trending slowly downward since peaking at 18.9 percent in 1991. The 2000 preterm level of 17.3 percent is similar to that reported for the early 1980s, but the very preterm rate for black infants, 4.04 percent, is the lowest reported since 1981 when comparable data are first available. Preliminary numbers also indicate a decline in infant mortality among black infants for 2000 (89). Between 1990 and 2000, preterm Hispanic births fluctuated moderately, finally moving only from 11.0 to 11.2 percent. There has been essentially no change in the rate of singleton preterm (10.3 percent) or very preterm births (1.5 percent) born to Hispanic mothers over this period. Preterm rates declined for each of the Hispanic subgroups (except ‘‘Other’’ Hispanic) for 1999–2000. For the current year, rates for the subgroups ranged from 10.6 percent for infants born to Cuban mothers, to 13.5 percent for Puerto Rican infants. (See table 25 for 2000 data.) For 2000 preterm birth rates also improved among American Indian (12.7 percent), Chinese (7.3 percent), Japanese (8.3 percent), Hawaiian, (11.7 percent) and Filipino (12.2 percent) births (table 24). Birthweight In 2000, 7.6 percent of all infants were born low birthweight (LBW), or at less than 2,500 grams, unchanged from the previous 2 years. The proportion of infants born LBW rose fairly steadily from the mid-1980s (6.8 percent). (See tables 43–47.) The percent of infants delivered at very low birthweight (VLBW) (less than 1,500 grams) was 1.43 percent for 2000, compared with 1.45 percent for 1999. The rate of VLBW has risen from 1.16 percent in 1981, and from 1.27 percent in 1990. The risk of early death increases as birthweight declines; about 25 percent of all VLBW, compared with 2 percent of infants born at 1,500–2,499 grams, and 0.03 percent of infants born at 2,500 grams or more, die by age 1 (86). For the current year, these rates are expected to equal about 18,000 deaths among LBW infants. Those LBW infants who do survive, especially those born at the lower end of the weight continuum, are more likely than heavier infants to suffer long-term disabilities (90). The incidence of LBW among infants born in singleton deliveries was 6.00 percent for 2000, about the same as that reported for 1999 (6.05 percent). Compared with the increase in LBW for all pluralities, singleton LBW has been stable over the last two decades (5.96 percent in 1980) (table G). Much of the rise in the overall LBW rate can be attributed to the increased incidence of multiple births, which on average are born at much lower weights than singletons (see section on multiple births). In 2000, 23 percent of all LBW infants were born in a twin, triplet, or higher-order delivery. The overall low birthweight rate for births to non-Hispanic white women (figure 8) was essentially unchanged between 1999 and 2000 (6.64 and 6.60 percent). Since 1990, however, LBW rates have risen 18 percent (from 5.6 to 6.6 percent). The increased incidence of multiple births for this group explains much of the climb in overall nonHispanic white LBW; singleton LBW rose a comparatively modest 4.6 to 4.9 percent over this period (table G). LBW among all births to black mothers declined slightly from 13.1 to 13.0 percent for 1999–2000. The LBW rate for this group has been decreasing slowly since 1991 (a high of 13.5 percent), but is still higher than levels reported for the early and mid-1980s (low of 12.6 percent). The increase in multiple births has also had an important impact on LBW levels for this group; when only singleton births are examined, black LBW is at the lowest level reported in two decades, 11.15 percent (table G). The overall percent of VLBW black infants was down, from 3.14 to 3.07 percent for 1999–2000, the first decline in this rate since at least 1981. Despite these more positive trends, black mothers at all ages Table G. Percent low birthweight among singletons by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1980, 1985, and 1990–2000 White Year 2000 . 1999 . 1998 . 1997 . 1996 . 1995 . 1994 . 1993 . 19922 19912 19903 1985 . 19804 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black Total Total Non-Hispanic Total Non-Hispanic Hispanic1 6.00 6.05 6.05 6.08 6.03 6.05 6.05 6.05 5.93 5.99 5.90 5.80 5.96 4.99 5.02 5.05 5.02 5.00 4.98 4.91 4.83 4.71 4.74 4.68 4.77 4.90 4.88 4.93 4.91 4.95 4.90 4.87 4.79 4.70 4.59 4.61 4.56 ----- 11.15 11.32 11.33 11.37 11.45 11.59 11.69 11.81 11.84 12.09 11.86 11.35 11.46 11.28 11.44 11.44 11.46 11.55 11.66 11.79 11.90 11.91 12.15 11.92 ----- 5.36 5.34 5.40 5.43 5.34 5.36 5.37 5.34 5.22 5.29 5.23 ----- - - - Data not available. 1 Includes persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 2 Excludes data for New Hampshire, which did not require reporting of Hispanic origin of mother. 3 Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of Hispanic origin of mother. 4 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and a 50 percent sample of births in all other States. See Technical notes. NOTE: Low birthweight is less than 2,500 grams or 5 lb 8 oz. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Figure 8. Percent low birthweight by race and Hispanic origin of mother, 2000 continue to be more likely than mothers of other racial/ethnic groups to deliver at weights of less than 5½ pounds and 3¼ pounds. Trends in Hispanic LBW have been comparatively stable. Overall LBW for births to Hispanic mothers rose moderately from 6.1 to 6.4 percent, and singleton LBW from 5.3 to 5.4 percent between 1990 and 2000. The risk of LBW for Hispanic births is similar to that of 17 non-Hispanic white and about half that of black infants. Among the Hispanic subgroups, LBW levels ranged from 6.0 percent for Mexican to 9.3 percent for Puerto Rican births. (See table 25.) The reported incidence of low birthweight for American Indian infants was 6.8 percent for 2000. Among Asian and Pacific Islander subgroups, LBW ranged from a low of 5.1 percent for Chinese to a high of 8.5 percent for Filipino births (table 24). The percent of macrosomic births, infants born at weights of 4,000 grams or more, was 9.9 for 2000, unchanged from 1999 (1.5 percent of macrosomic births weighed at least 5,000 grams, or more than 11 pounds). (See tables 43 and 45 for 2000 data). The proportion of heavier weight infants generally declined for the 1990s after peaking at 11 percent in the 1980s. For 2000, 12 percent of non-Hispanic white, 9 percent of Hispanic, and 5 percent of non-Hispanic black infants weighed at least 8 pounds, 14 ounces at birth (tables 24 and 25). LBW rates tend to be highest for the youngest (less than 15 years) and the oldest mothers (aged 45 years and over) (table 45), but much of the LBW risk for the latter age group is attributable to their higher multiple birth rates. For 2000, 55 percent of all LBW infants born to women aged 45 years and over were born in a multiple delivery compared with 8 percent of infants to mothers under 15 years. When only singleton births are examined, women 45 years and over were substantially less likely than their youngest counterparts to bear a LBW child. (Whereas this pattern holds for total, non-Hispanic white, and Hispanic births, it does not for black mothers; the risk of singleton LBW for older black mothers is quite elevated compared with the youngest mothers). (See figure 9.) Figure 9. Percent low birthweight for singletons by maternal age, race, and Hispanic origin, 2000 18 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 The median birthweight for all births for 2000 was 3,350 grams (7 pounds, 7 ounces), unchanged since 1995. The median weight for white births was 3,390 grams and for black births 3,180 grams (data not shown). The LBW and VLBW rates vary widely by State (tables 46 and 47). For 2000 LBW levels among non-Hispanic white births ranged from a low of 4.8 percent for Alaska, to a high of 8.2 percent for Wyoming. The highest State-specific rate for non-Hispanic white births was still lower than the lowest State-specific rate for non-Hispanic black births; LBW rates for States with at least 1,000 non-Hispanic black births ranged from 10.7 percent in Washington State, to 15.0 percent in Colorado. Apgar score The Apgar score, devised in 1952 by Virginia Apgar, M.D., is a standardized and relatively quick method of evaluating the general physical condition of the newborn at 1 minute, 5 minutes, and if desired, at additional 5 minute intervals after delivery (91–93). The score measures five easily identifiable infant characteristics—heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each characteristic is assessed and assigned a value of 0 to 2, with 2 being optimum. The total score is the sum of the scores of the five components (91). A score of 0 to 3 indicates an infant in need of resuscitation; a score in the range of 4 to 6 is considered intermediate; a score of 7 or greater indicates that the neonate is in good to excellent physical condition. The 1-minute Apgar (no longer available from national vital statistics data), signals the need for immediate resuscitation. The 5-minute Apgar score, especially a change in the score between 1 and 5 minutes, is a useful clinical indicator of the effectiveness of resuscitation efforts but has limited use in determining the severity of the problem and correlates poorly with future neurologic outcome (92). In 2000 all States except California and Texas reported information on the 5-minute Apgar score, accounting for 78 percent of all U.S. births. Of the births in the reporting States, 1.4 percent of babies had Apgar scores that were considered low (below 7) at 5 minutes after birth, essentially unchanged since 1990 (tables 24 and 25). The lack of change in low Apgar scores is surprising given the substantial increase in low birthweight (LBW) rates over this period—LBW infants are more likely to be assigned lower Apgar scores than are heavier infants (94). Low 5-minute Apgar scores have declined among both very low and moderately low birthweight infants however, suggesting improvement in resuscitation techniques for these at-risk births (95). (Similar trends are observed among very and moderately preterm infants.) (Data not shown.) Abnormal conditions of the newborn Since the first year these data were collected (1989), three of the eight specific abnormal conditions listed on the birth certificate have been reported most frequently: assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes, assisted ventilation of 30 minutes or longer, and hyaline membrane disease/respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (table 48). Hyaline membrane disease/RDS is a common cause of morbidity in preterm infants (96). In addition to low gestational age, risk factors include poorly controlled maternal diabetes, multiple births and fetal asphyxia (97). In 2000 the rate for assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes was 22.0 per 1,000. The rate has increased fairly steadily from the 1989 rate of 11.4. In 2000 the rate of assisted ventilation of 30 minutes or longer was 9.4 per 1,000. This rate has also generally risen since 1989. Assisted ventilation is used in the treatment of respiratory disorders such as RDS (97). The overall rate of hyaline membrane disease (RDS) was 6.1 per 1,000 in 2000; this condition has been slowly decreasing since the highest levels reported for 1994–95 (6.7). Rates of the other conditions have fluctuated slightly since 1989. Abnormal conditions may be underreported or incorrectly reported on the birth certificate (69, 98). Some abnormalities are not apparent at birth (e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome); diagnosis of an abnormal condition present at birth may occur after the birth certificate has been completed (99, 100). Congenital anomalies Congenital malformations are a leading cause of infant deaths in the U.S. (86, 101). They are also a cause of physical defects and metabolic diseases (102). Congenital anomalies are reported on the birth certificates of 49 States and the District of Columbia, accounting for more than 99 percent of births in 2000 (table 49). Many of the congenital anomalies tracked on birth certificates occur rarely; therefore, the rates shown in this report are calculated per 100,000 live births. Congenital anomalies are underreported on the birth certificate (69, 103, 104). Among the factors that limit complete reporting of these conditions are recognizability at birth and severity (69, 105, 106). Malformations that are serious and/or readily apparent are more likely to be reported. Caution should also be used in comparing yearly rates for a specific anomaly, as a small change in the number of anomalies reported can result in a relatively large change in rates. In 2000 rates for the 21 malformations/groups of malformations listed on the birth certificate were generally unchanged from 1999. Cleft lip/palate was reported at a rate of 82.1 per 100,000 births. The rate for clubfoot was 57.2 per 100,000. The rate of Down’s syndrome, the most frequently recognized cause of mental retardation in the United States (107), but believed to be poorly reported in these data, was 46.9 per 100,000 (table 49). To prevent neural tube defects, such as spina bifida and anencephalus, fortification of all cereal and grain products with folic acid was mandatory by January 1998 (108). Increased folate use among women of childbearing age was recently reported (109). In 2000 the rate for spina bifida/meningocele was 20.7 per 100,000 births; the rate for anencephalus was 10.7. A recently published report of trends based on birth certificate data for these conditions 1991–2000, reported the rate for anencephalus has been stable and the rate for spina bifida has declined (108). For various anomalies, rates vary widely with maternal age (table 49). For example, in 2000 as during the 1990s, rates for Down’s syndrome and heart malformations are higher for births to mothers aged 35 years and over. Multiple births Births in twin deliveries continued their upward climb in 2000. The number of twins rose to 118,916, an increase of 4 percent, and National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 the twin birth rate increased from 28.9 to 29.3 twin births per 1,000 total births. (See table 50 for 2000 data.) The number and rate of twin births has risen each year since 1980; the number by 74 percent (from 68,339), and the rate by 55 percent (from 18.9) (110) (figure 10). In contrast to the continued rise in twins, the upsurge in triplet and other higher order multiple births (triplet/+) of the last two decades appears to have abated, at least in the short term. The number of triplet/+ births (triplets, quadruplets, and quintuplet and other higherorder multiples) was essentially unchanged for 1999–2000 (7,321 compared with 7,325 births) after having dropped 4 percent between 1998 and 1999 (table H). The triplet/+ birth rate declined for the second straight year, from 184.9 to 180.5 triplet/+ births per 100,000 live births for 1999–2000. The rate of triplet/+ births had surged from 37.0 to 193.5 per 100,000 between 1980 and 1998 (110). (See figure 11.) The dramatic rise in multiple births over the last two decades, especially in triplet/+ births, has been associated with two related trends: Advances in, and greater access to, assisted reproductive medicine (i.e., ovulation-inducing drugs and assisted reproductive techniques (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF)), and the older age of childbearing (women in their thirties are more likely to have a multiple birth than younger women even without the use of fertility therapies) (111–113). A recent study found that nearly half of all triplets born in 1998 were the result of ART (114). A study of 1997 triplet/+ births estimated that 43 percent resulted from ART, 38 percent were the result of ovulation-inducing drugs, and only 20 percent of triplet/+ births were spontaneously conceived (115). The upsurge in triplet/+ births has been expected to abate somewhat as the population of older women in their childbearing years declines. However, the decline in age-specific triplet birth rates among older women suggests that other factors are contributing to the current downturn. For 1999 and 2000, triplet/+ birth rates declined among women most likely to seek fertility-enhancing therapies—those aged 30 Figure 10. Number of twin births, 1980–2000 19 Table H. Numbers of twin, triplet, quadruplet, and quintuplet and other higher order multiple births: United States, 1989–2000 Year 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Twins Triplets Quadruplets Quintuplets and other higher order multiples1 118,916 114,307 110,670 104,137 100,750 96,736 97,064 96,445 95,372 94,779 93,865 90,118 6,742 6,742 6,919 6,148 5,298 4,551 4,233 3,834 3,547 3,121 2,830 2,529 506 512 627 510 560 365 315 277 310 203 185 229 77 67 79 79 81 57 46 57 26 22 13 40 1 Quintuplets, sextuplets, and higher order multiple births are not differentiated in the national data set. years and over; rates for women under age 30 years increased slightly. In 1999, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and The American Society of Reproductive Medicine issued recommendations intended to prevent triplet/+ pregnancies because of their elevated risk of poor outcome (116, 117). Thus, recent refinements to fertility-enhancing therapies, particularly to IVF, which lower the risk of multifetal pregnancy, also may be affecting the incidence of higherorder multiple births (116–119). Twin birth rates rose between 1999 and 2000 among births to the three largest racial/ethnic groups: non-Hispanic white (32.2 per 1,000), non-Hispanic black (33.4) and Hispanic women (20.2). Since 1990, the increase in the twinning rate has been most pronounced among non-Hispanic white women (41 percent); rates for non-Hispanic black Figure 11. Triplet/+ birth rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother, 1980–2000 20 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 and Hispanic women were up by 25 and 12 percent, respectively. For the current year, the rate of triplet/+ births declined among non-Hispanic white women (246.3 per 100,000) and non-Hispanic black women (83.7), but was up for Hispanic women (80.8). The use of fertility-enhancing therapies likely has contributed to shifts in age-specific twin and triplet birth rate patterns. Historically, twin and triplet birth rates have been highest for women aged 35–39 years (110). For recent years, however, multiple birth rates have risen steadily with maternal age, with a precipitous rise at age 45 years and over. For 2000, 40 percent of all births to women aged 50 years and over was a twin or triplet/+ (data not shown). The 126,241 multiples born in 2000 were at substantially higher risk than their singleton counterparts of poor perinatal outcome, and the higher the plurality, the higher the risk. Related to their shorter gestational ages (57 percent of twins and 93 percent of triplets were born preterm or at less than 37 completed weeks of gestation in 2000, compared with 10 percent of singletons), and lower birthweights (mean birthweights for twins and triplets were 2,362 and 1,697, grams respectively, compared with 3,348 grams for singletons) is the higher risk of infant death among twins and triplet/+ compared with singletons (86). For those who survive, long-term outcomes are more often compromised. (For example, cerebral palsy occurs more frequently among multiple than among singleton births.) Risk is also elevated for mothers of multiples—women with multiple gestation pregnancies are more likely to develop pregnancy-induced complications (120). References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ. Births: Preliminary data for 2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 5. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. National Center for Health Statistics. Natality public-use tape and CD-ROM. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. Annual products. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 1998, vol I, natality. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ datawh/statab/unpubd/natality/natab98.htm. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United States, 2000, vol I, natality, technical appendix. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. In press. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Profile of general demographic characteristics for the United States: 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. Released May 15, 2001. Available at: http://www. census. gov/Press-Release/www/2001/tables/dp_us_1990.PDF. U.S. Census Bureau. Profile of general demographic characteristics for the United States: 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. Released May 15, 2001. Available at: http://www.census. gov/Press-Release/www/2001/tables/dp_us_2000.PDF. U.S. Census Bureau. Unpublished estimates of the July 1, 2000 United States population by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. 1990-based estimates. Forthcoming 2002. Mathews TJ, Ventura SJ, Curtin SC, Martin JA. Births of Hispanic origin, 1989–95. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 46 no 6 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1998. Ventura SJ, Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. Births to teenagers in the United States, 1940–2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 10. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw S. Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome: Estimates for the United States, 1976–96. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(56). 2000. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Ventura SJ, Mosher WD, Curtin SC, Abma JC, Henshaw S. Trends in pregnancy rates for the United States, 1976–97: An update. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 9. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Abma JC, Chandra A, Mosher WD, Peterson LS, Piccinino LJ. Fertility, family planning, and women’s health: New data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 23(19). 1997. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in sexual risk behavior among high school students—United States, 1991–1997. MMWR 47(36):749–52. 1998. Abma JC, Sonenstein F. Sexual activity and contraceptive practices among teenagers in the United States, 1988 and 1995. Vital Health Stat 23(21). 2001. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. A national strategy to prevent teen pregnancy: Annual report, 2000–2001. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. In press. Piccinino LJ, Mosher WD. Trends in contraceptive use in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam Plann Persp 30(1):4–10, 46. 1998. Ventura SJ. Trends and variations in first births to older women, 1970–86. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(47). 1989. U.S. Census Bureau. Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF1) 100-Percent Data. Table QT-P1. Age Groups and Sex: 2000. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Released, November 16, 2001. Available at: http:// factfinder.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. 1990 Summary Tape File 1 (STF1) 100-Percent Data. Table QT-P1. Age and Sex: 1990. Washington DC: U.S. Census Bureau. Released, May 1992. Available at: http://factfinder.census. gov. Chandra A, Stephen EH. Impaired fecundity in the United States: 1982–1995. Fam Plann Persp 30(1):34–42. 1998. United Nations. World fertility patterns 1997. United Nations Publication ST/ESA/SER. A/165. New York, NY: United Nations. 1997. Clarke SC, Ventura SJ. Birth and fertility rates for States: United States, 1990. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(52). 1994. Taffel SM. Birth and fertility rates for States: United States, 1980. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(42). 1984. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Report of final natality statistics, 1996. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 46 no 11 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1998. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ. Births: Final data for 1997. National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 18. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Mathews TJ, Park MM. Births: Final data for 1998. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000 Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, Menacker F, Hamilton BE. Births: Final data for 1999. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 1. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001 Davis DL, Gottlieb MB, Stampnitzky JR. Reduced ratio of male to female births in several industrial countries: A sentinel health indicator. JAMA 279:1018–23. 1998. Trivers R, Willard D. Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science 179:90–2. 1973. Clarke, JI .The Human Dichotomy: Changing Numbers of Males and Females. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press. 2000. Ventura SJ, Bachrach CA. Nonmarital childbearing in the United States, 1940–99. National vital statistics reports; vol 48 no 16. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2000. U. S. Bureau of the Census. Educational attainment in the United States: March 1999. P20–528. Also detailed tables and documentation National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. for P20–528. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2000. Available at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/p20-528.pdf. U. S. Census Bureau. Educational attainment in the United States (Update): March 2000. P20–536. Also detailed tables and documentation for P20–536. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2000. Available at: http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/education/p20536/p20-536.pdf. Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, et al. eds. Williams Obstetrics (21st edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 2001. American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Guidelines for Perinatal Care (4th edition) 1997. Abrams B, Altman SL, Pickett KE. Pregnancy weight gain: Still controversial. Am J Clin Nutr 71 (suppl):1233S–41S. 2000. Parker JD, Abrams B. Prenatal weight gain advice: An examination of the recent prenatal weight gain recommendations of the Institute of Medicine. Obstet & Gynecol 79 (5, Part I): 664–9. 1992. Abrams B, Selvin S. Maternal weight gain pattern and birthweight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 82(2): 163–9. 1995. Lydakis C, Beevers DG, et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcome following chronic hypertension in pregnancy among different ethnic groups. QJM 91(12):837–44. 1998. Sibai BM, Lindheimer M, et al. Risk factors for preeclampsia, abruptio placentae, and adverse neonatal outcomes among women with chronic hypertension. NEJM 339(10):667–71. 1998. Xiong X, Mayes D, et al. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180(1 Pt 1):207–13. 1999. Woolbright LA, Hilliard M, Harshbarger DS, et al. Improving medical risk factor reporting on birth certificates in Alabama. Southern Medical J 92(9):893–97. 1999. Scott JR, Di Saia PJ, Hammond CB, et al. eds. Danforth’s Obstetrics and Gynecology (8th edition). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of new data from the 1989 birth certificate. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 40 no 12 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1992. Mathews TJ. Smoking during pregnancy during the 1990s. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 7. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Dietz PM, Adams MM, Kendrick JS, Mathis MP, The PRAMS Working Group. Completeness of ascertainment of prenatal smoking using birth certificates and confidential questionnaires: Variations by maternal attributes and infant birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 148(11):1048–54. 1998. Kharrazi M, Epstein D, Hopkins B, et al. Evaluation of four smoking questions. Pub Health Rep 114(1):60–70. 1999. Ventura SJ. Commentary: Using the birth certificate to monitor smoking during pregnancy. Pub Health Rep 114(1):71–3.1999. Wong M, Koren G. Bias in maternal reports of smoking during pregnancy associated with fetal distress. Cana J Pub Health 92(2):102–12. 2001. Barnett E. Race differences in the proportion of low birthweight attributable to maternal smoking in a low-income population. American Journal of Health Promotion 10(2):105–10. 1995. Sprauve ME, Lindsay MK, Drews-Botsch CD, Graves W. Racial patterns in the effects of tobacco use on fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181(1):S22–7. 1999. Vega WA, Kolody B, Hwang J, Noble A. Prevalence and magnitude of perinatal substance exposures in California. NEJM 329(12):850–4. 1993. Ebrahim SH, Floyd RL, Merritt RK, et al. Trends in pregnancy-related smoking rates in the United States, 1987–96. JAMA 283(3):361–6. 2000. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 21 Kleinman JC, Madans JH. The effects of maternal smoking, physical stature, and educational attainment on the incidence of low birth weight. Am J Epidemiol 121(6):843–55. 1985. Pollack HA. Sudden infant death syndrome, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation intervention. Am J Public Health 91(3):432–6. 2001. Lorente C, Cordier S, Goujard J, et al. Tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy and risk of oral clefts. Am J Public Health 90(3):415–9. 2000. Miller DP, Villa KF, Hogue SL, Sivapathasundaram D. Birth and first-year costs for mothers and infants attributable to smoking. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 3(1):25–35. 2001. Crump C, Lipsky S, Mueller BA. Adverse birth outcomes among Mexican-Americans: Are U.S.-born women at greater risk than Mexican-born women? Ethn Health 4(1–2):29–34. 1999. Moore ML, Zaccaro DJ. Cigarette smoking, low birth weight, and preterm births in low-income African American women. J Perinatol 20(3):176–80. 2000. Sampson PD, Bookstein FL, Barr HM, Steissguth AP. Prenatal alcohol exposure, birthweight, and measures of child size from birth to 14 years. Am J Public Health 84(9):1421–8. 1994. Roeleveld N, Vingerhoets E, Zielhuis GA, Gabreels F. Mental retardation associated with parental smoking and alcohol consumption before, during, and after pregnancy. Prev Medicine 21:110–9. 1992. Ebrahim SH, Luman ET, Floyd RL, et al. Alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the United States during 1988–1995. Obstet and Gynecol 92(2):187–92. 1998. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Curtin SC, and Mathews TJ. Report of final natality statistics, 1995. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 45 no 11 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1997. Chomitz VR, Cheung LWY, Lieberman E. The role of lifestyle in preventing low birth weight. In: The Future of Children: Low Birthweight. Vol 5(1):121–38. Los Altos, California: Center for the Future of Children, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. 1995. Fiscella K. Does prenatal care improve birth outcomes? A critical review. Obstet Gynecol. 85(3): 468–79. 1995. U.S. Public Health Service. Caring for our Future: The content of prenatal care. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1989. Kotelchuck M. An evaluation of the Kessner adequacy of prenatal care index and a proposed adequacy of prenatal care utilization index. Am J Public Health 84 (9) 1414–20. 1994. Kogan MD, Martin JA, Alexander GR, Kotelchuk M, Ventura SJ, Figoletto FD. The changing pattern of prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981–1995, using different prenatal care indices. JAMA 279(20):1623–8. 1998. Piper, JM, Mitchel EF, Snowden M, et al. Validation of 1989 Tennessee birth certificates using maternal and newborn hospital records. Am J Epidemiol 137(7):758–68. 1993. Parrish, KM, Holt, VL, Connell, FA, et al. Variations in the accuracy of obstetric procedures and diagnoses on birth records in Washington State, 1989. Am J Epidemiol 138(2):119–27. 1993. Dobie SA, Baldwin L-M, Roger A, et al. How well do birth certificates describe the pregnancies they report? The Washington State experience with low-risk pregnancies. Maternal and Child Health Journal 2(3):145–54. 1998. Reichman NE, Hade EM. Validation of birth certificate data: A study of women in New Jersey’s HealthStart program. Ann Epidem 11(3): 186–93. 2001. Coonrod DV, Bay C, Kishi GY. The epidemiology of induction: Arizona, 1997. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(6): 1355–62. 2000. 22 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. Dublin S, Lydon-Rochelle M, Kaplan RC, et al. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after induction of labor without an identified indication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183(4): 986–3. 2000. Gyetvi K, Hannah ME, Hodnett ED, Ohlsson A. Tocolytics for preterm labor: A systematic review. Obstet & Gynecol. 94(5) Part 2:869–77. 1999. Curtin SC, Park MM. Trends in the attendant, place, and timing of births, and in the use of obstetric interventions: United States, 1989–97. National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 27. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999. Clarke S.C., Martin JA, Taffel SM. Trends and characteristics of births attended by midwives. Statistical Bulletin 78(1): 9–18. 1997. National Center for Health Statistics. Technical appendix. Vital statistics of the United States, 1999, vol I, p 16. natality. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, Maryland. 2001. Available on the NCHS Web site at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm and included on the CD-ROM. McMahon MJ, Luther ER, Bowes WA, Olshan AF. Comparison of a trial of labor with an elective second cesarean section. NEJM 335:689–95. 1996. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL, Easterling TR, Martin DP. Risk of uterine rupture during labor among women with a prior cesarean delivery. NEJM 345(1):3–8. 2001. Greene MF. Vaginal delivery after cesarean section—Is the risk acceptable. NEJM 345 (1): 54–5. 2001. Sachs BP, Kobelin C, Castro MA, Frigoletto, F. The risks of lowering the cesarean-delivery rate. NEJM 340(1):54–7. 1999. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Evaluation of cesarean delivery. ACOG Guidelines. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2000. Harer WB Jr. Patient choice cesarean. ACOG Clinical Review 5(2): 1, 13–6. 2000. Menacker F, Curtin SC. Trends in cesarean birth and vaginal birth after previous cesarean, 1991–99. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 13. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF, Menacker F. Infant mortality statistics from the 1999 period linked birth/infant death data set. National vital statistics reports; vol 50 no. 4. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Goldenberg RL, Rouse DJ. Prevention of premature birth. NEJM 339(5): 313–20. 1998. Johnson RB, Williams MA, Hogue CJR, Mattison DR. Overview: New perspectives on the stubborn challenge of preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 15(Supp 2): 3–6. 2001. Minino AM, Smith BL. Deaths: Preliminary data for 2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 12. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Hack M, Klein NK, Taylor HG. Long-term developmental outcomes of low birth weight infants. In: The Future of Children: Low Birth Weight. Vol 5(1):19–34. Los Altos, California: Center for the Future of Children. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. 1995. Apgar V. A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Current Researches in Anesthesia and Analgesia 260–7. July–Aug. 1953. Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics, and Committee on Obstetric Practice, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Use and abuse of the Apgar score. Pediatrics 98:141–2. 1996. Stoll BJ and Kliegman R. The fetus and the neonatal newborn In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (16th edition). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. 2000. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. Hegyi T, Carbone T, Anwar M, et al. The Apgar score and its components in the preterm infant. Pediatrics 101(1):77–81. 1998. Patel D, Piotrowski ZH, Nelson MR, Sabich R. Effect of statewide neonatal resuscitation training program on Apgar scores among high-risk neonates in Illinois. Pediatrics 107(4):648–55. 2001. Whitsett JA, Pryhuber GS, Rice WA, et al. In: Avery GB, Fletcher MA, MacDonald MG eds. Neonatology Pathophysiology and Management of the Newborn (5th edition) Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1999. Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA. The respiratory distress syndrome and its management. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA Eds. Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (6th edition) Vol II. St. Louis: Mosby. 1997. Lanska MJ, Lanska DJ, Baumann RJ. False-positive reports of neonatal seizures on birth certificates. Am J Pub Health 84(9): 1522. 1994. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fetal alcohol syndrome, United States, 1979–1992. MMWR 42(17):339–41, 1993. Hamvas A, Kwong P, DeBaun M, et al. Hyaline membrane disease is underreported in a linked birth-infant death certificate database. Am J Pub Health 88(9): 1387–9. 1998. Anderson RN. Deaths: Leading causes for 1999. National vital statistics reports; vol 49 no 11. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2001. Stoll BJ, Kliegman R. The fetus and neonatal newborn In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (16th edition.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. 2000. Watkins ML, Edmonds L, McClearn A, et al. The surveillance of birth defects: The usefulness of the revised U.S. standard birth certificate. Am J Public Health 86(5):731–4. 1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Neural tube defect surveillance and folic acid intervention, Texas-Mexico border, 1993–1998. MMWR 49(1):1–4. 2000. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ. Birth defects surveillance: Assessing the ‘‘gold standard.’’ Am J Pub Health. 1999; 89(8): 1238–40. Kirby RS. The quality of data reported on birth certificates. Am J Pub Health.87(2): 301.1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Racial disparities in median age at death of persons with Down’s Syndrome—United States, 1968–1997. MMWR 50(22):463–5. 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics—Health E Stats. National Vital Statistics System. Trends in spina bifida and anencephalus in the United States, 1991–2000. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/spine_anen.htm. November 2001. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Folate status in women of childbearing age—United States, 1999. MMWR 49(42):962–5. 2000. Martin JA, Park MM. Trends in twin and triplet births: 1980–97. National vital statistics reports; vol 47 no 24. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1999. Martin JA, MacDorman MF, Mathew TJ. Triplet births: Trends and outcomes, 1971–94. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(55). 1997. Kiely JL, Kleinman JC, Kiely M. Triplets and higher-order multiple births: Time trends and infant mortality. AJDC 146:862–8. 1992. Wilcox LS, Kiely JL, Melvin CL, Martin MC. Assisted reproductive technologies: Estimates of their contribution to multiple births and newborn hospital days in the United States. Fertil Steril 65(2):361–6. 1996. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of assisted reproductive technology (ART)—United States, 1996 and 1998. MMWR 51(05): 97–101. 2002. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 115. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Contribution of Assisted Reproductive Technology and Ovulation-Inducing Drugs to Triplet and Higher-Order Multiple Births—United States, 1980–1997. MMWR 49(24):535–8. 2000. 116. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Nonselective embryo reduction: Ethical guidance for the obstetrician-gynecologist. ACOG Committee Opinion 215. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 1999. 117. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Guidelines on number of embryos transferred. A Practice Committee Report—A Committee Opinion. American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 1999. 118. Templeton A, Morris JK. Reducing the risk of multiple births by transfer of two embryos after in vitro fertilization. NEJM 339(9):573–7. 1998. 119. Gardner DK, Vella P, Lane M, et al. Culture and transfer of human blastocysts increases implantation rates and reduces the need for multiple embryo transfers. Fertil Steril 69(1):85–8. 1998. 120. The ESHRE CapriWorkshop Group. Multiple gestation pregnancy, Hum Rep 2000; 15:1856–64. 121. Ventura SJ, Martin JA, Taffel SM, Mathews TJ, Clarke SC. Advance report of final natality statistics, 1992. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 43 no 5 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1994. 122. Martin JA. Birth characteristics for Asian or Pacific Islander subgroups, 1992. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 43 no 10 supp. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1995. 123. Ventura SJ. Births to unmarried mothers: United States, 1980–92. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(53). 1995. 124. National Center for Health Statistics. Computer edits for natality data, effective 1993. Instruction manual, part 12. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1995. 125. Alexander GR, Allen MC. Conceptualization, measurement, and use of gestational age. I. Clinical and Public Health Practice. J Perinatal 16(1):53–9. 1996. 126. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin information from the 1990 census: A comparison of census results with results where age and race have been modified. 1990 CPH-L-74. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1991. 127. U.S. Census Bureau. Unpublished estimates of the July 1, 2000 population for States by age and sex. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau. 1990-based estimates. Forthcoming 2002. 128. Fields J, Casper L. Unpublished data from the March 2000 current population survey. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 2001. 129. U.S. Census Bureau. Population estimates for 2000 based on unpublished tabulations prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division. 2001. 130. Bailer JC, Ederer F. Significance factors for the ratio of a Poisson variable to its expectations. Biometrics. 20:639–43. 1964. 131. Brockert JE, Stockbauer JW, Senner JW, et al. Recommended standard medical definitions for the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth, 1989 revision. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Vital Records and Health Statistics. Traverse City, Michigan. June 25–27, 1990. List of tables 1. Live births, birth rates, and fertility rates, by race: United States, specified years 1940–55 and each year, 1960–2000 . . . . . . . . 2. Live births by age of mother, live-birth order, and race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, live-birth order, and race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 28 29 4. Total fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother: United States, 1970–2000, and by age and race of mother: United States, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Fertility rates and birth rates by live-birth order and race of mother: United States, 1980–2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Live births, birth rates, and fertility rates by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 1989–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Live births by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8. Fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of nonHispanic origin: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9. Total fertility rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of nonHispanic origin: United States, 1989–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10. Number of births, birth rates, fertility rates, total fertility rates, and birth rates for teenagers 15–19 years by age of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. Live births by race of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12. Live births by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13. Total number of births, rates (birth, fertility, and total fertility), and percent of births with selected demographic characteristics, by detailed race of mother and place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. Total number of births, rates (birth, fertility, and total fertility), and percent of births with selected demographic characteristics, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of nonHispanic origin and by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. Live births by race of mother and observed and seasonally adjusted birth and fertility rates, by month: United States, 2000 16. Live births by day of week and index of occurrence by method of delivery, day of week, and race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17. Number, birth rate, and percent of births to unmarried women by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. Birth rates for unmarried women by age of mother: United States, 1970, 1975, and 1980–2000, and by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1980–2000 . . . . . . . 19. Number and percent of births to unmarried women by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20. Birth rates by age and race of father: United States, 1980– 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. Live births by educational attainment, and percent of mothers completing 12 years or more and 16 years or more of school, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Number of live births and percent distribution by weight gain of mother during pregnancy and median weight gain, according to period of gestation, race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . 23. Percent low birthweight by weight gain of mother during pregnancy, period of gestation, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 30 32 33 34 36 38 40 41 42 43 44 45 45 46 47 49 50 51 53 54 24 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 24. Percent of births with selected medical or health characteristics, by detailed race of mother, by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25. Percent of births with selected medical or health characteristics, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin and by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26. Live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27. Number and rate of live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors, complications of labor, and obstetric procedures, by detailed race of mother: United States, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Number and rate of live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors, complications of labor, and obstetric procedures, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of nonHispanic origin: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. Number of live births by smoking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to age and race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of nonHispanic origin: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Number of live births, percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, and percent distribution of average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to educational attainment and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . 32. Percent low birthweight by smoking status, age, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began and percent of mothers beginning care in the first trimester and percent with late or no care, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34. Percent of mothers beginning prenatal care in the first trimester and percent of mothers with late or no prenatal care by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began, number of prenatal visits, and median number of visits, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 36. Live births to mothers with selected obstetric procedures and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37. Live births to mothers with selected complications of labor and/or delivery and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38. Live births by attendant, place of delivery, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 69 70 71 39. Live births by method of delivery and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1989–2000 . . . . . . . 40. Live births by method of delivery, and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . 41. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by selected maternal medical risk factors and complications of labor and/or delivery: United States, 2000 . . . 43. Live births by birthweight and percent very low and low birthweight, by period of gestation and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. Percent of live births very preterm and preterm and percent of live births of very low birthweight and low birthweight, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1981–2000 . . . . 45. Number and percent low birthweight and number of live births by birthweight, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Number and percent of births of low birthweight by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47. Number and percent of births of very low birthweight by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48. Live births with selected abnormal conditions of the newborn and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50. Live births by plurality of birth and ratios, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . 72 74 75 76 77 79 80 82 83 84 85 87 Guide to tables in Births: Final Data for 2000 TABLE: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Geographic area: States1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . United States or all reporting areas . . . . . . . . 1 Years: Current year only . . . . . . . . . . . Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Type of entry: Number of births. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Rates or other measures . . . . . . 1 2 3 2 3 4 5 6 4 5 6 4 5 2 7 8 7 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 7 8 9 19 18 19 11 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 21 22 23 24 25 21 22 23 24 25 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 19 18 10 6 18 19 9 6 3 9 10 12 10 13 14 15 16 17 13 14 15 16 17 20 19 18 19 20 Characteristics: Age of father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Age of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 4 7 9 17 18 21 Alcohol use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Apgar score . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Day of week . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 25 23 24 25 23 24 16 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 14 21 Gestational age . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 4 Live-birth order. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 5 4 7 7 4 8 4 4 9 4 12 8 13 6 14 17 6 18 6 6 19 21 6 22 4 16 Month of birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 13 14 Prenatal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 25 20 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 2 9 11 Sex of child . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 12 5 13 4 14 13 14 13 14 13 14 3 15 3 16 6 17 6 18 6 19 3 21 6 22 4 23 Tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Weight gain during pregnancy . . . 24 24 3 Race of father . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unmarried mothers . . . . . . . . . . 25 15 Nativity of mother . . . . . . . . . . . Teenage mothers . . . . . . . . . . . 25 14 Method of delivery. . . . . . . . . . . Race of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 23 17 18 5 24 4 25 24 25 24 25 19 22 23 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 6 Hispanic origin of mother . . . . . . 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 34 41 42 43 44 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Years: Current year only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 41 42 43 40 41 42 43 44 39 26 27 28 29 30 31 Rates or other measures . . . . . . . . . 26 27 28 29 30 31 33 32 33 46 47 48 49 50 46 47 45 46 47 48 49 50 45 46 47 48 49 50 45 46 47 48 49 50 45 46 47 48 49 50 49 50 41 United States or all reporting areas . . . . . . . . . . . Type of entry: Number of births. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 34 35 36 37 35 36 37 38 44 39 40 39 40 41 42 43 42 43 44 Characteristics: Abnormal conditions of newborn . . . . . Age of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 26 29 30 32 33 36 37 40 Attendant at birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 48 38 Birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Complications of labor . . . . . . . . . . . 27 43 28 37 44 45 46 47 42 Congenital anomalies. . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Gestational age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4 Hispanic origin of mother . . . . . . . . . Medical risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27 4 28 30 6 31 6 32 6 33 6 34 6 6 35 38 6 39 6 6 41 43 44 6 44 6 45 6 46 6 6 47 28 40 41 42 36 Place of delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Multiple births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Prenatal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Race of mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Includes Includes Includes 4 Includes 5 Includes 6 Includes 2 3 50 42 39 27 40 28 Method of delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Obstetric procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 33 3 26 5 27 4 28 3 29 29 4 30 30 3 31 31 6 32 6 33 34 6 34 35 6 35 3 36 3 37 32 data for Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Northern Marianas. white, black, American Indian, Asian or Pacific Islander. white and black. Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, other and unknown Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black. white, black, American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino, and other Asian and Pacific Islanders. Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic black. 6 38 6 39 6 40 6 41 6 43 3 44 6 45 6 46 6 47 3 48 3 49 6 50 26 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 TABLE: Geographic area: States1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 27 Table 1. Live births, birth rates, and fertility rates, by race: United States, specified years 1940-55 and each year, 1960-2000 [Birth rates are live births per 1,000 population in specified group. Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for census years and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Beginning with 1970, excludes births to nonresidents of the United States] Number Year Birth rate All races 1 White Race of mother: 2000 ................... 1999 ................... 1998 ................... 1997 ................... 1996 ................... 1995 ................... 1994 ................... 1993 ................... 1992 ................... 1991 ................... 1990 ................... 1989 ................... 1988 ................... 1987 ................... 1986 ................... 1985 ................... 1984 3 ................ 1983 3 ................ 1982 3 ................ 1981 3 ................ 1980 3 ................ 4,058,814 3,959,417 3,941,553 3,880,894 3,891,494 3,899,589 3,952,767 4,000,240 4,065,014 4,110,907 4,158,212 4,040,958 3,909,510 3,809,394 3,756,547 3,760,561 3,669,141 3,638,933 3,680,537 3,629,238 3,612,258 3,194,005 3,132,501 3,118,727 3,072,640 3,093,057 3,098,885 3,121,004 3,149,833 3,201,678 3,241,273 3,290,273 3,192,355 3,102,083 3,043,828 3,019,175 3,037,913 2,967,100 2,946,468 2,984,817 2,947,679 2,936,351 622,598 605,970 609,902 599,913 594,781 603,139 636,391 658,875 673,633 682,602 684,336 673,124 638,562 611,173 592,910 581,824 568,138 562,624 568,506 564,955 568,080 41,668 40,170 40,272 38,572 37,880 37,278 37,740 38,732 39,453 38,841 39,051 39,478 37,088 35,322 34,169 34,037 33,256 32,881 32,436 29,688 29,389 Race of child: 1980 3 ................ 1979 3 ................ 1978 3 ................ 1977 3 ................ 1976 3 ................ 1975 3 ................ 1974 3 ................ 1973 3 ................ 1972 3 ................ 1971 4 ................ 1970 4 ................ 1969 4 ................ 1968 4 ................ 1967 5 ................ 1966 4 ................ 1965 4 ................ 1964 4 ................ 1963 4, 6 ............. 1962 4, 6 ............. 1961 4 ................ 1960 4 ................ 3,612,258 3,494,398 3,333,279 3,326,632 3,167,788 3,144,198 3,159,958 3,136,965 3,258,411 3,555,970 3,731,386 3,600,206 3,501,564 3,520,959 3,606,274 3,760,358 4,027,490 4,098,020 4,167,362 4,268,326 4,257,850 2,898,732 2,808,420 2,681,116 2,691,070 2,567,614 2,551,996 2,575,792 2,551,030 2,655,558 2,919,746 3,091,264 2,993,614 2,912,224 2,922,502 2,993,230 3,123,860 3,369,160 3,326,344 3,394,068 3,600,864 3,600,744 589,616 577,855 551,540 544,221 514,479 511,581 507,162 512,597 531,329 564,960 572,362 543,132 531,152 543,976 558,244 581,126 607,556 580,658 584,610 611,072 602,264 36,797 34,269 33,160 30,500 29,009 27,546 26,631 26,464 27,368 27,148 25,864 24,008 24,156 22,665 23,014 24,066 24,382 22,358 21,968 21,464 21,114 4,097,000 3,632,000 2,858,000 2,559,000 3,485,000 3,108,000 2,471,000 2,199,000 Black American Indian 2 Asian or Pacific Islander Fertility rate All races 1 White Black American Indian 2 Asian or Pacific Islander All races 1 White Black American Indian 2 Asian or Pacific Islander 14.7 14.5 14.6 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 16.4 16.0 15.7 15.6 15.8 15.6 15.6 15.9 15.8 15.9 14.1 13.9 14.0 13.9 14.1 14.2 14.4 14.7 15.0 15.4 15.8 15.4 15.0 14.9 14.8 15.0 14.8 14.8 15.1 15.0 15.1 17.6 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.8 18.2 19.5 20.5 21.3 21.9 22.4 22.3 21.5 20.8 20.5 20.4 20.1 20.2 20.7 20.8 21.3 17.1 16.8 17.1 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.1 17.8 18.4 18.3 18.9 19.7 19.3 19.1 19.2 19.8 20.1 20.6 21.1 20.0 20.7 17.8 16.7 16.4 16.9 17.0 17.3 17.5 17.7 18.0 18.2 19.0 18.7 19.2 18.4 18.0 18.7 18.8 19.5 20.3 20.1 19.9 67.5 65.9 65.6 65.0 65.3 65.6 66.7 67.6 68.9 69.6 70.9 69.2 67.3 65.8 65.4 66.3 65.5 65.7 67.3 67.3 68.4 66.5 65.1 64.6 63.9 64.3 64.4 64.9 65.4 66.5 67.0 68.3 66.4 64.5 63.3 63.1 64.1 63.2 63.4 64.8 64.8 65.6 71.7 70.1 71.0 70.7 70.7 72.3 76.9 80.5 83.2 85.2 86.8 86.2 82.6 80.1 78.9 78.8 78.2 78.7 80.9 82.0 84.7 71.4 69.7 70.7 69.1 68.7 69.1 70.9 73.4 75.4 75.1 76.2 79.0 76.8 75.6 75.9 78.6 79.8 81.8 83.6 79.6 82.7 70.7 65.6 64.0 66.3 65.9 66.4 66.8 66.7 67.2 67.6 69.6 68.2 70.2 67.1 66.0 68.4 69.2 71.7 74.8 73.7 73.2 ------------------------------------------- 15.9 15.6 15.0 15.1 14.6 14.6 14.8 14.8 15.6 17.2 18.4 17.9 17.6 17.8 18.4 19.4 21.1 21.7 22.4 23.3 23.7 14.9 14.5 14.0 14.1 13.6 13.6 13.9 13.8 14.5 16.1 17.4 16.9 16.6 16.8 17.4 18.3 20.0 20.7 21.4 22.2 22.7 22.1 22.0 21.3 21.4 20.5 20.7 20.8 21.4 22.5 24.4 25.3 24.4 24.2 25.1 26.2 27.7 29.5 ------31.9 ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- 68.4 67.2 65.5 66.8 65.0 66.0 67.8 68.8 73.1 81.6 87.9 86.1 85.2 87.2 90.8 96.3 104.7 108.3 112.0 117.1 118.0 64.7 63.4 61.7 63.2 61.5 62.5 64.2 64.9 68.9 77.3 84.1 82.2 81.3 82.8 86.2 91.3 99.8 103.6 107.5 112.3 113.2 88.1 88.3 86.7 88.1 85.8 87.9 89.7 93.6 99.9 109.7 115.4 112.1 112.7 118.5 124.7 133.2 142.6 ------153.5 ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- --------- 25.0 24.1 20.4 19.4 23.8 23.0 19.7 18.6 --------- --------- --------- 118.3 106.2 85.9 79.9 113.7 102.3 83.4 77.1 --------- --------- --------- Registered births 200,543 180,776 172,652 169,769 165,776 160,287 157,632 152,800 150,250 145,372 141,635 133,075 129,035 116,560 107,797 104,606 98,926 95,713 93,193 84,553 74,355 Births adjusted for underregistration Race of child: 1955 ................... 1950 ................... 1945 ................... 1940 ................... --------- --------- --- Data not available. 1 For 1960-91 includes births to races not shown separately. 2 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. 3 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States; see Technical notes. 4 Based on a 50-percent sample of births. 5 Based on a 20- to 50-percent sample of births. 6 Figures by race exclude New Jersey. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes. 28 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 2. Live births by age of mother, live-birth order, and race of mother: United States, 2000 [Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother] Age of mother Live-birth order and race of mother All ages Under 15 years 15-19 years Total 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 45-49 50-54 years years years All races .......................... 4,058,814 8,519 468,990 21,845 48,581 86,783 132,786 178,995 1,017,806 1,087,547 929,278 452,057 90,013 4,349 1st child ........................... 2d child ........................... 3d child ........................... 4th child .......................... 5th child .......................... 6th child .......................... 7th child .......................... 8th child and over ........... Not stated ....................... 1,622,404 1,312,687 676,597 259,974 95,200 38,674 17,365 18,342 17,571 8,310 147 6 1 1 54 366,615 20,798 44,420 74,038 84,026 873 3,601 11,188 13,977 39 241 1,060 1,790 3 17 74 191 2 2 3 28 2 6 6 1 2,351 130 300 417 103,233 24,891 3,626 341 30 8 1 4 652 124,126 43,473 9,011 1,355 154 18 5 1 852 466,149 349,689 143,421 41,223 10,217 2,442 555 217 3,893 393,468 372,968 200,351 75,749 26,245 9,281 3,330 1,753 4,402 267,432 333,728 193,046 77,892 29,860 12,595 5,601 5,001 4,123 100,334 146,424 106,281 51,367 22,208 10,701 5,578 6,991 2,173 18,959 1,053 24,624 1,028 18,748 725 11,448 474 6,160 306 3,429 192 2,151 134 3,953 403 541 34 84 53 42 30 12 6 10 18 - White ............................... 3,194,005 4,439 333,013 13,487 32,499 60,800 95,390 130,837 772,811 874,180 764,708 368,711 72,414 3,529 200 1st child ........................... 2d child ........................... 3d child ........................... 4th child .......................... 5th child .......................... 6th child .......................... 7th child .......................... 8th child and over ........... Not stated ....................... 1,282,493 1,048,894 533,629 197,007 68,237 26,161 11,350 12,034 14,200 4,328 64 2 1 1 43 265,368 12,896 29,971 52,800 56,509 470 2,160 7,062 8,201 19 118 560 938 3 8 40 92 1 3 16 1 3 5 1 1,881 99 241 333 76,009 16,517 2,131 167 17 8 1 3 537 93,692 30,300 5,373 720 71 7 2 1 671 368,359 268,347 101,272 25,154 5,252 1,044 203 104 3,076 323,704 306,380 159,464 55,994 17,458 5,273 1,601 798 3,508 221,644 277,516 161,094 63,077 22,658 8,868 3,627 2,816 3,408 82,551 15,566 119,298 19,893 87,993 14,995 42,257 9,191 17,633 4,891 8,149 2,651 4,136 1,673 4,887 3,106 1,807 448 903 842 574 368 241 156 105 311 29 70 45 34 27 11 4 2 7 - Black ............................... 622,598 3,808 118,954 7,577 14,243 22,798 32,581 41,755 202,596 141,968 94,808 49,295 10,699 456 14 1st child ........................... 2d child ........................... 3d child ........................... 4th child .......................... 5th child .......................... 6th child .......................... 7th child .......................... 8th child and over ........... Not stated ....................... 232,353 184,064 110,858 51,000 22,067 10,237 4,837 4,876 2,306 3,718 77 3 10 87,950 24,474 5,246 779 91 11 2 1 400 7,155 12,764 18,558 376 1,310 3,696 18 110 438 8 30 2 1 1 26 50 75 23,497 7,441 1,377 156 12 1 97 25,976 11,651 3,303 585 76 10 2 152 75,499 68,446 37,295 14,557 4,478 1,262 320 99 640 34,487 45,111 32,395 16,320 7,386 3,423 1,466 815 565 19,911 29,460 21,945 11,182 5,612 2,973 1,580 1,726 419 8,924 13,868 11,551 6,531 3,545 1,974 1,096 1,590 216 1,791 2,526 2,329 1,556 918 570 355 602 52 69 99 93 75 37 24 16 39 4 4 3 1 2 4 - American Indian 1 ........... 41,668 160 8,055 424 918 1,555 2,258 2,900 13,633 10,053 6,097 2,983 658 27 2 1st child ........................... 2d child ........................... 3d child ........................... 4th child .......................... 5th child .......................... 6th child .......................... 7th child .......................... 8th child and over ........... Not stated ....................... 14,551 11,660 7,370 3,949 2,016 1,004 485 474 159 154 4 1 1 6,118 1,615 265 27 1 29 405 15 1 3 848 62 4 4 1,298 227 25 5 1,704 484 55 7 8 1,863 827 180 20 1 9 4,992 5,026 2,481 782 228 57 8 4 55 1,975 2,896 2,507 1,496 709 275 107 49 39 882 1,430 1,397 1,028 643 353 183 157 24 354 581 612 510 337 250 148 184 7 74 101 102 104 91 67 38 77 4 2 7 4 1 7 2 1 3 - 1 1 - 200,543 112 8,968 357 921 1,630 2,557 3,503 28,766 61,346 63,665 31,068 6,242 337 39 93,007 68,069 24,740 8,018 2,880 1,272 693 958 906 110 2 - 7,179 1,428 265 46 7 1 1 41 342 12 1 2 837 69 9 1 5 1,382 203 37 4 4 2,023 449 63 11 1 10 2,595 695 155 30 6 1 1 20 17,299 7,870 2,373 730 259 79 24 10 122 33,302 18,581 5,985 1,939 692 310 156 91 290 24,995 25,322 8,610 2,605 947 401 211 302 272 8,505 12,677 6,125 2,069 693 328 198 330 143 1,528 2,104 1,322 597 260 141 85 168 37 79 80 54 30 21 10 12 50 1 10 5 6 2 1 2 6 7 - Asian or Pacific Islander 1st child ........................... 2d child ........................... 3d child ........................... 4th child .......................... 5th child .......................... 6th child .......................... 7th child .......................... 8th child and over ........... Not stated ....................... - Quantity zero. 1 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 255 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 29 Table 3. Fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, live-birth order, and race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified age and racial group. Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother. Figures for live-birth order not stated are distributed] Age of mother Live-birth order and race of mother 15-44 years 1 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 2 All races .............................. 67.5 0.9 48.5 27.4 79.2 112.3 121.4 94.1 40.4 7.9 0.5 1st child ............................... 2d child ................................ 3d child ................................ 4th child ............................... 5th child ............................... 6th and 7th child .................. 8th child and over ................ 27.1 21.9 11.3 4.3 1.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.0 * * * * * 38.1 8.7 1.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 * 24.4 2.7 0.2 0.0 * * * 58.1 17.5 3.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 * 51.6 38.7 15.9 4.6 1.1 0.3 0.0 44.1 41.8 22.5 8.5 2.9 1.4 0.2 27.2 34.0 19.6 7.9 3.0 1.9 0.5 9.0 13.1 9.5 4.6 2.0 1.5 0.6 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 White ................................... 66.5 0.6 43.6 23.6 72.7 107.9 124.3 97.4 40.7 7.8 0.4 1st child ............................... 2d child ................................ 3d child ................................ 4th child ............................... 5th child ............................... 6th and 7th child .................. 8th child and over ................ 26.8 21.9 11.2 4.1 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.0 * * * * * 35.0 7.4 1.1 0.1 0.0 * * 21.3 2.2 0.2 0.0 * * * 54.8 15.1 2.4 0.3 0.0 * * 51.6 37.6 14.2 3.5 0.7 0.2 0.0 46.2 43.8 22.8 8.0 2.5 1.0 0.1 28.4 35.5 20.6 8.1 2.9 1.6 0.4 9.2 13.2 9.8 4.7 2.0 1.4 0.5 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Black ................................... 71.7 2.4 79.4 50.4 121.3 144.2 105.3 67.5 32.2 7.2 0.4 1st child ............................... 2d child ................................ 3d child ................................ 4th child ............................... 5th child ............................... 6th and 7th child .................. 8th child and over ................ 26.9 21.3 12.8 5.9 2.6 1.7 0.6 2.4 0.0 * * * * * 58.9 16.4 3.5 0.5 0.1 * * 43.6 6.1 0.6 0.0 * * * 81.0 31.3 7.7 1.2 0.1 * * 53.9 48.9 26.6 10.4 3.2 1.1 0.1 25.7 33.6 24.1 12.2 5.5 3.6 0.6 14.2 21.1 15.7 8.0 4.0 3.3 1.2 5.8 9.1 7.6 4.3 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 American Indian 3 ................ 71.4 1.3 67.8 39.6 113.1 135.6 106.9 68.3 32.5 7.3 0.4 1st child ............................... 2d child ................................ 3d child ................................ 4th child ............................... 5th child ............................... 6th and 7th child .................. 8th child and over ................ 25.0 20.0 12.7 6.8 3.5 2.6 0.8 1.2 * * * * * * 51.7 13.6 2.2 0.2 * * * 35.0 4.2 0.4 * * * * 78.5 28.8 5.2 0.6 * * * 49.9 50.2 24.8 7.8 2.3 0.6 * 21.1 30.9 26.8 16.0 7.6 4.1 0.5 9.9 16.1 15.7 11.6 7.2 6.0 1.8 3.9 6.3 6.7 5.6 3.7 4.3 2.0 0.8 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.2 0.9 * * * * * * * Asian or Pacific Islander ...... 70.7 0.3 21.6 11.5 37.0 72.0 125.8 120.8 60.4 12.7 0.9 1st child ............................... 2d child ................................ 3d child ................................ 4th child ............................... 5th child ............................... 6th and 7th child .................. 8th child and over ................ 33.0 24.1 8.8 2.8 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 * * * * * * 17.3 3.5 0.6 0.1 * * * 10.2 1.1 0.2 * * * * 28.3 7.0 1.3 0.3 * * * 43.5 19.8 6.0 1.8 0.7 0.3 * 68.6 38.3 12.3 4.0 1.4 1.0 0.2 47.6 48.3 16.4 5.0 1.8 1.2 0.6 16.6 24.8 12.0 4.0 1.4 1.0 0.6 3.1 4.3 2.7 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in numerator. 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. 1 Fertility rates computed by relating total births, regardless of age of mother, to women aged 15-44 years. 2 Birth rates computed by relating births to women aged 45-54 years to women aged 45-49 years. 3 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated; see Technical notes. 30 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 4. Total fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother: United States, 1970-2000, and by age and race of mother: United States, 1980-2000 [Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1970, 1980, and 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years] Age of mother Year and race Total fertility rate 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 1 All races 2 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 ............................. 1991 ............................. 1990 ............................. 1989 ............................. 1988 ............................. 1987 ............................. 1986 ............................. 1985 ............................. 1984 3 .......................... 1983 3 .......................... 1982 3 .......................... 1981 3 .......................... 1980 3 .......................... 1979 3 .......................... 1978 3 .......................... 1977 3 .......................... 1976 3 .......................... 1975 3 .......................... 1974 3 .......................... 1973 3 .......................... 1972 3 .......................... 1971 4 .......................... 1970 4 .......................... 2,130.0 2,075.0 2,058.5 2,032.5 2,027.0 2,019.0 2,036.0 2,046.0 2,065.0 2,073.0 2,081.0 2,014.0 1,934.0 1,872.0 1,837.5 1,844.0 1,806.5 1,799.0 1,827.5 1,812.0 1,839.5 1,808.0 1,760.0 1,789.5 1,738.0 1,774.0 1,835.0 1,879.0 2,010.0 2,266.5 2,480.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 48.5 49.6 51.1 52.3 54.4 56.8 58.9 59.6 60.7 62.1 59.9 57.3 53.0 50.6 50.2 51.0 50.6 51.4 52.4 52.2 53.0 52.3 51.5 52.8 52.8 55.6 57.5 59.3 61.7 64.5 68.3 27.4 28.7 30.4 32.1 33.8 36.0 37.6 37.8 37.8 38.7 37.5 36.4 33.6 31.7 30.5 31.0 31.0 31.8 32.3 32.0 32.5 32.3 32.2 33.9 34.1 36.1 37.3 38.5 39.0 38.2 38.8 79.2 80.3 82.0 83.6 86.0 89.1 91.5 92.1 94.5 94.4 88.6 84.2 79.9 78.5 79.6 79.6 77.4 77.4 79.4 80.0 82.1 81.3 79.8 80.9 80.5 85.0 88.7 91.2 96.9 105.3 114.7 112.3 111.0 111.2 110.4 110.4 109.8 111.1 112.6 114.6 115.7 116.5 113.8 110.2 107.9 107.4 108.3 106.8 107.8 111.6 112.2 115.1 112.8 109.9 112.9 110.3 113.0 117.7 119.7 130.2 150.1 167.8 121.4 117.8 115.9 113.8 113.1 112.2 113.9 115.5 117.4 118.2 120.2 117.6 114.4 111.6 109.8 111.0 108.7 108.5 111.0 111.5 112.9 111.4 108.5 111.0 106.2 108.2 111.5 112.2 117.7 134.1 145.1 94.1 89.6 87.4 85.3 83.9 82.5 81.5 80.8 80.2 79.5 80.8 77.4 74.8 72.1 70.1 69.1 67.0 64.9 64.1 61.4 61.9 60.3 57.8 56.4 53.6 52.3 53.8 55.6 59.8 67.3 73.3 40.4 38.3 37.4 36.1 35.3 34.3 33.7 32.9 32.5 32.0 31.7 29.9 28.1 26.3 24.4 24.0 22.9 22.0 21.2 20.0 19.8 19.5 19.0 19.2 19.0 19.5 20.2 22.1 24.8 28.7 31.7 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.4 6.2 7.1 8.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 White 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 ............................. 1991 ............................. 1990 ............................. 1989 ............................. 1988 ............................. 1987 ............................. 1986 ............................. 1985 ............................. 1984 3 .......................... 1983 3 .......................... 1982 3 .......................... 1981 3 .......................... 1980 3 .......................... 2,113.5 2,065.0 2,041.0 2,009.0 2,005.5 1,989.0 1,985.0 1,982.0 1,993.5 1,995.5 2,003.0 1,931.0 1,856.5 1,804.5 1,776.0 1,787.0 1,748.5 1,740.5 1,767.0 1,748.0 1,773.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 43.6 44.6 45.4 46.3 48.1 50.1 51.1 51.1 51.8 52.8 50.8 47.9 44.4 42.5 42.3 43.3 42.9 43.9 45.0 44.9 45.4 23.6 24.8 25.9 27.1 28.4 30.0 30.7 30.3 30.1 30.7 29.5 28.1 26.0 24.6 23.8 24.4 24.3 25.0 25.5 25.4 25.5 72.7 73.5 74.6 75.9 78.4 81.2 82.1 82.1 83.8 83.5 78.0 72.9 69.6 68.9 70.1 70.4 68.4 68.8 70.8 71.5 73.2 107.9 107.0 107.2 106.7 107.2 106.3 106.2 106.9 108.2 109.0 109.8 106.9 103.7 102.3 102.7 104.1 102.7 103.8 107.7 108.3 111.1 124.3 121.1 119.1 116.6 116.1 114.8 115.5 116.6 118.4 118.8 120.7 117.8 114.8 112.3 110.8 112.3 109.8 109.4 111.9 112.3 113.8 97.4 93.2 90.5 87.8 86.3 84.6 83.2 82.1 81.4 80.5 81.7 78.1 75.4 73.0 70.9 69.9 67.7 65.3 64.0 61.0 61.2 40.7 38.8 37.8 36.4 35.6 34.5 33.7 32.7 32.2 31.8 31.5 29.7 27.7 25.9 23.9 23.3 22.2 21.3 20.4 19.0 18.8 7.8 7.3 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Black 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 ............................. 1991 ............................. 1990 ............................. 1989 ............................. 1988 ............................. 1987 ............................. 1986 ............................. 1985 ............................. 1984 3 .......................... 1983 3 .......................... 1982 3 .......................... 1981 3 .......................... 1980 3 .......................... 2,193.0 2,146.5 2,171.0 2,154.0 2,144.0 2,175.0 2,300.0 2,384.5 2,442.0 2,480.0 2,480.0 2,432.5 2,298.0 2,198.0 2,135.5 2,109.0 2,070.5 2,066.0 2,106.5 2,117.5 2,176.5 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.6 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.3 79.4 81.0 85.4 88.2 91.4 96.1 104.5 108.6 112.4 115.5 112.8 111.5 102.7 97.6 95.8 95.4 94.1 93.9 94.3 94.5 97.8 50.4 52.0 56.8 60.8 64.7 69.7 76.3 79.8 81.3 84.1 82.3 81.9 75.7 72.1 69.3 69.3 69.2 69.6 69.7 69.3 72.5 121.3 122.8 126.9 130.1 132.5 137.1 148.3 151.9 157.9 158.6 152.9 151.9 142.7 135.8 135.1 132.4 128.1 127.1 128.9 131.0 135.1 144.2 141.7 141.9 139.0 136.8 137.1 146.0 152.6 158.0 160.9 160.2 156.8 149.7 142.7 137.3 135.0 132.2 131.9 135.4 136.5 140.0 105.3 101.9 101.8 99.5 98.2 98.6 104.0 108.4 111.2 113.1 115.5 114.4 108.2 104.3 101.1 100.2 98.4 98.4 101.3 102.3 103.9 67.5 64.5 64.7 64.3 63.3 64.0 65.8 67.3 67.5 67.7 68.7 66.3 63.1 60.6 59.3 57.9 56.7 56.2 57.5 57.4 59.9 32.2 30.8 30.5 29.7 29.1 28.7 28.9 29.2 28.8 28.3 28.1 26.7 25.6 24.6 23.8 23.9 23.3 23.3 23.3 23.1 23.5 7.2 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.1 5.4 5.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 4. Total fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother: United States, 1970-2000, and by age and race of mother: United States, 1980-2000 --Con. [Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1970, 1980, and 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years] Age of mother Year and race Total fertility rate 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 1 American Indian 5 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 ............................. 1991 ............................. 1990 ............................. 1989 ............................. 1988 ............................. 1987 ............................. 1986 ............................. 1985 ............................. 1984 3 .......................... 1983 3 .......................... 1982 3 .......................... 1981 3 .......................... 1980 3 .......................... 2,100.5 2,056.5 2,090.5 2,047.5 2,030.0 2,033.5 2,080.0 2,141.0 2,190.0 2,169.0 2,183.0 2,247.0 2,153.5 2,099.0 2,082.0 2,128.0 2,136.0 2,180.5 2,213.0 2,090.0 2,162.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.4 2.1 1.9 67.8 67.8 72.1 71.8 73.9 78.0 80.8 83.1 84.4 85.0 81.1 82.7 77.5 77.2 78.1 79.2 81.5 84.2 83.5 78.4 82.2 39.6 41.4 44.4 45.3 46.4 47.8 51.3 53.7 53.8 52.7 48.5 51.6 49.7 48.8 48.7 47.7 50.7 55.2 52.6 49.7 51.5 113.1 110.6 118.4 117.6 122.3 130.7 130.3 130.7 132.6 134.3 129.3 128.9 121.1 122.2 125.3 124.1 124.7 121.4 127.6 121.5 129.5 135.6 137.1 139.3 134.9 133.9 132.5 134.2 139.8 145.5 144.9 148.7 152.4 145.2 140.0 138.8 139.1 142.4 145.5 148.1 141.2 143.7 106.9 102.4 102.2 100.8 98.5 98.4 104.1 107.6 109.4 106.9 110.3 114.2 110.9 107.9 107.9 109.6 109.2 113.7 115.8 105.6 106.6 68.3 64.3 66.3 64.2 63.2 62.2 61.2 62.8 63.0 61.9 61.5 64.8 64.5 63.0 60.7 62.6 60.5 58.9 60.9 58.9 61.8 32.5 30.7 30.2 29.3 28.5 27.7 27.5 27.6 28.0 27.2 27.5 27.4 25.6 24.4 23.8 27.4 26.3 25.5 26.9 25.2 28.1 7.3 7.1 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.4 5.3 5.6 5.3 6.0 5.6 6.4 6.0 6.6 8.2 0.4 0.3 * 0.4 * * 0.4 * * 0.4 * * * * * * * * * * * Asian or Pacific Islander 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 ............................. 1991 ............................. 1990 ............................. 1989 ............................. 1988 ............................. 1987 ............................. 1986 ............................. 1985 ............................. 1984 3 .......................... 1983 3 .......................... 1982 3 .......................... 1981 3 .......................... 1980 3 .......................... 2,072.5 1,927.0 1,867.5 1,925.5 1,907.5 1,924.0 1,943.0 1,935.5 1,942.0 1,956.0 2,002.5 1,947.5 1,983.5 1,886.0 1,836.0 1,885.0 1,892.0 1,943.5 2,015.5 1,976.0 1,953.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 21.6 22.3 23.1 23.7 24.6 26.1 27.1 27.0 26.6 27.4 26.4 25.6 24.2 22.4 22.8 23.8 24.2 26.1 29.4 28.5 26.2 11.5 12.3 13.8 14.3 14.9 15.4 16.1 16.0 15.2 16.1 16.0 15.0 13.6 12.6 12.1 12.5 12.6 12.9 14.0 13.4 12.0 37.0 38.0 38.3 39.3 40.4 43.4 44.1 43.3 43.1 43.1 40.2 40.4 39.6 37.0 38.8 40.8 40.7 44.5 50.8 49.5 46.2 72.0 70.0 68.8 70.5 70.7 72.4 73.1 73.3 74.6 75.2 79.2 78.8 80.7 79.7 79.2 83.6 86.7 94.0 98.9 96.4 93.3 125.8 116.4 110.4 113.2 111.2 113.4 118.6 119.9 121.0 123.2 126.3 124.0 128.0 122.7 119.9 123.0 124.3 126.2 130.9 129.1 127.4 120.8 109.3 105.1 110.3 109.2 106.9 105.2 103.9 103.0 103.3 106.5 102.3 104.4 97.0 92.6 93.6 92.4 93.3 94.4 93.4 96.0 60.4 54.6 52.8 54.1 52.2 52.4 51.3 50.2 50.6 49.0 49.6 47.0 47.5 44.2 41.9 42.7 40.6 39.4 39.2 38.0 38.3 12.7 11.6 12.0 11.9 12.2 12.1 11.6 11.3 11.0 11.2 10.7 10.2 10.3 9.5 9.3 8.7 8.7 8.2 8.8 8.6 8.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.7 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in numerator. 1 Beginning 1997, rates computed by relating births to women aged 45-54 years to women aged 45-49 years. 2 For 1970-91 includes births to races not shown separately. 3 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States; see Technical notes. 4 Based on a 50-percent sample of births. 5 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes. 31 32 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 5. Fertility rates and birth rates by live-birth order and race of mother: United States, 1980-2000 [Rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1980 and 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Figures for live-birth order not stated are distributed] Year and race of mother Fertility rate Live-birth order 1 2 3 4 5 6 and 7 8 and over All races 1 2000 ......................................................... 1999 ......................................................... 1998 ......................................................... 1997 ......................................................... 1996 ......................................................... 1995 ......................................................... 1994 ......................................................... 1993 ......................................................... 1992 ......................................................... 1991 ......................................................... 1990 ......................................................... 1989 ......................................................... 1988 ......................................................... 1987 ......................................................... 1986 ......................................................... 1985 ......................................................... 1984 2 ...................................................... 1983 2 ...................................................... 1982 2 ...................................................... 1981 2 ...................................................... 1980 2 ...................................................... 67.5 65.9 65.6 65.0 65.3 65.6 66.7 67.6 68.9 69.6 70.9 69.2 67.3 65.8 65.4 66.3 65.5 65.7 67.3 67.3 68.4 27.1 26.6 26.4 26.5 26.8 27.3 27.5 27.5 27.8 28.3 29.0 28.4 27.6 27.2 27.2 27.6 27.4 27.8 28.6 29.0 29.5 21.9 21.5 21.4 21.1 21.1 21.1 21.5 21.9 22.3 22.4 22.8 22.4 22.0 21.6 21.6 22.0 21.7 21.5 22.0 21.6 21.8 11.3 10.9 10.8 10.6 10.5 10.5 10.7 11.0 11.3 11.4 11.7 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.1 10.3 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 White 2000 ......................................................... 1999 ......................................................... 1998 ......................................................... 1997 ......................................................... 1996 ......................................................... 1995 ......................................................... 1994 ......................................................... 1993 ......................................................... 1992 ......................................................... 1991 ......................................................... 1990 ......................................................... 1989 ......................................................... 1988 ......................................................... 1987 ......................................................... 1986 ......................................................... 1985 ......................................................... 1984 2 ...................................................... 1983 2 ...................................................... 1982 2 ...................................................... 1981 2 ...................................................... 1980 2 ...................................................... 66.5 65.1 64.6 63.9 64.3 64.4 64.9 65.4 66.5 67.0 68.3 66.4 64.5 63.3 63.1 64.1 63.2 63.4 64.8 64.8 65.6 26.8 26.4 26.1 26.2 26.6 26.9 27.0 27.0 27.3 27.8 28.4 27.6 26.8 26.5 26.6 27.0 26.8 27.2 28.0 28.4 28.8 21.9 21.6 21.5 21.2 21.2 21.1 21.4 21.7 22.0 22.0 22.4 21.9 21.6 21.3 21.3 21.8 21.4 21.2 21.6 21.1 21.3 11.2 10.8 10.7 10.4 10.4 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.8 10.8 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.0 9.8 9.9 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.5 9.6 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 Black 2000 ......................................................... 1999 ......................................................... 1998 ......................................................... 1997 ......................................................... 1996 ......................................................... 1995 ......................................................... 1994 ......................................................... 1993 ......................................................... 1992 ......................................................... 1991 ......................................................... 1990 ......................................................... 1989 ......................................................... 1988 ......................................................... 1987 ......................................................... 1986 ......................................................... 1985 ......................................................... 1984 2 ...................................................... 1983 2 ...................................................... 1982 2 ...................................................... 1981 2 ...................................................... 1980 2 ...................................................... 71.7 70.1 71.0 70.7 70.7 72.3 76.9 80.5 83.2 85.2 86.8 86.2 82.6 80.1 78.9 78.8 78.1 78.7 80.9 82.0 84.9 26.9 26.5 27.0 27.3 27.6 28.7 29.8 30.2 30.6 31.5 32.4 32.9 31.8 31.2 31.0 31.0 30.9 31.1 31.7 32.3 33.7 21.3 20.9 21.1 20.7 20.5 20.7 22.2 23.4 24.3 25.0 25.6 25.4 24.6 23.8 23.4 23.4 23.0 23.1 23.9 24.2 24.7 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.1 12.0 12.0 13.1 14.1 15.0 15.4 15.6 15.3 14.4 13.9 13.5 13.4 13.2 13.2 13.8 13.7 14.0 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.4 7.1 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.3 6.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Includes races other than white and black. 2 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States; see Technical notes. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes; Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 6. Live births, birth rates, and fertility rates by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 1989-2000 [Birth rates are live births per 1,000 population in specified group. Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in specified group] Hispanic Central and South American Other and unknown Hispanic 13,429 13,088 13,226 12,887 12,613 12,473 11,889 11,916 11,472 11,058 11,311 10,842 113,344 103,307 98,226 97,405 97,888 94,996 93,485 92,371 89,031 86,908 83,008 72,443 49,056 50,132 49,849 45,001 46,309 47,860 47,876 48,296 51,152 54,053 56,307 65,502 20.2 19.4 19.0 18.1 17.9 19.7 21.4 21.9 23.2 21.0 21.6 23.7 10.4 9.7 10.0 10.1 10.7 11.0 10.8 10.5 10.1 10.1 10.9 10.0 84.3 77.7 75.5 71.7 71.3 75.7 81.9 82.5 89.9 80.9 82.9 86.6 57.3 51.2 50.1 57.4 58.9 55.1 55.9 55.5 50.3 49.1 52.6 49.8 Measure and year All origins 1 Total Number 2000 ............................. 1999 ............................. 1998 ............................. 1997 ............................. 1996 ............................. 1995 ............................. 1994 ............................. 1993 ............................. 1992 3 .......................... 1991 3 .......................... 1990 4 .......................... 1989 5 .......................... 4,058,814 3,959,417 3,941,553 3,880,894 3,891,494 3,899,589 3,952,767 4,000,240 4,049,024 4,094,566 4,092,994 3,903,012 815,868 764,339 734,661 709,767 701,339 679,768 665,026 654,418 643,271 623,085 595,073 532,249 581,915 540,674 516,011 499,024 489,666 469,615 454,536 443,733 432,047 411,233 385,640 327,233 58,124 57,138 57,349 55,450 54,863 54,824 57,240 58,102 59,569 59,833 58,807 56,229 Birth rate 2000 6 .......................... 1999 6 .......................... 1998 6 .......................... 1997 6 .......................... 1996 6 .......................... 1995 6 .......................... 1994 6 .......................... 1993 6 .......................... 1992 6, 7 ....................... 1991 6, 7 ....................... 1990 4, 6 ....................... 1989 5, 6 ....................... 14.7 14.5 14.6 14.5 14.7 14.8 15.2 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.7 16.3 25.1 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.8 25.2 25.5 26.0 26.5 26.7 26.7 26.2 27.1 26.4 26.4 26.8 27.4 26.9 27.0 27.4 27.8 29.2 28.7 25.7 Fertility rate 2000 6 .......................... 1999 6 .......................... 1998 6 .......................... 1997 6 .......................... 1996 6 .......................... 1995 6 .......................... 1994 6 .......................... 1993 6 .......................... 1992 6, 7 ....................... 1991 6, 7 ....................... 1990 4, 6 ....................... 1989 5, 6 ....................... 67.5 65.9 65.6 65.0 65.3 65.6 66.7 67.6 68.9 69.6 71.0 69.2 105.9 102.0 101.1 102.8 104.9 105.0 105.6 106.9 108.6 108.1 107.7 104.9 115.1 111.6 112.1 116.6 119.3 117.0 115.4 114.8 116.0 121.6 118.9 106.6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mexican Non-Hispanic Puerto Rican Cuban Total 2 White 3,199,994 3,147,580 3,158,975 3,115,174 3,133,484 3,160,495 3,245,115 3,295,345 3,365,862 3,434,464 3,457,417 3,297,493 2,362,968 2,346,450 2,361,462 2,333,363 2,358,989 2,382,638 2,438,855 2,472,031 2,527,207 2,589,878 2,626,500 2,526,367 604,346 588,981 593,127 581,431 578,099 587,781 619,198 641,273 657,450 666,758 661,701 611,269 23.9 23.4 23.2 22.4 23.4 25.3 25.7 26.9 27.9 26.5 27.5 28.3 13.4 13.2 13.4 13.3 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.4 14.8 15.2 15.7 15.4 12.2 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.4 12.6 12.8 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.4 14.2 18.1 17.9 18.2 18.1 18.3 18.8 20.0 21.1 21.9 22.5 23.0 22.8 94.3 92.6 90.2 87.6 90.2 94.5 97.7 105.0 107.0 99.3 102.7 95.8 61.8 60.7 60.7 60.1 60.3 60.8 62.0 63.1 64.4 65.4 67.1 65.7 58.5 57.8 57.7 57.0 57.3 57.6 58.3 59.0 60.2 61.0 62.8 60.5 73.7 72.2 73.0 72.4 72.5 74.5 79.0 82.7 85.5 87.6 89.0 84.8 Black Includes origin not stated. Includes races other than white and black. Excludes data for New Hampshire, which did not report Hispanic origin. Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. Excludes data for Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. Rates for the Central and South American population includes other and unknown Hispanic. Rates are estimated for the United States based on birth data for 49 States and the District of Columbia. Births for New Hampshire that did not report Hispanic origin, are included in the rates for non-Hispanic women; see Technical notes. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes 33 34 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 7. Live births by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 [Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother. Includes births with stated origin of mother only] Age of mother Live-birth order and origin of mother All ages 15-19 years Under 15 years Total 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 50-54 years 552 17 Hispanic Total ........................... 815,868 2,638 129,469 7,187 15,588 25,648 36,064 44,982 247,552 218,167 141,493 62,993 12,987 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 302,797 247,472 152,300 65,600 25,618 9,936 4,266 3,654 4,225 2,547 55 2 1 33 98,125 25,465 4,219 527 54 8 2 4 1,065 6,766 333 14 3 71 13,982 1,349 85 4 168 21,181 3,861 369 25 3 1 1 207 26,717 7,764 1,174 100 12 4 2 291 29,479 12,158 2,577 395 39 3 2 1 328 107,138 87,770 37,442 10,605 2,552 552 121 54 1,318 57,470 74,654 53,071 21,291 7,217 2,311 794 382 977 26,552 41,663 38,330 19,998 8,568 3,395 1,370 1,057 560 9,220 15,257 16,361 10,801 5,658 2,738 1,402 1,338 218 1,656 2,522 2,792 2,296 1,508 879 549 734 51 82 84 83 80 60 52 27 81 3 7 2 2 1 1 4 - Mexican ...................... 581,915 1,974 97,101 5,474 11,826 19,375 26,983 33,443 182,867 157,439 94,699 39,392 8,070 362 11 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 209,902 173,537 111,357 50,094 19,839 7,739 3,323 2,896 3,228 1,910 39 1 24 73,174 19,449 3,171 387 37 4 2 3 874 5,138 262 11 2 61 10,574 1,043 65 3 141 15,956 2,948 281 17 2 1 170 19,829 5,950 886 74 7 2 1 234 21,677 9,246 1,928 291 28 2 2 1 268 77,009 66,085 28,259 8,002 1,970 397 92 38 1,015 37,642 53,456 40,643 16,681 5,610 1,779 613 280 735 14,737 25,373 27,343 15,594 6,738 2,669 1,045 801 399 4,563 7,830 10,312 7,829 4,338 2,161 1,119 1,096 144 820 1,267 1,581 1,551 1,099 688 427 602 35 43 38 48 49 46 40 24 72 2 4 1 1 1 4 - Puerto Rican ............... 58,124 255 11,356 623 1,354 2,287 3,215 3,877 19,093 13,499 9,058 4,066 773 24 - 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 22,503 17,880 10,261 4,120 1,638 664 293 286 479 246 3 1 5 8,417 2,289 466 65 5 1 113 591 24 2 6 1,204 130 6 14 1,866 357 38 1 25 2,314 714 133 14 2 38 2,442 1,064 287 50 3 1 30 7,350 6,730 3,382 1,086 283 78 14 6 164 3,500 4,490 3,089 1,392 562 212 90 57 107 2,045 2,993 2,150 947 448 209 101 109 56 800 1,171 1,000 510 283 125 68 84 25 140 200 168 115 55 38 20 29 8 5 4 5 5 2 1 1 1 - Cuban ......................... 13,429 15 997 53 136 219 279 310 2,318 3,918 3,676 2,141 353 11 - 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 5,957 4,847 1,871 489 156 50 20 13 26 15 - 840 135 16 3 3 51 1 1 - 126 9 1 - 193 24 2 - 236 34 7 1 1 234 67 5 2 2 1,383 691 195 35 6 2 1 1 4 1,897 1,453 422 99 28 8 3 1 7 1,255 1,547 648 151 46 19 3 4 3 479 906 495 162 59 16 10 6 8 87 112 90 38 16 5 3 1 1 1 3 5 1 1 - - Central and South American .............. 113,344 202 10,965 478 1,121 1,961 3,116 4,289 28,527 31,332 25,768 13,428 2,987 129 6 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 44,860 35,893 20,167 7,624 2,777 1,024 435 295 269 192 8 1 1 8,879 1,768 253 41 4 1 1 18 459 18 1 1,035 77 6 1 2 1,696 235 21 6 3 2,520 509 72 8 2 1 1 3 3,169 929 154 26 2 9 15,172 9,086 3,239 768 153 29 7 5 68 10,943 11,162 6,138 2,094 659 179 53 21 83 6,573 8,941 6,198 2,443 952 357 152 84 68 2,602 4,148 3,546 1,791 732 338 143 102 26 468 743 771 466 270 109 78 77 5 28 35 21 20 7 11 2 5 - 3 2 1 - Other and unknown Hispanic ................ 49,056 192 9,050 559 1,151 1,806 2,471 3,063 14,747 11,979 8,292 3,966 804 26 - 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 19,575 15,315 8,644 3,273 1,208 459 195 164 223 184 5 3 6,815 1,824 313 31 8 2 57 527 28 1 3 1,043 90 7 11 1,470 297 27 1 1 1 9 1,818 557 76 3 1 1 15 1,957 852 203 26 6 19 6,224 5,178 2,367 714 140 46 7 4 67 3,488 4,093 2,779 1,025 358 133 35 23 45 1,942 2,809 1,991 863 384 141 69 59 34 776 1,202 1,008 509 246 98 62 50 15 141 200 182 126 68 39 21 25 2 5 4 4 5 4 1 3 - - See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 35 Table 7. Live births by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 --Con. [Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother. Includes births with stated origin of mother only] Age of mother Live-birth order and origin of mother All ages 15-19 years Under 15 years Total 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 50-54 years Non-Hispanic Total 1 ........................ 3,199,994 5,815 335,567 14,490 32,627 60,406 95,613 132,431 760,934 858,051 776,787 383,254 75,661 3,703 222 1st child ...................... 1,303,365 2d child ....................... 1,051,901 3d child ....................... 517,537 4th child ...................... 191,711 5th child ...................... 68,577 6th child ...................... 28,237 7th child ...................... 12,851 8th child and over ....... 14,312 Not stated ................... 11,503 5,699 92 4 1 19 265,463 57,922 9,638 1,247 133 20 4 2 1,138 13,878 535 24 2 51 30,122 2,226 151 13 1 114 52,244 7,245 682 48 1 186 75,672 16,932 2,424 238 16 4 1 2 324 93,547 30,984 6,357 948 114 15 3 463 354,884 331,894 237,592 89,802 17,007 258,802 294,711 288,267 129,391 21,746 104,694 145,372 152,749 88,686 15,724 30,261 53,705 57,106 39,971 9,015 7,582 18,696 21,015 16,320 4,582 1,879 6,836 9,024 7,827 2,508 429 2,504 4,122 4,106 1,573 163 1,352 3,850 5,496 3,125 2,240 2,981 3,062 1,655 381 948 922 630 383 239 139 105 310 27 76 48 40 22 10 4 8 14 - White .......................... 2,362,968 1,840 204,056 6,387 17,086 35,286 59,491 85,806 523,971 651,445 617,371 302,576 58,631 2,909 169 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 974,641 796,440 379,234 130,611 42,355 16,015 6,982 8,138 8,552 1,819 12 1 8 167,716 31,178 3,990 411 36 8 1 1 715 6,218 141 4 24 16,165 824 31 4 62 31,745 3,222 194 15 110 49,444 8,787 960 70 3 4 1 1 221 64,144 18,204 2,801 322 33 4 298 260,773 264,205 193,022 72,541 13,700 180,118 230,353 233,748 103,077 17,170 63,698 105,892 121,998 71,048 12,096 14,533 34,539 42,802 31,187 6,838 2,703 10,137 14,038 11,901 3,355 498 2,909 5,391 5,351 1,751 85 806 2,204 2,696 1,111 53 417 1,706 3,437 2,301 1,510 2,187 2,462 1,338 309 803 744 480 281 176 104 78 220 23 62 40 32 19 9 3 1 3 - Black ........................... 604,346 3,736 116,019 7,397 13,895 22,228 31,737 40,762 197,190 137,545 441 14 1st child ...................... 2d child ....................... 3d child ....................... 4th child ...................... 5th child ...................... 6th child ...................... 7th child ...................... 8th child and over ....... Not stated ................... 225,044 178,533 107,679 49,770 21,605 10,065 4,760 4,795 2,095 3,649 74 3 10 85,633 23,991 5,155 769 89 11 2 1 368 6,982 371 18 2 24 12,444 1,287 109 8 1 46 18,071 3,628 431 29 1 68 22,830 7,293 1,359 154 12 1 88 25,306 11,412 3,238 578 74 10 2 142 66 94 92 72 37 24 15 38 3 4 3 1 2 4 - 72,960 66,693 36,549 14,323 4,418 1,247 316 97 587 33,202 43,565 31,443 15,943 7,246 3,377 1,447 803 519 91,477 47,577 10,347 19,186 28,335 21,090 10,849 5,478 2,915 1,550 1,700 374 8,609 13,343 11,101 6,310 3,448 1,930 1,079 1,565 192 1,735 2,435 2,245 1,504 889 561 349 587 42 - Quantity zero. 1 Includes races other than white and black. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. See Technical notes. 36 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 8. Fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 [ Rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified age and racial group. Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother. Figures for live-birth order not stated are distributed] Age of mother Live-birth order and origin of mother 15-44 years 1 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 2 Hispanic Total ...................................... 105.9 1.9 94.4 60.0 143.6 184.6 170.8 109.0 48.7 11.6 0.6 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 39.5 32.3 19.9 8.6 3.3 1.9 0.5 1.8 0.0 * * * * * 72.2 18.7 3.1 0.4 0.0 * * 52.4 6.9 0.6 0.0 * * * 100.4 35.6 6.7 0.9 0.1 * * 80.3 65.8 28.1 8.0 1.9 0.5 0.0 45.2 58.7 41.7 16.7 5.7 2.4 0.3 20.5 32.2 29.6 15.5 6.6 3.7 0.8 7.2 11.8 12.7 8.4 4.4 3.2 1.0 1.5 2.3 2.5 2.1 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mexican ................................ 115.1 2.1 101.7 65.0 154.5 197.9 175.4 112.4 50.7 12.2 0.7 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 41.7 34.5 22.1 10.0 3.9 2.2 0.6 2.1 0.0 * * * * * 77.3 20.5 3.3 0.4 0.0 * * 56.7 7.6 0.6 0.0 * * * 107.0 39.2 7.3 0.9 0.1 * * 83.8 71.9 30.7 8.7 2.1 0.5 0.0 42.1 59.8 45.5 18.7 6.3 2.7 0.3 17.6 30.2 32.6 18.6 8.0 4.4 1.0 5.9 10.1 13.3 10.1 5.6 4.2 1.4 1.2 1.9 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.7 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Puerto Rican ......................... 84.3 1.9 97.0 63.2 143.1 181.3 121.3 74.2 34.1 6.7 0.3 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 32.9 26.1 15.0 6.0 2.4 1.4 0.4 1.9 * * * * * * 72.7 19.8 4.0 0.6 * * * 54.9 7.6 0.7 * * * * 96.9 36.2 8.6 1.3 * * * 70.4 64.4 32.4 10.4 2.7 0.9 * 31.7 40.7 28.0 12.6 5.1 2.7 0.5 16.9 24.7 17.7 7.8 3.7 2.6 0.9 6.8 9.9 8.4 4.3 2.4 1.6 0.7 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 * * * * * * * Cuban ................................... 57.3 * 25.8 16.5 42.2 74.2 138.9 84.1 42.0 8.5 * 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 25.5 20.7 8.0 2.1 0.7 0.3 * * * * * * * * 21.8 3.5 * * * * * 15.0 1.4 * * * * * 33.8 7.3 * * * * * 44.4 22.2 6.2 1.1 * * * 67.3 51.6 15.0 3.5 1.0 * * 28.7 35.4 14.8 3.5 1.1 0.5 * 9.4 17.8 9.7 3.2 1.2 0.5 * 2.1 2.7 2.2 0.9 * * * * * * * * * * Other Hispanic 3 ................... 94.3 1.3 76.9 47.0 118.0 154.5 180.2 117.7 50.2 12.4 0.7 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 37.5 29.8 16.8 6.3 2.3 1.2 0.3 1.3 * * * * * * 60.5 13.9 2.2 0.3 * * * 41.5 5.0 0.4 * * * * 86.7 26.1 4.6 0.6 * * * 76.6 51.1 20.1 5.3 1.0 0.3 * 60.2 63.7 37.2 13.0 4.2 1.7 0.2 29.5 40.7 28.4 11.5 4.6 2.5 0.5 9.8 15.5 13.2 6.7 2.8 1.9 0.4 2.0 3.1 3.1 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 * * * See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 37 Table 8. Fertility rates and birth rates by age of mother, live-birth order, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 --Con. [ Rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified age and racial group. Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to mother. Figures for live-birth order not stated are distributed] Age of mother Live-birth order and origin of mother 15-44 years 1 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 2 Non-Hispanic 4 Total 5 ................................... 61.8 0.7 40.9 22.1 68.4 99.7 113.2 91.9 39.3 7.5 0.4 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 25.3 20.4 10.0 3.7 1.3 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.0 * * * * * 32.5 7.1 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 * 19.8 2.1 0.2 0.0 * * * 51.0 14.4 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 * 46.6 34.0 13.8 4.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 43.9 39.0 19.2 7.1 2.5 1.2 0.2 28.2 34.2 18.1 6.8 2.5 1.6 0.5 9.3 13.3 9.1 4.1 1.7 1.2 0.6 1.7 2.2 1.6 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 White .................................... 58.5 0.3 32.5 15.8 56.8 89.6 112.8 94.0 39.0 7.2 0.4 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 24.2 19.8 9.4 3.3 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 * * * * * * 26.8 5.0 0.6 0.1 0.0 * * 14.6 1.1 0.1 0.0 * * * 44.5 10.6 1.5 0.2 0.0 * * 44.7 30.9 10.9 2.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 45.8 40.0 18.4 6.0 1.8 0.7 0.1 29.5 35.7 18.6 6.5 2.1 1.2 0.3 9.4 13.3 9.2 4.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 1.7 2.1 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Black ..................................... 73.7 2.5 81.9 52.0 125.1 148.6 108.2 69.3 33.0 7.3 0.4 1st child ................................ 2d child ................................. 3d child ................................. 4th child ................................ 5th child ................................ 6th and 7th child ................... 8th child and over ................. 27.5 21.8 13.2 6.1 2.6 1.8 0.6 2.5 0.1 * * * * * 60.6 17.0 3.7 0.5 0.1 * * 44.9 6.3 0.7 0.0 * * * 83.3 32.4 8.0 1.3 0.1 * * 55.2 50.4 27.6 10.8 3.3 1.2 0.1 26.3 34.4 24.8 12.6 5.7 3.8 0.6 14.6 21.5 16.0 8.2 4.2 3.4 1.3 6.0 9.3 7.7 4.4 2.4 2.1 1.1 1.2 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. 1 Fertility rates computed by relating total births, regardless of age of mother, to women aged 15-44 years. 2 Birth rates computed by relating births to women aged 45-54 years to women aged 45-49 years. 3 Includes Central and South American and other and unknown Hispanic. 4 Includes origin not stated. 5 Includes races other than white and black. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated; see Technical notes. 38 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 9. Total fertility rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 1989-2000 [Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in specified racial group and birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified age and racial group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5] Age of mother Year and origin/race of mother Total fertility rate Fertility rate 1 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 2 All origins .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... .................................... 2,130.0 2,075.0 2,058.5 2,032.5 2,027.0 2,019.0 2,036.0 2,046.0 2,065.0 2,073.0 2,081.0 2,014.0 67.5 65.9 65.6 65.0 65.3 65.6 66.7 67.6 68.9 69.6 70.9 69.2 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 48.5 49.6 51.1 52.3 54.4 56.8 58.9 59.6 60.7 62.1 59.9 57.3 27.4 28.7 30.4 32.1 33.8 36.0 37.6 37.8 37.8 38.7 37.5 36.4 79.2 80.3 82.0 83.6 86.0 89.1 91.5 92.1 94.5 94.4 88.6 84.2 112.3 111.0 111.2 110.4 110.4 109.8 111.1 112.6 114.6 115.7 116.5 113.8 121.4 117.8 115.9 113.8 113.1 112.2 113.9 115.5 117.4 118.2 120.2 117.6 94.1 89.6 87.4 85.3 83.9 82.5 81.5 80.8 80.2 79.5 80.8 77.4 40.4 38.3 37.4 36.1 35.3 34.3 33.7 32.9 32.5 32.0 31.7 29.9 7.9 7.4 7.3 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 5.5 5.5 5.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 Hispanic Total 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 3,108.0 2,985.0 2,947.5 2,999.5 3,047.5 3,019.5 3,014.0 3,020.5 3,043.0 3,002.5 2,959.5 2,903.5 105.9 102.0 101.1 102.8 104.9 105.0 105.6 106.9 108.6 108.1 107.7 104.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.3 94.4 93.4 93.6 97.4 101.8 106.7 107.7 106.8 107.1 106.7 100.3 100.8 60.0 61.3 62.3 66.3 69.0 72.9 74.0 71.7 71.4 70.6 65.9 --- 143.6 139.4 140.1 144.3 151.1 157.9 158.0 159.1 159.7 158.5 147.7 --- 184.6 178.7 178.4 184.2 189.5 188.5 188.2 188.3 190.6 186.3 181.0 184.4 170.8 163.1 160.2 161.7 161.0 153.8 153.2 154.0 154.4 152.8 153.0 146.6 109.0 102.2 98.9 97.9 98.1 95.9 95.4 96.4 96.8 96.1 98.3 92.1 48.7 46.3 44.9 45.0 45.1 44.9 44.3 44.7 45.6 44.9 45.3 43.5 11.6 10.7 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.6 10.9 10.7 10.9 10.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 Mexican 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 3,265.5 3,181.5 3,198.0 3,307.5 3,353.5 3,273.5 3,211.5 3,174.0 3,196.5 3,317.5 3,214.0 2,916.5 115.1 111.6 112.1 116.6 119.3 117.0 115.4 114.8 116.0 121.6 118.9 106.6 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.5 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.0 101.7 101.5 102.7 112.4 120.7 124.6 116.2 108.7 108.8 117.3 108.0 94.5 65.0 65.4 67.0 77.3 83.4 84.4 78.0 71.6 --75.9 69.7 --- 154.5 156.8 159.1 165.1 174.3 185.3 175.0 164.9 --178.4 162.2 --- 197.9 194.2 197.6 204.9 206.3 208.9 202.6 196.6 202.3 209.9 200.3 184.3 175.4 169.8 173.5 176.3 176.9 160.5 165.2 168.2 166.3 168.2 165.3 153.7 112.4 107.9 103.7 104.2 103.7 98.5 96.9 100.5 99.1 103.3 104.4 96.1 50.7 49.1 48.4 49.0 47.6 46.8 46.2 46.1 47.7 49.1 49.1 41.0 12.2 10.8 10.9 11.6 12.0 11.9 11.7 11.3 11.8 12.3 12.4 11.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 Puerto Rican 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 2,584.0 2,378.0 2,268.0 2,164.0 2,163.0 2,245.5 2,490.0 2,523.5 2,644.5 2,276.0 2,301.0 2,421.0 84.3 77.7 75.5 71.7 71.3 75.7 81.9 82.5 89.9 80.9 82.9 86.6 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.8 2.1 3.0 3.2 3.1 3.5 2.5 2.9 3.8 97.0 79.7 81.2 74.9 82.3 89.0 106.0 110.0 110.4 102.7 101.6 112.7 63.2 53.2 55.1 48.9 52.2 61.2 72.8 73.4 --75.2 71.6 --- 143.1 117.1 120.7 120.0 143.2 139.2 168.4 181.0 --143.0 141.6 --- 181.3 166.0 164.2 154.0 148.8 151.5 181.0 193.1 204.9 149.4 150.1 171.0 121.3 127.9 104.4 109.3 109.4 107.2 111.7 108.4 106.6 107.5 109.9 98.0 74.2 64.3 67.6 59.1 58.3 64.8 62.3 56.3 66.7 61.4 62.8 65.2 34.1 28.4 26.7 27.0 25.9 27.7 28.0 27.1 30.0 25.7 26.2 26.9 6.7 7.3 7.2 6.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.2 6.5 5.7 6.2 6.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 * 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 Cuban 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 1,871.0 1,563.0 1,560.0 1,814.5 1,774.5 1,705.5 1,680.5 1,632.5 1,485.5 1,385.5 1,459.5 1,479.0 57.3 51.2 50.1 57.4 58.9 55.1 55.9 55.5 50.3 49.1 52.6 49.8 * 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 * 0.6 * 1.0 * * 0.5 25.8 27.1 24.2 38.3 34.0 29.2 40.2 33.0 26.3 27.7 30.3 25.1 16.5 15.7 15.6 25.3 19.8 16.6 23.1 20.4 --17.5 18.2 --- 42.2 46.2 38.8 53.4 54.5 51.2 77.4 49.7 --41.3 46.1 --- 74.2 71.8 85.6 82.7 82.5 77.0 72.5 68.9 51.6 61.2 64.6 64.2 138.9 92.8 95.2 123.5 110.7 110.6 98.4 102.0 98.4 88.8 95.4 101.8 84.1 72.9 64.5 75.7 85.9 88.0 87.6 86.9 86.2 68.2 67.6 73.7 42.0 39.6 34.2 35.1 34.3 29.8 31.3 31.0 28.9 26.7 28.2 27.2 8.5 7.4 7.1 6.3 6.4 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.9 3.0 * * * 0.3 * * * * 0.0 * * 0.3 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 39 Table 9. Total fertility rates, fertility rates, and birth rates by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 1989-2000 --Con. [Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years in specified racial group and birth rates are live births per 1,000 women in specified age and racial group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1990, and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5] Age of mother Year and origin/race of mother Total fertilty rate Fertility rate 1 15-19 years 10-14 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 2 Other Hispanic 6 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 2,969.5 2,836.5 2,719.0 2,653.5 2,762.0 2,834.0 2,855.5 3,038.5 3,076.0 2,817.0 2,877.0 2,683.0 94.3 92.6 90.2 87.6 90.2 94.5 97.7 105.0 107.0 99.3 102.7 95.8 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.1 2.1 1.7 76.9 81.3 80.0 72.1 69.8 77.5 87.9 106.9 112.1 88.1 86.0 66.4 47.0 57.1 56.7 48.3 46.6 54.8 66.4 78.2 --58.9 57.2 --- 118.0 108.2 106.9 106.8 103.1 107.8 112.4 141.7 --128.8 123.8 --- 154.5 148.0 137.4 146.4 166.5 158.3 162.0 175.2 172.9 161.1 162.9 159.2 180.2 166.2 157.2 147.9 146.3 161.8 147.4 147.1 157.8 150.6 155.8 150.4 117.7 108.8 106.9 104.4 105.3 103.7 109.3 110.4 106.6 101.5 106.9 85.1 50.2 48.3 46.9 45.4 50.4 50.9 49.4 52.4 50.3 48.2 49.4 60.3 12.4 12.4 12.9 11.8 11.0 11.6 11.9 12.5 12.5 11.2 11.6 12.7 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 Non-Hispanic 7 Total 8 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 1,968.0 1,929.5 1,919.5 1,888.5 1,881.0 1,881.0 1,905.0 1,918.5 1,941.0 1,959.5 1,979.5 1,921.0 61.8 60.7 60.7 60.1 60.3 60.8 62.0 63.1 64.4 65.4 67.1 65.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 40.9 42.5 44.3 45.5 47.3 49.6 52.0 52.9 54.4 56.1 54.8 53.4 22.1 23.5 25.4 27.0 28.7 30.7 32.5 33.1 33.2 34.4 33.8 --- 68.4 70.6 72.8 74.3 76.2 79.0 81.8 82.6 85.5 86.1 81.4 --- 99.7 99.4 99.9 98.6 98.4 98.5 100.4 102.5 104.7 106.6 108.1 107.8 113.2 110.6 109.3 107.0 106.5 106.4 108.6 110.4 112.7 114.0 116.5 113.4 91.9 87.8 85.7 83.5 82.0 80.9 79.9 79.0 78.4 77.8 79.2 74.7 39.3 37.3 36.5 35.1 34.2 33.2 32.6 31.7 31.2 30.8 30.7 28.6 7.5 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.0 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.1 4.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 White 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 1,879.0 1,850.0 1,837.0 1,801.0 1,795.5 1,786.5 1,792.0 1,792.5 1,810.5 1,826.5 1,850.5 1,770.0 58.5 57.8 57.7 57.0 57.3 57.6 58.3 59.0 60.2 61.0 62.8 60.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 32.5 34.0 35.2 36.0 37.6 39.3 40.4 40.7 41.7 43.4 42.5 39.9 15.8 17.1 18.4 19.4 20.6 22.0 22.8 22.7 22.7 23.6 23.2 --- 56.8 58.9 60.6 61.9 63.7 66.1 67.4 67.7 69.8 70.5 66.6 --- 89.6 89.9 90.7 89.8 90.1 90.0 90.9 92.1 93.9 95.7 97.5 94.7 112.8 111.0 109.7 107.2 107.0 106.5 107.9 109.2 111.5 112.7 115.3 111.7 94.0 90.3 88.0 85.2 83.5 82.0 80.7 79.4 78.7 77.9 79.4 75.0 39.0 37.3 36.4 34.9 34.0 32.9 32.1 31.1 30.5 30.2 30.0 27.8 7.2 6.8 6.7 6.4 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.3 5.1 4.7 4.7 4.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Black 2000 .................................... 1999 .................................... 1998 .................................... 1997 .................................... 1996 .................................... 1995 .................................... 1994 .................................... 1993 .................................... 1992 3 ................................. 1991 3 ................................. 1990 4 ................................. 1989 5 ................................. 2,256.0 2,212.5 2,235.5 2,210.5 2,204.0 2,245.0 2,365.0 2,454.5 2,514.0 2,551.0 2,547.5 2,424.0 73.7 72.2 73.0 72.4 72.5 74.5 79.0 82.7 85.5 87.6 89.0 84.8 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.2 81.9 83.7 88.2 90.8 94.2 99.3 107.7 112.2 116.0 118.9 116.2 111.9 52.0 53.7 58.8 62.6 66.6 72.1 78.6 82.5 83.9 86.7 84.9 --- 125.1 126.8 130.9 134.0 136.6 141.9 152.9 156.7 162.9 163.1 157.5 --- 148.6 146.3 146.4 143.0 140.9 141.7 150.3 157.4 163.0 166.1 165.1 156.3 108.2 104.9 104.6 101.9 100.8 102.0 107.0 111.5 114.6 116.3 118.4 113.8 69.3 66.3 66.6 65.8 64.9 65.9 67.5 69.0 69.1 69.3 70.2 65.7 33.0 31.5 31.2 30.3 29.7 29.4 29.5 29.8 29.4 28.9 28.7 26.3 7.3 6.7 6.8 6.6 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. --- Data not available. 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less that 0.05. 1 Fertility rates computed by relating total births, regardless of age of mother, to women 15-44 years. 2 Beginning 1997, rates computed by relating births to women aged 45-54 years to women aged 45-49 years. 3 Excludes data for New Hampshire, which did not report Hispanic origin. 4 Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. 5 Excludes data for Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. 6 Includes Central and South American and other and unknown Hispanic. 7 Includes origin not stated. 8 Includes races other than white and black. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes. 40 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 10. Number of births, birth rates, fertility rates, total fertility rates, and birth rates for teenagers 15-19 years by age of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 estimated population in each area; fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years estimated in each area; total fertility rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5; birth rates by age are live births per 1,000 women in specified age group estimated in each area] Teenage birth rate 15-19 years State Number of births Birth rate Fertility rate Total fertility rate United States 1 ...................................................... 4,058,814 14.7 67.5 Alabama ............................................................... Alaska ................................................................... Arizona ................................................................. Arkansas ............................................................... California .............................................................. Colorado ............................................................... Connecticut ........................................................... Delaware .............................................................. District of Columbia .............................................. Florida ................................................................... 63,299 9,974 85,273 37,783 531,959 65,438 43,026 11,051 7,666 204,125 14.4 16.0 17.5 14.7 15.8 15.8 13.0 14.5 14.8 13.3 Georgia ................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................... Idaho ..................................................................... Illinois .................................................................... Indiana .................................................................. Iowa ...................................................................... Kansas .................................................................. Kentucky ............................................................... Louisiana .............................................................. Maine .................................................................... 132,644 17,551 20,366 185,036 87,699 38,266 39,666 56,029 67,898 13,603 Maryland ............................................................... Massachusetts ...................................................... Michigan ............................................................... Minnesota ............................................................. Mississippi ............................................................ Missouri ................................................................ Montana ................................................................ Nebraska .............................................................. Nevada ................................................................. New Hampshire .................................................... Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 2,130.0 48.5 27.4 79.2 65.0 74.6 84.4 69.1 70.7 73.1 61.2 63.5 63.0 66.9 2,021.0 2,437.0 2,652.5 2,140.0 2,186.0 2,356.5 1,931.5 2,014.0 1,975.5 2,157.5 62.9 42.4 69.1 68.5 48.5 49.2 31.9 51.6 80.7 52.6 37.9 23.6 41.1 36.7 28.6 28.6 16.9 30.5 60.7 29.7 97.3 69.4 111.3 114.1 75.6 79.8 56.3 80.2 101.8 88.0 16.7 14.9 16.0 15.2 14.7 13.3 14.9 14.1 15.5 10.8 71.4 72.3 74.8 69.5 66.8 64.0 69.2 63.6 69.1 49.5 2,239.5 2,337.0 2,314.0 2,190.5 2,109.0 2,052.5 2,205.0 1,992.5 2,128.5 1,611.5 64.2 45.1 43.1 49.5 50.3 34.7 45.3 55.3 62.1 28.7 36.8 24.7 21.3 28.5 26.2 17.4 22.4 29.2 36.3 13.4 104.3 70.5 72.8 81.1 85.9 60.3 78.5 92.2 97.1 52.8 74,316 81,614 136,171 67,604 44,075 76,463 10,957 24,646 30,829 14,609 14.2 13.2 13.7 14.0 15.8 13.9 12.3 14.8 16.4 12.0 61.9 59.2 62.0 63.8 70.3 64.0 61.3 68.9 79.8 52.2 1,974.5 1,799.0 1,969.5 2,062.0 2,124.0 2,047.5 2,003.0 2,209.0 2,560.0 1,664.0 41.6 27.1 39.2 29.6 72.0 48.8 35.8 37.2 62.2 23.4 23.8 15.0 21.3 15.6 45.0 26.5 19.1 19.3 34.2 9.8 68.8 44.9 66.3 51.0 109.9 82.2 60.8 62.7 106.7 45.4 New Jersey ........................................................... New Mexico .......................................................... New York .............................................................. North Carolina ...................................................... North Dakota ........................................................ Ohio ...................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................. Oregon .................................................................. Pennsylvania ........................................................ Rhode Island ........................................................ 115,632 27,223 258,737 120,311 7,676 155,472 49,782 45,804 146,281 12,505 14.1 15.6 14.2 15.5 12.2 13.8 14.7 13.7 12.2 12.6 65.8 72.7 65.0 71.6 58.7 63.0 69.9 65.8 58.2 58.1 2,086.0 2,313.0 2,022.0 2,269.5 1,875.5 1,995.5 2,184.0 2,086.0 1,868.0 1,822.0 31.7 66.2 35.6 59.9 28.2 45.6 60.1 43.2 35.2 38.4 17.0 40.2 20.1 32.8 12.5 24.1 32.9 23.5 19.6 21.3 54.9 105.1 58.1 101.4 51.4 77.2 99.8 72.8 58.8 64.0 South Carolina ...................................................... South Dakota ........................................................ Tennessee ............................................................ Texas .................................................................... Utah ...................................................................... Vermont ................................................................ Virginia .................................................................. Washington ........................................................... West Virginia ........................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................. Wyoming ............................................................... 56,114 10,345 79,611 363,414 47,353 6,500 98,938 81,036 20,865 69,326 6,253 14.3 14.0 14.4 17.8 21.9 10.9 14.2 13.9 11.6 13.1 13.0 63.3 66.7 65.2 80.0 94.5 48.8 61.2 63.2 55.9 60.4 62.7 1,971.5 2,148.0 2,063.5 2,500.5 2,761.5 1,565.5 1,904.0 2,011.5 1,723.5 1,940.0 1,976.5 60.6 37.2 61.5 69.2 40.0 24.1 40.8 38.2 46.4 34.5 40.8 36.7 19.4 34.2 42.7 22.0 10.6 21.7 20.3 22.8 18.3 19.0 92.9 62.2 101.6 107.1 62.7 44.5 66.9 64.5 79.8 58.8 73.4 Puerto Rico ........................................................... Virgin Islands ........................................................ Guam .................................................................... American Samoa .................................................. Northern Marianas ................................................ 59,333 1,564 3,766 1,731 1,431 15.2 12.9 24.4 26.4 19.9 64.9 57.6 113.8 108.2 60.5 1,857.0 1,680.0 3,444.5 3,348.0 2,010.0 71.5 46.8 69.5 38.1 61.1 49.1 26.3 46.2 16.8 42.0 103.8 78.1 109.4 75.1 92.0 1 Excludes data for the territories. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 11. Live births by race of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] Number State All races White American Indian 1 Black Asian or Pacific Islander United States 2 ................................ 4,058,814 3,194,005 622,598 41,668 200,543 Alabama .......................................... Alaska ............................................. Arizona ............................................ Arkansas ......................................... California ......................................... Colorado ......................................... Connecticut ..................................... Delaware ......................................... District of Columbia ......................... Florida ............................................. 63,299 9,974 85,273 37,783 531,959 65,438 43,026 11,051 7,666 204,125 42,061 6,364 74,760 29,071 429,638 59,684 35,819 8,009 2,323 150,608 20,512 462 2,787 7,969 35,046 3,031 5,273 2,634 5,157 47,367 182 2,509 5,675 242 3,032 644 129 39 9 1,129 544 639 2,051 501 64,243 2,079 1,805 369 177 5,021 Georgia ........................................... Hawaii ............................................. Idaho ............................................... Illinois .............................................. Indiana ............................................ Iowa ................................................ Kansas ............................................ Kentucky ......................................... Louisiana ........................................ Maine .............................................. 132,644 17,551 20,366 185,036 87,699 38,266 39,666 56,029 67,898 13,603 84,646 4,022 19,705 142,390 76,845 35,887 35,297 50,216 38,125 13,185 44,161 472 75 34,317 9,521 1,234 2,870 5,127 28,351 112 303 189 288 277 142 226 432 75 390 118 3,534 12,868 298 8,052 1,191 919 1,067 611 1,032 188 Maryland ......................................... Massachusetts ................................ Michigan ......................................... Minnesota ....................................... Mississippi ...................................... Missouri .......................................... Montana .......................................... Nebraska ........................................ Nevada ........................................... New Hampshire .............................. 74,316 81,614 136,171 67,604 44,075 76,463 10,957 24,646 30,829 14,609 45,554 68,553 107,362 58,431 23,540 63,168 9,470 22,261 26,033 14,070 24,910 8,086 24,314 4,450 19,893 11,474 45 1,377 2,369 182 237 163 680 1,232 248 344 1,328 431 433 28 3,615 4,812 3,815 3,491 394 1,477 114 577 1,994 329 New Jersey ..................................... New Mexico .................................... New York ........................................ North Carolina ................................. North Dakota ................................... Ohio ................................................ Oklahoma ....................................... Oregon ............................................ Pennsylvania .................................. Rhode Island ................................... 115,632 27,223 258,737 120,311 7,676 155,472 49,782 45,804 146,281 12,505 84,844 22,890 183,668 86,428 6,709 128,527 38,787 41,710 121,256 10,795 21,131 498 54,822 29,369 82 23,726 4,787 1,020 20,684 1,121 184 3,433 713 1,740 788 324 5,214 729 384 153 9,473 402 19,534 2,774 97 2,895 994 2,345 3,957 436 South Carolina ................................ South Dakota .................................. Tennessee ...................................... Texas .............................................. Utah ................................................ Vermont .......................................... Virginia ............................................ Washington ..................................... West Virginia ................................... Wisconsin ....................................... Wyoming ......................................... 56,114 10,345 79,611 363,414 47,353 6,500 98,938 81,036 20,865 69,326 6,253 35,341 8,424 61,224 309,552 44,896 6,367 71,187 68,676 19,967 59,790 5,870 19,734 106 16,909 41,308 328 32 22,529 3,497 778 6,502 57 188 1,684 154 818 693 19 109 1,972 12 936 267 851 131 1,324 11,736 1,436 82 5,113 6,891 108 2,098 59 Puerto Rico ..................................... Virgin Islands .................................. Guam .............................................. American Samoa ............................ Northern Marianas .......................... 59,333 1,564 3,766 1,731 1,431 54,552 320 287 4 24 4,773 1,191 36 - --51 3 - --2 3,440 1,727 1,407 - Quantity zero. --- Data not available. 1 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. 2 Excludes data for the territories. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 41 42 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 12. Live births by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] Origin of mother State Hispanic All origins Total Mexican Puerto Rican Non-Hispanic Central and South American Cuban Other and unknown Hispanic Not stated Total 1 White Black United States 2 ................ 4,058,814 815,868 581,915 58,124 13,429 113,344 49,056 3,199,994 2,362,968 604,346 42,952 Alabama ........................... Alaska .............................. Arizona ............................. Arkansas .......................... California .......................... Colorado ........................... Connecticut ...................... Delaware .......................... District of Columbia .......... Florida .............................. 63,299 9,974 85,273 37,783 531,959 65,438 43,026 11,051 7,666 204,125 1,901 597 34,695 2,343 258,105 18,237 6,472 1,022 876 45,856 1,411 269 33,145 1,953 225,633 13,618 570 494 70 10,851 81 51 241 38 2,070 213 4,118 320 5 8,460 21 9 56 8 735 36 77 9 6 9,319 162 64 641 285 25,136 619 1,496 186 748 15,966 226 204 612 59 4,531 3,751 211 13 47 1,260 61,349 9,018 49,451 35,339 270,591 47,158 35,588 10,009 6,757 158,053 40,154 5,770 39,873 26,657 171,552 41,822 28,785 6,999 1,463 106,200 20,498 383 2,602 7,950 33,835 2,902 4,946 2,606 5,108 46,233 49 359 1,127 101 3,263 43 966 20 33 216 Georgia ............................ Hawaii .............................. Idaho ................................ Illinois ............................... Indiana ............................. Iowa .................................. Kansas ............................. Kentucky .......................... Louisiana .......................... Maine ............................... 132,644 17,551 20,366 185,036 87,699 38,266 39,666 56,029 67,898 13,603 13,363 2,302 2,599 39,313 5,456 2,135 4,761 1,089 1,532 141 10,471 453 2,242 33,206 4,622 1,679 3,970 767 671 32 510 750 16 2,894 320 40 91 97 97 27 156 9 3 184 30 10 15 42 62 1 2,108 100 65 1,623 381 288 251 167 143 34 118 990 273 1,406 103 118 434 16 559 47 117,480 15,232 17,655 145,634 81,922 35,897 34,462 54,893 66,278 13,425 70,521 3,285 17,021 103,267 71,214 33,608 30,181 49,133 36,592 13,019 43,418 440 74 34,079 9,447 1,203 2,820 5,107 28,298 104 1,801 17 112 89 321 234 443 47 88 37 Maryland .......................... Massachusetts ................. Michigan ........................... Minnesota ......................... Mississippi ........................ Missouri ............................ Montana ........................... Nebraska .......................... Nevada ............................. New Hampshire ................ 74,316 81,614 136,171 67,604 44,075 76,463 10,957 24,646 30,829 14,609 4,812 9,279 6,949 3,952 623 2,661 330 2,596 10,195 373 971 388 5,574 3,179 343 1,932 155 2,077 8,398 101 344 4,537 438 109 27 115 10 27 162 83 50 79 79 27 7 45 4 7 174 5 2,677 3,945 393 439 44 394 16 328 928 132 770 330 465 198 202 175 145 157 533 52 69,266 71,780 120,551 61,116 43,407 73,740 10,256 21,551 20,317 13,621 41,013 60,419 92,551 52,098 22,879 60,502 8,835 19,200 15,724 13,135 24,676 6,436 23,868 4,378 19,889 11,437 34 1,355 2,283 141 238 555 8,671 2,536 45 62 371 499 317 615 New Jersey ...................... New Mexico ...................... New York .......................... North Carolina .................. North Dakota .................... Ohio .................................. Oklahoma ......................... Oregon ............................. Pennsylvania .................... Rhode Island .................... 115,632 27,223 258,737 120,311 7,676 155,472 49,782 45,804 146,281 12,505 22,457 13,941 53,847 12,557 132 4,150 4,357 7,401 7,549 2,103 3,453 5,204 8,062 9,514 86 2,148 3,367 6,810 1,288 128 7,095 53 13,992 619 7 1,328 105 89 4,924 643 883 33 457 105 45 19 40 84 13 10,670 129 22,393 2,202 10 441 218 310 533 1,233 356 8,522 8,943 117 29 188 648 152 720 86 92,702 13,276 193,130 107,665 7,331 151,029 44,877 38,275 138,020 9,393 64,098 9,055 125,365 73,966 6,395 124,378 34,120 34,291 113,556 7,825 19,078 477 47,869 29,229 79 23,495 4,702 996 20,227 1,005 473 6 11,760 89 213 293 548 128 712 1,009 South Carolina ................. South Dakota ................... Tennessee ....................... Texas ............................... Utah .................................. Vermont ............................ Virginia ............................. Washington ...................... West Virginia .................... Wisconsin ......................... Wyoming .......................... 56,114 10,345 79,611 363,414 47,353 6,500 98,938 81,036 20,865 69,326 6,253 2,261 223 3,220 166,931 5,938 33 7,725 11,367 50 4,493 568 1,598 137 2,413 148,588 4,683 8 1,787 9,427 34 3,429 506 138 12 179 1,071 98 12 567 267 1 625 8 18 41 269 14 3 61 43 3 32 1 345 53 472 8,358 555 4 4,806 599 3 248 3 162 21 115 8,645 588 6 504 1,031 9 159 50 53,778 10,107 76,349 195,151 41,214 6,301 91,007 67,335 20,756 64,825 5,677 33,175 8,224 58,028 142,142 38,809 6,173 63,528 55,774 19,867 55,418 5,309 19,709 104 16,876 40,657 318 31 22,369 3,307 770 6,442 56 75 15 42 1,332 201 166 206 2,334 59 8 8 Puerto Rico ...................... Virgin Islands .................... Guam ............................... American Samoa .............. Northern Marianas ........... 59,333 1,564 3,766 1,731 1,431 --328 42 ----- --19 23 ----- --268 6 ----- --2 1 ----- --7 ----- --39 5 ----- --1,195 3,688 ----- --77 250 ----- --1,072 33 ----- 59,333 41 36 1,731 1,431 --1 2 Quantity zero. Data not available. Includes races other than white and black. Excludes data for the territories. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. See Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 43 Table 13. Total number of births, rates (birth, fertility, and total fertility), and percent of births with selected demographic characteristics, by detailed race of mother and place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 Characteristic All races White Black American Indian 1 Asian or Pacific Islander Total Chinese Japanese Hawaiian Filipino Other Number Births ............................................... 4,058,814 3,194,005 622,598 41,668 200,543 34,271 8,969 6,608 32,107 118,588 ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- 1,077 1,084 1,059 1,080 1,062 Rate Birth rate 2 ....................................... Fertility rate 3 .................................. Total fertility rate 4 ........................... 14.7 67.5 2,130.0 14.1 66.5 2,113.5 17.6 71.7 2,193.0 17.1 71.4 2,100.5 17.8 70.7 2,072.5 Sex ratio 5 ....................................... 1,048 1,050 1,031 1,035 1,068 Percent All births Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... Mothers born in the 50 States and DC ............................................. 11.8 10.6 33.2 10.6 9.9 27.1 19.7 15.0 68.5 19.7 19.1 58.4 4.5 6.9 14.8 0.9 2.2 7.6 1.9 3.6 9.5 17.4 15.5 50.0 5.3 7.4 20.3 4.8 7.9 13.8 78.3 78.6 74.5 68.4 88.4 88.3 97.9 83.3 93.8 86.5 78.6 80.4 88.0 94.9 16.4 9.5 41.1 97.6 20.5 10.9 Mothers born in the 50 States and DC Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... 12.7 10.2 34.1 10.7 9.0 25.7 21.5 15.2 71.9 20.3 19.5 59.7 15.3 7.9 32.5 4.3 3.5 11.1 4.0 4.2 15.8 17.5 15.6 50.2 13.7 6.9 36.0 21.0 6.6 31.9 83.0 85.1 73.6 68.6 87.7 96.8 96.7 83.5 89.8 83.7 Mothers born outside the 50 States and DC Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... 8.1 12.3 29.7 9.8 13.7 33.0 6.4 13.5 43.6 9.1 11.4 33.3 2.4 6.7 11.3 0.6 2.1 7.2 0.5 3.1 5.0 12.5 * 38.8 3.1 7.5 16.3 2.9 8.1 11.6 61.1 51.3 81.8 65.1 88.6 87.5 98.7 74.8 94.9 86.9 --- Data not available. * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. 2 Birth rate per 1,000 population. 3 Fertility rate per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. 4 Rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. 5 Male live births per 1,000 female live births. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated; see Technical notes. 44 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 14. Total number of births, rates (birth, fertility, and total fertility), and percent of births with selected demographic characteristics, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin and by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 Hispanic Characteristic All origins 1 Total Mexican Puerto Rican Non-Hispanic Central and South American Cuban Other and unknown Hispanic Total 2 White 3,199,994 2,362,968 604,346 13.4 61.8 1,968.0 12.2 58.5 1,879.0 18.1 73.7 2,256.0 Black Number Births ............................................... 4,058,814 815,868 581,915 58,124 13,429 113,344 49,056 Rate Birth rate 3, 4 ................................... Fertility rate 4, 5 ............................... Total fertility rate 4, 6 ....................... 14.7 67.5 2,130.0 25.1 105.9 3,108.0 27.1 115.1 3,265.5 20.2 84.3 2,584.0 10.4 57.3 1,871.0 23.9 94.3 2,969.5 Sex ratio 7 ....................................... 1,048 1,043 1,042 1,051 1,050 1,046 1,038 1,049 1,053 1,031 Percent All births Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... Mothers born in the 50 States and DC ............................................. 11.8 10.6 33.2 16.2 13.4 42.7 17.0 14.5 40.7 20.0 12.1 59.6 7.5 5.4 27.3 9.9 10.7 44.7 18.8 10.9 46.2 10.7 9.9 30.8 8.7 8.7 22.1 19.8 15.1 68.7 78.3 51.1 45.0 66.6 88.1 62.8 68.6 85.1 87.8 74.7 78.6 38.0 37.3 64.6 42.3 11.0 76.0 88.8 94.6 89.4 Mothers born in the 50 States and DC Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... 12.7 10.2 34.1 23.8 11.4 48.1 24.9 12.1 46.5 21.7 11.3 61.9 13.0 5.2 27.2 20.9 5.4 45.5 21.9 10.9 47.6 11.6 10.0 32.6 9.0 8.6 22.7 21.5 15.2 72.0 83.0 66.6 64.6 67.0 87.5 79.9 70.1 84.7 87.6 73.6 Mothers born outside the 50 States and DC Births to mothers under 20 years .... 4th- and higher-order births ............ Births to unmarried mothers ........... Mothers completing 12 years or more of school .......................... 8.1 12.3 29.7 11.5 14.7 39.3 12.3 15.9 37.1 16.8 13.7 55.2 3.5 5.6 27.4 8.5 11.4 44.6 8.7 10.7 40.7 3.3 9.0 16.4 3.2 9.6 10.7 5.8 14.0 41.0 61.1 41.5 33.1 65.9 88.5 60.7 64.1 88.5 90.5 84.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Includes origin not stated. Includes races other than white and black. Birth rate per 1,000 population. The birth, fertility, and total fertility rates for Central and South American include other and unknown Hispanic. Fertilty rate per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years. Rates are sums of birth rates for 5-year age groups multiplied by 5. Male live births per 1,000 female live births. NOTES: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race; see Technical notes. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 45 Table 15. Live births by race of mother and observed and seasonally adjusted birth and fertility rates, by month: United States, 2000 [Rates on an annual basis per 1,000 population for specified month. Birth rates are live births per 1,000 total population. Fertility rates are live births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years] Number Month All races 2 Seasonally adjusted 1 Observed White Black Birth rate Fertility rate Birth rate Fertility rate Total .............................................................. 4,058,814 3,194,005 622,598 14.7 67.5 ... ... January .......................................................... February ........................................................ March ............................................................ April ............................................................... May ................................................................ June ............................................................... July ................................................................ August ........................................................... September ..................................................... October .......................................................... November ...................................................... December ...................................................... 330,108 317,377 340,553 317,180 341,207 341,206 348,975 360,080 347,609 343,921 333,811 336,787 257,633 248,084 268,660 251,757 271,677 270,297 274,749 283,612 273,929 270,555 260,568 262,484 53,479 50,839 51,858 46,450 49,462 51,034 54,010 55,330 52,779 52,233 52,072 53,052 14.2 14.6 14.7 14.1 14.7 15.1 15.0 15.4 15.4 14.7 14.7 14.4 64.8 66.6 66.9 64.4 67.0 69.2 68.5 70.7 70.5 67.5 67.7 66.1 14.8 14.8 14.8 14.3 14.8 14.9 14.4 14.9 14.6 14.8 15.3 14.6 67.5 67.5 67.6 65.5 67.8 68.0 65.7 68.2 66.9 68.1 70.4 67.0 ... Category not applicable. 1 The method of seasonal adjustment, developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census, is described in The X11 Variant of the Census Method II Seasonal Adjustment Program, Technical Paper No. 15 (1967 revision). 2 Includes races other than white and black. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Table 16. Live births by day of week and index of occurrence by method of delivery, day of week, and race of mother: United States, 2000 Index of occurrence 1 Day of week and race of mother Average number of births Method of delivery Total 2 Cesarean Vaginal Total Primary Repeat All races 3 ............................................................... 11,090 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sunday ................................................................... Monday .................................................................. Tuesday ................................................................. Wednesday ............................................................ Thursday ................................................................ Friday ..................................................................... Saturday ................................................................. 8,052 11,355 12,581 12,463 12,430 12,042 8,807 72.6 102.4 113.4 112.4 112.1 108.6 79.4 77.9 100.9 111.3 110.5 110.1 105.4 84.7 55.3 107.4 120.6 118.4 118.6 119.1 62.1 63.9 99.5 117.6 115.6 115.8 114.4 74.4 41.0 120.5 125.6 123.3 123.3 126.9 41.6 White ...................................................................... 8,727 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sunday ................................................................... Monday .................................................................. Tuesday ................................................................. Wednesday ............................................................ Thursday ................................................................ Friday ..................................................................... Saturday ................................................................. 6,185 8,976 9,981 9,872 9,854 9,526 6,781 70.9 102.9 114.4 113.1 112.9 109.2 77.7 76.2 101.2 112.3 111.3 110.9 105.7 83.1 53.1 108.1 121.4 119.1 119.5 120.4 60.0 62.1 100.2 118.4 116.2 116.6 115.3 72.4 38.4 121.1 126.3 123.9 124.3 128.7 39.6 Black ...................................................................... 1,701 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sunday ................................................................... Monday .................................................................. Tuesday ................................................................. Wednesday ............................................................ Thursday ................................................................ Friday ..................................................................... Saturday ................................................................. 1,335 1,717 1,885 1,874 1,862 1,799 1,447 78.5 100.9 110.8 110.2 109.5 105.8 85.1 83.3 99.5 108.3 108.3 107.3 103.5 90.4 63.9 105.2 118.3 116.0 116.0 112.8 69.2 70.7 96.9 115.4 113.3 114.1 109.7 80.7 52.2 119.3 123.1 120.4 119.4 118.0 49.5 1 Index is the ratio of the average number of births by a specified method of delivery on a given day of the week to the average daily number of births by a specified method of delivery for the year, multiplied by 100. 2 Includes method of delivery not stated. 3 Includes races other than white and black. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 46 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 17. Number, birth rate, and percent of births to unmarried women by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 White Black Measure and age of mother All races 1 Number All ages .................................................. 1,347,043 866,355 521,686 426,649 415,152 348,173 Under 15 years ....................................... 15-19 years ............................................ 15 years ............................................ 16 years ............................................ 17 years ............................................ 18 years ............................................ 19 years ............................................ 20-24 years ............................................ 25-29 years ............................................ 30-34 years ............................................ 35-39 years ............................................ 40 years and over .................................. 8,219 369,456 20,417 43,583 73,906 104,733 126,817 503,602 255,092 130,213 64,523 15,938 4,173 242,505 12,177 27,894 48,943 69,765 83,726 322,075 162,667 83,128 41,364 10,443 1,754 149,174 5,901 14,970 29,093 44,266 54,944 200,383 91,142 47,267 25,398 6,568 3,785 113,671 7,517 14,039 22,263 31,224 38,628 163,259 80,916 40,501 19,907 4,610 3,716 111,015 7,341 13,708 21,740 30,462 37,764 159,279 78,510 39,010 19,181 4,441 2,458 94,028 6,367 13,103 19,996 25,694 28,868 122,678 72,389 36,510 16,208 3,902 Rate per 1,000 unmarried women in specified group 15-44 years 3 .......................................... 45.2 38.9 27.9 72.5 --- 97.3 15-19 years ............................................ 15-17 years ....................................... 18-19 years ....................................... 20-24 years ............................................ 25-29 years ............................................ 30-34 years ............................................ 35-39 years ............................................ 40-44 years 4 .......................................... 39.6 24.4 62.9 74.5 62.2 40.7 20.0 5.0 33.1 20.0 53.2 62.9 55.9 37.0 18.0 4.5 24.5 13.6 41.4 46.6 37.6 25.0 12.9 3.3 77.0 49.9 116.9 132.8 89.6 51.9 25.9 6.3 ----------------- 74.2 51.0 110.6 150.2 149.5 101.5 48.4 12.4 Percent of births to unmarried women All ages .................................................. 33.2 27.1 22.1 68.5 68.7 42.7 Under 15 years ....................................... 15-19 years ............................................ 15 years ............................................ 16 years ............................................ 17 years ............................................ 18 years ............................................ 19 years ............................................ 20-24 years ............................................ 25-29 years ............................................ 30-34 years ............................................ 35-39 years ............................................ 40 years and over .................................. 96.5 78.8 93.5 89.7 85.2 78.9 70.8 49.5 23.5 14.0 14.3 16.8 94.0 72.8 90.3 85.8 80.5 73.1 64.0 41.7 18.6 10.9 11.2 13.7 95.3 73.1 92.4 87.6 82.4 74.4 64.0 38.2 14.0 7.7 8.4 10.6 99.4 95.6 99.2 98.6 97.7 95.8 92.5 80.6 57.0 42.7 40.4 41.3 99.5 95.7 99.2 98.7 97.8 96.0 92.6 80.8 57.1 42.6 40.3 41.1 93.2 72.6 88.6 84.1 78.0 71.2 64.2 49.6 33.2 25.8 25.7 28.8 Total Non-Hispanic Total Non-Hispanic Hispanic 2 --- Data not available. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Birth rates computed by relating total births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. 4 Birth rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. NOTES: For 48 States and the District of Columbia, marital status is reported on the birth certificate; for Michigan and New York, mother’s marital status is inferred; see Technical notes. Rates cannot be computed for unmarried non-Hispanic black women because the necessary populations are not available. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 18. Birth rates for unmarried women by age of mother: United States, 1970, 1975, and 1980-2000, and by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1980-2000 [Rates are live births to unmarried women per 1,000 unmarried women. Population estimated as of July 1] Age of Mother Year and race and Hispanic origin 15-19 years 15-44 years 1 Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 2 All races 3 2000 4 ............................................. 1999 4 ............................................. 1998 4 ............................................. 1997 4 ............................................. 1996 4 ............................................. 1995 4 ............................................. 1994 4 ............................................. 1993 4 ............................................. 1992 4 ............................................. 1991 4 ............................................. 1990 4 ............................................. 1989 4 ............................................. 1988 4 ............................................. 1987 4 ............................................. 1986 4 ............................................. 1985 4 ............................................. 1984 4, 5 .......................................... 1983 4, 5 .......................................... 1982 4, 5 .......................................... 1981 4, 5 .......................................... 1980 4, 5 .......................................... 45.2 44.4 44.3 44.0 44.8 45.1 46.9 45.3 45.2 45.2 43.8 41.6 38.5 36.0 34.2 32.8 31.0 30.3 30.0 29.5 29.4 39.6 40.4 41.5 42.2 42.9 44.4 46.4 44.5 44.6 44.8 42.5 40.1 36.4 33.8 32.3 31.4 30.0 29.5 28.7 27.9 27.6 24.4 25.5 27.0 28.2 29.0 30.5 32.0 30.6 30.4 30.9 29.6 28.7 26.4 24.5 22.8 22.4 21.9 22.0 21.5 20.9 20.6 62.9 63.3 64.5 65.2 65.9 67.6 70.1 66.9 67.3 65.7 60.7 56.0 51.5 48.9 48.0 45.9 42.5 40.7 39.6 39.0 39.0 74.5 72.9 72.3 71.0 70.7 70.3 72.2 69.2 68.5 68.0 65.1 61.2 56.0 52.6 49.3 46.5 43.0 41.8 41.5 41.1 40.9 62.2 60.2 58.4 56.2 56.8 56.1 59.0 57.1 56.5 56.5 56.0 52.8 48.5 44.5 42.2 39.9 37.1 35.5 35.1 34.5 34.0 40.7 39.3 39.1 39.0 41.1 39.6 40.1 38.5 37.9 38.1 37.6 34.9 32.0 29.6 27.2 25.2 23.3 22.4 21.9 20.8 21.1 20.0 19.3 19.0 19.0 20.1 19.5 19.8 19.0 18.8 18.0 17.3 16.0 15.0 13.5 12.2 11.6 10.9 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.7 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.6 1980 5, 6 .......................................... 1975 5, 6 .......................................... 1970 6, 7 .......................................... 28.4 24.5 26.4 27.5 23.9 22.4 20.7 19.3 17.1 38.7 32.5 32.9 39.7 31.2 38.4 31.4 27.5 37.0 18.5 17.9 27.1 8.4 9.1 13.6 2.3 2.6 3.5 38.9 38.1 37.5 37.0 37.6 37.5 38.3 35.9 35.2 34.6 32.9 30.2 27.4 25.3 23.9 22.5 20.6 19.8 19.3 18.6 18.1 33.1 33.7 34.0 34.2 34.5 35.5 36.2 33.6 33.0 32.8 30.6 28.0 25.3 23.2 21.8 20.8 19.3 18.7 18.0 17.2 16.5 20.0 21.0 21.8 22.4 22.7 23.6 24.1 22.1 21.6 21.8 20.4 19.3 17.6 16.2 14.9 14.5 13.7 13.6 13.1 12.6 12.0 53.2 53.3 53.5 53.6 54.1 55.4 56.4 52.4 51.5 49.6 44.9 40.2 36.8 34.5 33.5 31.2 27.9 26.4 25.3 24.6 24.1 62.9 61.4 60.5 59.2 59.0 58.0 58.1 54.2 52.7 51.5 48.2 43.8 39.2 36.6 34.2 31.7 28.5 27.1 26.5 25.8 25.1 55.9 53.4 50.9 49.3 49.9 48.7 49.7 46.7 45.4 44.6 43.0 39.1 35.4 32.0 30.5 28.5 25.5 23.8 23.1 22.3 21.5 37.0 35.8 34.9 34.4 36.1 34.2 34.2 32.2 31.5 31.1 29.9 26.8 24.2 22.3 20.1 18.4 16.8 15.9 15.3 14.2 14.1 18.0 17.5 17.0 16.7 17.8 16.9 17.3 16.4 16.2 15.2 14.5 13.1 12.1 10.7 9.7 9.0 8.4 7.8 7.4 7.2 7.1 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.2 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.2 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 27.9 27.9 28.0 27.6 28.3 28.2 28.5 ------24.4 24.5 25.5 26.1 26.4 27.0 27.7 28.1 ------25.0 13.6 14.6 15.6 16.2 16.9 17.6 18.0 ------16.2 41.4 42.3 42.8 43.1 43.8 44.5 45.0 ------37.0 46.6 46.0 46.0 44.8 44.5 43.8 43.8 ------36.4 37.6 37.0 36.1 35.2 35.7 34.9 35.0 ------30.3 25.0 25.0 25.2 25.1 26.6 25.3 24.8 ------20.5 12.9 13.0 13.1 12.7 13.9 13.0 12.9 ------6.1 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.1 --------- White, total 2000 4 ............................................. 1999 4 ............................................. 1998 4 ............................................. 1997 4 ............................................. 1996 4 ............................................. 1995 4 ............................................. 1994 4 ............................................. 1993 4 ............................................. 1992 4 ............................................. 1991 4 ............................................. 1990 4 ............................................. 1989 4 ............................................. 1988 4 ............................................. 1987 4 ............................................. 1986 4 ............................................. 1985 4 ............................................. 1984 4, 5 .......................................... 1983 4, 5 .......................................... 1982 4, 5 .......................................... 1981 4, 5 .......................................... 1980 4, 5 .......................................... White, non-Hispanic 2000 4 ............................................. 1999 4 ............................................. 1998 4 ............................................. 1997 4 ............................................. 1996 4 ............................................. 1995 4 ............................................. 1994 4 ............................................. 1993 4 ............................................. 1992 4 ............................................. 1991 4 ............................................. 1990 4, 8 .......................................... See footnotes at end of table. 47 48 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 18. Birth rates for unmarried women by age of mother: United States, 1970, 1975, and 1980-2000, and by age, race, and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1980-2000 --Con. [Rates are live births to unmarried women per 1,000 unmarried women. Population estimated as of July 1] Age of Mother Year and race and Hispanic origin 15-19 years 15-44 years 1 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 116.9 117.9 123.5 127.2 129.2 131.2 141.6 141.6 147.8 148.7 143.7 140.9 130.5 123.0 121.1 117.9 113.6 111.9 112.7 114.2 118.2 132.8 130.3 131.0 127.8 125.8 127.7 138.1 142.2 144.3 147.5 144.8 142.4 133.6 126.1 118.0 113.1 107.9 107.2 109.3 110.7 112.3 89.6 89.6 90.3 85.2 84.5 84.8 93.6 94.5 98.2 100.9 105.3 102.9 97.2 91.6 84.6 79.3 77.8 79.7 82.7 83.1 81.4 51.9 50.3 51.7 52.3 54.5 54.3 57.2 57.3 57.7 60.1 61.5 60.5 57.4 53.1 50.0 47.5 43.8 43.8 44.1 45.5 46.7 25.9 24.7 24.7 24.7 25.5 25.6 26.3 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.5 24.9 24.1 22.4 20.6 20.4 19.4 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.0 6.3 5.9 6.1 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.6 5.5 110.6 107.6 107.8 109.5 110.4 117.9 123.6 114.6 110.5 109.6 98.9 150.2 143.3 135.0 139.1 146.5 148.9 154.8 140.5 142.2 135.4 129.8 149.5 143.6 136.0 135.0 139.1 133.8 141.6 137.7 138.3 137.5 131.7 101.5 93.3 85.4 86.1 90.8 89.2 95.5 90.9 91.8 89.1 88.1 48.4 44.1 40.1 42.0 42.3 43.4 48.4 47.8 48.1 47.7 50.8 12.4 11.3 12.0 12.2 12.3 12.2 14.0 14.1 14.5 14.2 13.7 Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 72.5 71.5 73.3 73.4 74.4 75.9 82.1 84.0 86.5 89.5 90.5 90.7 86.5 82.6 79.0 77.0 75.2 76.2 77.9 79.4 81.1 77.0 78.4 83.4 86.4 89.2 92.8 100.9 102.4 105.9 108.5 106.0 104.5 96.1 90.9 88.5 87.6 86.1 85.5 85.1 85.0 87.9 49.9 51.5 56.5 60.6 64.0 68.6 75.1 76.8 78.0 80.4 78.8 78.9 73.5 69.9 67.0 66.8 66.5 66.8 66.3 65.9 68.8 97.3 93.4 90.1 91.4 93.2 95.0 101.2 95.2 95.3 93.7 89.6 74.2 73.8 73.9 75.2 74.5 78.7 82.6 74.6 72.9 72.4 65.9 51.0 52.4 53.0 55.0 53.4 56.3 59.0 51.9 51.0 50.5 45.9 40-44 years 2 Black, total 2000 4 ............................................. 1999 4 ............................................. 1998 4 ............................................. 1997 4 ............................................. 1996 4 ............................................. 1995 4 ............................................. 1994 4 ............................................. 1993 4 ............................................. 1992 4 ............................................. 1991 4 ............................................. 1990 4 ............................................. 1989 4 ............................................. 1988 4 ............................................. 1987 4 ............................................. 1986 4 ............................................. 1985 4 ............................................. 1984 4, 5 .......................................... 1983 4, 5 .......................................... 1982 4, 5 .......................................... 1981 4, 5 .......................................... 1980 4, 5 .......................................... Hispanic 9 2000 4 1999 4 1998 4 1997 4 1996 4 1995 4 1994 4 1993 4 1992 4 1991 4 1990 4 ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. ............................................. --- Data not available. 1 Rates computed by relating total births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. 2 Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. 3 Includes races other than white and black. 4 Data for States in which marital status was not reported have been inferred and included with data from the remaining States; see Technical notes. 5 Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States; see Technical notes. 6 Births to unmarried women are estimated for the United States from data for registration areas in which marital status of mother was reported; see Technical notes. 7 Based on a 50-percent sample of births. 8 Rates for 1990 based on data for 48 States and the District of Columbia which reported Hispanic origin on the birth certificate. Rate shown for ages 35-39 years is based on births to unmarried women aged 35-44 years. 9 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. NOTES: Rates cannot be computed for unmarried non-Hispanic black women because the necessary populations are not available. Rates for some population groups, particularly Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander, may be overstated for more recent years; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 19. Number and percent of births to unmarried women by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] Births to unmarried women White State All races 1 Total Percent unmarried Black NonHispanic Total White NonHispanic 2 Hispanic All races 1 Total Black NonHispanic Total NonHispanic 2 Hispanic United States 3 ............. 1,347,043 866,355 521,686 426,649 415,152 348,173 33.2 27.1 22.1 68.5 68.7 42.7 Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ....................... Colorado ........................ Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... District of Columbia ....... Florida ........................... 21,696 3,291 33,475 13,490 174,050 16,369 12,591 4,193 4,626 78,068 7,588 1,490 27,563 7,345 141,788 14,265 8,816 2,276 582 44,793 7,107 1,314 9,805 6,524 33,902 7,297 4,677 1,764 128 28,124 13,969 210 1,723 5,962 21,957 1,565 3,548 1,869 4,013 31,976 13,962 174 1,603 5,955 21,208 1,493 3,323 1,848 3,975 31,319 472 209 17,831 811 108,678 7,126 4,075 525 473 17,569 34.3 33.0 39.3 35.7 32.7 25.0 29.3 37.9 60.3 38.2 18.0 23.4 36.9 25.3 33.0 23.9 24.6 28.4 25.1 29.7 17.7 22.8 24.6 24.5 19.8 17.4 16.2 25.2 8.7 26.5 68.1 45.5 61.8 74.8 62.7 51.6 67.3 71.0 77.8 67.5 68.1 45.4 61.6 74.9 62.7 51.4 67.2 70.9 77.8 67.7 24.8 35.0 51.4 34.6 42.1 39.1 63.0 51.4 54.0 38.3 Georgia .......................... Hawaii ............................ Idaho ............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana ........................... Iowa ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ........................ Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. 49,058 5,658 4,392 63,852 30,409 10,711 11,497 17,377 30,980 4,222 19,230 688 4,136 36,936 22,949 9,475 9,145 13,506 9,669 4,055 14,158 498 3,259 20,461 20,296 8,555 7,102 13,103 9,180 4,008 29,329 112 36 26,216 7,228 913 1,988 3,761 20,929 49 29,023 94 35 26,061 7,187 890 1,956 3,751 20,904 45 5,080 1,049 854 16,615 2,592 891 1,984 407 512 46 37.0 32.2 21.6 34.5 34.7 28.0 29.0 31.0 45.6 31.0 22.7 17.1 21.0 25.9 29.9 26.4 25.9 26.9 25.4 30.8 20.1 15.2 19.1 19.8 28.5 25.5 23.5 26.7 25.1 30.8 66.4 23.7 48.0 76.4 75.9 74.0 69.3 73.4 73.8 43.8 66.8 21.4 47.3 76.5 76.1 74.0 69.4 73.4 73.9 43.3 38.0 45.6 32.9 42.3 47.5 41.7 41.7 37.4 33.4 32.6 Maryland ........................ Massachusetts .............. Michigan ........................ Minnesota ...................... Mississippi ..................... Missouri ......................... Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada .......................... New Hampshire ............. 25,726 21,654 45,354 17,468 20,267 26,436 3,378 6,692 11,213 3,603 10,209 16,029 26,960 12,987 5,101 17,162 2,403 5,365 8,849 3,493 8,273 11,204 21,520 10,881 4,847 16,042 2,159 4,148 4,428 3,173 15,119 4,765 17,680 2,676 14,943 8,857 19 927 1,597 69 14,991 3,705 17,449 2,638 14,942 8,832 10 911 1,548 53 2,029 5,789 2,831 1,858 251 1,145 128 1,085 4,384 139 34.6 26.5 33.3 25.8 46.0 34.6 30.8 27.2 36.4 24.7 22.4 23.4 25.1 22.2 21.7 27.2 25.4 24.1 34.0 24.8 20.2 18.5 23.3 20.9 21.2 26.5 24.4 21.6 28.2 24.2 60.7 58.9 72.7 60.1 75.1 77.2 * 67.3 67.4 37.9 60.8 57.6 73.1 60.3 75.1 77.2 * 67.2 67.8 37.6 42.2 62.4 40.7 47.0 40.3 43.0 38.8 41.8 43.0 37.3 New Jersey .................... New Mexico ................... New York ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota ................. Ohio ............................... Oklahoma ...................... Oregon .......................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. 33,464 12,401 94,594 40,118 2,173 53,864 17,054 13,793 47,839 4,435 19,165 9,584 53,987 19,460 1,566 35,499 11,075 12,337 31,471 3,448 8,440 2,401 23,544 14,153 1,460 33,510 9,329 9,355 26,726 1,967 13,695 297 37,146 19,335 19 17,918 3,350 659 15,720 716 12,565 284 32,268 19,266 17 17,751 3,294 645 15,391 639 11,778 7,250 32,813 5,368 44 2,040 1,697 2,986 4,662 1,255 28.9 45.6 36.6 33.3 28.3 34.6 34.3 30.1 32.7 35.5 22.6 41.9 29.4 22.5 23.3 27.6 28.6 29.6 26.0 31.9 13.2 26.5 18.8 19.1 22.8 26.9 27.3 27.3 23.5 25.1 64.8 59.6 67.8 65.8 * 75.5 70.0 64.6 76.0 63.9 65.9 59.5 67.4 65.9 * 75.6 70.1 64.8 76.1 63.6 52.4 52.0 60.9 42.7 33.3 49.2 38.9 40.3 61.8 59.7 South Carolina ............... South Dakota ................. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................. Utah ............................... Vermont ......................... Virginia .......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................. Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming ....................... 22,341 3,462 27,505 110,985 8,186 1,827 29,617 22,852 6,608 20,327 1,802 8,128 2,109 15,032 84,296 7,395 1,790 14,984 18,451 5,998 14,122 1,605 7,306 2,025 13,775 28,070 5,049 1,724 11,922 13,495 5,967 12,179 1,352 13,994 36 12,226 25,377 173 13 14,151 1,873 589 5,335 22 13,982 35 12,207 24,982 166 13 14,074 1,793 582 5,292 21 855 107 1,277 56,200 2,335 15 3,110 4,645 12 2,028 258 39.8 33.5 34.5 30.5 17.3 28.1 29.9 28.2 31.7 29.3 28.8 23.0 25.0 24.6 27.2 16.5 28.1 21.0 26.9 30.0 23.6 27.3 22.0 24.6 23.7 19.7 13.0 27.9 18.8 24.2 30.0 22.0 25.5 70.9 34.0 72.3 61.4 52.7 * 62.8 53.6 75.7 82.1 38.6 70.9 33.7 72.3 61.4 52.2 * 62.9 54.2 75.6 82.1 37.5 37.8 48.0 39.7 33.7 39.3 * 40.3 40.9 * 45.1 45.4 Puerto Rico .................... Virgin Islands ................. Guam ............................. American Samoa ........... Northern Marianas ......... 29,507 1,043 2,064 614 --- 26,328 179 62 1 --- --28 53 ----- 3,179 857 8 --- --771 7 ----- --213 12 ----- 49.7 66.7 54.8 35.5 --- 48.3 55.9 21.6 * --- --36.4 21.2 ----- 66.6 72.0 * * --- --71.9 * ----- --64.9 * ----- * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. - Quantity zero. --- Data not available. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Excludes data for the territories. 49 50 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 20. Birth rates by age and race of father: United States, 1980-2000 [Rates are live births per 1,000 men in specified group. Population enumerated as of April 1 for 1980 and 1990 and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Figures for age of father not stated are distributed] Age of father Year and race of father 15-54 years 1 15-19 years 2 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-49 years 50-54 years 55 years and over 51.6 50.8 51.0 50.4 51.1 52.0 53.2 54.4 55.8 57.1 58.4 57.2 55.8 55.0 54.8 55.6 55.0 55.1 56.4 56.3 57.0 20.2 21.0 21.6 22.2 23.0 24.3 25.0 24.8 24.6 24.8 23.5 21.9 19.6 18.3 17.9 18.0 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.4 18.8 84.5 83.8 84.8 83.4 84.4 86.0 87.3 87.1 87.7 88.0 88.0 85.4 82.4 80.5 80.3 81.2 80.7 82.6 86.5 88.4 92.0 117.4 114.8 112.6 108.5 107.7 107.2 108.8 110.8 113.1 114.7 116.4 114.3 111.6 109.9 109.6 112.3 111.4 113.0 117.3 119.1 123.1 105.8 101.6 99.2 95.7 94.3 93.3 93.3 93.5 94.2 95.1 97.8 94.8 93.2 91.2 90.3 91.1 89.9 89.1 90.3 88.7 91.0 57.4 54.9 53.9 52.1 51.5 51.0 50.9 51.1 51.3 51.8 53.0 51.3 49.9 48.6 46.8 47.3 46.0 45.2 44.5 43.3 42.8 22.0 21.0 20.9 20.6 20.4 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.4 20.2 21.0 20.4 19.9 19.0 18.3 18.1 17.8 17.4 17.5 17.0 17.1 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.9 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.6 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 48.9 48.2 48.3 47.7 48.4 49.2 50.0 50.9 52.2 53.3 54.6 53.3 52.2 51.6 51.7 52.6 51.8 52.0 53.1 52.9 53.4 16.8 17.5 18.0 18.2 18.8 19.7 19.8 19.2 18.9 19.1 18.1 16.7 14.8 13.9 13.8 14.0 14.0 14.4 14.9 15.0 15.4 77.6 76.8 77.5 76.1 77.2 78.5 78.5 77.9 78.2 78.4 78.3 75.9 73.7 72.8 73.3 74.7 74.3 76.3 80.1 81.7 84.9 116.4 113.4 110.9 106.8 106.4 105.7 106.4 108.0 110.1 111.5 113.2 110.8 108.3 107.0 107.0 109.9 108.8 110.2 114.2 115.8 119.4 105.9 101.7 99.1 95.3 94.0 92.9 92.5 92.4 93.2 93.6 96.1 93.0 91.2 89.5 88.7 89.5 87.9 86.8 87.5 85.8 87.8 55.7 53.4 52.5 50.6 50.2 49.6 49.3 49.2 49.3 49.7 50.9 49.1 47.6 46.2 44.4 44.8 43.5 42.6 41.7 40.3 39.7 20.4 19.6 19.4 19.1 19.0 19.0 18.9 18.6 18.8 18.5 19.2 18.7 18.1 17.3 16.6 16.3 16.0 15.5 15.6 15.0 15.0 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.6 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 67.6 66.9 68.1 68.0 68.3 70.1 74.9 78.3 81.0 83.4 84.9 84.1 80.7 78.3 77.2 77.2 76.7 77.2 79.5 80.4 83.0 40.1 41.5 43.3 45.6 47.2 50.5 54.6 56.6 57.4 58.0 55.2 52.9 48.1 44.6 42.6 41.8 40.9 40.7 40.3 38.9 40.1 133.8 133.5 136.8 136.6 138.0 140.5 150.5 153.8 158.0 158.5 158.2 153.4 144.1 136.1 131.4 129.5 128.0 129.1 133.4 138.4 145.3 135.6 134.0 134.4 130.2 127.2 126.6 131.9 136.0 140.1 143.3 144.9 143.5 137.9 133.9 131.6 132.7 132.2 134.4 141.2 145.6 152.8 99.6 95.4 94.3 91.8 89.3 89.6 92.9 95.3 96.8 100.1 103.2 101.4 100.0 97.4 97.4 97.3 98.3 99.0 103.6 104.3 109.6 57.9 55.2 54.9 53.3 52.3 52.6 54.2 56.6 56.9 58.8 60.4 59.9 58.0 58.0 58.0 59.4 58.4 59.6 61.1 61.3 62.0 28.3 26.6 26.7 26.1 25.7 25.7 26.4 27.7 28.4 29.4 31.1 31.1 30.6 30.0 29.1 29.5 29.3 29.6 29.6 29.7 31.2 12.0 11.6 11.9 11.7 11.6 12.1 13.0 13.5 13.9 14.2 15.0 14.9 14.3 13.8 13.5 13.3 13.3 13.5 13.9 13.3 13.6 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.5 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.7 7.1 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 2.7 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 All races 3 2000 ................... 1999 ................... 1998 ................... 1997 ................... 1996 ................... 1995 ................... 1994 ................... 1993 ................... 1992 ................... 1991 ................... 1990 ................... 1989 ................... 1988 ................... 1987 ................... 1986 ................... 1985 ................... 1984 4 ................ 1983 4 ................ 1982 4 ................ 1981 4 ................ 1980 4 ................ White 2000 ................... 1999 ................... 1998 ................... 1997 ................... 1996 ................... 1995 ................... 1994 ................... 1993 ................... 1992 ................... 1991 ................... 1990 ................... 1989 ................... 1988 ................... 1987 ................... 1986 ................... 1985 ................... 1984 4 ................ 1983 4 ................ 1982 4 ................ 1981 4 ................ 1980 4 ................ Black 2000 ................... 1999 ................... 1998 ................... 1997 ................... 1996 ................... 1995 ................... 1994 ................... 1993 ................... 1992 ................... 1991 ................... 1990 ................... 1989 ................... 1988 ................... 1987 ................... 1986 ................... 1985 ................... 1984 4 ................ 1983 4 ................ 1982 4 ................ 1981 4 ................ 1980 4 ................ 1 2 3 4 Rates computed by relating total births, regardless of age of father, to men aged 15-54 years. Rates computed by relating births of fathers under 20 years of age to men aged 15-19 years. Includes races other than white and black. Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States; see Technical notes. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all men (including Hispanic men) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. Age of father was not stated for 14 percent of births in 2000. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 21. Live births by educational attainment, and percent of mothers completing 12 years or more and 16 years or more of school, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Years of school completed by mother Age and race of mother Total 0-8 years 9-11 years 12 years 13-15 years 16 years or more Not Stated Percent 12 years or more Percent 16 years or more All races 1 All ages ..................... 4,058,814 234,097 631,981 1,273,056 872,285 986,521 60,874 78.3 24.7 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 8,519 468,990 21,845 48,581 86,783 132,786 178,995 1,017,806 1,087,547 929,278 452,057 94,617 6,455 39,468 6,654 6,417 7,144 8,783 10,470 64,335 58,736 38,656 20,381 6,066 1,741 239,770 14,497 39,731 63,967 62,623 58,952 209,637 103,248 51,145 21,930 4,510 157,781 1,286 13,721 55,328 87,446 444,231 328,080 218,090 103,314 21,560 23,502 265 3,924 19,313 229,611 285,364 211,802 101,638 20,368 55,020 297,025 396,645 197,671 40,160 323 8,469 694 1,147 1,686 2,128 2,814 14,972 15,094 12,940 7,123 1,953 39.4 2.7 16.4 45.3 60.6 72.7 84.9 90.2 90.5 88.6 5.5 27.7 43.3 44.4 43.3 All ages ..................... 3,194,005 208,602 466,153 965,237 681,773 828,250 43,990 78.6 26.3 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 4,439 333,013 13,487 32,499 60,800 95,390 130,837 772,811 874,180 764,708 368,711 76,143 3,371 33,440 4,431 5,089 6,309 7,972 9,639 60,049 54,061 34,519 17,938 5,224 902 167,462 8,626 25,748 43,876 45,251 43,961 158,184 80,953 39,594 16,004 3,054 110,420 898 9,262 38,072 62,188 330,733 255,289 171,775 80,664 16,356 15,818 180 2,594 13,044 170,363 226,042 171,501 81,855 16,194 42,556 246,778 337,933 167,067 33,916 166 5,873 430 764 1,173 1,501 2,005 10,926 11,057 9,386 5,183 1,399 38.6 2.8 15.8 43.3 58.4 71.4 84.4 90.2 90.7 88.9 5.6 28.6 44.7 46.0 45.4 All ages ..................... 2,362,968 39,367 247,547 724,141 571,292 760,314 20,307 87.8 32.5 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 1,840 204,056 6,387 17,086 35,286 59,491 85,806 523,971 651,445 617,371 302,576 61,709 1,478 10,701 1,985 1,951 2,050 2,289 2,426 11,381 7,798 4,663 2,553 793 309 100,435 4,256 14,350 26,640 27,971 27,218 88,644 34,450 15,285 7,065 1,359 78,865 512 6,023 26,822 45,508 245,588 189,779 132,205 64,506 13,198 11,738 111 1,830 9,797 136,965 190,020 147,349 71,043 14,177 36,921 224,371 312,941 154,595 31,486 53 2,317 146 273 462 579 857 4,472 5,027 4,928 2,814 696 44.9 3.0 17.6 48.6 65.1 80.7 93.5 96.7 96.8 96.5 7.1 34.7 51.1 51.6 51.6 All ages ..................... 622,598 15,560 140,202 243,327 140,828 71,403 11,278 74.5 11.7 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 3,808 118,954 7,577 14,243 22,798 32,581 41,755 202,596 141,968 94,808 49,295 11,169 2,901 5,044 2,037 1,147 656 604 600 2,705 2,061 1,555 970 324 764 63,890 5,312 12,435 17,782 15,212 13,149 44,528 17,318 8,329 4,303 1,070 41,274 336 3,877 15,099 21,962 95,879 54,350 32,410 15,823 3,591 6,586 71 1,131 5,384 48,192 42,528 27,041 13,646 2,835 8,208 23,273 23,468 13,412 3,042 143 2,160 228 325 412 535 660 3,084 2,438 2,005 1,141 307 41.0 2.4 17.6 50.6 66.5 76.3 86.1 89.3 89.0 87.2 4.1 16.7 25.3 27.9 28.0 White, total White, non-Hispanic Black, total See footnotes at end of table. 51 52 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 21. Live births by educational attainment, and percent of mothers completing 12 years or more and 16 years or more of school, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000--Con. Years of school completed by mother Age and race of mother Total 0-8 years 9-11 years 12 years 13-15 years 16 years or more Not Stated Percent 12 years or more Percent 16 years or more Black, non-Hispanic All ages ..................... 604,346 14,179 136,223 236,816 137,229 69,592 10,307 74.7 11.7 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 3,736 116,019 7,397 13,895 22,228 31,737 40,762 197,190 137,545 91,477 47,577 10,802 2,856 4,840 1,993 1,114 635 556 542 2,362 1,703 1,303 834 281 744 62,376 5,185 12,156 17,384 14,846 12,805 43,281 16,703 7,955 4,138 1,026 40,331 322 3,756 14,735 21,518 93,719 52,789 31,232 15,256 3,489 6,451 69 1,097 5,285 46,951 41,419 26,372 13,276 2,760 8,009 22,743 22,831 13,041 2,968 136 2,021 219 303 384 503 612 2,868 2,188 1,784 1,032 278 41.0 2.4 17.5 50.7 66.8 76.5 86.4 89.7 89.3 87.6 4.1 16.8 25.5 28.0 28.2 All ages ..................... 815,868 170,366 219,639 239,517 107,985 60,676 17,685 51.1 7.6 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years ............... 16 years ............... 17 years ............... 18 years ............... 19 years ............... 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 2,638 129,469 7,187 15,588 25,648 36,064 44,982 247,552 218,167 141,493 62,993 13,556 1,915 22,886 2,460 3,159 4,274 5,726 7,267 48,969 46,585 30,065 15,487 4,459 611 67,472 4,462 11,596 17,334 17,337 16,743 69,685 46,684 24,484 8,988 1,715 31,885 397 3,325 11,418 16,745 84,681 64,800 39,124 15,934 3,093 4,123 73 791 3,259 33,430 35,057 23,121 10,362 1,892 5,442 20,470 21,789 10,884 2,091 112 3,103 265 436 642 792 968 5,345 4,571 2,910 1,338 306 28.5 2.6 13.6 34.6 45.4 51.0 56.3 60.6 60.3 53.4 2.2 9.6 15.7 17.7 15.8 Hispanic 2 - Quantity zero. 1 Includes races other than white and black. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 22. Number of live births and percent distribution by weight gain of mother during pregnancy and median weight gain, according to period of gestation, race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 Weight gain during pregnancy Period of gestation 1 and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births Less than 16 pounds 16-20 pounds 21-25 pounds 26-30 pounds 31-35 pounds 36-40 pounds 41-45 pounds 46 pounds or more Not stated Median weight gain in pounds Number All gestation periods 2 All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 3,526,855 2,764,367 2,191,416 587,552 570,511 557,763 375,970 269,976 201,066 88,969 87,141 67,565 353,979 265,736 198,439 69,236 67,439 66,552 447,153 352,304 280,403 69,885 67,821 70,446 584,926 467,796 377,890 86,235 83,669 87,507 450,419 369,166 306,448 58,692 56,739 60,836 415,822 336,812 279,589 59,762 57,869 55,720 221,447 180,772 152,186 31,420 30,271 27,755 404,366 321,748 270,692 68,558 66,341 49,942 272,773 200,057 124,703 54,795 53,221 71,440 ... ... ... ... ... ... Under 37 weeks All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 416,906 296,406 230,183 101,834 99,699 64,924 65,831 41,510 30,501 21,622 21,293 10,842 51,205 34,813 26,058 13,892 13,627 8,690 53,489 38,864 30,743 12,067 11,814 8,005 61,553 45,266 36,126 13,395 13,138 8,946 41,875 32,031 26,190 7,963 7,780 5,706 38,751 29,246 23,974 7,941 7,749 5,197 20,308 15,586 13,059 3,933 3,802 2,474 41,144 31,155 26,216 8,620 8,431 4,839 42,750 27,935 17,316 12,401 12,065 10,225 ... ... ... ... ... ... 37-39 weeks All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 1,716,346 1,349,736 1,076,127 278,002 270,065 267,037 178,444 130,221 97,814 39,954 39,079 31,916 175,164 132,375 99,431 32,994 32,136 32,603 225,250 177,765 142,123 34,182 33,198 34,924 294,342 235,795 191,636 42,297 41,068 42,973 224,618 183,808 153,029 29,149 28,208 29,956 202,936 163,955 136,745 29,276 28,398 26,534 105,565 85,926 72,559 15,101 14,572 13,033 186,868 148,421 125,331 31,895 30,885 22,667 123,159 91,470 57,459 23,154 22,521 32,431 ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 weeks and over All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 1,380,666 1,108,641 878,942 205,548 198,686 222,914 130,664 97,534 72,341 27,138 26,525 24,542 126,992 98,110 72,682 22,224 21,551 25,093 167,635 135,140 107,184 23,525 22,701 27,334 228,150 186,094 149,705 30,400 29,325 35,380 183,340 152,873 126,925 21,510 20,684 25,026 173,555 143,175 118,591 22,453 21,633 23,831 95,312 79,058 66,441 12,349 11,862 12,172 175,785 141,729 118,863 27,963 26,947 22,278 99,233 74,928 46,210 17,986 17,458 27,258 ... ... ... ... ... ... Percent distribution All gestation periods 2 All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.6 10.5 9.7 16.7 16.8 13.9 10.9 10.4 9.6 13.0 13.0 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.6 13.1 13.1 14.5 18.0 18.2 18.3 16.2 16.2 18.0 13.8 14.4 14.8 11.0 11.0 12.5 12.8 13.1 13.5 11.2 11.2 11.5 6.8 7.0 7.4 5.9 5.9 5.7 12.4 12.5 13.1 12.9 12.8 10.3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 30.5 30.6 30.9 30.1 30.1 29.6 Under 37 weeks All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.6 15.5 14.3 24.2 24.3 19.8 13.7 13.0 12.2 15.5 15.5 15.9 14.3 14.5 14.4 13.5 13.5 14.6 16.5 16.9 17.0 15.0 15.0 16.4 11.2 11.9 12.3 8.9 8.9 10.4 10.4 10.9 11.3 8.9 8.8 9.5 5.4 5.8 6.1 4.4 4.3 4.5 11.0 11.6 12.3 9.6 9.6 8.8 ... ... ... ... ... ... 28.0 28.9 30.1 25.5 25.5 25.9 37-39 weeks All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.2 10.3 9.6 15.7 15.8 13.6 11.0 10.5 9.8 12.9 13.0 13.9 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.4 13.4 14.9 18.5 18.7 18.8 16.6 16.6 18.3 14.1 14.6 15.0 11.4 11.4 12.8 12.7 13.0 13.4 11.5 11.5 11.3 6.6 6.8 7.1 5.9 5.9 5.6 11.7 11.8 12.3 12.5 12.5 9.7 ... ... ... ... ... ... 30.5 30.6 30.8 30.1 30.1 29.2 40 weeks and over All races 3 ............................. White, total ........................... White, non-Hispanic ........... Black, total ........................... Black, non-Hispanic ............ Hispanic 4 ............................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.2 9.4 8.7 14.5 14.6 12.5 9.9 9.5 8.7 11.8 11.9 12.8 13.1 13.1 12.9 12.5 12.5 14.0 17.8 18.0 18.0 16.2 16.2 18.1 14.3 14.8 15.2 11.5 11.4 12.8 13.5 13.9 14.2 12.0 11.9 12.2 7.4 7.6 8.0 6.6 6.5 6.2 13.7 13.7 14.3 14.9 14.9 11.4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 30.9 31.0 31.9 30.5 30.5 30.2 ... 1 2 3 4 Category not applicable. Expressed in completed weeks. Includes births with period of gestation not stated. Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. NOTE: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of weight gain during pregnancy. 53 54 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 23. Percent low birthweight by weight gain of mother during pregnancy, period of gestation, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 [Low birthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz)] Period of gestation 1 and race and Hispanic origin of mother Weight gain during pregnancy Total Less than 16 pounds 16-20 pounds 21-25 pounds 26-30 pounds 31-35 pounds 36-40 pounds 41-45 pounds 46 pounds or more Not stated All gestation periods 2 All races 3 ...................................... 7.8 13.9 10.4 8.0 6.5 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.6 11.6 White, total ...................................... White, non-Hispanic ...................... Black, total ...................................... Black, non-Hispanic ...................... Hispanic, total 4 .............................. Mexican 4 ..................................... Puerto Rican 4 ............................. Cuban 4 ........................................ Central and South American 4 ..... Other and unknown Hispanic 4 .... 6.7 6.7 13.1 13.2 6.8 6.3 9.4 6.6 6.4 8.1 11.6 11.8 21.1 21.2 11.0 9.8 16.7 15.5 10.9 13.6 9.0 9.3 15.9 16.1 8.2 7.4 12.4 9.8 8.0 10.4 7.0 7.2 12.9 13.0 6.6 5.9 10.2 7.4 6.4 7.9 5.7 5.7 11.0 11.2 5.4 4.9 8.2 5.6 5.3 6.1 4.9 4.9 9.4 9.5 4.9 4.6 6.7 5.4 4.3 5.8 4.7 4.7 8.4 8.5 4.6 4.1 6.6 4.4 4.4 5.8 4.7 4.8 7.7 7.8 4.4 4.2 5.7 3.1 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.3 7.7 7.8 4.6 4.3 5.4 4.6 4.5 4.9 9.7 10.1 18.8 18.9 9.2 8.4 14.9 11.4 9.4 12.1 All races 3 ...................................... 43.7 56.8 48.2 42.5 38.6 36.5 35.4 35.7 36.4 52.9 White, total ...................................... White, non-Hispanic ...................... Black, total ...................................... Black, non-Hispanic ...................... Hispanic 4 ...................................... 41.6 42.8 50.6 50.8 37.0 53.8 56.1 62.9 63.1 47.3 46.3 48.5 53.7 53.9 39.6 41.0 42.5 48.3 48.5 34.6 37.1 38.4 44.2 44.4 31.6 35.3 36.5 42.2 42.3 29.8 34.6 35.7 39.1 39.2 29.2 35.3 36.2 37.8 38.2 29.7 36.1 37.1 37.9 38.0 30.1 49.8 53.3 60.7 60.8 43.4 All races 3 ...................................... 4.1 6.3 5.4 4.4 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.1 3.2 4.9 White, total ...................................... White, non-Hispanic ...................... Black, total ...................................... Black, non-Hispanic ...................... Hispanic 4 ...................................... 3.5 3.4 6.8 6.9 3.8 5.2 5.2 9.7 9.8 5.4 4.6 4.6 8.3 8.3 4.6 3.9 3.8 7.1 7.1 4.0 3.2 3.2 6.5 6.5 3.4 2.8 2.7 5.6 5.7 3.2 2.7 2.6 5.1 5.2 3.0 2.8 2.8 4.7 4.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 4.6 4.7 2.7 4.1 4.0 8.1 8.1 4.4 All races 3 ...................................... 1.5 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 White, total ...................................... White, non-Hispanic ...................... Black, total ...................................... Black, non-Hispanic ...................... Hispanic 4 ...................................... 1.2 1.2 2.9 3.0 1.5 2.2 2.2 4.6 4.7 2.3 1.8 1.8 3.7 3.8 1.9 1.5 1.5 3.1 3.2 1.7 1.1 1.1 2.7 2.8 1.3 1.0 0.9 2.4 2.4 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.8 1.8 0.9 1.6 1.4 3.6 3.7 2.0 Under 37 weeks 37-39 weeks 40 weeks and over 1 2 3 4 Expressed in completed weeks. Includes births with period of gestation not stated. Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. NOTE: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of weight gain during pregnancy. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 24. Percent of births with selected medical or health characteristics, by detailed race of mother, by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 Asian or Pacific Islander Characteristic All races Black American Indian 1 White Total Chinese Japanese Hawaiian Filipino Other 83.2 3.9 12.2 0.9 11.6 30.5 22.9 85.0 3.3 13.2 0.9 10.5 30.1 22.8 74.3 6.7 9.1 1.0 16.7 30.0 24.3 69.3 8.6 20.0 2.9 16.5 30.2 20.2 84.0 3.3 2.8 0.4 9.3 30.4 21.1 87.6 2.2 0.6 0.1 5.9 26.1 20.5 91.0 1.8 4.2 0.8 10.9 31.1 17.4 79.9 4.2 14.4 1.0 9.2 30.5 15.5 84.9 3.0 3.2 0.4 7.8 30.1 24.8 82.5 3.8 2.3 0.3 10.3 30.7 20.8 Preterm births 5 .................................... Birthweight Very low birthweight 6 ........................ Low birthweight 7 ............................... 4,000 grams or more 8 ....................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 9 .. 11.6 10.6 17.3 12.7 9.9 7.3 8.3 11.7 12.2 10.1 1.4 7.6 9.9 1.4 1.1 6.5 11.0 1.2 3.1 13.0 5.4 2.4 1.2 6.8 11.8 1.4 1.0 7.3 5.8 1.0 0.8 5.1 6.6 0.8 0.7 7.1 5.2 0.8 1.4 6.8 9.2 2.1 1.4 8.5 6.0 1.2 1.0 7.7 5.4 1.0 84.9 3.3 14.3 1.0 11.3 30.8 23.1 87.4 2.5 15.2 1.0 10.0 30.1 23.0 74.1 6.6 10.1 1.1 17.1 30.1 24.0 69.2 8.4 20.9 3.0 16.6 30.7 20.2 83.1 3.6 9.5 0.8 8.9 30.2 17.7 92.8 1.2 3.3 * 6.9 28.3 19.3 91.9 1.4 5.8 * 10.9 31.1 18.8 80.0 4.1 14.6 1.0 9.2 30.8 15.4 84.4 3.3 8.2 * 8.4 30.8 18.2 79.0 4.8 8.9 0.8 8.8 28.8 17.8 11.9 10.7 17.7 12.6 11.4 10.1 10.4 11.7 12.1 11.5 1.5 7.9 10.2 1.4 1.2 6.7 11.3 1.2 3.1 13.4 5.0 2.4 1.2 6.7 12.1 1.4 1.3 8.0 7.2 1.5 0.9 6.8 6.4 * 0.8 7.7 6.1 1.0 1.4 6.9 9.2 2.1 1.5 9.1 6.0 1.3 1.3 8.3 7.2 1.3 76.8 5.9 2.2 0.4 12.6 28.5 22.3 75.0 6.5 2.5 0.4 13.3 29.2 21.9 75.5 6.8 1.4 0.3 13.9 28.8 26.7 71.6 10.2 5.0 * 14.1 30.1 21.9 84.3 3.2 1.4 0.3 9.3 30.4 21.7 87.1 2.3 0.4 0.1 5.8 25.7 20.7 90.4 2.1 3.1 0.9 10.9 31.0 16.5 77.8 * * * * 30.4 21.3 85.1 3.0 1.9 0.4 7.6 30.0 26.5 82.9 3.6 1.5 0.3 10.4 31.0 21.2 Preterm births 5 .................................... 10.5 10.4 13.6 12.7 9.6 7.0 6.7 * 12.2 9.9 Birthweight Very low birthweight 6 ........................ Low birthweight 7 ............................... 4,000 grams or more 8 ....................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 9 .. 1.1 6.4 8.9 1.1 1.0 5.8 9.9 1.0 2.4 9.4 8.4 1.9 1.1 8.1 7.8 * 1.0 7.2 5.5 1.0 0.8 4.9 6.6 0.7 0.7 6.7 4.6 0.6 * * * * 1.3 8.3 6.0 1.2 1.0 7.6 5.1 1.0 All Births Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester .......................................... Late or no prenatal care ........................ Smoker 2 .............................................. Drinker 3 ............................................... Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 4 ......... Median weight gain 4 ............................ Cesarean delivery rate .......................... Infant Births to mothers born in the 50 States and DC Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester .......................................... Late or no prenatal care ........................ Smoker 2 .............................................. Drinker 3 ............................................... Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 4 ......... Median weight gain 4 ............................ Cesarean delivery rate .......................... Infant Preterm births 5 .................................... Birthweight Very low birthweight 6 ........................ Low birthweight 7 ............................... 4,000 grams or more 8 ....................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 9 .. Births to mothers born outside the 50 States and DC Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester .......................................... Late or no prenatal care ........................ Smoker 2 .............................................. Drinker 3 ............................................... Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 4 ......... Median weight gain 4 ............................ Cesarean delivery rate .......................... Infant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. Excludes data for California which did not report tobacco use on the birth certificate. Excludes data for California which did not report alcohol use on the birth certificate. Excludes data for California, which did not report weight gain on the birth certificate. Median weight shown in pounds. Born prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. Birthweight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 oz). Birthweight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). Equivalent to 8 lb 14 oz. Excludes data for California and Texas, which did not report 5-minute Apgar score on the birth certificate. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 55 56 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 25. Percent of births with selected medical or health characteristics, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin and by place of birth of mother: United States, 2000 Origin of mother Hispanic Non-Hispanic Characteristic All origins 1 Cuban Central and South American Other and unknown Hispanic Total 2 Total Mexican Puerto Rican 83.2 3.9 12.2 0.9 11.6 30.5 22.9 74.4 6.3 3.5 0.5 13.9 29.6 22.1 72.9 6.9 2.4 0.4 15.1 28.3 21.4 78.5 4.5 10.3 0.8 12.5 30.6 23.0 91.7 1.4 3.3 0.3 8.1 32.2 33.7 77.6 5.4 1.5 0.3 11.9 30.3 23.9 75.8 5.9 7.4 1.0 12.1 30.4 21.9 11.6 11.2 11.0 13.5 10.6 11.0 1.4 7.6 9.9 1.4 1.1 6.4 9.0 1.1 1.0 6.0 9.3 1.2 1.9 9.3 7.3 1.4 1.2 6.5 9.5 0.8 84.9 3.3 14.3 1.0 11.3 30.7 23.1 77.8 4.8 6.8 0.9 12.5 29.6 22.2 77.3 4.9 5.1 0.8 13.1 28.3 22.2 78.3 4.6 11.6 0.9 11.8 30.6 22.6 Preterm births 6 ....................................... 11.9 12.1 11.9 Birthweight Very low birthweight 7 ........................... Low birthweight 8 .................................. 4,000 grams or more 9 .......................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 10 ... 1.5 7.9 10.2 1.4 1.3 7.3 8.2 1.3 76.8 5.9 2.2 0.4 12.6 29.1 22.3 White Black 85.4 3.2 13.8 1.0 11.1 30.7 23.1 88.5 2.3 15.6 1.0 9.7 30.9 23.1 74.3 6.7 9.2 1.1 16.8 30.1 24.3 12.2 11.7 10.4 17.4 1.2 6.3 9.0 1.0 1.4 7.8 7.4 1.2 1.5 7.9 10.1 1.4 1.1 6.6 11.7 1.2 3.1 13.1 5.3 2.4 91.9 1.5 4.4 0.4 8.8 32.2 28.8 82.5 3.6 5.2 0.7 9.3 30.3 22.0 76.4 5.7 9.2 1.3 12.3 30.4 21.4 85.7 3.1 14.9 1.0 11.2 30.7 23.2 88.7 2.2 16.1 1.0 9.8 30.9 23.1 74.1 6.6 10.1 1.1 17.1 30.1 24.0 13.5 10.5 10.9 12.7 11.9 10.5 17.8 1.2 6.8 8.6 1.3 2.0 9.2 7.4 1.4 1.1 6.5 8.4 0.8 1.2 7.1 8.6 1.0 1.4 8.3 7.1 1.3 1.5 7.9 10.4 1.5 1.1 6.6 11.7 1.2 3.1 13.5 5.0 2.4 72.4 7.2 1.3 0.3 14.8 28.1 22.0 70.2 8.0 0.8 0.2 16.4 26.5 20.9 78.7 4.4 7.9 0.8 13.7 30.4 23.9 91.5 1.3 2.5 * 7.6 32.3 37.3 77.0 5.6 1.0 0.3 12.3 30.1 24.1 74.5 6.1 1.9 0.3 11.4 30.3 23.5 83.1 4.0 3.2 0.5 10.2 30.3 22.6 85.3 3.5 6.0 0.9 8.7 30.7 21.6 75.7 6.9 1.3 0.3 14.4 29.5 26.9 10.5 10.7 10.5 13.5 10.8 11.0 10.5 10.2 9.1 14.0 1.1 6.4 8.9 1.1 1.0 5.8 9.5 1.1 0.9 5.5 9.8 1.1 1.9 9.4 7.0 1.5 1.3 6.5 10.3 0.8 1.2 6.3 9.1 1.0 1.1 6.0 8.5 0.8 1.2 7.1 8.1 1.2 0.9 5.8 11.3 0.9 2.6 9.8 8.3 2.0 All Births Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester ............................................. Late or no prenatal care ........................... Smoker 3 ................................................. Drinker 4 .................................................. Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 5 ............ Median weight gain 5 ............................... Cesarean delivery rate ............................. Infant Preterm births 6 ....................................... Birthweight Very low birthweight 7 ........................... Low birthweight 8 .................................. 4,000 grams or more 9 .......................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 10 ... Births to mothers born in the 50 States and DC Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester ............................................. Late or no prenatal care ........................... Smoker 3 ................................................. Drinker 4 .................................................. Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 5 ............ Median weight gain 5 ............................... Cesarean delivery rate ............................. Infant Births to mothers born outside the 50 States and DC Mother Prenatal care beginning in the first trimester ............................................. Late or no prenatal care ........................... Smoker 3 ................................................. Drinker 4 .................................................. Weight gain of less than 16 lbs 5 ............ Median weight gain 5 ............................... Cesarean delivery rate ............................. Infant Preterm births 6 ....................................... Birthweight Very low birthweight 7 ........................... Low birthweight 8 .................................. 4,000 grams or more 9 .......................... 5-minute Apgar score of less than 7 10 ... * 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. Includes origin not stated. Includes races other than white and black. Excludes data for California, which did not report tobacco use on the birth certificate. Excludes data for California, which did not report alcohol use on the birth certificate. Excludes data for California, which did not report weight gain on the birth certificate. Median weight gain shown in pounds. Born prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. Birthweight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 oz). Birthweight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). Equivalent to 8 lb 14 oz. Excludes data for California and Texas, which did not report 5-minute Apgar score on the birth certificate. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. See Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 57 Table 26. Live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified medical risk factor per 1,000 live births in specified group] Medical risk factor and race of mother All births 1 Medical risk factor reported Age of mother All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 All races 3 Anemia ............................................................. Cardiac disease ................................................ Acute or chronic lung disease .......................... Diabetes ........................................................... Genital herpes 4 ............................................... Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios .......................... Hemoglobinopathy ........................................... Hypertension, chronic ....................................... Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............... Eclampsia ......................................................... Incompetent cervix ........................................... Previous infant 4000+ grams ........................... Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant ................................ Renal disease ................................................... Rh sensitization 5 ............................................. Uterine bleeding 4 ............................................. 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 3,695,400 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 95,754 21,174 47,435 117,289 33,707 53,613 3,184 30,265 155,293 12,315 11,380 43,492 23.9 5.3 11.9 29.3 9.3 13.4 0.8 7.6 38.8 3.1 2.8 10.9 34.8 2.9 14.8 8.8 6.1 14.6 1.0 2.6 44.0 4.5 1.4 1.3 29.2 3.6 13.1 17.3 8.0 13.8 0.9 4.5 38.9 3.2 2.1 6.1 21.9 5.1 11.1 28.6 8.8 12.7 0.7 6.8 38.2 2.7 2.8 11.4 18.5 6.9 10.5 38.8 10.7 12.6 0.7 9.4 36.1 2.6 3.7 15.5 17.8 8.1 10.8 52.0 12.4 13.7 0.7 14.5 38.4 3.0 4.2 18.7 19.2 9.1 11.5 69.5 13.8 17.3 1.0 23.7 47.9 3.9 4.4 21.4 60,116 60,116 60,116 60,116 57,305 60,116 60,116 60,116 60,116 60,116 60,116 60,116 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,019,148 3,695,400 48,819 12,316 27,024 23,952 12.2 3.1 6.8 6.6 5.1 3.1 5.7 4.9 11.9 3.4 6.3 5.9 12.9 3.2 7.1 6.6 13.6 2.9 7.4 7.3 15.0 2.6 7.3 7.7 17.5 2.5 7.4 9.3 60,116 60,116 62,054 57,305 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 2,884,453 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 66,866 17,931 36,160 89,185 26,203 40,567 1,263 20,673 123,683 9,053 7,829 38,561 21.2 5.7 11.5 28.3 9.2 12.9 0.4 6.6 39.3 2.9 2.5 12.3 31.2 2.9 13.7 8.9 5.3 13.9 0.3 2.2 43.3 3.8 1.2 1.4 25.4 3.7 12.4 17.0 7.2 13.4 0.3 3.9 39.9 2.9 1.7 6.8 19.7 5.4 10.9 27.4 8.4 12.1 0.4 6.1 39.5 2.7 2.3 12.5 17.0 7.4 10.5 36.3 11.1 12.2 0.5 8.1 36.5 2.6 3.3 17.1 16.5 8.8 10.9 48.2 13.4 13.1 0.5 11.7 38.0 2.8 3.7 20.6 17.8 9.9 11.7 63.6 15.4 16.7 0.6 18.9 47.3 3.7 4.1 23.7 46,222 46,222 46,222 46,222 43,777 46,222 46,222 46,222 46,222 46,222 46,222 46,222 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,158,708 2,884,453 37,677 10,495 24,445 19,250 12.0 3.3 7.9 6.8 4.7 3.5 6.8 5.0 11.3 3.8 7.3 6.0 12.5 3.4 8.0 6.8 13.4 3.1 8.4 7.5 14.9 2.9 8.3 7.7 17.3 2.6 8.5 9.7 46,222 46,222 47,868 43,777 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 581,290 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 23,119 2,526 9,666 16,902 6,442 9,836 1,782 8,315 25,662 2,768 3,085 2,980 37.5 4.1 15.7 27.4 11.2 16.0 2.9 13.5 41.7 4.5 5.0 4.8 43.0 3.1 18.1 8.3 8.3 16.6 2.9 3.7 46.7 6.4 1.7 0.8 41.9 3.2 16.4 16.3 11.7 14.9 3.0 7.1 37.3 4.1 3.6 3.4 34.9 4.6 15.1 30.3 13.1 15.8 2.9 12.5 38.7 3.6 6.3 6.3 31.0 5.4 13.4 46.4 12.1 15.9 2.9 23.1 42.9 4.0 8.3 7.9 28.1 5.7 13.2 63.3 9.5 18.4 2.4 37.8 49.4 4.7 8.4 9.5 29.0 7.0 14.5 84.1 8.7 19.9 3.5 60.3 58.2 5.6 7.6 11.0 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,559 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,827 6,827 622,598 622,598 619,728 581,290 8,956 1,324 2,115 3,306 14.5 2.2 3.5 5.8 6.3 2.1 3.2 4.6 14.6 2.1 3.5 5.5 17.6 2.3 3.6 6.0 18.1 2.2 3.2 6.4 18.4 1.8 3.7 7.1 19.0 2.1 4.3 7.5 6,827 6,827 7,065 6,559 White Anemia ............................................................. Cardiac disease ................................................ Acute or chronic lung disease .......................... Diabetes ........................................................... Genital herpes 4 ............................................... Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios .......................... Hemoglobinopathy ........................................... Hypertension, chronic ....................................... Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............... Eclampsia ......................................................... Incompetent cervix ........................................... Previous infant 4000+ grams ........................... Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant ................................ Renal disease ................................................... Rh sensitization 5 ............................................. Uterine bleeding 4 ............................................. Black Anemia ............................................................. Cardiac disease ................................................ Acute or chronic lung disease .......................... Diabetes ........................................................... Genital herpes 4 ............................................... Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios .......................... Hemoglobinopathy ........................................... Hypertension, chronic ....................................... Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............... Eclampsia ......................................................... Incompetent cervix ........................................... Previous infant 4000+ grams ........................... Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant ................................ Renal disease ................................................... Rh sensitization 5 ............................................. Uterine bleeding 4 ............................................. 1 2 3 4 5 Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified medical risk factor. No response reported for the medical risk factor item. Includes races other than white and black. Texas does not report this risk factor. Kansas does not report this risk factor. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 58 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 27. Number and rate of live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors, complications of labor, and obstetric procedures, by detailed race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified risk factors, complications, or procedures per 1,000 live births in specified group] Medical risk factor, complication, and obstetric procedure All races White Black American Indian 1 Asian or Pacific Islander Total Chinese Japanese Hawaiian Filipino Other Number Medical risk factors Anemia .......................................................... Diabetes ........................................................ Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............ Uterine bleeding 2 .......................................... 95,754 117,289 155,293 23,952 66,866 89,185 123,683 19,250 23,119 16,902 25,662 3,306 2,121 2,067 1,951 300 3,648 9,135 3,997 1,096 394 1,646 401 154 147 248 137 54 287 215 232 44 503 1,575 942 174 2,317 5,451 2,285 670 216,241 98,766 113,123 155,580 69,099 142,824 158,439 74,711 89,071 128,221 56,296 106,603 44,566 18,108 15,991 18,956 7,888 27,942 2,231 1,468 1,475 1,525 652 1,524 11,005 4,479 6,586 6,878 4,263 6,755 1,762 732 1,554 1,197 762 1,054 410 211 321 324 162 230 401 133 168 238 91 164 2,001 713 1,085 1,054 812 1,036 6,431 2,690 3,458 4,065 2,436 4,271 96,698 3,389,707 800,448 2,697,525 722,613 79,628 2,671,777 664,541 2,163,755 576,815 9,571 526,533 101,431 377,960 102,072 618 33,847 8,177 25,261 6,721 6,881 157,550 26,299 130,549 37,005 2,045 26,813 4,181 23,884 6,675 657 6,586 1,255 6,004 1,559 158 4,555 850 3,601 783 1,005 24,627 3,696 20,716 5,135 3,016 94,969 16,317 76,344 22,853 Complications of labor and/or delivery Meconium,moderate/heavy ........................... Premature rupture of membrane ................... Dysfunctional labor ........................................ Breech/Malpresentation ................................ Cephalopelvic disproportion .......................... Fetal distress 3 .............................................. Obstetric procedures Amniocentesis ............................................... Electronic fetal monitoring ............................. Induction of labor ........................................... Ultrasound .................................................... Stimulation of labor ........................................ Rate Medical risk factors Anemia .......................................................... Diabetes ........................................................ Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............ Uterine bleeding 2 .......................................... 23.9 29.3 38.8 6.6 21.2 28.3 39.3 6.8 37.5 27.4 41.7 5.8 52.4 51.0 48.2 7.6 18.7 46.9 20.5 6.0 11.7 48.8 11.9 4.8 17.7 29.8 16.5 6.7 49.9 37.4 40.4 7.8 16.2 50.8 30.4 5.8 20.0 47.0 19.7 6.2 53.9 24.6 28.2 38.8 17.2 39.2 50.2 23.7 28.2 40.6 17.8 37.5 72.2 29.3 25.9 30.7 12.8 48.5 55.0 36.2 36.4 37.6 16.1 38.4 55.9 22.7 33.4 34.9 21.6 36.5 51.8 21.5 45.7 35.2 22.4 32.4 47.3 24.3 37.0 37.4 18.7 27.3 64.7 21.5 27.1 38.4 14.7 26.9 63.5 22.6 34.5 33.5 25.8 34.2 55.2 23.1 29.7 34.9 20.9 39.6 24.0 842.0 198.8 670.0 179.5 25.1 843.2 209.7 682.8 182.0 15.5 850.7 163.9 610.7 164.9 15.2 831.2 200.8 620.4 165.1 34.8 797.6 133.1 660.9 187.3 60.1 787.6 122.8 701.5 196.1 75.7 758.4 144.5 691.4 179.5 25.4 731.6 136.5 578.4 125.8 31.8 779.7 117.0 655.9 162.6 25.8 811.8 139.5 652.6 195.4 Complications of labor and/or delivery Meconium,moderate/heavy ........................... Premature rupture of membrane ................... Dysfunctional labor ........................................ Breech/Malpresentation ................................ Cephalopelvic disproportion .......................... Fetal distress 3 .............................................. Obstetric procedures Amniocentesis ............................................... Electronic fetal monitoring ............................. Induction of labor ........................................... Ultrasound .................................................... Stimulation of labor ........................................ 1 Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. 2 Texas does not report this risk factor. 3 Texas does not report this complication. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 59 Table 28. Number and rate of live births to mothers with selected medical risk factors, complications of labor, and obstetric procedures, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified risk factors, complications, or procedures per 1,000 live births in specified group] Origin of mother Medical risk factor, complication, and obstetric procedure Hispanic All origins1 Total Mexican Puerto Rican Non-Hispanic Central and South American Cuban Other and unknown Hispanic Total 2 White Black Number Medical risk factors Anemia .......................................................... Diabetes ........................................................ Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............ Uterine bleeding 3 .......................................... 95,754 117,289 155,293 23,952 19,757 22,890 22,569 2,723 13,434 15,750 15,585 1,681 2,079 2,086 1,802 370 244 326 424 32 1,927 3,292 3,052 407 2,073 1,436 1,706 233 74,679 93,043 131,267 20,752 46,620 65,822 100,560 16,238 22,562 16,343 25,047 3,183 216,241 98,766 113,123 155,580 69,099 142,824 47,845 14,433 19,653 24,657 10,727 19,556 33,626 9,054 11,964 16,530 7,650 11,958 3,344 1,631 1,939 2,260 799 2,261 539 260 541 505 183 350 7,396 2,220 3,445 3,676 1,502 3,580 2,940 1,268 1,764 1,686 593 1,407 166,095 82,408 91,737 129,044 57,738 121,666 110,122 59,133 68,565 102,576 45,272 86,470 43,266 17,568 15,359 18,362 7,704 27,225 96,698 3,389,707 800,448 2,697,525 722,613 9,036 648,654 106,950 474,238 135,195 4,593 455,910 72,101 326,395 92,890 1,108 49,870 9,167 39,227 12,214 327 11,623 2,473 8,058 2,297 2,119 90,906 14,408 68,537 19,806 889 40,345 8,801 32,021 7,988 86,134 2,707,813 683,746 2,194,852 579,787 69,573 2,011,948 551,751 1,678,876 438,559 9,244 511,534 98,930 365,715 98,883 Complications of labor and/or delivery Meconium,moderate/heavy ........................... Premature rupture of membrane ................... Dysfunctional labor ........................................ Breech/Malpresentation ................................ Cephalopelvic disproportion .......................... Fetal distress 4 .............................................. Obstetric procedures Amniocentesis ............................................... Electronic fetal monitoring ............................. Induction of labor ........................................... Ultrasound .................................................... Stimulation of labor ........................................ Rate Medical risk factors Anemia .......................................................... Diabetes ........................................................ Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ............ Uterine bleeding 3 .......................................... 23.9 29.3 38.8 6.6 24.5 28.3 27.9 4.2 23.3 27.3 27.0 3.9 36.4 36.6 31.6 6.6 18.3 24.4 31.7 2.4 17.2 29.4 27.2 3.9 42.9 29.7 35.3 5.9 23.7 29.5 41.7 7.0 20.0 28.3 43.2 7.4 37.7 27.3 41.9 5.7 53.9 24.6 28.2 38.8 17.2 39.2 58.9 17.8 24.2 30.4 13.2 30.4 58.0 15.6 20.6 28.5 13.2 27.8 58.4 28.5 33.9 39.5 14.0 40.3 40.3 19.4 40.4 37.7 13.7 26.7 65.6 19.7 30.5 32.6 13.3 34.3 60.6 26.1 36.3 34.7 12.2 35.3 52.6 26.1 29.0 40.8 18.3 41.1 47.2 25.4 29.4 44.0 19.4 39.5 72.2 29.3 25.6 30.6 12.9 48.8 24.0 842.0 198.8 670.0 179.5 11.1 798.2 131.6 583.5 166.4 7.9 785.6 124.2 562.4 160.1 19.3 869.1 159.8 683.6 212.9 24.4 867.6 184.6 601.5 171.5 18.8 805.2 127.6 607.1 175.4 18.3 829.2 180.9 658.1 164.2 27.2 853.7 215.6 692.0 182.8 29.7 859.1 235.6 716.9 187.3 15.4 851.3 164.6 608.6 164.6 Complications of labor and/or delivery Meconium,moderate/heavy ........................... Premature rupture of membrane ................... Dysfunctional labor ........................................ Breech/Malpresentation ................................ Cephalopelvic disproportion .......................... Fetal distress 4 .............................................. Obstetric procedures Amniocentesis ............................................... Electronic fetal monitoring ............................. Induction of labor ........................................... Ultrasound .................................................... Stimulation of labor ........................................ 1 2 3 4 Includes origin not stated. Includes races other than white and black. Texas does not report this risk factor. Texas does not report this complication. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. See Technical notes. 60 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 29. Number of live births by smoking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to age and race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 Age of mother Smoking status, smoking measure, and race of mother 15-19 years All ages Under 15 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Number All races1 Total ......................................... 3,526,855 7,623 413,527 138,295 275,232 895,023 947,735 801,638 383,299 78,010 Smoker .................................... Nonsmoker .............................. Not stated ................................ 425,099 3,063,520 38,236 532 6,977 114 72,829 336,354 4,344 20,555 116,278 1,462 52,274 220,076 2,882 148,732 737,135 9,156 98,175 839,587 9,973 63,222 729,422 8,994 34,296 344,427 4,576 7,313 69,618 1,079 Total ......................................... 2,764,367 3,682 286,121 90,667 195,454 669,246 761,551 665,468 315,298 63,001 Smoker .................................... Nonsmoker .............................. Not stated ................................ 360,977 2,372,968 30,422 408 3,202 72 62,481 220,564 3,076 17,438 72,247 982 45,043 148,317 2,094 126,847 535,437 6,962 83,995 669,525 8,031 53,386 604,571 7,511 28,102 283,342 3,854 5,758 56,327 916 Total ......................................... 587,552 3,701 113,548 42,852 70,696 192,324 133,719 88,342 45,599 10,319 Smoker .................................... Nonsmoker .............................. Not stated ................................ 52,848 529,570 5,134 97 3,574 30 8,117 104,442 989 2,376 40,107 369 5,741 64,335 620 18,024 172,655 1,645 11,611 120,949 1,159 8,248 79,280 814 5,395 39,806 398 1,356 8,864 99 Smoker1 .................................. 12.2 7.1 17.8 15.0 19.2 16.8 10.5 8.0 9.1 9.5 White ....................................... Black ........................................ 13.2 9.1 11.3 2.6 22.1 7.2 19.4 5.6 23.3 8.2 19.2 9.5 11.1 8.8 8.1 9.4 9.0 11.9 9.3 13.3 White Black Percent Percent distribution2 All races1 Smoker .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1-5 cigarettes ........................... 6-10 cigarettes ......................... 11-15 cigarettes ....................... 16-20 cigarettes ....................... 21-30 cigarettes ....................... 31-40 cigarettes ....................... 41 cigarettes or more ............... 30.3 41.5 6.0 19.1 2.2 0.8 0.1 47.9 40.5 * 7.3 * * * 37.8 42.2 4.4 13.9 1.2 0.3 0.1 42.0 40.9 4.0 11.8 1.0 0.3 * 36.2 42.8 4.6 14.8 1.3 0.3 0.1 30.9 42.7 5.4 18.4 1.9 0.6 0.1 27.7 41.2 6.8 20.9 2.4 0.8 0.1 26.9 40.1 7.2 21.7 2.9 1.0 0.2 26.1 39.0 7.5 22.7 3.2 1.3 0.1 24.6 38.1 7.3 23.6 4.3 2.0 * Smoker .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1-5 cigarettes ........................... 6-10 cigarettes ......................... 11-15 cigarettes ....................... 16-20 cigarettes ....................... 21-30 cigarettes ....................... 31-40 cigarettes ....................... 41 cigarettes or more ............... 27.1 42.3 6.6 20.6 2.4 0.8 0.1 42.8 45.7 * 6.9 * * * 34.2 44.1 4.8 15.1 1.3 0.3 0.1 38.0 43.3 4.5 12.9 1.1 0.3 * 32.7 44.4 5.0 16.0 1.4 0.3 0.1 27.4 43.9 5.9 20.0 2.1 0.7 0.1 25.0 41.6 7.3 22.4 2.6 0.9 0.1 24.2 40.1 7.9 23.3 3.2 1.1 0.2 23.2 38.6 8.3 24.7 3.6 1.5 0.1 21.2 37.1 8.3 26.0 4.9 2.3 * Smoker .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1-5 cigarettes ........................... 6-10 cigarettes ......................... 11-15 cigarettes ....................... 16-20 cigarettes ....................... 21-30 cigarettes ....................... 31-40 cigarettes ....................... 41 cigarettes or more ............... 48.7 36.6 2.8 10.4 0.9 0.5 0.1 73.2 * * * * * * 61.4 29.5 1.6 6.5 0.6 * * 65.3 26.8 1.5 5.7 * * * 59.8 30.6 1.7 6.9 0.6 * * 52.6 35.0 2.3 8.9 0.8 0.4 * 44.4 39.1 3.3 11.8 0.8 0.6 * 41.8 40.4 3.4 12.7 1.0 0.6 * 39.5 40.4 3.9 14.0 1.4 0.7 * 37.4 41.7 3.2 14.7 2.1 * * White Black * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes races other than white and black. 2 Excludes data for Indiana, New York State (but includes New York City), and South Dakota, which did not report average number of cigarettes smoked per day in standard categories. NOTE: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of tobacco use during pregnancy. Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 61 Table 30. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 Smoking status Origin of mother Age of mother 15-19 years Total births Smoker Nonsmoker Not stated All ages Under 15 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years All origins 1 ................... 3,526,855 425,099 3,063,520 38,236 12.2 7.1 17.8 15.0 19.2 16.8 10.5 8.0 9.1 9.5 Hispanic ....................... 557,763 19,232 533,417 5,114 3.5 2.7 4.3 3.8 4.6 3.9 2.9 2.8 3.5 3.9 Mexican ....................... Puerto Rican ................ Cuban .......................... Central and South American ................ Other and unknown Hispanic ................ 356,282 56,054 12,694 8,552 5,724 418 344,151 49,727 12,241 3,579 603 35 2.4 10.3 3.3 2.3 * * 3.0 10.0 5.5 2.7 8.5 * 3.2 10.8 6.2 2.5 11.9 4.5 2.0 9.9 2.6 2.1 8.8 2.5 2.9 9.3 3.7 3.0 9.6 * 88,208 1,291 86,417 500 1.5 * 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.2 1.2 1.6 2.6 44,525 3,247 40,881 397 7.4 * 8.6 7.7 9.2 8.2 6.5 5.8 6.7 7.5 Non-Hispanic 2 ............. 2,929,403 400,065 2,499,010 30,328 13.8 8.6 21.6 18.8 23.0 19.9 11.8 8.6 9.7 10.2 White ............................ Black ............................ 2,191,416 570,511 337,614 51,920 1,830,708 513,753 23,094 4,838 15.6 9.2 20.6 2.7 30.2 7.3 28.8 5.6 30.8 8.2 24.3 9.5 13.1 8.9 8.9 9.6 9.8 12.1 10.1 13.5 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes origin not stated. 2 Includes races other than white and black. NOTES: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of tobacco use during pregnancy. Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin; non-Hispanic women are classified by race. See Technical notes. 62 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 31. Number of live births, percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, and percent distribution of average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to educational attainment and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 Years of school completed by mother Smoking measure, and race and Hispanic origin of mother Total 0-8 years 9-11 years 12 years 13-15 years 16 years or more Not Stated All births All races1 ....................................................... 3,526,855 171,195 538,888 1,122,184 767,654 873,758 53,176 White, total .................................................... White, non-Hispanic .................................... Black, total ..................................................... Black, non-Hispanic ..................................... Hispanic 2 ...................................................... 2,764,367 2,191,416 587,552 570,511 557,763 148,729 38,116 15,199 13,838 111,740 383,289 235,524 134,666 130,906 148,309 843,661 677,480 229,206 223,124 163,745 603,046 526,333 130,988 127,702 73,625 747,798 694,868 66,796 65,104 45,588 37,844 19,095 10,697 9,837 14,756 Percent Smoker ......................................................... 12.2 9.8 25.2 16.4 9.1 2.0 11.4 White, total .................................................... White, non- Hispanic .................................... Black, total ..................................................... Black, non-Hispanic ...................................... Hispanic 2 ...................................................... 13.2 15.6 9.1 9.2 3.5 9.8 32.4 10.3 11.0 2.0 28.6 42.6 16.7 16.9 5.5 18.9 22.4 8.8 8.9 3.7 10.2 11.1 5.2 5.2 2.9 2.1 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.0 11.9 18.3 11.8 11.8 3.2 Percent distribution 3 All races1 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 71.8 25.1 3.1 66.1 28.9 5.0 71.6 25.0 3.4 71.3 25.8 2.9 73.5 24.0 2.6 77.9 20.1 2.0 74.0 22.9 3.2 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 69.5 27.2 3.3 64.1 30.6 5.3 68.3 27.9 3.8 69.1 27.7 3.2 71.8 25.5 2.7 77.1 20.8 2.1 72.0 24.6 3.4 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 68.6 27.9 3.4 60.5 33.6 5.9 67.0 29.0 4.0 68.5 28.2 3.2 71.4 25.9 2.8 76.9 21.0 2.1 70.4 26.1 3.5 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 85.3 13.2 1.5 79.8 17.1 3.0 85.6 12.9 1.5 85.4 13.2 1.4 86.0 12.5 1.4 86.8 12.4 * 80.0 17.1 2.9 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 85.3 13.2 1.5 79.6 17.5 2.9 85.6 13.0 1.5 85.4 13.2 1.4 86.1 12.4 1.5 86.7 12.5 * 81.1 16.2 2.6 Smoker .......................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 cigarettes or less ...................................... 11-20 cigarettes ............................................. 21 cigarettes or more .................................... 85.5 13.2 1.3 85.8 12.6 1.6 86.2 12.3 1.6 84.7 14.4 0.9 84.3 14.4 1.3 85.6 12.5 * 87.0 11.8 * White, total White, non-Hispanic Black, total Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic 2 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Excludes data for Indiana, New York State (but includes New York City), and South Dakota, which did not report average number of cigarettes smoked per day in standard categories. NOTE: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of tobacco use during pregnancy. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 32. Percent low birthweight by smoking status, age, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: Total of 49 reporting States, and the District of Columbia, 2000 [Low birthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz)] Age of mother Smoking status and race of mother 15-19 years All ages Under 15 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years All races 1 Total ................................................ 7.8 14.4 9.8 10.6 9.4 7.9 6.9 7.0 8.5 10.6 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 11.9 7.2 9.5 13.3 14.3 21.1 11.4 9.5 11.6 11.9 10.3 12.8 11.1 9.0 11.1 10.5 7.3 10.0 11.2 6.4 8.2 13.2 6.5 8.2 16.9 7.6 10.9 20.2 9.6 13.1 Total ................................................ 6.7 12.1 8.3 8.9 8.0 6.6 6.0 6.2 7.5 9.5 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 10.7 6.1 8.7 12.3 11.9 * 10.7 7.5 10.5 11.4 8.2 11.3 10.4 7.2 10.1 9.6 5.9 9.1 10.0 5.5 7.6 11.4 5.7 7.5 14.9 6.7 9.7 16.9 8.7 12.3 Total ................................................ 6.7 12.3 8.3 8.9 8.1 6.7 6.0 6.2 7.4 9.4 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 10.6 5.9 8.5 12.9 11.7 * 10.6 7.3 10.5 11.4 7.9 12.1 10.4 7.0 9.9 9.5 5.8 9.1 9.9 5.4 7.5 11.4 5.7 7.2 14.7 6.5 9.9 16.5 8.5 12.8 Total ................................................ 13.1 16.8 13.9 14.2 13.6 12.3 12.0 13.3 15.5 18.2 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 20.4 12.3 15.1 * 16.7 * 17.0 13.6 15.6 16.2 14.1 17.5 17.3 13.3 14.4 17.0 11.8 14.6 19.7 11.3 13.0 24.7 12.1 14.2 28.3 13.7 22.4 33.8 15.8 * Total ................................................ 13.2 16.8 14.0 14.3 13.8 12.5 12.2 13.5 15.7 18.3 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 20.5 12.5 15.1 * 16.7 * 17.0 13.7 15.5 16.1 14.2 17.4 17.4 13.4 14.4 17.1 11.9 14.6 19.8 11.4 12.5 24.9 12.2 14.5 28.5 13.9 23.3 34.0 15.9 * Total ................................................ 6.8 12.1 8.2 8.9 7.8 6.5 6.0 6.5 8.2 10.1 Smoker ........................................... Nonsmoker ..................................... Not stated ....................................... 12.3 6.6 9.4 * 12.2 * 11.4 8.0 10.8 12.5 8.7 11.1 10.9 7.6 10.6 11.1 6.2 9.4 12.5 5.7 8.1 12.7 6.2 9.3 17.2 7.8 9.9 22.3 9.5 11.8 White, total White, non-Hispanic Black, total Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic 2 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer then 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. NOTE: Excludes data for California, which did not require reporting of tobacco use during pregnancy. 63 64 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 33. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began and percent of mothers beginning care in the first trimester and percent with late or no care, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Month of pregnancy prenatal care began Age and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births 2d trimester 1st trimester Total 1st and 2d months 3d month 4th-6th months Late or no care Total 7th-9th months Percent No care Not stated 1st trimester Late or no care All races 1 ................. 4,058,814 3,284,256 2,544,788 739,468 512,730 152,698 108,069 44,629 109,130 83.2 3.9 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 8,519 468,990 21,845 48,581 86,783 132,786 178,995 1,017,806 1,087,547 929,278 452,057 94,617 3,701 314,087 11,856 29,040 56,268 90,447 126,476 769,182 914,412 812,748 391,494 78,632 2,255 214,162 7,457 18,772 37,592 61,782 88,559 567,668 723,565 660,372 315,181 61,585 1,446 99,925 4,399 10,268 18,676 28,665 37,917 201,514 190,847 152,376 76,313 17,047 3,079 107,670 6,765 13,517 21,284 29,564 36,540 169,178 113,150 72,589 37,318 9,746 1,322 32,523 2,378 4,296 6,396 8,778 10,675 49,980 32,675 21,430 11,609 3,159 942 23,248 1,690 3,051 4,612 6,308 7,587 35,984 23,196 14,886 7,759 2,054 380 9,275 688 1,245 1,784 2,470 3,088 13,996 9,479 6,544 3,850 1,105 417 14,710 846 1,728 2,835 3,997 5,304 29,466 27,310 22,511 11,636 3,080 45.7 69.1 56.5 62.0 67.0 70.2 72.8 77.8 86.2 89.6 88.9 85.9 16.3 7.2 11.3 9.2 7.6 6.8 6.1 5.1 3.1 2.4 2.6 3.5 White, total ................ 3,194,005 2,649,231 2,068,180 581,051 365,190 102,997 74,934 28,063 76,587 85.0 3.3 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 4,439 333,013 13,487 32,499 60,800 95,390 130,837 772,811 874,180 764,708 368,711 76,143 2,136 230,966 7,861 20,353 40,918 66,877 94,957 597,936 748,425 680,141 325,096 64,531 1,346 158,017 4,980 13,259 27,495 45,794 66,489 442,937 595,860 555,527 263,570 50,923 790 72,949 2,881 7,094 13,423 21,083 28,468 154,999 152,565 124,614 61,526 13,608 1,466 71,452 3,785 8,407 13,915 20,130 25,215 120,501 83,461 53,706 27,388 7,216 637 21,073 1,370 2,677 4,120 5,732 7,174 33,950 22,857 14,537 7,783 2,160 458 15,452 982 1,927 3,058 4,223 5,262 25,072 16,608 10,440 5,434 1,470 179 5,621 388 750 1,062 1,509 1,912 8,878 6,249 4,097 2,349 690 200 9,522 471 1,062 1,847 2,651 3,491 20,424 19,437 16,324 8,444 2,236 50.4 71.4 60.4 64.7 69.4 72.1 74.6 79.5 87.6 90.9 90.2 87.3 15.0 6.5 10.5 8.5 7.0 6.2 5.6 4.5 2.7 1.9 2.2 2.9 2,362,968 2,049,290 1,631,590 417,700 213,187 52,982 38,354 14,628 47,509 88.5 2.3 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 1,840 204,056 6,387 17,086 35,286 59,491 85,806 523,971 651,445 617,371 302,576 61,709 933 150,124 3,915 11,373 25,251 44,213 65,372 426,071 580,716 564,330 273,420 53,696 606 103,748 2,501 7,450 17,070 30,499 46,228 321,178 471,376 467,444 224,240 42,998 327 46,376 1,414 3,923 8,181 13,714 19,144 104,893 109,340 96,886 49,180 10,698 588 39,372 1,698 4,125 7,344 11,232 14,973 69,219 47,341 33,432 18,259 4,976 244 9,777 596 1,121 1,848 2,666 3,546 17,029 11,447 8,183 4,871 1,431 184 7,240 431 816 1,400 1,989 2,604 12,642 8,214 5,763 3,348 963 60 2,537 165 305 448 677 942 4,387 3,233 2,420 1,523 468 75 4,783 178 467 843 1,380 1,915 11,652 11,941 11,426 6,026 1,606 52.9 75.3 63.1 68.4 73.3 76.1 77.9 83.2 90.8 93.1 92.2 89.3 13.8 4.9 9.6 6.7 5.4 4.6 4.2 3.3 1.8 1.4 1.6 2.4 Black, total ................ 622,598 444,508 330,801 113,707 114,189 39,814 25,273 14,541 24,087 74.3 6.7 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 3,808 118,954 7,577 14,243 22,798 32,581 41,755 202,596 141,968 94,808 49,295 11,169 1,466 73,157 3,672 7,735 13,582 20,662 27,506 141,603 108,420 73,931 37,774 8,157 863 49,681 2,280 4,946 8,981 14,072 19,402 103,651 83,464 58,040 29,021 6,081 603 23,476 1,392 2,789 4,601 6,590 8,104 37,952 24,956 15,891 8,753 2,076 1,506 31,337 2,678 4,510 6,353 8,118 9,678 40,184 20,928 12,000 6,554 1,680 632 9,881 885 1,403 1,991 2,604 2,998 13,425 7,286 4,944 2,884 762 439 6,580 610 957 1,328 1,741 1,944 8,863 4,558 2,847 1,584 402 193 3,301 275 446 663 863 1,054 4,562 2,728 2,097 1,300 360 204 4,579 342 595 872 1,197 1,573 7,384 5,334 3,933 2,083 570 40.7 64.0 50.8 56.7 61.9 65.8 68.5 72.5 79.4 81.4 80.0 77.0 17.5 8.6 12.2 10.3 9.1 8.3 7.5 6.9 5.3 5.4 6.1 7.2 White, non-Hispanic See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 33. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began and percent of mothers beginning care in the first trimester and percent with late or no care, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 --Con. Month of pregnancy prenatal care began Age and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births 2d trimester 1st trimester Total 1st and 2d months 3d month 4th-6th months Late or no care Total 7th-9th months Percent No care Not stated 1st trimester Late or no care Black, non-Hispanic 604,346 431,660 321,486 110,174 110,930 38,694 24,375 14,319 23,062 74.3 6.7 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 3,736 116,019 7,397 13,895 22,228 31,737 40,762 197,190 137,545 91,477 47,577 10,802 1,430 71,351 3,588 7,539 13,237 20,113 26,874 137,928 105,126 71,452 36,481 7,892 837 48,456 2,227 4,819 8,754 13,701 18,955 101,047 80,990 56,192 28,075 5,889 593 22,895 1,361 2,720 4,483 6,412 7,919 36,881 24,136 15,260 8,406 2,003 1,484 30,599 2,609 4,409 6,202 7,936 9,443 39,106 20,265 11,528 6,321 1,627 623 9,634 867 1,372 1,942 2,522 2,931 13,059 7,079 4,773 2,789 737 430 6,383 597 929 1,289 1,676 1,892 8,578 4,392 2,704 1,502 386 193 3,251 270 443 653 846 1,039 4,481 2,687 2,069 1,287 351 199 4,435 333 575 847 1,166 1,514 7,097 5,075 3,724 1,986 546 40.4 63.9 50.8 56.6 61.9 65.8 68.5 72.6 79.4 81.4 80.0 77.0 17.6 8.6 12.3 10.3 9.1 8.2 7.5 6.9 5.3 5.4 6.1 7.2 Hispanic 2 ................. 815,868 587,297 425,942 161,355 151,857 50,085 36,898 13,187 26,629 74.4 6.3 Under 15 years ......... 15-19 years ............... 15 years .................. 16 years .................. 17 years .................. 18 years .................. 19 years .................. 20-24 years ............... 25-29 years ............... 30-34 years ............... 35-39 years ............... 40 years and over ..... 2,638 129,469 7,187 15,588 25,648 36,064 44,982 247,552 218,167 141,493 62,993 13,556 1,227 81,202 3,990 9,094 15,769 22,785 29,564 170,890 163,936 110,744 49,091 10,207 756 54,592 2,518 5,885 10,532 15,390 20,267 121,054 121,372 83,677 37,068 7,423 471 26,610 1,472 3,209 5,237 7,395 9,297 49,836 42,564 27,067 12,023 2,784 888 32,298 2,126 4,339 6,621 8,930 10,282 51,298 35,937 20,228 9,032 2,176 399 11,385 790 1,576 2,280 3,117 3,622 17,001 11,422 6,323 2,872 683 283 8,325 563 1,136 1,672 2,283 2,671 12,541 8,452 4,717 2,094 486 116 3,060 227 440 608 834 951 4,460 2,970 1,606 778 197 124 4,584 281 579 978 1,232 1,514 8,363 6,872 4,198 1,998 490 48.8 65.0 57.8 60.6 63.9 65.4 68.0 71.4 77.6 80.7 80.5 78.1 15.9 9.1 11.4 10.5 9.2 8.9 8.3 7.1 5.4 4.6 4.7 5.2 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 65 66 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 34. Percent of mothers beginning prenatal care in the first trimester and percent of mothers with late or no prenatal care by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] Percent late 1 or no care Percent beginning care in first trimester White State All races 2 Total Black NonHispanic Total White NonHispanic Hispanic 3 All races 2 Total Black NonHispanic Total NonHispanic Hispanic 3 United States 4 .............. 83.2 85.0 88.5 74.3 74.3 74.4 3.9 3.3 2.3 6.7 6.7 6.3 Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ....................... Colorado ........................ Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... District of Columbia ....... 82.8 80.1 76.5 79.7 84.5 80.7 89.4 85.3 75.3 88.1 84.2 77.0 82.6 84.5 81.0 90.6 87.8 85.5 89.6 84.4 87.1 83.9 89.9 87.8 93.0 90.0 90.4 72.0 81.8 74.1 69.1 81.9 75.2 81.8 77.4 70.2 72.0 82.4 73.8 69.1 82.0 75.2 82.6 77.5 70.3 55.8 80.6 65.4 66.9 80.7 65.4 79.7 72.1 76.0 3.7 4.7 6.8 5.0 3.1 4.6 1.9 3.6 7.6 2.6 2.9 6.7 4.1 3.1 4.5 1.7 2.7 3.8 1.9 2.9 2.8 3.4 1.9 2.5 1.2 2.3 3.0 6.1 * 6.0 8.0 3.8 6.6 3.6 6.4 9.6 6.1 * 6.1 8.0 3.8 6.6 3.6 6.5 9.6 18.2 3.8 11.1 11.6 3.9 9.1 3.9 5.6 5.7 Florida ........................... Georgia .......................... Hawaii ............................ Idaho ............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana ........................... Iowa ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ........................ Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. 83.7 86.9 85.5 80.9 82.4 80.8 88.2 86.9 86.8 83.3 88.7 86.8 89.8 89.5 81.2 84.9 82.3 88.7 87.6 87.6 90.5 89.0 89.1 91.8 90.0 83.5 89.5 83.8 89.7 90.6 88.0 90.7 89.0 73.6 81.1 89.3 74.0 71.3 68.5 77.4 79.1 78.6 73.6 75.9 73.5 80.9 90.6 73.6 71.3 68.5 77.1 79.1 78.6 73.6 77.9 81.0 77.9 84.0 66.1 72.6 62.0 73.6 68.7 68.0 85.3 80.7 3.5 2.6 3.0 3.9 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.8 2.6 3.5 1.9 2.7 2.0 2.2 3.8 3.0 3.4 2.2 2.5 2.4 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.3 2.1 3.0 2.0 2.9 2.0 1.7 2.2 1.5 1.8 5.9 3.9 * * 8.3 7.3 4.9 5.5 4.5 6.2 * 5.9 3.9 * * 8.3 7.3 4.9 5.5 4.5 6.2 * 4.5 6.1 3.3 8.6 5.6 9.6 5.6 7.9 9.6 3.9 * Maryland ........................ Massachusetts .............. Michigan ........................ Minnesota ...................... Mississippi ..................... Missouri ......................... Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada .......................... New Hampshire ............. 86.4 89.3 84.2 84.8 81.3 87.8 83.3 83.2 74.4 91.1 90.8 90.9 87.2 87.3 88.8 89.4 86.1 84.5 75.0 91.4 92.1 92.3 88.8 88.7 89.2 89.8 86.5 86.8 84.3 91.9 77.7 79.4 70.1 67.5 72.4 79.0 86.4 68.0 65.9 76.7 77.7 78.9 70.0 67.5 72.4 78.9 88.2 67.9 65.6 77.0 79.1 79.7 71.7 64.7 75.2 79.1 81.6 67.3 60.6 78.9 3.2 2.2 3.7 2.9 3.9 2.6 3.2 3.0 8.5 1.4 1.9 1.8 2.8 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 8.4 1.3 1.6 1.5 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 4.3 1.2 5.7 5.3 8.0 8.1 6.0 5.5 * 8.3 12.0 * 5.7 5.5 8.1 8.0 6.0 5.5 * 8.3 12.1 * 4.2 4.0 6.3 7.6 8.9 4.9 * 6.5 14.8 * New Jersey .................... New Mexico ................... New York ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota ................. Ohio ............................... Oklahoma ...................... Oregon .......................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. 80.6 68.6 80.9 84.6 86.3 86.4 79.1 81.3 85.4 90.8 84.5 70.1 84.3 87.7 88.8 88.4 81.3 81.6 87.6 91.7 89.4 76.7 88.2 91.0 89.3 88.8 82.9 84.3 88.5 93.1 64.0 65.8 71.4 75.9 78.0 75.3 70.7 76.2 72.6 85.9 63.8 65.9 71.2 75.9 78.5 75.3 70.9 76.2 72.7 85.4 68.6 65.8 72.9 68.4 72.9 75.2 66.9 69.0 73.4 86.6 4.9 9.4 4.8 3.3 2.3 3.9 4.6 3.8 3.3 1.3 3.4 8.9 3.7 2.5 1.6 2.9 3.9 3.7 2.6 1.1 2.3 6.6 2.7 1.6 1.6 2.8 3.4 3.1 2.4 1.0 11.4 10.8 8.2 5.6 * 9.7 7.1 5.2 7.8 2.7 11.6 10.5 8.4 5.6 * 9.6 7.0 5.2 7.9 2.8 7.1 10.4 6.5 7.6 * 6.8 8.9 6.8 5.7 1.4 South Carolina ............... South Dakota ................. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................. Utah ............................... Vermont ......................... Virginia .......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................. Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming ....................... 79.4 78.7 83.1 78.8 79.4 88.5 85.2 82.6 86.1 84.2 82.7 84.2 82.6 86.0 78.8 80.4 88.6 88.2 83.4 86.7 86.5 83.4 85.8 82.8 87.6 87.6 83.4 88.8 90.1 85.9 86.8 88.0 84.4 70.9 70.5 72.2 76.3 56.6 74.2 76.0 74.8 70.2 69.9 73.7 70.9 69.9 72.2 76.3 56.5 73.3 76.0 74.9 70.3 69.9 73.2 59.1 70.9 56.1 71.2 60.3 84.4 71.9 71.0 71.4 68.6 74.2 5.3 3.6 4.2 5.5 4.7 2.2 3.3 3.3 2.0 3.3 3.9 4.1 2.2 3.0 5.6 4.3 2.1 2.5 3.0 1.9 2.7 3.8 3.4 2.1 2.3 2.7 3.4 2.0 1.9 2.5 1.8 2.3 3.6 7.5 * 8.2 6.1 15.9 * 5.7 5.5 6.0 7.9 * 7.5 * 8.2 6.1 16.3 * 5.7 5.5 6.1 7.9 * 13.6 * 16.2 8.0 10.2 * 7.1 5.7 * 7.6 6.2 Puerto Rico .................... Virgin Islands ................. Guam ............................. American Samoa ........... Northern Marianas ......... 78.1 63.8 62.6 --24.8 78.9 61.4 87.6 --* --80.5 87.9 ----- 68.3 63.9 80.6 --* --63.3 81.8 ----- --60.2 80.5 ----- 3.4 10.4 13.1 --29.4 3.1 12.2 * --* --* * ----- 6.1 9.9 * --* --9.9 * ----- --11.3 * ----- * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. --- Data not available. 1 Care beginning in 3rd trimester. 2 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 3 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 4 Excludes data for the territories. NOTE: Data on prenatal care are not available for American Samoa. Data on month prenatal care began for the Northern Marianas are substantially incomplete; see Table I in the Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 67 Table 35. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began, number of prenatal visits, and median number of visits, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Month of pregnancy prenatal care began Number of prenatal visits and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births 1st trimester Total 1st and 2d months 2d trimester 3d month 4th-6th months Late or no care 7th-9th months Total Not stated No care All races 1 .................................................. 4,058,814 3,284,256 2,544,788 739,468 512,730 152,698 108,069 44,629 109,130 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 44,680 41,978 86,503 183,606 336,640 770,601 1,050,357 661,168 475,251 106,623 153,098 148,309 31 10,447 25,361 78,454 206,390 613,243 961,091 626,625 452,689 102,257 145,549 62,119 25 7,034 14,813 46,192 128,012 417,100 748,478 522,431 394,105 88,351 129,207 49,040 6 3,413 10,548 32,262 78,378 196,143 212,613 104,194 58,584 13,906 16,342 13,079 7 9,575 30,907 74,393 109,739 139,838 79,314 29,301 19,167 3,552 6,188 10,749 44,642 19,668 27,490 26,761 15,530 8,821 3,733 1,814 1,071 248 456 2,464 13 19,668 27,490 26,761 15,530 8,821 3,733 1,814 1,071 248 456 2,464 44,629 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,288 2,745 3,998 4,981 8,699 6,219 3,428 2,324 566 905 72,977 11.5 9.5 5.4 5.4 ... 10.3 Median number of visits .................... 12.3 12.6 12.8 White, total .............................................. 3,194,005 2,649,231 2,068,180 581,051 365,190 102,997 74,934 28,063 76,587 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 28,103 26,909 57,018 128,252 252,092 597,667 855,108 546,381 385,916 87,527 123,123 105,909 24 7,023 16,848 56,296 159,002 483,929 788,061 520,085 369,271 84,308 117,864 46,520 20 4,731 9,908 33,177 99,463 331,431 616,976 434,754 322,208 73,206 105,352 36,954 4 2,292 6,940 23,119 59,539 152,498 171,085 85,331 47,063 11,102 12,512 9,566 6 5,636 19,762 50,466 78,373 101,044 59,443 22,234 14,095 2,614 4,272 7,245 28,073 12,929 18,615 18,779 11,093 6,344 2,820 1,361 815 184 336 1,648 10 12,929 18,615 18,779 11,093 6,344 2,820 1,361 815 184 336 1,648 28,063 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,321 1,793 2,711 3,624 6,350 4,784 2,701 1,735 421 651 50,496 11.6 9.7 5.5 5.5 ... 10.4 Median number of visits .................... 12.3 12.6 12.8 White, non-Hispanic ............................. 2,362,968 2,049,290 1,631,590 417,700 213,187 52,982 38,354 14,628 47,509 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 14,650 13,794 30,343 75,254 167,184 424,953 672,104 437,675 295,607 69,895 98,368 63,141 16 3,952 10,044 37,121 114,426 358,050 628,436 419,739 285,671 67,633 94,898 29,304 12 2,740 6,084 22,797 73,894 252,157 499,601 353,484 251,947 59,035 85,596 24,243 4 1,212 3,960 14,324 40,532 105,893 128,835 66,255 33,724 8,598 9,302 5,061 3 2,801 10,395 27,251 44,478 59,005 38,330 14,937 8,116 1,817 2,742 3,312 14,631 6,295 8,906 9,292 5,942 3,511 1,811 914 505 130 237 808 3 6,295 8,906 9,292 5,942 3,511 1,811 914 505 130 237 808 14,628 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 746 998 1,590 2,338 4,387 3,527 2,085 1,315 315 491 29,717 11.9 9.9 5.7 5.7 ... 10.6 Median number of visits .................... 12.5 12.7 12.9 Black, total ............................................... 622,598 444,508 330,801 113,707 114,189 39,814 25,273 14,541 24,087 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 14,548 12,236 23,377 42,083 60,955 124,727 131,487 77,908 64,859 13,864 23,758 32,796 6 2,792 6,858 16,638 32,950 91,348 114,855 71,603 60,079 12,942 21,803 12,634 5 1,875 3,970 9,814 19,716 60,034 86,150 58,473 51,545 10,783 18,694 9,742 1 917 2,888 6,824 13,234 31,314 28,705 13,130 8,534 2,159 3,109 2,892 ... 3,316 8,921 18,497 23,680 29,789 14,975 5,448 4,155 759 1,653 2,996 14,542 5,306 6,829 5,989 3,330 1,869 656 329 191 54 97 622 1 5,306 6,829 5,989 3,330 1,869 656 329 191 54 97 622 14,541 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 822 769 959 995 1,721 1,001 528 434 109 205 16,544 11.0 9.1 5.1 5.1 ... 9.5 Median number of visits .................... See footnotes at end of table. 11.6 12.4 12.7 68 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 35. Live births by month of pregnancy prenatal care began, number of prenatal visits, and median number of visits, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 --Con. Month of pregnancy prenatal care began Number of prenatal visits and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births 1st trimester Total 1st and 2d months 2d trimester 3d month 4th-6th months Late or no care 7th-9th months Total Not stated No care Black, non-Hispanic .............................. 604,346 431,660 321,486 110,174 110,930 38,694 24,375 14,319 23,062 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 14,325 11,921 22,707 40,951 58,969 119,916 127,471 75,872 63,579 13,572 23,319 31,744 5 2,731 6,645 16,208 31,882 87,769 111,388 69,767 58,909 12,673 21,401 12,282 4 1,842 3,849 9,567 19,092 57,578 83,575 57,055 50,562 10,568 18,341 9,453 1 889 2,796 6,641 12,790 30,191 27,813 12,712 8,347 2,105 3,060 2,829 ... 3,238 8,719 18,037 22,993 28,793 14,498 5,284 4,065 740 1,628 2,935 14,320 5,155 6,615 5,786 3,153 1,768 634 320 185 54 94 610 1 5,155 6,615 5,786 3,153 1,768 634 320 185 54 94 610 14,319 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 797 728 920 941 1,586 951 501 420 105 196 15,917 11.0 9.1 5.0 5.0 ... 9.5 Hispanic 2 ................................................... Median number of visits .................... 815,868 587,297 425,942 161,355 151,857 50,085 36,898 13,187 26,629 No visits ............................................. 1-2 visits ............................................ 3-4 visits ............................................ 5-6 visits ............................................ 7-8 visits ............................................ 9-10 visits .......................................... 11-12 visits ........................................ 13-14 visits ........................................ 15-16 visits ........................................ 17-18 visits ........................................ 19 visits or more ................................ Not stated .......................................... 13,201 13,185 26,819 52,960 84,270 171,698 178,140 105,811 88,461 17,196 24,100 40,027 5 3,083 6,881 19,030 43,953 124,710 154,966 97,557 81,805 16,256 22,330 16,721 5 1,990 3,855 10,272 25,126 78,319 113,456 78,897 68,737 13,817 19,176 12,292 ... 1,093 3,026 8,758 18,827 46,391 41,510 18,660 13,068 2,439 3,154 4,429 3 2,861 9,414 23,267 33,836 42,134 20,957 7,247 5,950 789 1,516 3,883 13,193 6,694 9,744 9,575 5,228 2,894 1,013 452 314 54 99 825 6 6,694 9,744 9,575 5,228 2,894 1,013 452 314 54 99 825 13,187 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 547 780 1,088 1,253 1,960 1,204 555 392 97 155 18,598 11.0 9.3 5.3 5.3 ... 9.6 Median number of visits .................... 11.7 11.6 ... Category not applicable. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 12.4 12.4 12.7 12.7 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 69 Table 36. Live births to mothers with selected obstetric procedures and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified procedure per 1,000 live births in specified group] Obstetric procedure and race of mother All births 1 Obstetric procedure reported Age of mother All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 All races 3 Amniocentesis .................................................. Electronic fetal monitoring ................................ Induction of labor .............................................. Stimulation of labor ........................................... Tocolysis .......................................................... Ultrasound ....................................................... 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 96,698 3,389,707 800,448 722,613 91,083 2,697,525 24.0 842.0 198.8 179.5 22.6 670.0 6.4 854.5 187.0 194.5 24.7 637.6 8.1 849.0 198.0 186.5 23.5 656.0 10.6 844.4 206.3 181.5 22.6 675.9 19.4 836.5 200.8 174.0 21.4 686.5 95.9 824.9 192.4 160.7 21.0 686.1 139.6 810.5 192.0 148.8 21.1 678.7 32,914 32,914 32,914 32,914 32,914 32,914 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 79,628 2,671,777 664,541 576,815 71,458 2,163,755 25.1 843.2 209.7 182.0 22.6 682.8 6.2 853.7 197.7 200.8 25.2 654.9 7.9 849.3 210.1 191.0 23.4 670.8 10.4 846.7 217.5 183.5 22.7 686.4 19.8 839.4 210.6 175.4 21.4 696.2 99.4 826.9 201.7 162.8 20.8 696.0 148.2 809.9 199.9 150.6 20.9 689.7 25,290 25,290 25,290 25,290 25,290 25,290 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 9,571 526,533 101,431 102,072 14,558 377,960 15.5 850.7 163.9 164.9 23.5 610.7 7.1 862.4 161.9 180.0 22.9 592.9 9.0 855.6 162.2 171.0 23.7 603.9 11.8 847.6 167.4 162.9 23.6 621.3 16.6 840.8 165.4 152.7 24.0 623.5 56.3 833.4 160.2 139.0 23.3 626.5 81.7 832.5 174.0 131.6 23.5 613.3 3,654 3,654 3,654 3,654 3,654 3,654 White Amniocentesis .................................................. Electronic fetal monitoring ................................ Induction of labor .............................................. Stimulation of labor ........................................... Tocolysis .......................................................... Ultrasound ....................................................... Black Amniocentesis .................................................. Electronic fetal monitoring ................................ Induction of labor .............................................. Stimulation of labor ........................................... Tocolysis .......................................................... Ultrasound ....................................................... 1 Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified obstetric procedures. 2 No response reported for the obstetric procedures item. 3 Includes races other than white and black. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on the birth certificate. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. 70 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 37. Live births to mothers with selected complications of labor and/or delivery and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified complication per 1,000 live births in specified group] Age of mother Complication and race of mother All births 1 Complication reported All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 All races 3 Febrile .............................................................. Meconium, moderate/heavy ............................. Premature rupture of membrane ...................... Abruptio placenta ............................................. Placenta previa ................................................. Other excessive bleeding ................................. Seizures during labor ....................................... Precipitous labor ............................................... Prolonged labor ................................................ Dysfunctional labor ........................................... Breech/Malpresentation ................................... Cephalopelvic disproportion ............................. Cord prolapse ................................................... Anesthetic complication 4 ................................. Fetal distress 4 ................................................. 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 4,058,814 3,695,400 3,695,400 64,055 216,241 98,766 22,038 12,951 25,250 1,576 78,533 31,465 113,123 155,580 69,099 7,712 2,395 142,824 16.0 53.9 24.6 5.5 3.2 6.3 0.4 19.6 7.8 28.2 38.8 17.2 1.9 0.7 39.2 19.3 59.4 25.5 5.2 1.1 5.8 0.7 13.8 8.6 27.1 29.3 16.8 1.6 0.5 42.2 16.5 55.3 23.7 5.2 1.8 5.9 0.4 18.4 7.9 26.6 31.8 15.7 1.6 0.6 38.2 16.3 52.4 23.8 5.1 2.9 6.2 0.3 19.5 7.9 28.3 38.2 17.9 1.9 0.6 37.1 15.3 51.4 25.0 5.5 4.2 6.5 0.3 21.6 7.6 28.9 44.6 18.0 2.1 0.7 38.8 12.7 53.1 25.9 6.8 6.1 7.0 0.4 23.5 7.2 29.9 49.9 17.6 2.3 0.8 41.5 11.6 57.0 28.6 8.0 9.1 9.3 0.4 23.2 8.1 33.7 57.4 18.2 2.8 0.9 49.8 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 46,146 48,768 48,768 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,194,005 2,884,453 2,884,453 48,582 158,439 74,711 16,682 10,143 20,313 1,066 60,880 25,584 89,071 128,221 56,296 6,056 1,949 106,603 15.4 50.2 23.7 5.3 3.2 6.4 0.3 19.3 8.1 28.2 40.6 17.8 1.9 0.7 37.5 18.6 54.2 23.3 5.1 1.1 6.1 0.6 12.7 9.0 27.1 31.7 17.7 1.6 0.5 40.4 16.3 51.5 22.5 4.9 1.8 6.1 0.4 17.8 8.3 27.1 33.4 16.7 1.7 0.6 36.3 15.8 49.0 23.2 4.9 2.9 6.3 0.3 19.0 8.1 28.4 39.8 18.6 1.9 0.7 35.7 14.6 48.2 24.3 5.2 4.1 6.5 0.3 21.6 7.7 28.6 46.0 18.1 2.1 0.8 37.2 12.0 50.0 25.4 6.6 6.0 6.9 0.3 23.7 7.5 29.4 51.0 17.7 2.2 0.8 39.6 11.2 53.6 27.8 7.7 8.7 9.2 0.4 23.2 8.3 33.4 58.1 18.5 2.9 1.0 48.1 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 36,361 38,556 38,556 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 622,598 581,290 581,290 9,744 44,566 18,108 4,150 1,769 2,885 345 12,789 3,679 15,991 18,956 7,888 1,250 316 27,942 15.8 72.2 29.3 6.7 2.9 4.7 0.6 20.7 6.0 25.9 30.7 12.8 2.0 0.5 48.5 20.7 74.1 30.4 5.5 1.1 4.1 1.0 16.1 6.9 26.3 22.9 14.5 1.6 0.4 47.9 16.1 69.5 27.7 6.2 1.8 4.0 0.5 20.6 5.8 24.4 25.7 11.8 1.6 0.5 45.9 14.8 70.6 27.5 6.9 3.1 4.8 0.4 23.1 5.7 25.6 31.6 12.5 2.3 0.5 46.3 12.9 74.8 31.8 7.9 4.5 5.3 0.5 22.0 5.8 27.6 38.5 13.3 2.5 0.7 51.6 11.7 75.9 32.4 8.7 6.0 6.8 0.4 22.7 5.3 27.7 47.6 12.6 3.2 0.8 57.0 10.1 81.3 35.7 9.1 10.4 7.7 * 22.8 6.9 30.5 54.7 10.1 2.6 * 66.6 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,078 5,454 5,454 White Febrile .............................................................. Meconium, moderate/heavy ............................. Premature rupture of membrane ...................... Abruptio placenta ............................................. Placenta previa ................................................. Other excessive bleeding ................................. Seizures during labor ....................................... Precipitous labor ............................................... Prolonged labor ................................................ Dysfunctional labor ........................................... Breech/Malpresentation ................................... Cephalopelvic disproportion ............................. Cord prolapse ................................................... Anesthetic complication 4 ................................. Fetal distress 4 ................................................. Black Febrile .............................................................. Meconium, moderate/heavy ............................. Premature rupture of membrane ...................... Abruptio placenta ............................................. Placenta previa ................................................. Other excessive bleeding ................................. Seizures during labor ....................................... Precipitous labor ............................................... Prolonged labor ................................................ Dysfunctional labor ........................................... Breech/Malpresentation ................................... Cephalopelvic disproportion ............................. Cord prolapse ................................................... Anesthetic complication 4 ................................. Fetal distress 4 ................................................. * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified complication. 2 No response reported for the complications item. 3 Includes races other than white and black. 4 Texas does not report this complication. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on the birth certificate. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 71 Table 38. Live births by attendant, place of delivery, and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Physician Place of delivery and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births Total Doctor of medicine Midwife Doctor of osteopathy Total Certified nurse midwife Other midwife Other Unspecified All races 1 Total ................................................ 4,058,814 3,721,831 3,553,187 168,644 314,539 297,902 16,637 21,325 1,119 In hospital2 ...................................... Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... 4,020,877 37,635 10,738 466 23,843 2,588 302 3,716,395 5,294 1,988 239 2,323 744 142 3,548,597 4,459 1,459 226 2,063 711 131 167,798 835 529 13 260 33 11 292,990 21,467 8,385 136 12,549 397 82 288,995 8,829 5,504 62 3,048 215 78 3,995 12,638 2,881 74 9,501 182 4 10,964 10,328 363 88 8,547 1,330 33 528 546 2 3 424 117 45 Total ................................................ 3,194,005 2,927,260 2,783,191 144,069 249,063 233,621 15,442 16,864 818 In hospital2 ...................................... Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... 3,160,873 32,879 9,761 408 20,887 1,823 253 2,923,398 3,743 1,623 207 1,471 442 119 2,780,122 2,959 1,100 196 1,248 415 110 143,276 784 523 11 223 27 9 228,642 20,343 7,801 132 12,068 342 78 225,428 8,118 5,030 58 2,855 175 75 3,214 12,225 2,771 74 9,213 167 3 8,414 8,428 336 67 7,052 973 22 419 365 1 2 296 66 34 Total ................................................ 2,362,968 2,180,057 2,063,545 116,512 170,183 157,475 12,708 12,158 570 In hospital2 ...................................... Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... 2,335,140 27,662 7,751 377 18,285 1,249 166 2,176,707 3,278 1,552 194 1,214 318 72 2,060,952 2,527 1,041 183 1,004 299 66 115,755 751 511 11 210 19 6 152,853 17,263 5,910 119 10,971 263 67 150,402 7,008 4,285 53 2,555 115 65 2,451 10,255 1,625 66 8,416 148 2 5,236 6,908 288 62 5,915 643 14 344 213 1 2 185 25 13 Total ................................................ 622,598 573,566 555,453 18,113 45,651 44,916 735 3,155 226 In hospital2 ...................................... 619,050 3,510 739 20 2,205 546 38 572,222 1,325 330 16 722 257 19 554,154 1,282 324 15 692 251 17 18,068 43 6 1 30 6 2 44,979 670 398 3 239 30 2 44,421 494 335 3 131 25 1 558 176 63 108 5 1 1,769 1,378 10 1 1,149 218 8 80 137 1 95 41 9 Total ................................................ 604,346 558,090 540,791 17,299 42,980 42,270 710 3,063 213 In hospital2 ...................................... 600,942 3,374 716 19 2,115 524 30 556,777 1,299 330 15 702 252 14 539,522 1,257 324 14 673 246 12 17,255 42 6 1 29 6 2 42,359 619 375 3 213 28 2 41,812 457 317 3 114 23 1 547 162 58 99 5 1 1,730 1,325 10 1 1,108 206 8 76 131 1 92 38 6 Total ................................................ 815,868 733,531 706,936 26,595 77,945 75,420 2,525 4,253 139 In hospital2 ...................................... 811,487 4,364 1,969 31 1,851 513 17 733,095 426 65 13 228 120 10 706,531 396 54 13 216 113 9 26,564 30 11 12 7 1 75,226 2,717 1,858 12 775 72 2 74,488 930 718 5 152 55 2 738 1,787 1,140 7 623 17 - 3,117 1,132 46 6 792 288 4 49 89 56 33 1 White, total White, non-Hispanic Black, total Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... Black, non-Hispanic Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... Hispanic 3 Not in hospital ................................. Freestanding birthing center ......... Clinic or doctor’s office .................. Residence ..................................... Other ............................................. Not specified ................................... - Quantity zero. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes births occurring en route to or on arrival at hospital. 3 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 72 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 39. Live births by method of delivery and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1989-2000 Births by method of delivery Year and race and Hispanic origin of mother Vaginal All births Total Cesarean delivery rate Cesarean After previous cesarean Total Primary Repeat Not stated Total 1 Primary 2 Rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean 3 All races 4 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 ...................................... 1991 ...................................... 1990 5 ................................... 1989 6 ................................... 4,058,814 3,959,417 3,941,553 3,880,894 3,891,494 3,899,589 3,952,767 4,000,240 4,065,014 4,110,907 4,110,563 3,798,734 3,108,188 3,063,870 3,078,537 3,046,621 3,061,092 3,063,724 3,087,576 3,098,796 3,100,710 3,100,891 3,111,421 2,793,463 89,978 97,680 108,903 112,145 116,045 112,439 110,341 103,581 97,549 90,690 84,299 71,019 923,991 862,086 825,870 799,033 797,119 806,722 830,517 861,987 888,622 905,077 914,096 826,955 577,638 542,080 519,975 502,526 503,724 510,104 520,647 539,251 554,662 569,195 575,066 521,873 346,353 320,006 305,895 296,507 293,395 296,618 309,870 322,736 333,960 335,882 339,030 305,082 26,635 33,461 37,146 35,240 33,283 29,143 34,674 39,457 75,682 104,939 85,046 178,316 22.9 22.0 21.2 20.8 20.7 20.8 21.2 21.8 22.3 22.6 22.7 22.8 16.1 15.5 14.9 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.9 15.3 15.6 15.9 16.0 16.1 20.6 23.4 26.3 27.4 28.3 27.5 26.3 24.3 22.6 21.3 19.9 18.9 3,194,005 3,132,501 3,118,727 3,072,640 3,093,057 3,098,885 3,121,004 3,149,833 3,201,678 3,241,273 3,252,473 3,022,537 2,449,264 2,426,092 2,440,113 2,415,236 2,434,079 2,435,191 2,435,965 2,435,229 2,434,959 2,434,900 2,453,857 2,212,843 70,414 77,158 86,495 89,522 93,783 90,940 88,471 82,995 77,977 72,564 67,191 56,851 723,209 678,952 649,987 630,613 631,409 639,818 656,400 682,355 705,841 723,088 732,713 667,114 449,161 424,148 406,439 393,603 395,851 401,098 407,946 423,540 437,398 452,534 458,656 418,177 274,048 254,804 243,548 237,010 235,558 238,720 248,454 258,815 268,443 270,554 274,057 248,937 21,532 27,457 28,627 26,791 27,569 23,876 28,639 32,249 60,878 83,285 65,903 142,580 22.8 21.9 21.0 20.7 20.6 20.8 21.2 21.9 22.5 22.9 23.0 23.2 15.9 15.3 14.7 14.5 14.5 14.6 14.8 15.3 15.7 16.1 16.1 16.2 20.4 23.2 26.2 27.4 28.5 27.6 26.3 24.3 22.5 21.1 19.7 18.6 2,362,968 2,346,450 2,361,462 2,333,363 2,358,989 2,382,638 2,438,855 2,472,031 2,527,207 2,589,878 2,626,500 2,526,367 1,804,550 1,810,682 1,842,420 1,829,213 1,851,058 1,867,024 1,896,609 1,902,433 1,916,414 1,941,726 1,972,754 1,806,753 52,912 59,480 67,787 70,284 73,973 72,124 71,597 67,536 63,828 60,174 55,952 47,559 540,794 514,051 495,550 481,982 485,530 496,103 518,021 542,013 566,788 587,802 603,467 556,585 342,732 327,106 315,138 305,605 308,482 313,933 324,236 338,236 352,470 368,721 378,508 349,858 198,062 186,945 180,412 176,377 177,048 182,170 193,785 203,777 214,318 219,081 224,959 206,727 17,624 21,717 23,492 22,168 22,401 19,511 24,225 27,585 44,005 60,350 50,279 163,029 23.1 22.1 21.2 20.9 20.8 21.0 21.5 22.2 22.8 23.2 23.4 23.6 16.4 15.7 15.1 14.8 14.8 14.9 15.1 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.5 16.6 21.1 24.1 27.3 28.5 29.5 28.4 27.0 24.9 22.9 21.5 19.9 18.7 622,598 605,970 609,902 599,913 594,781 603,139 636,391 658,875 673,633 682,602 679,236 611,147 468,497 462,401 470,088 466,001 462,378 468,984 493,879 509,816 514,929 519,047 516,581 452,291 14,382 15,438 17,062 16,986 16,866 16,224 16,970 16,179 15,382 14,213 13,496 11,104 150,401 139,471 135,727 130,142 128,357 130,482 138,067 143,452 146,480 145,583 146,472 127,907 94,767 88,269 86,438 83,025 82,646 84,441 88,636 91,677 93,165 92,645 93,476 82,695 55,634 51,202 49,289 47,117 45,711 46,041 49,431 51,775 53,315 52,938 52,996 45,212 3,700 4,098 4,087 3,770 4,046 3,673 4,445 5,607 12,224 17,972 16,183 30,319 24.3 23.2 22.4 21.8 21.7 21.8 21.8 22.0 22.1 21.9 22.1 22.0 17.3 16.5 16.0 15.6 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.7 15.8 20.5 23.2 25.7 26.5 27.0 26.1 25.6 23.8 22.4 21.2 20.3 19.7 White, total 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 ...................................... 1991 ...................................... 1990 5 ................................... 1989 6 ................................... White, non-Hispanic 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 8 ................................... 1991 8 ................................... 1990 5, 9 ................................ 1989 6, 10 .............................. Black, total 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 ...................................... 1991 ...................................... 1990 5 ................................... 1989 6 ................................... See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 39. Live births by method of delivery and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1989-2000 --Con. Births by method of delivery Year and race and Hispanic origin of mother Vaginal All births Total Cesarean delivery rate Cesarean After previous cesarean Total Primary Repeat Not stated Total 1 Primary 2 Rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean 3 Black, non-Hispanic 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 8 ................................... 1991 8 ................................... 1990 5, 9 ................................ 1989 6, 10 .............................. 604,346 588,981 593,127 581,431 578,099 587,781 619,198 641,273 657,450 666,758 661,701 611,269 454,736 449,580 457,186 451,744 449,544 457,104 480,551 496,333 502,669 507,522 503,720 440,310 13,910 14,999 16,510 16,353 16,322 15,721 16,478 15,675 14,950 13,847 13,157 10,726 146,042 135,508 131,999 126,138 124,836 127,171 134,526 139,702 143,153 142,417 142,838 125,290 92,044 85,898 84,169 80,599 80,457 82,395 86,411 89,315 91,086 90,664 91,175 81,177 53,998 49,610 47,830 45,539 44,379 44,776 48,115 50,387 52,067 51,753 51,663 44,113 3,568 3,893 3,942 3,549 3,719 3,506 4,121 5,238 11,628 16,819 15,143 45,669 24.3 23.2 22.4 21.8 21.7 21.8 21.9 22.0 22.2 21.9 22.1 22.2 17.3 16.5 16.0 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.7 15.9 20.5 23.2 25.7 26.4 26.9 26.0 25.5 23.7 22.3 21.1 20.3 19.6 815,868 764,339 734,661 709,767 701,339 679,768 665,026 654,418 643,271 623,085 595,073 532,249 633,220 599,118 580,143 563,114 558,105 539,731 525,928 514,493 494,338 472,126 458,242 385,462 17,062 16,915 17,803 17,942 18,491 17,396 16,206 14,586 13,111 11,615 10,395 8,549 179,583 161,035 150,317 142,907 139,554 136,640 135,569 136,279 133,369 129,752 122,969 105,268 104,597 94,433 88,763 84,410 83,392 82,662 81,961 82,576 81,211 80,228 76,027 64,905 74,986 66,602 61,554 58,497 56,162 53,978 53,608 53,703 52,158 49,524 46,942 40,363 3,065 4,186 4,201 3,746 3,680 3,397 3,529 3,646 15,564 21,207 13,862 41,519 22.1 21.2 20.6 20.2 20.0 20.2 20.5 20.9 21.2 21.6 21.2 21.5 14.5 14.0 13.6 13.4 13.4 13.7 13.9 14.2 14.4 14.8 14.5 14.7 18.5 20.3 22.4 23.5 24.8 24.4 23.2 21.4 20.1 19.0 18.1 17.5 Hispanic 7 2000 ...................................... 1999 ...................................... 1998 ...................................... 1997 ...................................... 1996 ...................................... 1995 ...................................... 1994 ...................................... 1993 ...................................... 1992 8 ................................... 1991 8 ................................... 1990 5, 9 ................................ 1989 6, 10 .............................. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percent of all live births by cesarean delivery. Number of primary cesareans per 100 live births to women who have not had a previous cesarean. Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery per 100 live births to women with a previous cesarean delivery. Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. Excludes data for Oklahoma, which did not report method of delivery on the birth certificate. Excludes data for Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, and Oklahoma, which did not report method of delivery on the birth certificate. Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. Excludes data for New Hampshire which did not report Hispanic origin. Excludes data for New Hampshire and Oklahoma which did not report Hispanic origin. Excludes data for Louisiana, New Hampshire, and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. 73 74 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 40. Live births by method of delivery, and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Births by method of delivery Age and race and Hispanic origin of mother Vaginal All births Total Cesarean delivery rate Cesarean After previous cesarean Total Primary Repeat Not stated Total 1 Primary 2 Rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean 3 All races 4 ............................ 4,058,814 3,108,188 89,978 923,991 577,638 346,353 26,635 22.9 16.1 20.6 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 477,509 1,017,806 1,087,547 929,278 452,057 94,617 400,130 821,844 836,437 680,240 309,497 60,040 2,678 17,300 25,199 27,102 14,819 2,880 74,587 189,595 243,911 242,681 139,355 33,862 66,048 130,169 151,334 136,977 73,647 19,463 8,539 59,426 92,577 105,704 65,708 14,399 2,792 6,367 7,199 6,357 3,205 715 15.7 18.7 22.6 26.3 31.0 36.1 14.2 13.9 15.7 17.3 20.0 25.4 23.9 22.5 21.4 20.4 18.4 16.7 White, total ............................ 3,194,005 2,449,264 70,414 723,209 449,161 274,048 21,532 22.8 15.9 20.4 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 337,452 772,811 874,180 764,708 368,711 76,143 284,027 626,600 673,599 561,739 254,469 48,830 1,660 12,308 19,599 22,139 12,311 2,397 51,455 141,294 194,617 197,555 111,559 26,729 45,835 97,940 120,879 110,817 58,428 15,262 5,620 43,354 73,738 86,738 53,131 11,467 1,970 4,917 5,964 5,414 2,683 584 15.3 18.4 22.4 26.0 30.5 35.4 14.0 13.8 15.6 17.0 19.4 24.7 22.8 22.1 21.0 20.3 18.8 17.3 White, non-Hispanic ........... 2,362,968 1,804,550 52,912 540,794 342,732 198,062 17,624 23.1 16.4 21.1 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 205,896 523,971 651,445 617,371 302,576 61,709 172,248 423,385 502,130 456,005 210,839 39,943 882 7,957 13,938 17,735 10,372 2,028 32,172 96,617 144,415 156,810 89,487 21,293 29,094 68,621 93,706 90,999 47,941 12,371 3,078 27,996 50,709 65,811 41,546 8,922 1,476 3,969 4,900 4,556 2,250 473 15.7 18.6 22.3 25.6 29.8 34.8 14.5 14.2 16.1 17.2 19.3 24.6 22.3 22.1 21.6 21.2 20.0 18.5 Black, total ............................ 622,598 468,497 14,382 150,401 94,767 55,634 3,700 24.3 17.3 20.5 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 122,762 202,596 141,968 94,808 49,295 11,169 100,920 159,506 105,342 65,162 30,996 6,571 906 4,372 4,192 3,085 1,535 292 21,176 41,912 35,802 29,041 17,954 4,516 18,486 27,416 20,659 15,893 9,657 2,656 2,690 14,496 15,143 13,148 8,297 1,860 666 1,178 824 605 345 82 17.3 20.8 25.4 30.8 36.7 40.7 15.6 15.0 17.0 20.4 24.7 29.7 25.2 23.2 21.7 19.0 15.6 13.6 Black, non-Hispanic ............ 604,346 454,736 13,910 146,042 92,044 53,998 3,568 24.3 17.3 20.5 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 119,755 197,190 137,545 91,477 47,577 10,802 98,356 155,133 102,022 62,932 29,925 6,368 879 4,257 4,057 2,953 1,479 285 20,755 40,906 34,727 27,978 17,319 4,357 18,103 26,688 20,018 15,345 9,329 2,561 2,652 14,218 14,709 12,633 7,990 1,796 644 1,151 796 567 333 77 17.4 20.9 25.4 30.8 36.7 40.6 15.7 15.0 17.0 20.4 24.7 29.6 24.9 23.0 21.6 18.9 15.6 13.7 Hispanic 5 ............................ 815,868 633,220 17,062 179,583 104,597 74,986 3,065 22.1 14.5 18.5 Under 20 years ..................... 20-24 years ........................... 25-29 years ........................... 30-34 years ........................... 35-39 years ........................... 40-54 years ........................... 132,107 247,552 218,167 141,493 62,993 13,556 112,349 202,104 167,903 101,233 41,333 8,298 793 4,323 5,593 4,203 1,817 333 19,291 44,623 49,414 39,696 21,364 5,195 16,758 29,284 26,610 19,120 10,087 2,738 2,533 15,339 22,804 20,576 11,277 2,457 467 825 850 564 296 63 14.7 18.1 22.7 28.2 34.1 38.5 13.1 12.9 14.1 16.5 20.3 25.6 23.8 22.0 19.7 17.0 13.9 11.9 1 2 3 4 5 Percent of all live births by cesarean delivery. Number of primary cesareans per 100 live births to women who have not had a previous cesarean. Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery per 100 live births to women with a previous cesarean delivery. Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 41. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] Cesarean delivery rate 1 White State All races 3 Total Rate of vaginal births after previous cesarean 2 Black NonHispanic Total White NonHispanic 4 Hispanic All races 3 Total Black NonHispanic Total NonHispanic 4 Hispanic United States 5 ......... 22.9 22.8 23.1 24.3 24.3 22.1 20.6 20.4 21.1 20.5 20.5 18.5 Alabama .................... Alaska ....................... Arizona ...................... Arkansas ................... California ................... Colorado ................... Connecticut ............... Delaware ................... District of Columbia ... Florida ....................... 26.4 17.0 18.6 26.4 23.4 18.3 21.8 24.8 22.6 25.0 26.8 19.0 18.7 26.0 23.3 18.3 21.9 24.6 21.7 25.3 27.0 19.4 20.2 26.5 24.3 18.9 22.4 25.3 25.2 24.3 25.5 23.3 20.2 28.3 26.5 20.2 22.0 25.6 23.0 24.5 25.5 24.4 20.7 28.3 26.6 20.4 22.3 25.5 23.1 24.4 22.4 16.3 17.1 20.8 22.7 16.9 19.8 20.5 15.7 27.6 14.2 29.7 22.4 14.0 14.7 29.0 25.3 16.5 21.5 15.3 13.9 24.3 21.6 13.9 14.4 29.1 25.1 17.2 20.7 14.9 13.7 22.8 22.2 13.5 15.3 27.5 24.9 14.8 * 16.3 14.5 * 17.3 13.7 14.6 27.5 25.1 14.9 21.6 16.2 14.5 * 16.9 13.7 14.7 27.2 23.5 15.1 21.4 16.2 18.8 * 20.7 19.2 13.9 32.1 25.2 31.0 * 12.1 Georgia ..................... Hawaii ....................... Idaho ......................... Illinois ........................ Indiana ...................... Iowa .......................... Kansas ...................... Kentucky ................... Louisiana ................... Maine ........................ 22.6 14.7 18.3 21.0 21.6 20.9 22.3 24.8 26.6 22.9 22.5 16.9 18.3 20.8 21.5 21.0 22.2 24.8 27.2 22.9 23.6 17.1 18.1 21.7 21.7 21.1 22.6 24.9 27.2 22.9 23.0 16.2 * 21.4 21.9 20.6 25.3 25.1 26.0 23.2 22.9 16.4 * 21.4 21.9 20.6 25.3 25.2 26.0 24.0 16.5 14.3 19.5 18.6 20.0 20.0 19.5 21.7 28.2 28.4 18.3 33.5 30.0 26.2 20.7 24.2 18.9 17.2 9.7 20.4 18.4 24.5 29.8 27.2 20.3 24.0 18.8 16.9 7.5 20.3 18.0 23.5 29.8 26.6 19.9 24.3 18.4 16.7 7.5 20.3 17.8 * * 22.0 23.0 26.0 18.3 19.4 12.5 * 17.8 * * 21.9 23.1 26.4 18.0 19.5 12.5 * 21.4 31.4 30.0 28.7 25.7 20.1 20.0 28.2 * * Maryland ................... Massachusetts .......... Michigan .................... Minnesota ................. Mississippi ................. Missouri ..................... Montana .................... Nebraska ................... Nevada ...................... New Hampshire ........ 24.1 23.7 22.0 19.9 28.3 22.5 19.0 22.6 21.9 21.1 23.2 24.0 22.2 20.4 29.4 22.8 18.7 22.7 21.4 21.1 23.5 24.5 22.3 20.5 29.6 22.8 18.8 22.9 22.9 21.1 26.0 23.5 21.4 19.1 27.1 21.1 * 23.2 25.9 23.6 26.1 24.2 21.4 19.2 27.1 21.1 * 23.1 25.8 23.4 19.9 20.5 20.4 19.2 22.9 21.4 18.0 21.6 19.4 22.0 24.2 25.0 19.8 23.8 11.2 23.4 27.7 21.8 16.2 28.6 24.7 24.4 18.9 23.1 10.2 22.9 28.6 21.7 16.5 28.6 24.8 24.1 18.4 22.8 10.0 22.8 28.6 21.0 15.5 28.7 23.8 28.3 24.1 28.8 12.0 26.5 * 18.6 14.6 * 23.6 29.1 24.1 28.8 12.0 26.4 * 19.3 14.3 * 22.6 27.1 22.0 28.1 * 25.6 * 24.6 17.6 * New Jersey ............... New Mexico .............. New York .................. North Carolina ........... North Dakota ............. Ohio .......................... Oklahoma .................. Oregon ...................... Pennsylvania ............. Rhode Island ............. 27.5 17.2 24.7 23.1 20.9 20.1 24.2 19.5 21.7 22.0 27.4 17.6 24.7 22.7 20.3 20.2 24.0 19.3 21.8 22.0 27.6 18.5 25.3 23.6 20.4 20.2 24.4 19.6 21.9 22.8 28.4 18.3 25.7 24.4 28.0 20.0 26.0 21.4 21.5 23.4 28.1 18.7 25.9 24.4 27.8 20.1 25.9 21.4 21.5 23.7 27.2 17.0 23.9 17.5 19.1 20.2 21.8 18.3 20.2 19.7 26.8 29.9 26.3 21.1 30.4 29.5 15.3 26.8 27.4 21.9 25.4 28.3 26.5 21.0 32.1 29.2 15.4 26.5 26.8 21.1 25.1 27.9 26.6 20.0 31.7 29.2 15.2 25.1 26.8 20.5 30.9 * 25.9 21.2 * 31.3 11.6 27.2 30.6 27.1 32.1 * 26.2 21.2 * 31.4 11.8 28.0 30.8 25.7 25.5 28.6 24.7 27.3 * 29.4 17.1 32.1 26.2 22.5 South Carolina .......... South Dakota ............ Tennessee ................ Texas ........................ Utah .......................... Vermont .................... Virginia ...................... Washington ............... West Virginia ............. Wisconsin .................. Wyoming ................... 25.3 22.8 24.9 24.9 16.8 17.3 23.2 20.7 25.5 17.5 19.4 25.6 22.9 24.9 24.7 16.8 17.3 22.8 20.6 25.5 18.0 19.2 25.8 22.9 25.1 25.7 16.4 17.4 23.1 20.8 25.5 18.0 19.0 25.1 28.3 24.9 26.9 21.4 * 23.8 24.0 27.1 15.1 * 25.1 28.8 24.9 26.9 21.1 * 23.8 23.9 27.1 15.1 * 21.9 22.0 21.7 23.8 18.9 * 20.6 19.6 * 16.6 21.1 15.7 21.1 18.0 13.7 33.8 41.5 22.7 22.4 18.1 29.2 21.6 15.0 20.8 17.4 13.7 33.7 41.5 22.0 22.2 18.1 28.5 21.5 14.8 20.8 17.4 13.0 32.9 41.5 21.7 21.0 18.1 28.1 22.2 16.8 * 19.6 12.8 * * 24.9 23.1 * 33.1 * 16.8 * 19.6 12.9 * * 24.7 23.2 * 33.0 * 19.0 * 18.1 14.3 37.3 * 24.8 27.6 * 33.9 * Puerto Rico ............... Virgin Islands ............ Guam ........................ American Samoa ...... Northern Marianas .... 39.1 23.1 18.0 --20.4 39.3 28.9 20.4 --* --38.7 20.2 ----- 37.2 21.5 * --* --20.7 * ----- --25.7 * ----- 5.9 13.3 23.4 --* 5.9 * * --* --* * ----- 6.6 * * --* --* * ----- --* * ----- * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. --- Data not available. 1 Percent of all live births by cesarean delivery. 2 Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery per 100 live births to women with a previous cesarean delivery. 3 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 4 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 5 Excludes data for the territories. NOTE: Data on method of delivery for the Northern Marianas are substantially incomplete; see Table I in the Technical notes. 75 76 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 42. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by selected maternal medical risk factors and complications of labor and/or delivery: United States, 2000 Medical risk factor and complication All births to mothers with specified condition and/or procedure Cesarean delivery rate Rate of vaginal birth after previous cesarean 3 Total 1 Primary 2 95,754 21,174 47,435 117,289 33,707 53,613 3,184 30,265 155,293 12,315 11,380 12,316 27,024 23,952 22.9 27.1 26.2 38.4 34.3 37.0 26.9 42.9 38.1 48.8 35.7 26.5 22.7 32.7 16.2 19.7 19.0 27.6 28.1 31.4 19.3 32.6 32.7 43.9 28.8 19.3 16.0 25.8 25.8 24.0 24.4 15.1 26.3 19.8 22.8 13.1 15.0 12.4 23.4 23.8 25.5 21.2 64,055 216,241 98,766 22,038 12,951 25,250 1,576 78,533 31,465 113,123 155,580 69,099 7,712 2,395 142,824 30.1 21.2 26.5 60.5 81.0 31.3 47.5 2.5 35.7 66.7 85.0 96.4 66.2 40.4 58.8 28.4 18.5 23.2 55.9 77.1 24.7 44.7 1.8 34.6 64.9 83.3 96.1 64.4 32.8 56.5 44.6 42.7 34.8 13.5 4.0 24.6 17.8 78.8 45.8 15.5 4.6 1.3 16.0 18.4 18.9 Medical risk factors Anemia ............................................................................... Cardiac disease ................................................................. Acute or chronic lung disease ............................................ Diabetes ............................................................................. Genital herpes 4 ................................................................. Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios ............................................ Hemoglobinopathy ............................................................. Hypertension, chronic ........................................................ Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ................................ Eclampsia .......................................................................... Incompetent cervix ............................................................. Renal disease .................................................................... Rh sensitization 5 ............................................................... Uterine bleeding 4 .............................................................. Complications of labor and/or delivery Febrile ................................................................................ Meconium, moderate/heavy .............................................. Premature rupture of membrane ....................................... Abruptio placenta ............................................................... Placenta previa .................................................................. Other excessive bleeding .................................................. Seizures during labor ......................................................... Precipitous labor (less than 3 hours) ................................. Prolonged labor (more than 20 hours) ............................... Dysfunctional labor ............................................................ Breech/Malpresentation ..................................................... Cephalopelvic disproportion .............................................. Cord prolapse .................................................................... Anesthetic complication 4 .................................................. Fetal distress 4 ................................................................... * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in numerator. 1 Percent of all live births by cesarean delivery. 2 Number of primary cesareans per 100 live births to women who have not had a previous cesarean. 3 Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivery per 100 live births to women with a previous cesarean delivery. 4 Texas does not report this risk factor or complication. 5 Kansas does not report this risk factor. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 77 Table 43. Live births by birthweight and percent very low and low birthweight, by period of gestation and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Period of gestation 2 Birthweight 1 and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births Preterm Total under 37 weeks Under 28 weeks 28-31 weeks Term 32-35 weeks 36 weeks Total 37-41 weeks 37-39 weeks Postterm 40 weeks 41 weeks 42 weeks and over Not stated Number All races 3 ........................ 4,058,814 467,201 28,895 48,624 218,928 170,754 3,256,066 1,960,645 855,578 439,843 292,209 43,338 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 5,952 22,797 29,218 60,793 188,270 670,849 1,510,314 1,164,440 340,384 54,748 6,208 4,841 5,739 22,160 27,120 49,918 96,434 122,697 93,871 38,962 7,732 1,280 209 1,079 5,450 16,274 3,819 870 664 1,033 785 269 5,214 15,539 11,560 4,206 4,085 4,958 2,708 85 16 633 7,193 32,443 62,311 55,639 38,816 17,329 3,738 579 99 132 4 39 569 5,045 29,253 61,940 50,097 18,925 3,994 701 110 77 9 191 1,502 9,288 84,513 506,633 1,294,006 1,012,644 294,629 46,608 5,123 920 7 134 1,086 7,679 69,589 377,824 816,513 531,768 133,214 19,884 2,382 565 2 35 267 1,062 10,042 89,257 324,990 313,109 99,380 15,634 1,569 231 22 149 547 4,882 39,552 152,503 167,767 62,035 11,090 1,172 124 3 19 224 806 5,229 34,791 107,779 101,652 34,558 6,272 779 97 201 427 372 781 2,094 6,728 14,658 11,182 3,465 588 97 2,745 0.1 2.9 0.1 4.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.1 2.2 2.5 9.5 Percent Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 1.4 7.6 11.8 43.2 90.9 96.3 43.3 75.8 3.6 46.9 0.4 20.5 Number White, total ....................... 3,194,005 335,815 16,816 32,213 158,207 128,579 2,591,603 1,544,929 688,513 358,161 232,591 33,996 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 3,265 13,700 19,344 41,848 130,661 478,863 1,174,494 976,947 297,496 48,330 5,357 3,700 3,135 13,281 17,947 34,567 68,622 89,785 69,976 30,292 6,298 1,037 180 695 2,974 9,549 2,324 475 399 611 484 146 3,270 10,367 7,929 2,662 2,493 3,279 2,007 60 11 436 4,885 22,732 44,848 40,627 27,872 13,172 2,978 462 85 99 4 26 371 3,431 20,713 46,054 38,825 15,113 3,320 575 95 52 3 122 1,002 6,192 57,075 359,772 1,009,983 852,876 258,156 41,266 4,415 741 2 90 724 5,114 47,175 269,266 638,394 447,929 116,317 17,453 2,024 441 1 19 168 702 6,660 62,517 252,300 263,494 87,234 13,858 1,372 188 13 110 376 3,240 27,989 119,289 141,453 54,605 9,955 1,019 112 15 153 545 3,517 24,439 83,136 84,440 30,059 5,530 683 74 127 282 242 544 1,447 4,867 11,399 9,339 2,983 497 79 2,190 0.0 2.5 0.1 3.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.0 0.1 1.8 2.0 8.3 Percent Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 1.1 6.5 10.3 41.0 90.9 96.3 42.9 75.8 3.4 46.1 0.3 19.1 Number White, non-Hispanic ....... 2,362,968 244,932 12,074 23,279 114,125 95,454 1,934,498 1,154,600 512,833 267,065 168,723 14,815 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 2,349 9,951 14,486 31,649 97,213 342,874 847,967 738,192 232,986 38,308 4,023 2,970 2,300 9,761 13,613 26,475 52,323 66,732 48,074 20,138 4,186 698 120 512 2,183 6,936 1,653 313 250 397 342 105 2,500 7,947 6,021 1,843 1,529 1,986 1,300 48 10 306 3,735 17,524 34,424 29,845 17,768 8,187 1,895 297 50 84 2 19 278 2,617 15,806 34,961 28,320 10,651 2,291 401 70 38 2 78 683 4,532 41,713 257,182 736,992 651,857 204,396 33,110 3,337 616 2 53 500 3,782 34,790 194,569 469,993 343,308 91,869 13,877 1,481 376 16 105 482 4,668 43,106 181,757 201,049 69,338 11,113 1,053 146 9 78 268 2,255 19,507 85,242 107,500 43,189 8,120 803 94 10 95 382 2,552 16,964 58,431 62,343 23,053 4,302 529 62 47 102 95 260 625 1,996 4,470 3,854 1,351 198 37 1,780 Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 1.1 6.6 10.5 42.7 91.8 96.6 45.4 79.3 3.6 49.1 0.3 19.6 0.0 3.4 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0 0.1 1.8 1.9 8.7 Percent See footnotes at end of table. 0.0 2.4 78 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 43. Live births by birthweight and percent very low and low birthweight, by period of gestation and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 --Con. Period of gestation 2 Birthweight 1 and race and Hispanic origin of mother All births Preterm Total under 37 weeks Under 28 weeks 28-31 weeks Term 32-35 weeks 36 weeks Total 37-41 weeks 37-39 weeks Postterm 40 weeks 41 weeks 42 weeks and over Not stated Number Black, total ........................ 622,598 106,675 10,898 14,076 48,964 32,737 466,913 293,070 115,898 57,945 44,121 4,889 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 2,442 8,129 8,507 15,745 45,955 142,881 236,467 128,173 28,749 4,308 543 699 2,366 7,963 7,921 12,848 22,629 26,096 18,653 6,585 1,082 190 18 324 2,249 6,052 1,353 355 236 383 270 114 1,733 4,471 3,096 1,336 1,351 1,393 562 20 3 166 1,930 8,053 14,247 12,081 8,632 3,163 573 86 9 21 12 167 1,344 6,810 12,281 8,628 2,860 509 104 9 13 6 51 431 2,512 21,470 107,528 197,792 108,620 24,377 3,572 454 100 5 37 317 2,067 17,467 79,157 123,758 56,916 11,365 1,668 238 75 1 7 81 300 2,665 19,685 50,276 33,478 8,087 1,172 127 19 7 33 145 1,338 8,686 23,758 18,226 4,925 732 89 6 3 3 63 226 1,435 8,226 18,401 12,093 3,090 503 63 15 67 112 92 159 421 1,031 1,621 875 200 43 8 260 0.1 5.2 0.1 6.8 0.1 2.6 0.1 2.6 0.2 3.9 5.9 18.4 Percent Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 3.1 13.0 17.2 50.5 90.8 96.4 44.9 76.5 4.3 49.9 0.5 25.5 Black, non-Hispanic ....... 604,346 104,375 10,681 13,821 47,922 31,951 452,616 284,631 112,070 55,915 42,684 4,671 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 2,394 7,976 8,363 15,457 45,053 139,478 229,400 123,436 27,503 4,102 522 662 2,318 7,817 7,792 12,619 22,199 25,502 18,159 6,398 1,053 182 18 318 2,203 5,936 1,321 350 233 374 264 112 1,706 4,403 3,039 1,317 1,319 1,355 550 20 3 165 1,903 7,915 13,967 11,825 8,417 3,056 559 82 9 21 10 165 1,315 6,682 11,984 8,387 2,792 494 100 9 13 6 50 424 2,460 21,041 104,966 191,859 104,584 23,290 3,407 435 94 5 37 312 2,025 17,112 77,335 120,158 54,892 10,870 1,588 226 71 1 6 79 293 2,619 19,160 48,697 32,232 7,715 1,127 123 18 7 33 142 1,310 8,471 23,004 17,460 4,705 692 86 5 3 3 61 221 1,402 8,026 17,835 11,616 2,968 474 61 14 67 106 86 157 411 984 1,547 838 192 39 8 236 0.1 5.3 0.1 6.8 0.1 2.7 0.1 2.7 0.2 4.0 5.8 18.6 Number Percent Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 3.1 13.1 17.2 50.7 90.8 96.4 45.1 76.6 4.3 50.0 0.5 25.6 Number Hispanic 6 ........................ 815,868 89,696 4,656 8,866 43,582 32,592 645,011 384,060 171,962 88,989 63,102 18,059 Less than 500 grams ........ 500-999 grams ................. 1,000-1,499 grams ........... 1,500-1,999 grams ........... 2,000-2,499 grams ........... 2,500-2,999 grams ........... 3,000-3,499 grams ........... 3,500-3,999 grams ........... 4,000-4,499 grams ........... 4,500-4,999 grams ........... 5,000 grams or more ........ Not stated ......................... 847 3,707 4,779 9,993 32,921 134,672 321,881 233,127 62,537 9,650 1,294 460 772 3,487 4,269 7,924 15,907 22,781 21,772 10,127 2,094 340 58 165 728 2,593 680 165 146 213 131 41 761 2,367 1,891 805 983 1,298 709 11 1 124 1,131 5,080 10,177 10,667 10,093 5,013 1,084 167 34 11 2 9 91 788 4,779 10,918 10,381 4,405 1,010 173 24 12 40 319 1,638 15,261 101,684 268,973 196,042 52,056 7,845 1,039 114 32 226 1,308 12,302 73,993 166,025 102,240 23,868 3,482 527 57 4 62 221 1,980 19,255 69,455 60,735 17,279 2,625 306 40 4 31 109 979 8,436 33,493 33,067 10,909 1,738 206 17 5 57 163 969 7,465 24,504 21,759 6,830 1,187 154 9 75 175 134 268 784 2,742 6,632 5,199 1,557 278 43 172 0.1 3.6 0.0 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.1 1.9 2.1 8.0 Percent Very low birthweight 4 ..... Low birthweight 5 ............. 1.1 6.4 9.5 36.1 88.4 95.3 35.8 66.2 2.9 37.9 - Quantity zero. 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. 1 Equivalents of the gram weights in pounds and ounces are shown in the Technical notes. 2 Expressed in completed weeks. 3 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 4 Birthweight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 oz). 5 Birthweight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). 6 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 0.3 17.4 0.1 2.7 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 79 Table 44. Percent of live births very preterm and preterm and percent of live births of very low birthweight and low birthweight, by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 1981-2000 Very preterm 1 White Year All races 3 2000 .......................... 1999 .......................... 1998 .......................... 1997 .......................... 1996 .......................... 1995 .......................... 1994 .......................... 1993 .......................... 1992 7 ....................... 1991 7 ....................... 1990 8 ....................... 1989 9 ....................... 1988 .......................... 1987 .......................... 1986 .......................... 1985 .......................... 1984 .......................... 1983 .......................... 1982 .......................... 1981 .......................... 1.93 1.96 1.96 1.94 1.89 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.91 1.94 1.92 1.95 1.96 1.96 1.90 1.88 1.83 1.86 1.84 1.81 Black NonHispanic Total 1.55 1.57 1.57 1.53 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.45 1.40 1.41 1.39 1.41 1.42 1.44 1.41 1.42 1.38 1.40 1.40 1.37 Preterm 2 1.51 1.54 1.52 1.49 1.43 1.41 1.39 1.39 1.33 1.35 1.33 1.34 ----------------- White NonHispanic Total 4.04 4.13 4.11 4.17 4.13 4.25 4.32 4.41 4.47 4.62 4.61 4.64 4.72 4.61 4.47 4.37 4.22 4.34 4.22 4.13 4.09 4.18 4.15 4.19 4.17 4.29 4.36 4.45 4.50 4.65 4.63 4.68 ----------------- Hispanic 4 All races 3 Total NonHispanic Total NonHispanic Hispanic 4 11.6 11.8 11.6 11.4 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.7 10.8 10.6 10.6 10.2 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.4 9.6 9.5 9.4 10.6 10.7 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.1 9.1 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.4 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.0 7.9 10.4 10.5 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.1 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.4 ----------------- 17.3 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.4 17.7 18.1 18.5 18.4 18.9 18.8 18.9 18.7 18.4 18.0 17.8 17.1 17.7 17.4 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.6 17.6 17.5 17.8 18.2 18.6 18.5 19.0 18.9 19.0 ----------------- 11.2 11.4 11.4 11.2 10.9 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.7 11.0 11.0 11.1 ----------------- Total NonHispanic Hispanic 4 13.0 13.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.3 13.6 13.3 13.5 13.3 13.0 12.8 12.6 12.6 12.8 12.6 12.7 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.1 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.4 13.6 13.3 13.6 ----------------- 1.69 1.68 1.72 1.68 1.66 1.66 1.67 1.67 1.64 1.65 1.69 1.76 ----------------- Very low birthweight 5 White All races 3 2000 .......................... 1999 .......................... 1998 .......................... 1997 .......................... 1996 .......................... 1995 .......................... 1994 .......................... 1993 .......................... 1992 7 ....................... 1991 7 ....................... 1990 8 ....................... 1989 9 ....................... 1988 .......................... 1987 .......................... 1986 .......................... 1985 .......................... 1984 .......................... 1983 .......................... 1982 .......................... 1981 .......................... --1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.43 1.45 1.45 1.42 1.37 1.35 1.33 1.33 1.29 1.29 1.27 1.28 1.24 1.24 1.21 1.21 1.19 1.19 1.18 1.16 Total 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.13 1.09 1.06 1.02 1.01 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.91 Low birthweight 6 Black NonHispanic 1.14 1.15 1.15 1.12 1.08 1.04 1.01 1.00 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93 ----------------- Total 3.07 3.14 3.08 3.04 2.99 2.97 2.96 2.96 2.96 2.96 2.92 2.95 2.86 2.79 2.73 2.71 2.60 2.60 2.56 2.52 Black White NonHispanic 3.10 3.18 3.11 3.05 3.02 2.98 2.99 2.99 2.97 2.97 2.93 2.97 ----------------- Hispanic 4 All races 3 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 1.03 1.05 ----------------- Data not available. Births of less than 32 completed weeks of gestation. Births of less than 37 completed weeks of gestation. Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. Less than 1,500 grams (3 lb. 4 oz.). Less than 2,500 grams (5 lb. 8 oz.). Data by Hispanic origin exclude New Hampshire, which did not report Hispanic origin. Data by Hispanic origin exclude New Hampshire and Oklahoma, which did not report Hispanic origin. Data by Hispanic origin exclude New Hampshire, Oklahoma, and Louisiana, which did not report Hispanic origin. 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 6.9 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.8 6.8 6.8 Total 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.6 5.7 Black NonHispanic 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.6 ----------------- 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.2 ----------------- Low birthweight 1 Age and race and Hispanic origin of mother Number Birthweight 2 Percent Total Less than 500 grams 500999 grams 1,0001,499 grams 1,5001,999 grams 2,0002,499 grams 2,5002,999 grams 3,0003,499 grams 3,5003,999 grams 4,0004,499 grams 4,5004,999 grams 5,000grams or more Not stated All races 3 All ages ............................ 307,030 7.6 4,058,814 5,952 22,797 29,218 60,793 188,270 670,849 1,510,314 1,164,440 340,384 54,748 6,208 4,841 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 1,199 44,598 2,463 5,116 8,516 12,640 15,863 77,324 72,736 63,949 37,363 9,025 836 14.1 9.5 11.3 10.5 9.8 9.5 8.9 7.6 6.7 6.9 8.3 10.0 18.2 8,519 468,990 21,845 48,581 86,783 132,786 178,995 1,017,806 1,087,547 929,278 452,057 90,013 4,604 36 849 49 114 167 213 306 1,483 1,505 1,254 688 128 9 109 3,472 230 444 711 967 1,120 5,613 5,465 4,775 2,643 672 48 134 4,109 242 495 816 1,167 1,389 6,877 6,762 6,478 3,816 942 100 229 8,364 474 982 1,584 2,342 2,982 14,494 14,207 13,196 8,058 2,032 213 691 27,804 1,468 3,081 5,238 7,951 10,066 48,857 44,797 38,246 22,158 5,251 466 2,101 101,145 5,194 11,217 19,101 28,686 36,947 187,016 167,531 131,673 66,156 14,336 891 3,372 188,544 8,860 19,668 35,021 53,244 71,751 398,663 403,959 329,497 154,916 30,032 1,331 1,538 108,500 4,420 10,416 19,603 30,654 43,407 272,830 327,259 290,589 137,051 25,559 1,114 261 22,715 803 1,898 3,981 6,528 9,505 69,979 97,462 94,397 46,360 8,868 342 29 2,775 76 204 442 837 1,216 10,067 15,591 15,988 8,440 1,787 71 3 270 13 25 34 71 127 1,007 1,740 1,836 1,106 238 8 16 443 16 37 85 126 179 920 1,269 1,349 665 168 11 All ages ............................ 208,818 6.5 3,194,005 3,265 13,700 19,344 41,848 130,661 478,863 1,174,494 976,947 297,496 48,330 5,357 3,700 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 531 26,730 1,252 2,914 5,058 7,735 9,771 49,539 51,059 46,745 27,077 6,482 655 12.0 8.0 9.3 9.0 8.3 8.1 7.5 6.4 5.8 6.1 7.4 9.0 17.6 4,439 333,013 13,487 32,499 60,800 95,390 130,837 772,811 874,180 764,708 368,711 72,414 3,729 10 435 22 54 93 110 156 731 830 750 419 83 7 54 1,888 121 223 403 527 614 3,200 3,335 3,059 1,692 435 37 46 2,433 118 301 468 693 853 4,237 4,640 4,593 2,685 631 79 114 4,944 240 565 929 1,418 1,792 9,287 10,102 9,859 5,912 1,474 156 307 17,030 751 1,771 3,165 4,987 6,356 32,084 32,152 28,484 16,369 3,859 376 977 65,554 2,871 6,841 12,179 18,882 24,781 129,625 122,581 99,013 49,740 10,669 704 1,787 135,039 5,583 13,320 24,877 38,530 52,729 301,489 320,079 266,505 124,558 23,974 1,063 935 84,346 3,105 7,722 15,061 24,049 34,409 222,559 278,446 250,900 117,260 21,573 928 178 18,553 599 1,488 3,205 5,387 7,874 59,412 85,767 84,494 41,002 7,793 297 21 2,289 58 165 339 675 1,052 8,678 13,802 14,344 7,554 1,577 65 2 218 7 23 26 59 103 852 1,497 1,608 968 204 8 8 284 12 26 55 73 118 657 949 1,099 552 142 9 All ages ............................ 155,648 6.6 2,362,968 2,349 9,951 14,486 31,649 97,213 342,874 847,967 738,192 232,986 38,308 4,023 2,970 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 223 16,784 610 1,590 2,982 4,947 6,655 34,629 38,594 37,681 21,973 5,207 557 12.1 8.2 9.6 9.3 8.5 8.3 7.8 6.6 5.9 6.1 7.3 8.9 18.1 1,840 204,056 6,387 17,086 35,286 59,491 85,806 523,971 651,445 617,371 302,576 58,631 3,078 3 279 10 36 59 68 106 509 603 573 315 60 7 22 1,213 64 132 255 350 412 2,228 2,453 2,357 1,321 329 28 15 1,549 65 174 276 461 573 3,054 3,536 3,664 2,104 506 58 50 3,185 126 317 548 954 1,240 6,481 7,739 8,031 4,843 1,187 133 133 10,558 345 931 1,844 3,114 4,324 22,357 24,263 23,056 13,390 3,125 331 382 38,919 1,326 3,411 6,777 11,513 15,892 86,216 89,687 78,292 40,228 8,561 589 699 80,056 2,459 6,755 14,038 23,286 33,518 199,492 233,871 212,523 101,242 19,211 873 434 53,574 1,593 4,298 9,088 15,382 23,213 153,422 210,330 204,968 97,082 17,636 746 87 12,763 350 896 2,119 3,793 5,605 42,759 66,356 69,857 34,490 6,431 243 9 1,628 41 104 232 475 776 6,382 10,773 11,845 6,296 1,318 57 2 148 3 15 17 44 69 596 1,075 1,255 784 157 6 4 184 5 17 33 51 78 475 759 950 481 110 7 White, total White, non-Hispanic See footnotes at end of table. 80 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 45. Number and percent low birthweight and number of live births by birthweight, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Table 45. Number and percent low birthweight and number of live births by birthweight, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000--Con. Low birthweight 1 Age and race and Hispanic origin of mother Number Birthweight 2 Percent Total Less than 500 grams 500999 grams 1,0001,499 grams 1,5001,999 grams 2,0002,499 grams 2,5002,999 grams 3,0003,499 grams 3,5003,999 grams 4,0004,499 grams 4,5004,999 grams 5,000grams or more Not stated Black, total All ages ............................ 80,778 13.0 622,598 2,442 8,129 8,507 15,745 45,955 142,881 236,467 128,173 28,749 4,308 543 699 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 636 16,326 1,132 2,003 3,163 4,454 5,574 24,730 16,968 12,527 7,591 1,896 104 16.7 13.7 14.9 14.1 13.9 13.7 13.4 12.2 12.0 13.2 15.4 17.7 22.2 3,808 118,954 7,577 14,243 22,798 32,581 41,755 202,596 141,968 94,808 49,295 10,699 470 25 382 26 55 70 93 138 712 614 442 226 39 2 52 1,488 99 203 295 416 475 2,265 1,888 1,442 792 195 7 84 1,555 119 176 315 442 503 2,415 1,808 1,509 889 236 11 110 3,147 229 381 610 840 1,087 4,667 3,282 2,493 1,596 417 33 365 9,754 659 1,188 1,873 2,663 3,371 14,671 9,376 6,641 4,088 1,009 51 1,057 31,874 2,143 3,943 6,186 8,786 10,816 48,438 30,051 19,004 10,021 2,326 110 1,467 46,660 2,962 5,659 8,930 12,731 16,378 79,828 53,891 34,026 17,004 3,452 139 560 20,296 1,154 2,279 3,820 5,534 7,509 40,073 31,802 22,142 10,949 2,270 81 72 3,303 165 320 603 912 1,303 8,175 7,691 5,803 3,078 596 31 8 345 13 30 72 115 115 1,041 1,217 1,050 518 125 4 1 35 5 1 4 10 15 111 158 135 80 23 - 7 115 3 8 20 39 45 200 190 121 54 11 1 All ages ............................ 79,243 13.1 604,346 2,394 7,976 8,363 15,457 45,053 139,478 229,400 123,436 27,503 4,102 522 662 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 625 16,055 1,110 1,969 3,109 4,378 5,489 24,305 16,639 12,263 7,409 1,845 102 16.8 13.9 15.0 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.5 12.3 12.1 13.4 15.6 17.8 22.5 3,736 116,019 7,397 13,895 22,228 31,737 40,762 197,190 137,545 91,477 47,577 10,347 455 25 372 26 52 70 91 133 699 605 436 218 37 2 52 1,467 97 199 294 406 471 2,228 1,857 1,410 768 187 7 83 1,531 117 176 310 432 496 2,375 1,778 1,481 873 231 11 107 3,090 224 374 601 826 1,065 4,603 3,219 2,444 1,551 411 32 358 9,595 646 1,168 1,834 2,623 3,324 14,400 9,180 6,492 3,999 979 50 1,035 31,181 2,092 3,854 6,053 8,581 10,601 47,338 29,337 18,471 9,733 2,278 105 1,441 45,458 2,900 5,516 8,697 12,395 15,950 77,679 52,169 32,799 16,406 3,313 135 549 19,669 1,116 2,208 3,702 5,350 7,293 38,713 30,570 21,192 10,477 2,189 77 70 3,176 159 309 575 875 1,258 7,866 7,334 5,520 2,934 572 31 8 337 13 30 69 113 112 994 1,162 988 491 118 4 1 35 5 1 4 10 15 107 149 132 76 22 - 7 108 2 8 19 35 44 188 185 112 51 10 1 All ages ............................ 52,247 6.4 815,868 847 3,707 4,779 9,993 32,921 134,672 321,881 233,127 62,537 9,650 1,294 460 Under 15 years ................. 15-19 years ...................... 15 years ......................... 16 years ......................... 17 years ......................... 18 years ......................... 19 years ......................... 20-24 years ...................... 25-29 years ...................... 30-34 years ...................... 35-39 years ...................... 40-44 years ...................... 45-54 years ...................... 314 9,974 656 1,339 2,089 2,802 3,088 14,808 12,210 8,756 4,908 1,197 80 11.9 7.7 9.1 8.6 8.2 7.8 6.9 6.0 5.6 6.2 7.8 9.2 14.1 2,638 129,469 7,187 15,588 25,648 36,064 44,982 247,552 218,167 141,493 62,993 12,987 569 8 158 12 20 34 44 48 214 210 144 93 20 - 30 665 60 91 143 181 190 970 870 693 364 105 10 30 871 54 126 193 229 269 1,189 1,083 904 571 116 15 67 1,776 116 253 384 470 553 2,776 2,303 1,775 1,016 261 19 179 6,504 414 849 1,335 1,878 2,028 9,659 7,744 5,240 2,864 695 36 606 26,878 1,577 3,471 5,463 7,437 8,930 43,456 32,373 20,084 9,167 2,002 106 1,109 55,326 3,157 6,666 10,888 15,354 19,261 101,659 84,753 52,031 22,289 4,538 176 505 30,734 1,525 3,443 5,983 8,661 11,122 68,550 66,509 43,900 19,111 3,669 149 88 5,763 245 596 1,092 1,579 2,251 16,446 18,849 13,915 6,144 1,284 48 12 652 17 59 107 197 272 2,255 2,925 2,381 1,175 243 7 68 4 8 9 14 33 251 420 344 170 39 2 4 74 6 6 17 20 25 127 128 82 29 15 1 Black, non-Hispanic 81 - Quantity zero. 1 Less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz). 2 Equivalents of gram weights in terms of pounds and ounces are shown in Technical notes. 3 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 4 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Hispanic 4 82 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 46. Number and percent of births of low birthweight by race and Hispanic origin of mother:United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence. Low birthweight is birthweight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 oz)] Number Percent White State All races 1 Total Black NonHispanic Total White NonHispanic Hispanic 2 All races 1 Total Black NonHispanic Total NonHispanic Hispanic 2 United States 3 ............. 307,030 208,818 155,648 80,778 79,243 52,247 7.6 6.5 6.6 13.0 13.1 6.4 Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ....................... Colorado ........................ Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... District of Columbia ....... Florida ........................... 6,166 558 5,977 3,234 32,912 5,488 3,199 955 908 16,255 3,254 312 5,095 2,079 24,195 4,776 2,428 571 172 9,907 3,132 279 2,771 1,939 9,795 3,333 1,852 504 99 7,046 2,861 54 355 1,094 4,065 448 630 348 720 5,843 2,859 42 335 1,092 3,951 435 589 347 716 5,729 123 32 2,315 139 14,375 1,476 555 66 73 2,990 9.7 5.6 7.0 8.6 6.2 8.4 7.4 8.6 11.9 8.0 7.7 4.9 6.8 7.2 5.6 8.0 6.8 7.1 7.4 6.6 7.8 4.8 7.0 7.3 5.7 8.0 6.4 7.2 6.8 6.6 14.0 11.7 12.8 13.7 11.6 14.8 12.0 13.2 14.0 12.3 14.0 11.0 12.9 13.8 11.7 15.0 11.9 13.3 14.0 12.4 6.5 5.4 6.7 5.9 5.6 8.1 8.6 6.5 8.3 6.5 Georgia .......................... Hawaii ............................ Idaho ............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana ........................... Iowa ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ........................ Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. 11,455 1,308 1,362 14,700 6,426 2,346 2,740 4,601 6,993 820 5,547 212 1,315 9,168 5,142 2,120 2,297 3,845 2,813 796 4,748 163 1,113 6,759 4,857 1,993 1,999 3,763 2,705 783 5,617 49 1 4,821 1,194 144 351 699 4,060 11 5,555 46 1 4,797 1,188 138 348 698 4,053 11 744 166 194 2,426 285 118 280 79 111 11 8.6 7.5 6.7 7.9 7.4 6.1 6.9 8.2 10.3 6.0 6.6 5.3 6.7 6.4 6.7 5.9 6.5 7.7 7.4 6.0 6.7 5.0 6.5 6.5 6.9 5.9 6.6 7.7 7.4 6.0 12.7 10.4 * 14.1 12.6 11.7 12.2 13.7 14.3 * 12.8 10.5 * 14.1 12.7 11.5 12.3 13.7 14.3 * 5.6 7.3 7.5 6.2 5.3 5.5 5.9 7.3 7.3 * Maryland ........................ Massachusetts .............. Michigan ........................ Minnesota ...................... Mississippi ..................... Missouri ......................... Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada .......................... New Hampshire ............. 6,413 5,712 10,687 4,138 4,694 5,798 678 1,680 2,222 922 2,923 4,493 6,855 3,337 1,868 4,152 579 1,429 1,749 885 2,637 3,797 5,802 3,022 1,820 3,985 542 1,232 1,113 794 3,195 860 3,520 489 2,783 1,517 3 179 305 14 3,173 749 3,477 483 2,783 1,513 2 176 291 12 306 773 437 227 46 171 26 173 626 17 8.6 7.1 7.9 6.1 10.7 7.6 6.2 6.8 7.2 6.3 6.4 6.7 6.4 5.7 7.9 6.6 6.1 6.4 6.7 6.3 6.4 6.4 6.3 5.8 8.0 6.6 6.1 6.4 7.1 6.1 12.8 10.7 14.5 11.0 14.0 13.2 * 13.0 12.9 * 12.9 11.7 14.6 11.1 14.0 13.2 * 13.0 12.8 * 6.4 8.4 6.3 5.8 7.4 6.4 7.9 6.7 6.1 * New Jersey .................... New Mexico ................... New York ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota ................. Ohio ............................... Oklahoma ...................... Oregon .......................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. 8,936 2,175 19,996 10,552 489 12,304 3,705 2,584 11,256 893 5,523 1,865 12,312 6,152 433 8,953 2,684 2,254 8,164 697 3,995 731 8,163 5,394 404 8,649 2,401 1,830 7,459 497 2,700 65 6,259 3,993 8 3,093 627 112 2,796 146 2,528 65 5,783 3,976 8 3,058 620 110 2,740 140 1,646 1,141 3,904 770 12 305 272 425 672 135 7.7 8.0 7.7 8.8 6.4 7.9 7.5 5.6 7.7 7.2 6.5 8.2 6.7 7.1 6.5 7.0 6.9 5.4 6.7 6.5 6.2 8.1 6.5 7.3 6.3 7.0 7.1 5.3 6.6 6.4 12.8 13.1 11.4 13.6 * 13.1 13.1 11.0 13.5 13.1 13.3 13.7 12.1 13.6 * 13.0 13.2 11.0 13.6 13.9 7.3 8.2 7.3 6.1 * 7.4 6.3 5.7 8.9 6.5 South Carolina ............... South Dakota ................. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................. Utah ............................... Vermont ......................... Virginia .......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................. Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming ....................... 5,419 639 7,345 26,754 3,115 395 7,843 4,513 1,739 4,515 516 2,553 495 4,771 20,587 2,932 381 4,609 3,586 1,609 3,459 485 2,393 487 4,552 9,258 2,465 363 4,134 2,883 1,600 3,177 436 2,797 18 2,460 5,234 41 4 2,835 368 120 866 6 2,793 17 2,460 5,170 40 4 2,810 350 119 857 6 167 10 214 11,305 462 2 484 610 7 295 49 9.7 6.2 9.2 7.4 6.6 6.1 7.9 5.6 8.3 6.5 8.3 7.2 5.9 7.8 6.7 6.5 6.0 6.5 5.2 8.1 5.8 8.3 7.2 5.9 7.8 6.5 6.4 5.9 6.5 5.2 8.1 5.7 8.2 14.2 * 14.6 12.7 12.5 * 12.6 10.6 15.4 13.3 * 14.2 * 14.6 12.7 12.6 * 12.6 10.7 15.5 13.3 * 7.4 * 6.6 6.8 7.8 * 6.3 5.4 * 6.6 8.6 Puerto Rico .................... Virgin Islands ................. Guam ............................. American Samoa ........... Northern Marianas ......... 6,399 142 287 47 114 5,823 28 13 - --7 10 ----- 576 109 5 - --94 5 ----- --32 3 ----- 10.8 9.1 7.6 2.7 8.9 10.7 8.8 * * * --* * ----- 12.1 9.2 * * * --8.8 * ----- --9.8 * ----- * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. --- Data not available. - Quantity zero. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Excludes data for the territories. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 47. Number and percent of births of very low birthweight by race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence. Very low birthweight is birthweight of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 oz)] Number Percent White State All races 1 Total Black NonHispanic Total White NonHispanic Hispanic 2 All races 1 Total Black NonHispanic Total NonHispanic Hispanic 2 United States 3 ............. 57,967 36,309 26,786 19,078 18,733 9,333 1.4 1.1 1.1 3.1 3.1 1.1 Alabama ........................ Alaska ............................ Arizona .......................... Arkansas ....................... California ....................... Colorado ........................ Connecticut ................... Delaware ....................... District of Columbia ....... Florida ........................... 1,273 80 975 586 6,058 819 691 207 202 3,080 567 37 813 342 4,390 680 483 119 33 1,677 549 35 420 316 1,743 478 348 103 17 1,133 699 11 67 237 964 99 189 79 165 1,331 697 6 65 236 926 98 181 78 162 1,310 18 4 389 27 2,640 202 128 17 17 558 2.0 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.6 1.5 1.3 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.1 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 * 1.1 3.4 * 2.4 3.0 2.8 3.3 3.6 3.0 3.2 2.8 3.4 * 2.5 3.0 2.7 3.4 3.7 3.0 3.2 2.8 * * 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 2.0 * * 1.2 Georgia .......................... Hawaii ............................ Idaho ............................. Illinois ............................ Indiana ........................... Iowa ............................... Kansas .......................... Kentucky ........................ Louisiana ....................... Maine ............................. 2,349 210 221 3,020 1,192 491 537 804 1,364 152 967 40 212 1,741 917 434 436 644 399 148 829 28 177 1,269 866 404 381 625 386 145 1,349 9 1,184 269 46 91 151 946 3 1,336 9 1,179 268 42 91 150 942 3 123 30 34 473 52 26 54 19 17 3 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.1 3.1 * * 3.5 2.8 3.7 3.2 3.0 3.3 * 3.1 * * 3.5 2.9 3.5 3.2 2.9 3.3 * 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.1 * * * Maryland ........................ Massachusetts .............. Michigan ........................ Minnesota ...................... Mississippi ..................... Missouri ......................... Montana ........................ Nebraska ....................... Nevada .......................... New Hampshire ............. 1,359 1,082 2,096 727 961 1,094 109 303 390 196 530 802 1,233 560 316 726 90 255 304 186 481 665 1,020 507 309 693 88 222 189 152 789 225 815 111 637 351 32 64 6 789 207 804 109 637 351 32 61 5 54 142 79 41 6 33 1 31 112 4 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.1 2.2 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 2.8 3.4 2.5 3.2 3.1 * 2.3 2.7 * 3.2 3.2 3.4 2.5 3.2 3.1 * 2.4 2.7 * 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.0 * 1.2 * 1.2 1.1 * New Jersey .................... New Mexico ................... New York ....................... North Carolina ............... North Dakota ................. Ohio ............................... Oklahoma ...................... Oregon .......................... Pennsylvania ................. Rhode Island ................. 1,771 352 3,922 2,279 89 2,260 631 442 2,154 189 1,027 297 2,167 1,170 75 1,561 437 391 1,473 139 703 111 1,402 1,033 67 1,500 391 313 1,333 98 665 23 1,545 1,041 2 673 139 21 647 40 631 23 1,433 1,036 2 664 137 21 630 38 337 186 767 139 2 57 47 82 133 28 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.3 3.2 4.6 2.8 3.5 * 2.8 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.6 3.3 4.8 3.0 3.5 * 2.8 2.9 2.1 3.1 3.8 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 * 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.8 1.3 South Carolina ............... South Dakota ................. Tennessee ..................... Texas ............................. Utah ............................... Vermont ......................... Virginia .......................... Washington ................... West Virginia ................. Wisconsin ...................... Wyoming ....................... 1,101 95 1,317 4,594 514 70 1,578 764 312 841 64 445 66 740 3,302 476 69 840 595 284 613 61 415 66 710 1,486 396 64 755 468 284 560 53 650 8 561 1,158 4 1 670 86 27 198 - 648 7 561 1,146 4 1 668 86 27 196 - 32 1 30 1,814 79 2 86 114 55 8 2.0 0.9 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.5 1.2 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.9 1.4 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2 0.8 1.4 1.0 1.0 3.3 * 3.3 2.8 * * 3.0 2.5 3.5 3.0 * 3.3 * 3.3 2.8 * * 3.0 2.6 3.5 3.0 * 1.4 * 0.9 1.1 1.3 * 1.1 1.0 * 1.2 * Puerto Rico .................... Virgin Islands ................. Guam ............................. American Samoa ........... Northern Marianas ......... 841 35 37 5 12 776 5 3 - --1 2 ----- 65 30 - --25 ----- --5 1 ----- 1.4 2.2 1.0 * * 1.4 * * * * --* * ----- 1.4 2.5 * * * --2.3 * ----- --* * ----- * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. - Quantity zero. --- Data not available. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Excludes data for the territories. 83 84 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 48. Live births with selected abnormal conditions of the newborn and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: United States, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified abnormal condition per 1,000 live births in specified group] Abnormal condition and race of mother All births 1 Abnormal condition reported Age of mother All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 All races 3 Anemia ...................................................................... Birth injury 4 .............................................................. Fetal alcohol syndrome 5 .......................................... Hyaline membrane disease/RDS .............................. Meconium aspiration syndrome ................................ Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes 6 ............... Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longer 6 ............... Seizures .................................................................... 4,058,814 3,670,754 3,989,488 4,058,814 4,058,814 3,937,773 3,937,773 4,058,814 3,902 10,195 137 24,204 7,581 85,015 36,258 2,071 1.0 2.8 0.0 6.1 1.9 22.0 9.4 0.5 1.0 3.0 * 6.8 2.1 22.6 11.0 0.6 0.9 2.7 0.0 6.1 1.9 21.4 9.3 0.6 0.9 2.9 0.0 5.9 1.8 21.9 8.8 0.5 1.0 2.8 0.0 5.7 1.9 22.2 8.8 0.5 1.1 2.7 0.1 6.0 1.9 22.6 10.0 0.5 1.3 2.8 * 7.1 2.3 23.7 12.8 0.7 70,746 74,557 71,840 70,746 70,746 79,694 79,694 70,746 3,194,005 2,862,192 3,134,215 3,194,005 3,194,005 3,127,776 3,127,776 3,194,005 2,866 8,402 92 19,549 5,402 68,867 27,771 1,637 0.9 3.0 0.0 6.2 1.7 22.5 9.1 0.5 0.9 3.3 * 6.9 1.9 23.3 10.6 0.6 0.9 2.9 0.0 6.2 1.7 21.7 8.9 0.6 0.9 3.1 * 6.2 1.6 22.4 8.5 0.4 0.9 2.9 0.0 5.9 1.7 22.6 8.5 0.5 1.1 2.8 * 6.2 1.7 22.9 9.7 0.5 1.2 2.9 * 7.3 2.0 24.3 12.3 0.8 53,944 57,163 54,969 53,944 53,944 61,051 61,051 53,944 622,598 579,913 616,096 622,598 622,598 582,895 582,895 622,598 789 867 30 3,848 1,706 11,908 6,911 335 1.3 1.5 0.0 6.3 2.8 20.8 12.1 0.5 1.1 1.8 * 6.7 2.5 20.2 12.2 0.6 1.3 1.5 * 5.9 2.4 19.9 11.0 0.6 1.3 1.5 * 6.0 2.9 21.0 11.6 0.5 1.4 1.5 * 6.4 3.2 21.5 13.1 0.5 1.3 1.3 * 6.8 3.4 23.6 14.2 0.5 1.8 * * 7.7 3.9 22.2 18.8 * 8,824 9,207 8,867 8,824 8,824 9,895 9,895 8,824 White Anemia ...................................................................... Birth injury 4 .............................................................. Fetal alcohol syndrome 5 .......................................... Hyaline membrane disease/RDS .............................. Meconium aspiration syndrome ................................ Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes 6 ............... Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longer 6 ............... Seizures .................................................................... Black Anemia ...................................................................... Birth injury 4 .............................................................. Fetal alcohol syndrome 5 .......................................... Hyaline membrane disease/RDS .............................. Meconium aspiration syndrome ................................ Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes 6 ............... Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longer 6 ............... Seizures .................................................................... * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. 1 Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified abnormal condition. 2 No response reported for the abnormal conditions item. 3 Includes races other than white and black. 4 Nebraska and Texas do not report this condition. 5 Wisconsin does not report this condition. 6 New York City does not report this condition. NOTE: Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 85 Table 49. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 [Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group] Congenital anomaly and race of mother All births 1 Congenital anomaly reported Age of mother All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 All races 3 Anencephalus .......................................................... Spina bifida/Meningocele ........................................ Hydrocephalus ......................................................... Microcephalus ......................................................... Other central nervous system anomalies ................ 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 425 822 940 284 822 10.7 20.7 23.7 7.2 20.7 9.9 21.3 31.6 9.9 23.4 10.5 24.9 22.7 7.2 22.0 11.5 18.1 22.5 6.1 19.0 10.2 19.8 21.4 7.0 19.0 11.8 18.8 21.9 7.0 21.3 * * 37.9 * 27.0 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 Heart malformations ................................................ Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies ................... 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,958 5,484 124.9 138.1 114.2 136.7 112.8 135.3 118.6 134.1 122.3 134.9 168.0 152.0 200.2 188.3 61,744 61,744 Rectal atresia/stenosis ............................................ Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal atresia ..... Omphalocele/Gastroschisis ..................................... Other gastrointestinal anomalies ............................. 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 333 481 1,180 1,185 8.4 12.1 29.7 29.9 11.2 12.5 73.6 32.8 7.9 10.1 40.6 31.0 7.1 10.4 18.9 24.4 8.4 12.1 15.2 29.9 8.1 18.5 16.1 34.8 * 21.6 24.9 41.1 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 Malformed genitalia ................................................. Renal agenesis ........................................................ Other urogenital anomalies ..................................... 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 3,344 547 3,943 84.2 13.8 99.3 76.6 11.6 94.9 83.7 13.6 95.9 83.9 13.6 101.2 85.1 14.7 97.6 87.1 13.6 106.3 110.4 * 120.1 61,744 61,744 61,744 Cleft lip/palate .......................................................... Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly ............................. Clubfoot ................................................................... Diaphragmatic hernia .............................................. Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies ...... Down’s syndrome .................................................... Other chromosomal anomalies ................................ 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 4,031,591 3,259 3,460 2,271 427 8,614 1,863 1,575 82.1 87.2 57.2 10.8 217.0 46.9 39.7 79.0 108.0 64.6 10.9 235.1 26.4 30.7 86.4 104.7 60.8 11.3 229.0 24.8 32.4 83.6 79.0 58.3 9.9 209.9 27.1 32.4 73.6 72.9 49.9 10.6 204.1 41.7 39.3 84.4 74.6 52.0 11.8 213.3 107.9 65.1 106.0 87.6 64.9 * 222.9 376.5 128.8 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 61,744 Anencephalus .......................................................... Spina bifida/Meningocele ........................................ Hydrocephalus ......................................................... Microcephalus ......................................................... Other central nervous system anomalies ................ 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 337 647 745 223 665 10.8 20.7 23.8 7.1 21.3 10.0 23.7 32.8 10.9 28.6 10.6 26.0 22.8 7.9 22.0 11.6 16.9 22.0 6.2 19.3 10.4 19.2 22.4 6.3 18.3 11.6 19.4 23.3 5.8 22.5 * * 33.6 * 29.6 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 Heart malformations ................................................ Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies ................... 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,964 4,342 126.9 139.0 114.9 139.6 113.2 140.6 120.3 134.8 123.4 132.8 171.6 148.8 212.4 181.5 46,966 46,966 Rectal atresia/stenosis ............................................ Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal atresia ..... Omphalocele/Gastroschisis ..................................... Other gastrointestinal anomalies ............................. 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 259 409 905 956 8.3 13.1 29.0 30.6 9.7 14.6 82.7 34.7 7.4 11.0 41.3 31.9 7.5 11.4 18.3 24.5 8.5 12.4 13.0 31.0 8.3 19.1 13.6 34.4 * * * 47.1 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 Malformed genitalia ................................................. Renal agenesis ........................................................ Other urogenital anomalies ..................................... 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 2,826 447 3,343 90.5 14.3 107.0 85.1 12.5 102.2 91.6 14.2 105.0 88.0 13.7 108.1 90.8 15.6 104.0 91.2 13.3 113.4 123.7 * 135.8 46,966 46,966 46,966 Cleft lip/palate .......................................................... Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly ............................. Clubfoot ................................................................... Diaphragmatic hernia .............................................. Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies ...... Down’s syndrome .................................................... Other chromosomal anomalies ................................ 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 3,171,115 2,786 1,909 1,949 364 5,735 1,630 1,280 89.2 61.1 62.4 11.7 183.6 52.2 41.0 94.9 71.8 74.5 11.9 193.7 31.6 29.5 97.6 67.0 68.5 11.9 191.5 27.4 33.4 89.1 57.9 63.5 10.7 177.3 30.3 33.2 78.6 56.7 54.2 11.2 179.4 44.3 41.3 83.2 54.3 52.7 13.6 178.8 117.2 66.8 114.3 67.2 63.2 * 194.9 410.0 130.4 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 46,966 White See footnotes at end of table. 86 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table 49. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates by age of mother, by race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 2000 --Con. [Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group] Congenital anomaly and race of mother All births 1 Congenital anomaly reported Age of mother All ages Under 20 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-54 years Not stated 2 Black Anencephalus .......................................................... Spina bifida/Meningocele ........................................ Hydrocephalus ......................................................... Microcephalus ......................................................... Other central nervous system anomalies ................ 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 62 144 160 47 115 10.1 23.4 26.0 7.6 18.7 * 16.5 28.1 * * * 22.0 24.0 * 22.0 * 26.4 27.1 * 16.4 * 33.1 21.4 * 22.4 * * * * * * * * * * 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 Heart malformations ................................................ Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies ................... 622,100 622,100 730 707 118.7 115.0 105.7 106.5 110.0 103.0 116.9 114.8 129.2 117.4 162.2 162.2 * 199.4 7,329 7,329 Rectal atresia/stenosis ............................................ Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal atresia ..... Omphalocele/Gastroschisis ..................................... Other gastrointestinal anomalies ............................. 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 52 46 229 166 8.5 7.5 37.2 27.0 * * 50.4 30.5 * * 38.0 26.5 * * 25.0 25.7 * * 35.2 26.7 * * 41.1 * * * * * 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 Malformed genitalia ................................................. Renal agenesis ........................................................ Other urogenital anomalies ..................................... 622,100 622,100 622,100 355 77 385 57.7 12.5 62.6 47.9 * 73.5 54.0 12.5 54.5 67.7 * 67.0 58.7 * 56.6 63.6 * 67.7 * * * 7,329 7,329 7,329 Cleft lip/palate .......................................................... Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly ............................. Clubfoot ................................................................... Diaphragmatic hernia .............................................. Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies ...... Down’s syndrome .................................................... Other chromosomal anomalies ................................ 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 622,100 283 1,417 249 49 1,987 154 179 46.0 230.5 40.5 8.0 323.2 25.0 29.1 38.8 208.0 40.4 * 298.0 * 24.8 44.5 256.5 39.0 10.0 312.5 15.5 23.5 47.8 218.2 34.9 * 334.4 15.7 26.4 36.3 216.7 32.0 * 328.8 29.9 32.0 80.1 234.0 65.7 * 383.9 51.3 51.3 * 262.9 * * 335.4 272.0 * 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 7,329 * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified congenital anomaly. 2 No response reported for the congenital anomalies item. 3 Includes races other than white and black. NOTES: Excludes data for New Mexico, which did not report congenital anomalies. Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates. In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race; see Technical notes. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 87 Table 50. Live births by plurality of birth and ratios, by age and race and Hispanic origin of mother: United States, 2000 Age of mother Plurality and race and Hispanic origin of mother All ages Under 15 years 15-19 years Total 15-17 years 18-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-39 years 40-44 years 45-54 years Number All live births All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ 4,058,814 3,194,005 2,362,968 622,598 604,346 815,868 8,519 4,439 1,840 3,808 3,736 2,638 468,990 333,013 204,056 118,954 116,019 129,469 157,209 106,786 58,759 44,618 43,520 48,423 311,781 226,227 145,297 74,336 72,499 81,046 1,017,806 772,811 523,971 202,596 197,190 247,552 1,087,547 874,180 651,445 141,968 137,545 218,167 929,278 764,708 617,371 94,808 91,477 141,493 452,057 368,711 302,576 49,295 47,577 62,993 90,013 72,414 58,631 10,699 10,347 12,987 4,604 3,729 3,078 470 455 569 3,932,573 3,094,219 2,281,129 601,451 583,667 798,739 8,401 4,383 1,824 3,750 3,680 2,596 461,430 328,163 200,935 116,434 113,530 127,765 155,013 105,407 57,960 43,851 42,766 47,848 306,417 222,756 142,975 72,583 70,764 79,917 994,973 757,193 512,693 196,054 190,773 243,274 1,055,143 848,539 630,695 136,595 132,299 213,457 892,549 733,674 590,506 90,808 87,577 137,593 430,743 350,728 286,845 47,035 45,391 60,922 85,568 68,552 55,230 10,345 10,001 12,607 3,766 2,987 2,401 430 416 525 118,916 93,235 76,018 20,626 20,173 16,470 115 56 16 55 53 42 7,452 4,765 3,071 2,500 2,469 1,669 2,178 1,364 790 764 751 569 5,274 3,401 2,281 1,736 1,718 1,100 22,383 15,289 11,023 6,444 6,319 4,204 30,628 24,046 19,339 5,250 5,123 4,545 33,873 28,407 24,486 3,841 3,744 3,682 19,648 16,486 14,365 2,165 2,103 1,953 4,071 3,522 3,103 340 332 341 746 664 615 31 30 34 7,325 6,551 5,821 521 506 659 3 3 3 - 108 85 50 20 20 35 18 15 9 3 3 6 90 70 41 17 17 29 450 329 255 98 98 74 1,776 1,595 1,411 123 123 165 2,856 2,627 2,379 159 156 218 1,666 1,497 1,366 95 83 118 374 340 298 14 14 39 92 78 62 9 9 10 Live births in single deliveries All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ Live births in twin deliveries All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ Live births in higher order multiple deliveries 3 All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ Ratio per 1,000 live births All multiple births All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ 31.1 31.2 34.6 34.0 34.2 21.0 13.9 12.6 * 15.2 15.0 15.9 16.1 14.6 15.3 21.2 21.5 13.2 14.0 12.9 13.6 17.2 17.3 11.9 17.2 15.3 16.0 23.6 23.9 13.9 22.4 20.2 21.5 32.3 32.5 17.3 29.8 29.3 31.9 37.8 38.1 21.6 39.5 40.6 43.5 42.2 42.6 27.6 47.1 48.8 52.0 45.8 45.9 32.9 49.4 53.3 58.0 33.1 33.4 29.3 182.0 199.0 219.9 85.1 85.7 77.3 29.3 29.2 32.2 33.1 33.4 20.2 13.5 12.6 * 14.4 14.2 15.9 15.9 14.3 15.0 21.0 21.3 12.9 13.9 12.8 13.4 17.1 17.3 11.8 16.9 15.0 15.7 23.4 23.7 13.6 22.0 19.8 21.0 31.8 32.0 17.0 28.2 27.5 29.7 37.0 37.2 20.8 36.5 37.1 39.7 40.5 40.9 26.0 43.5 44.7 47.5 43.9 44.2 31.0 45.2 48.6 52.9 31.8 32.1 26.3 162.0 178.1 199.8 66.0 65.9 59.8 163.3 182.5 216.6 86.6 89.4 75.6 307.3 343.5 385.3 167.7 170.5 154.1 368.5 406.0 451.5 192.7 174.5 187.3 Twin births All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ Ratio per 100,000 live births Higher order multiple births 3 All races 1 ............................................................ White, total ............................................................ White, non-Hispanic ........................................... Black, total ............................................................ Black, non-Hispanic ............................................ Hispanic 2 ............................................................ 180.5 205.1 246.3 83.7 83.7 80.8 * * * * * * 23.0 25.5 24.5 16.8 17.2 27.0 * * * * * * - Quantity zero. * Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision; based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. 1 Includes races other than white and black and origin not stated. 2 Includes all persons of Hispanic origin of any race. 3 Births in greater than twin deliveries. 28.9 30.9 28.2 * * 35.8 44.2 42.6 48.7 48.4 49.7 29.9 415.5 1998.3 469.5 2091.7 508.3 2014.3 * * * * 300.3 * 88 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Technical notes Source of data Data shown in this report for 2000 are based on 100 percent of the birth certificates in all States and the District of Columbia. The data are provided to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program (VSCP). In 1984 and earlier years, the VSCP included varying numbers of States that provided data based on 100 percent of their birth certificates. Data for States not in the VSCP were based on a 50-percent sample of birth certificates filed in those States. Information on sampling procedures and sampling errors for 1984 and earlier years is provided in the annual report, Vital Statistics of the United States, Volume I, Natality, Technical Appendix (78). Information on the percent of records with missing information for maternal and infant characteristics included in this report is shown by State in table I. Data are not shown for the variables race, age, and marital status of mother. Missing data are imputed in these cases; see separate sections in the Technical notes for more information. Age of mother Age of mother is computed in most cases from the mother’s and infant’s dates of birth as reported on the birth certificate. The mother’s age is directly reported by five States (Kentucky, Nevada, North Dakota, Virginia, and Wyoming) and American Samoa. From 1964 to 1996, mother’s age was edited for ages 10–49 years. Births reported to occur to mothers younger than age 10 or older than age 49 years had age imputed according to the age of mother from the previous record with the same race and total birth order (total of live births and fetal deaths). Beginning in 1997, age of mother is imputed for ages 9 years or under and 55 years or over. A review and verification of unedited birth data for 1996 showed that the vast majority of births reported as occurring to women aged 50 years and over were to women aged 50–54 years. The numbers of births to women aged 50–54 years are too small for computing age-specific birth rates. These births have been included with births to women aged 45–49 years for computing birth rates. In 2000 age of mother was not reported on 0.02 percent of the records; for these records age of mother was imputed according to the last record with the same race and total birth order. Race and Hispanic origin Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on the birth certificate. Beginning with the 1989 data year, NCHS started tabulating its birth data primarily by race of the mother. In 1988 and prior years, births were tabulated by the race of the child, which was determined from the race of the parents as entered on the birth certificate. Trend data by race shown in this report are by race of mother for all years beginning with the 1980 data year. In order to facilitate continuity and analysis of the data, trend tables showing data for years prior to 1980 show data for both race of mother and race of child for 1980. This makes it possible to distinguish the effects of this change from real changes in the data. The text discussions of data by race are based on tabulations by race of mother. Text references to white births and white mothers or black births and black mothers are used interchangeably for ease in writing. The factors influencing the decision to tabulate births by race of the mother have been discussed in detail elsewhere (121). They include the 1989 revision of the birth certificate, which includes many more health questions that are directly associated with the mother. In these instances, it is more appropriate to tabulate births by the mother’s race. A second factor has been the increasing incidence of interracial parentage. In 2000, 5.3 percent of births were to parents of different races compared with just 1.9 percent for 1980. A third factor influencing the decision to tabulate births by race of mother is the large proportion of births with race of father not stated, 14 percent in 2000. Although this proportion declined slightly in the 1990s, it is still higher than in 1979, 11 percent. The high proportion of records with the father’s race not reported reflects the increase in the proportion of births to unmarried women; in many such cases, no information is reported on the father. These births are already assigned the race of the mother because there is no alternative. Tabulating all births by race of mother, therefore, provides for a more uniform approach, rather than a necessarily arbitrary combination of parental races. Race of mother is reported by all registration areas in eight categories: white, black, American Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino, and ‘‘other’’ Asian or Pacific Islander (API). In addition, 11 States (California, Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and West Virginia) report data on API subgroups included in the ‘‘other’’ API category (Vietnamese, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, Guamanian, and remaining API). A report on births in 1992 to women in these API subgroups has been published (122). In 2000 race of mother was not reported for 0.5 percent of births. In these cases, if the race of the father was known, the race of the father was assigned to the mother. When information was not available for either parent, the race of the mother was imputed according to the specific race of the mother on the preceding record with a known race of mother. This was necessary for just 0.4 percent of births in 2000. Hispanic origin and race are reported independently on the birth certificate, as noted previously. Data for Hispanic subgroups are shown in most cases for five groups: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and other and unknown Hispanic. In tabulations of birth data by race only, data for persons of Hispanic origin are included in the data for each race group according to the mother’s reported race. In tabulations of birth data by race and Hispanic origin, data for persons of Hispanic origin are not further classified by race because the vast majority of births to Hispanic women are reported as white. In these tabulations, data for non-Hispanic persons are classified according to the race of the mother because there are substantial differences in fertility and maternal and infant health between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Items asking for the Hispanic origin of the mother and the father have been included on the birth certificates of all States and the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, and Guam since 1993 (8). Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the Northern Marianas do not collect this information. The percent of records for which Hispanic origin of the parents was not reported in 2000 is shown by State in table I. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 89 Table I. Percent of birth records on which specified items were not stated: United States and each State and territory, 2000 [By place of residence] All births Area 1 Total of reporting areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Place of birth Attendant at birth Mother’s birthplace Father’s age Father’s race Hispanic origin Mother Father 4,058,814 0.0 0.0 0.3 13.7 14.4 1.1 14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,299 9,974 85,273 37,783 531,959 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 22.0 13.2 19.3 19.3 7.1 22.0 14.6 20.6 20.5 6.8 0.1 3.6 1.3 0.3 0.6 21.9 15.4 21.1 19.9 6.2 Colorado . . . . . . . Connecticut. . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . District of Columbia . Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,438 43,026 11,051 7,666 204,125 – – – – 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 – 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 8.3 10.4 29.7 41.8 16.8 8.8 11.7 30.6 50.2 17.0 0.1 2.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 8.9 12.2 29.6 41.6 18.3 Georgia . Hawaii. . Idaho . . Illinois . . Indiana . Alabama Alaska. . Arizona . Arkansas California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,644 17,551 20,366 185,036 87,699 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 17.5 9.4 7.7 13.8 13.1 18.7 9.5 11.4 15.4 13.1 1.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.4 18.6 9.1 10.5 15.4 13.1 Iowa . . . . Kansas . . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,266 39,666 56,029 67,898 13,603 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.8 10.0 19.2 21.5 8.3 14.1 10.6 22.1 21.6 12.4 0.6 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 14.2 11.5 22.0 21.6 8.7 Maryland . . . . Massachusetts . Michigan . . . . Minnesota . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,316 81,614 136,171 67,604 44,075 0.0 0.0 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 12.2 7.2 15.2 8.9 22.8 12.8 7.4 17.6 11.8 22.7 0.3 0.7 6.4 3.8 0.1 10.6 6.6 22.3 14.4 22.8 Missouri. . . . . Montana . . . . Nebraska . . . . Nevada . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,463 10,957 24,646 30,829 14,609 – 0.0 – 0.0 – – 0.1 – 0.0 – 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 17.0 9.6 11.9 19.4 5.6 18.3 10.4 13.0 19.9 8.1 0.1 3.4 2.0 1.0 4.2 17.9 13.2 13.7 19.1 11.6 New Jersey. . . New Mexico . . New York . . . . North Carolina . North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,632 27,223 258,737 120,311 7,676 0.0 0.0 0.0 – – 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 – 0.2 1.7 0.4 0.0 0.1 8.5 26.5 14.3 16.2 9.0 10.3 26.0 14.7 16.2 9.5 0.4 0.0 4.5 0.1 2.8 9.3 26.0 18.0 16.2 12.2 Ohio . . . . . . Oklahoma. . . Oregon . . . . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,472 49,782 45,804 146,281 12,505 0.0 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.7 15.3 16.2 9.8 5.4 13.3 15.5 17.5 5.4 4.7 13.8 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.5 8.1 2.0 17.5 5.9 3.8 19.2 South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . . . Texas . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,114 10,345 79,611 363,414 47,353 0.0 – – 0.0 0.0 – – – 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 27.9 13.3 15.3 14.6 8.2 27.9 13.4 15.6 14.8 9.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 27.9 13.6 15.5 14.8 9.4 Vermont. . . . Virginia . . . . Washington. . West Virginia . Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,500 98,938 81,036 20,865 69,326 0.0 – 0.0 0.3 – – 0.0 0.1 0.0 – 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 8.5 16.8 10.8 12.6 28.9 13.5 18.7 14.0 13.1 29.0 2.6 0.2 2.9 0.3 0.0 15.6 16.9 14.7 13.2 28.9 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virgin Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,253 59,333 1,564 3,770 1,731 1,431 – – – 0.1 – 0.1 – 0.1 0.1 1.4 0.1 1.0 0.1 – – 0.7 5.1 0.5 13.0 3.3 19.7 22.1 35.5 8.0 13.4 4.1 21.5 22.1 36.0 11.3 0.1 --2.6 1.0 ----- 13.3 --23.9 23.0 ----- . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 90 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table I. Percent of birth records on which specified items were not stated: United States and each State and territory, 2000—Con. [By place of residence] Area Educational attainment of mother Live-birth order Length of gestation Month prenatal care began Number of prenatal visits Total of reporting areas1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 0.4 1.1 2.7 3.7 Alabama Alaska. . Arizona . Arkansas California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 3.0 2.3 0.4 1.4 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 2 5.7 0.4 3.5 2.0 2.3 1.7 0.6 4.4 4.4 2.5 3.3 Colorado . . . . . . . Connecticut. . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . District of Columbia . Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 2.3 0.3 7.7 0.5 0.1 5.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.4 3.4 0.3 17.1 1.0 1.5 5.9 0.6 18.6 2.2 Georgia . Hawaii. . Idaho . . Illinois . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 0.5 2.9 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 2.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 4.3 2.4 2.6 2.1 0.9 3.7 2.5 3.3 2.3 1.9 Iowa . . . . Kansas . . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.7 3.4 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.8 Maryland . . . . Massachusetts . Michigan . . . . Minnesota . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 0.5 2.4 2.3 0.3 0.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 1.6 0.2 0.8 0.2 2.7 2.7 4.5 5.7 0.5 4.5 1.8 5.8 5.4 1.6 Missouri. . . . . Montana . . . . Nebraska . . . . Nevada . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.3 0.1 2.6 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.5 2.0 0.6 0.4 4.9 1.8 3.4 0.4 0.7 7.1 2.0 New Jersey. . . New Mexico . . New York . . . . North Carolina . North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 3.7 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.1 – 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 4.3 4.9 6.1 0.7 0.8 5.4 4.8 3.9 0.7 0.7 Ohio . . . . . . Oklahoma. . . Oregon . . . . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 1.1 2.5 2.7 1.7 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.0 3.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.7 8.7 0.3 4.4 1.8 2.8 10.7 0.6 6.0 2.0 South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . . . Texas . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.2 0.2 2.1 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 1.1 0.3 1.7 3.4 3.0 1.1 0.4 1.0 7.5 3.7 Vermont. . . . Virginia . . . . Washington. . West Virginia . Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 0.7 7.5 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.0 2.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.0 4.4 0.3 7.8 4.1 0.3 2.4 0.8 10.9 2.7 0.4 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virgin Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.7 --31.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.4 – 26.4 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.4 --10.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 2.5 --13.2 0.5 0.1 1.7 2.5 --12.5 . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 91 Table I. Percent of birth records on which specified items were not stated: United States and each State and territory, 2000—Con. [By place of residence] Birthweight 5-minute Apgar score Medical risk factors Total of reporting areas1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alabama Alaska. . Arizona . Arkansas California Area Tobacco use Alcohol use Weight gain 0.1 0.5 1.5 1.1 1.3 7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.3 3.4 --- 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 1.0 0.4 --- 0.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 --- 4.5 7.4 13.6 7.1 --- Colorado . . . . . . . Connecticut. . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . District of Columbia . Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.0 8.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 4.8 0.1 1.0 1.0 3.4 13.5 1.0 13.5 4.8 Georgia . Hawaii. . Idaho . . Illinois . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 4.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 17.5 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 4 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 9.0 10.1 7.8 4.0 2.7 Iowa . . . . Kansas . . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 15.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.2 4.1 0.2 1.2 1.8 0.2 4.8 0.2 1.6 6.7 0.4 9.2 5.5 1.9 Maryland . . . . Massachusetts . Michigan . . . . Minnesota . . . Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 1.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.0 2.6 0.1 6.5 0.1 0.6 0.4 2.4 6.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 2.4 6.1 0.3 5.9 2.8 9.4 18.7 6.3 Missouri. . . . . Montana . . . . Nebraska . . . . Nevada . . . . . New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 7.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.6 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.1 1.8 0.4 2.9 1.7 1.5 9.7 4.2 New Jersey. . . New Mexico . . New York . . . . North Carolina . North Dakota. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.9 0.1 1.8 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 6.1 8.9 7.1 2.7 2.4 Ohio . . . . . . Oklahoma. . . Oregon . . . . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 3.8 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1 17.5 1.0 0.0 6.8 0.3 13.0 1.0 0.8 1.5 0.3 13.2 1.0 0.8 1.7 3.0 22.4 3.9 9.8 12.1 South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . . . Texas . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 --0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 6 1.5 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.6 0.6 2.0 1.0 7.1 15.7 4.4 Vermont. . . . Virginia . . . . Washington. . West Virginia . Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.1 15.0 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.0 4.5 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.0 12.0 1.9 0.1 2.4 2.6 25.5 10.6 2.2 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virgin Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 – 10.1 0.4 0.1 2.7 1.2 --12.6 0.0 0.0 3.1 1.5 ----- 0.2 0.0 0.9 0.4 --5 45.8 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.8 --5 46.0 1.7 0.1 10.3 6.0 ----- . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 3 4 5 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.6 0.0 5 92 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Table I. Percent of birth records on which specified items were not stated: United States and each State and territory, 2000—Con. [By place of residence] Area Obstetric procedures Complications of labor and/or delivery Method of delivery Abnormal conditions of newborn Congenital anomalies Total of reporting areas1 Alabama . . . . . . . . . Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . Arizona . . . . . . . . . . Arkansas . . . . . . . . . California . . . . . . . . . Colorado . . . . . . . . . Connecticut. . . . . . . . Delaware . . . . . . . . . District of Columbia . . . Florida. . . . . . . . . . . Georgia . . . . . . . . . . Hawaii. . . . . . . . . . . Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 7.9 0.7 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.2 – 0.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.7 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 13.0 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 17.7 0.6 0.0 0.7 1.5 0.0 1.8 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 13.4 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 19.0 0.7 0.1 0.7 Iowa . . . . . . . Kansas . . . . . Kentucky . . . . Louisiana . . . . Maine . . . . . . Maryland . . . . Massachusetts . Michigan . . . . Minnesota . . . Mississippi . . . Missouri. . . . . Montana . . . . Nebraska . . . . Nevada . . . . . New Hampshire New Jersey. . . New Mexico . . New York . . . . North Carolina . North Dakota. . Ohio . . . . . . . Oklahoma. . . . Oregon . . . . . Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.1 4.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.1 5.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 15.5 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.1 0.1 15.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 2.5 0.1 6.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.3 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 17.4 0.0 0.0 6.6 0.5 0.3 4.5 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.5 2.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.6 13.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 22.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 3.1 0.1 7.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 7 0.1 3.6 0.3 9.4 0.0 8 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.1 19.4 0.0 0.3 11.4 0.1 0.2 22.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 2.8 0.2 7.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.8 0.3 1.1 --1.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 19.5 0.1 0.2 11.7 South Carolina . South Dakota . Tennessee . . . Texas . . . . . . Utah . . . . . . . Vermont. . . . . Virginia . . . . . Washington. . . West Virginia . . Wisconsin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 11.1 0.2 0.0 – 0.0 0.1 9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 14.4 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Puerto Rico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Virgin Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.3 ----- 0.0 0.1 4.3 1.6 ----- 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.7 --17.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 7 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 14.6 3.1 10 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.8 3.7 ----- 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 14.8 2.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.7 4.5 ----- 0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than 0.05. – Quantity zero. - - - Data not available. 1 Excludes data for Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas. 2 3 California reports date last normal menses began but does not report clinical estimate of gestation. Kansas does not report Rh sensitization. 4 Indiana and New York State report tobacco use but do not report the average number of cigarettes smoked per day in standard categories; data for New York City are reported in standard categories. 5 South Dakota and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas report tobacco and alcohol use but do not report the average number of cigarettes smoked per day or the average number of drinks per week. 6 7 Texas does not report genital herpes and uterine bleeding. Nebraska and Texas do not report birth injury. 8 New York city does not report assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes and assisted ventilation of 30 minutes or more. 9 10 Texas does not report anesthetic complications and fetal distress. Wisconsin does not report fetal alcohol syndrome. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Marital status National estimates of births to unmarried women are based on two methods of determining marital status. For 1994–96, birth certificates in 45 States and the District of Columbia included a question about the mother’s marital status. Beginning in 1997, the marital status of women giving birth in California and Nevada is determined by a direct question in the birth registration process. Beginning June 15, 1998, Connecticut discontinued inferring the mother’s marital status and added a direct question on mother’s marital status to the State’s birth certificate. In the two States (Michigan and New York) which use inferential procedures to compile birth statistics by marital status in 2000, a birth is inferred as nonmarital if any of these factors, listed in priority-of-use order, is present: a paternity acknowledment was received or the father’s name is missing. In recent years, a number of States have extended their efforts to identify the fathers when the parents are not married in order to enforce child support obligations. The presence of a paternity acknowledgment therefore is the most reliable indicator that the birth is nonmarital in the States not reporting this information directly; this is now the key indicator in the nonreporting States. Details of the changes in reporting procedures are described in previous reports (31, 123) The mother’s marital status was not reported in 2000 on 0.05 percent of the birth records in the 48 States and the District of Columbia where this information is obtained by a direct question. Marital status was imputed as ‘‘married’’ for these records. Tobacco use Beginning in 2000, data on whether or not the mother smoked during pregnancy is available for all States (except California) and the District of Columbia. These areas comprised 87 percent of U.S. births in 2000. Data on the number of cigarettes smoked daily were available in a comparable format for 46 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City. Indiana and New York State (except for New York City) reported information on number of cigarettes smoked in a format that was inconsistent with the NCHS standard (see figure I). South Dakota did not report this information. The areas reporting on the number of cigarettes smoked comprised 81 percent of U.S. births in 2000. Gestation The primary measure used to determine the gestational age of the newborn is the interval between the first day of the mother’s last normal menstrual period (LMP) and the date of birth. It is subject to error for several reasons, including imperfect maternal recall or misidentification of the LMP because of postconception bleeding, delayed ovulation, or intervening early miscarriage. These data are edited for LMP-based gestational ages that are clearly inconsistent with the infant’s plurality and birthweight (see below), but reporting problems for this item persist and may occur more frequently among some subpopulations and among births with shorter gestations (124, 125). The U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth includes an item, ‘‘clinical estimate of gestation,’’ that was compared with length of gestation computed from the date the LMP began when the latter appeared to be inconsistent with birthweight. This was done for normal 93 weight births of apparently short gestations and very low birthweight births reported to be full term. The clinical estimate was also used if the LMP date was not reported. The period of gestation for 5.0 percent of the births in 2000 was based on the clinical estimate of gestation. For 97 percent of these records, the clinical estimate was used because the LMP date was not reported. For the remaining 3 percent, the clinical estimate was used because it was compatible with the reported birthweight, whereas the LMP-based gestation was not. In cases where the reported birthweight was inconsistent with both the LMP-computed gestation and the clinical estimate of gestation, the LMP-computed gestation was used and birthweight was reclassified as ‘‘not stated.’’ This was necessary for fewer than 420 births or 0.01 percent of all birth records in 2000. The levels of the adjustments in 2000 data were similar to those for 1999 and earlier years (27). Birthweight Birthweight is reported in some areas in pounds and ounces rather than in grams. However, the metric system has been used in tabulating and presenting the statistics to facilitate comparison with data published by other groups. Equivalents of the gram weights in terms of pounds and ounces are as follows: Less than 500 grams = 1 lb 1 oz or less 500–999 grams = 1 lb 2 oz–2 lb 3 oz 1,000–1,499 grams = 2 lb 4 oz–3 lb 4 oz 1,500–1,999 grams = 3 lb 5 oz–4 lb 6 oz 2,000–2,499 grams = 4 lb 7 oz–5 lb 8 oz 2,500–2,999 grams = 5 lb 9 oz–6 lb 9 oz 3,000–3,499 grams = 6 lb 10 oz–7 lb 11 oz 3,500–3,999 grams = 7 lb 12 oz–8 lb 13 oz 4,000–4,499 grams = 8 lb 14 oz–9 lb 14 oz 4,500–4,999 grams = 9 lb 15 oz–11 lb 0 oz 5,000 grams or more = 11 lb 1 oz or more Method of delivery Several rates are computed for method of delivery. The overall cesarean section rate or total cesarean rate is computed as the percent of all births that were delivered by cesarean section. The primary cesarean rate is a measure that relates the number of women having a first cesarean delivery to all women giving birth who have never had a cesarean delivery. The denominator for this rate includes all births less those with method of delivery classified as repeat cesarean, vaginal birth after previous cesarean, or method not stated. The rate for vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC) delivery is computed by relating all VBAC deliveries to the sum of VBAC and repeat cesarean deliveries, that is, to women with a previous cesarean section. The proportion of cesarean deliveries among births in Hawaii in 1999 and 2000 is believed to be substantially understated because of incomplete reporting of method of delivery in some hospitals. Computations of percents, percent distributions, and medians Births for which a particular characteristic is unknown were subtracted from the figures for total births that were used as denominators before percents, percent distributions, and medians were computed. The percent of records with missing information for 94 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Figure I. Selected maternal and infant health items from the 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth each item is shown by State in table I. The median number of prenatal visits also excludes births to mothers who had no prenatal care. Computations of the median years of school completed and the median number of prenatal visits were based on ungrouped data. An asterisk is shown in place of any derived statistic based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator or denominator. Population denominators Birth and fertility rates for 2000 shown in tables 1, 3–6, 8, 9, 13, 14, A, and B are based on populations projected from the 1990 census, estimated as of July 1, 2000. These populations are shown in tables II and III. The population estimates have been provided by the U.S. Census Bureau (7) and are based on the 1990 census counts by race and age, which were modified to be consistent with Office of Management and Budget racial categories and historical categories for birth data, and, in the case of age, to reflect age as of the census reference date. The modification procedures are described in detail in a census report (126). The United States and State-level birth and fertility rates in this report are based on estimates projected from the 1990 census because detailed populations based on the 2000 census were not available when this report was prepared. A comparison of summary 2000 census results and the estimates for 2000 used in this report indicates that the total U.S. Hispanic population used for this report is 8 percent lower than the population based on the 2000 census (5, 6, 7). The underestimate for Hispanic women aged 15–44 years is 9.5 percent (compared with an underestimate of 2 percent for all women aged 15–44 years). Therefore, the birth and fertility rates for Hispanic women presented here are overstated because the population base is too small. There may be similar, but less pronounced effects for other population groups. When the necessary population estimates based on the 2000 census and intercensal estimates become available, population-based rates for the 1990s and 2000 will be recalculated and presented in an upcoming report. Meanwhile, considerable caution should be used in interpreting the rates and trends for the Nation and States, particularly for Hispanic women. Birth and fertility rates by State shown in table 10 are based on State-level population estimates projected from the 1990 census provided by the U.S. Census Bureau that are consistent with the U.S. populations (127). Rates by State shown in this report may differ from rates computed on the basis of other population estimates. Birth and fertility rates by month shown in table 15 are based on monthly population estimates also based on the 2000 estimates (from the 1990 census). Rates for unmarried women shown in tables 17 and 18 are based on distributions of the population by marital status as of March 2000 provided by the U.S. Census Bureau (128) which have been adjusted to July 2000 population levels (7) by the Division of Vital Statistics, NCHS (31, 123). The 2000 population levels are consistent with the 1990 census. Birth and fertility rates for the Hispanic population, shown in tables 6, 8, 9, and 14, are based on estimates of the National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 95 Table II. Estimated total population by race, and estimated female population by age and race: United States, 2000 [Populations estimated as of July 1] Age All races White Black American Indian Asian or Pacific Islander Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,264,999 226,251,833 35,303,751 2,436,153 11,273,262 60,146,999 9,706,209 9,664,870 5,729,543 3,935,327 9,066,402 8,959,887 9,870,937 11,192,512 11,392,391 10,120,736 48,047,382 7,610,334 7,631,816 4,518,713 3,113,103 7,161,306 7,030,314 7,849,214 9,054,231 9,320,501 8,362,422 8,680,567 1,559,834 1,498,480 885,650 612,830 1,405,107 1,347,898 1,405,543 1,532,338 1,491,201 1,256,277 583,839 124,756 118,762 73,152 45,610 100,539 94,023 89,234 91,750 89,531 76,181 2,835,211 411,285 415,812 252,028 163,784 399,450 487,652 526,946 514,193 491,158 425,856 Female population 15–44 10–14 15–19 15–17 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau. See reference 7. NOTE: These population counts are projected from the 1990 Census; see Technical notes. Table III. Estimated total population by specified Hispanic origin and estimated female population by age and specified Hispanic origin and by race for women of non-Hispanic origin: United States, 2000 [Populations estimated as of July 1] Hispanic Non-Hispanic Age Total Mexican Puerto Rican Cuban Other Hispanic1 Total2 White Black Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,463,770 21,505,303 2,874,227 1,287,754 6,796,474 242,801,229 196,654,437 33,474,968 7,703,905 1,405,780 1,371,244 807,007 564,237 1,340,883 1,277,634 1,298,026 1,293,793 1,122,325 889,617 5,057,093 942,944 955,228 564,134 391,094 924,162 897,787 842,743 777,253 659,920 532,651 689,766 133,250 117,025 67,455 49,570 105,339 111,310 122,135 119,129 114,828 90,400 234,314 33,129 38,685 24,726 13,959 31,219 28,216 43,715 51,022 41,457 47,007 1,722,730 296,460 260,304 150,693 109,611 280,164 240,314 289,434 346,384 306,130 219,560 52,443,094 8,300,429 8,293,626 4,922,536 3,371,090 7,725,519 7,682,253 8,572,911 9,898,719 10,270,066 9,231,119 41,040,881 6,339,079 6,385,230 3,786,352 2,598,878 5,936,373 5,865,078 6,671,374 7,879,910 8,302,916 7,555,369 8,241,003 1,477,492 1,422,606 840,736 581,870 1,332,488 1,278,164 1,329,300 1,454,674 1,423,771 1,203,157 Female population 15–44 10–14 15–19 15–17 18–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Includes Central and South American and other and unknown Hispanic. Includes races other than white and black. 2 SOURCE: Population estimates based on unpublished tabulations prepared by the Housing and Household Economic Statistics Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census (reference 129). Totals for Hispanic population and non-Hispanic population by race are consistent with figures in reference 7. NOTE: These population counts are projected from the 1990 Census; see Technical notes. total Hispanic population as of July 1, 2000 (7). Rates for Hispanic subgroups are based on special population estimates that are presented in table III in the Technical notes (129). More information about the populations for Hispanic subgroups is presented elsewhere (8). Computation of rates In computing birth rates by live-birth order, births with birth order not stated were distributed in the same proportion as births of known live-birth order. This procedure is done separately by race. In computing birth and fertility rates for the Hispanic population, births with origin of mother not stated are included with non-Hispanic births rather than being distributed. Thus, rates for the U.S. Hispanic population are underestimates of the true rates to the extent that the births with origin of mother not stated (1.1 percent) were actually to Hispanic mothers (see table I). In computing the rates, the censusbased populations with origin not stated are imputed. The effect on the rates is believed to be small. Age of father—Information on age of father is often missing on birth certificates of children born to unmarried women (table I). In computing birth rates by age of father, births where age of father is not stated are distributed in the same proportions as births with known age within each 5-year age classification of mother. This procedure is followed because, while father’s age is missing on 14 percent of the birth certificates; nearly one third of these were on records where the mother is a teenager. This distribution procedure is done separately by race. The resulting distributions are summed to form a composite 96 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 frequency distribution that is the basis for computing birth rates by age of father. This procedure avoids the distortion in rates that would result if the relationship between age of mother and age of father were disregarded. where Graphic presentation Example Suppose that the number of first births to American Indian women aged 40–44 years was 47. The confidence limits for this number would be: Trend data shown in figures 2, 3, 5, and 11 are plotted using a logarithmic scale. This approach is taken to facilitate comparison of the relative change in rates over time for each series of rates as well as the differentials among rates for different series. The trend lines in figure 2, for example, show that women aged 40–44 years experienced the most change of any group over the period, and also that they had the greatest increase in rates since 1985. Random variation and significance testing for natality data B = number of births L = value in table IV that corresponds to the number of events B U = value in table IV that corresponds to the number of events B Lower limit = B x L = 47 x 0.73476 = 35 Upper limit = B x U = 47 x 1.32979 = 63 The number of births reported for an area is essentially a complete count, because more than 99 percent of all births are registered. Although this number is not subject to sampling error, it may be affected by nonsampling errors in the registration process such as mistakes in recording the mother’s residence or age during the registration process. When the number of births is used for analytic purposes (that is, the comparison of numbers, rates, and percents over time, for different areas, or between different groups), the number of events that actually occurred can be thought of as one outcome in a large series of possible results that could have occurred under the same (or similar) circumstances. When considered in this way, the number of births is subject to random variation and a probable range of values may be estimated from the actual figures according to certain statistical assumptions. The confidence interval is the range of values for the number of births, birth rates, or percent of births that you could expect in 95 out of 100 cases. The confidence limits are the end points of this range of values (the highest and lowest values). Confidence limits tell you how much the number of events or rates could vary under the same (or similar) circumstances. Confidence limits for numbers, rates, and percents can be estimated from the actual number of vital events. Procedures differ for rates and percents and also differ depending on the number of births on which these statistics are based. Below are detailed procedures and examples for each type of case. When the number of vital events is large, the distribution is assumed to follow a normal distribution (where the relative standard error is small). When the number of events is small and the probability of the event is small, the distribution is assumed to follow a Poisson probability distribution. Considerable caution should be observed in interpreting the occurrence of infrequent events. This means that the chances are 95 out of 100 that the actual number of first births to American Indian women aged 40–44 years would lie between 35 and 63. 95-percent confidence limits for numbers fewer than 100 Computing confidence intervals for rates When the number of births is fewer than 100 and the rate is small, the data are assumed to follow a Poisson probability distribution (130). Confidence limits are estimated using the following formulas: The same statistical assumptions can be used to estimate the variability in birth rates. Again, one formula is used for rates based on numbers of events less than 100, and another formula for rates based on numbers of 100 or greater. For our purposes, assume that the denominators of these rates (the population estimates) have no error. While this assumption is technically correct only for denominators based on the census that occurs every 10 years, the error in Lower limit = B x L Upper limit = B x U 95-percent confidence limits for numbers of 100 or more When the number of events is greater than 100, the data are assumed to approximate a normal distribution. Formulas for 95-percent confidence limits are: Lower limit = B – (1.96 x √B) Upper limit = B + (1.96 x √B) where B = number of births Example Suppose that the number of first births to white women aged 40–44 years was 14,108. The 95-percent confidence limits for this number would be: Lower limit = 14,108 – (1.96 x √14,108) = 14,108 – 233 = 13,875 Upper limit = 14,108 + (1.96 x √14,108) = 14,108 + 233 = 14,341 This means that the chances are 95 out of 100 that the actual number of first births to white women aged 40–44 years would lie between 13,875 and 14,341. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 97 Table IV. Values of L and U for calculating 95-percent confidence limits for numbers of events and rates when the number of events is less than 100 N 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L U 0.02532 0.12110 0.20622 0.27247 0.32470 0.36698 0.40205 0.43173 0.45726 0.47954 0.49920 0.51671 0.53246 0.54671 0.55969 0.57159 0.58254 0.59266 0.60207 0.61083 0.61902 0.62669 0.63391 0.64072 0.64715 0.65323 0.65901 0.66449 0.66972 0.67470 0.67945 0.68400 0.68835 0.69253 0.69654 0.70039 0.70409 0.70766 0.71110 0.71441 0.71762 0.72071 0.72370 0.72660 0.72941 0.73213 0.73476 0.73732 0.73981 0.74222 5.57164 3.61234 2.92242 2.56040 2.33367 2.17658 2.06038 1.97040 1.89831 1.83904 1.78928 1.74680 1.71003 1.67783 1.64935 1.62394 1.60110 1.58043 1.56162 1.54442 1.52861 1.51401 1.50049 1.48792 1.47620 1.46523 1.45495 1.44528 1.43617 1.42756 1.41942 1.41170 1.40437 1.39740 1.39076 1.38442 1.37837 1.37258 1.36703 1.36172 1.35661 1.35171 1.34699 1.34245 1.33808 1.33386 1.32979 1.32585 1.32205 1.31838 intercensal population estimates is usually small, difficult to measure, and therefore not considered. (See however, discussion of ‘‘population denominators’’ earlier in the Technical notes.) 95-percent confidence limits for rates based on fewer than 100 events When the number of events in the numerator is less than 20, an asterisk is shown in place of the rate because there were too few births to compute a statistically reliable rate. When the number of events in the numerator is greater than 20 but less than 100, the confidence interval for a rate can be estimated using the two formulas that follow and the values in table IV. Lower limit = R x L Upper limit = R x U N 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.74457 0.74685 0.74907 0.75123 0.75334 0.75539 0.75739 0.75934 0.76125 0.76311 0.76492 0.76669 0.76843 0.77012 0.77178 0.77340 0.77499 0.77654 0.77806 0.77955 0.78101 0.78244 0.78384 0.78522 0.78656 0.78789 0.78918 0.79046 0.79171 0.79294 0.79414 0.79533 0.79649 0.79764 0.79876 0.79987 0.80096 0.80203 0.80308 0.80412 0.80514 0.80614 0.80713 0.80810 0.80906 0.81000 0.81093 0.81185 0.81275 U 1.31482 1.31137 1.30802 1.30478 1.30164 1.29858 1.29562 1.29273 1.28993 1.28720 1.28454 1.28195 1.27943 1.27698 1.27458 1.27225 1.26996 1.26774 1.26556 1.26344 1.26136 1.25933 1.25735 1.25541 1.25351 1.25165 1.24983 1.24805 1.24630 1.24459 1.24291 1.24126 1.23965 1.23807 1.23652 1.23499 1.23350 1.23203 1.23059 1.22917 1.22778 1.22641 1.22507 1.22375 1.22245 1.22117 1.21992 1.21868 1.21746 where R = birth rate L = value in table IV that corresponds to the number of events B U = value in table IV that corresponds to the number of events B Example Suppose that the first birth rate for American Indian women aged 40–44 years was 0.50 per 1,000, based on 47 births in the numerator. Using table IV: Lower limit = 0.50 x 0.73476 = 0.37 Upper limit = 0.50 x 1.32979 = 0.66 This means that the chances are 95 out of 100 that the actual first birth rate for American Indian women aged 40–44 years lies between 0.37 and 0.66. 98 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 95-percent confidence limits for rates when the numerator is 100 or more In this case, use the following formula for the birth rate R based on the number of births B: Lower limit = R – [1.96 x (R / √B)] Upper limit = R + [1.96 x (R / √B)] where R = the birth rate B = the number of births Example Suppose that the first birth rate for white women aged 40–44 years was 1.55 per 1,000, based on 14,108 births in the numerator. Therefore, the 95-percent confidence interval would be: Lower limit = 1.55 – [1.96 x (1.55 / √14,108)] = 1.55 – 0.026 = 1.52 Upper limit = 1.55 + [1.96 x (1.55 / √14,108)] = 1.55 + 0.026 = 1.58 This means that the chances are 95 out of 100 that the actual first birth rate for white women aged 40–44 years lies between 1.52 and 1.58. q=1–p B = number of births in the denominator Example Suppose that the percent of births to Hispanic women in Arizona that were to unmarried women was 49.7 percent. This was based on 14,751 births in the numerator and 29,682 births in the denominator. First we test to make sure we can use the normal approximation of the binomial: 29,682 x .497 = 14,752 29,682 x (1 – 0.497) = 29,682 x 0.503 = 14,930 Both 14,752 and 14,930 are greater than 5 so we can proceed. The 95-percent confidence interval would be: Lower limit = 0.497 – [1.96 x (√.497 x .503 / 29,682)] = 0.497 – 0.006 = 0.491 or 49.1 percent Upper limit = 0.497 + [1.96 x (√.497 x .503 / 29,682)] = 0.497 + 0.006 = 0.503 or 50.3 percent This means that the chances are 95 out of 100 that the actual percent of births to unmarried Hispanic women in Arizona lies between 49.1 and 50.3 percent. Significance testing One or both of the rates is based on fewer than 100 cases Computing 95-percent confidence intervals for percents In many instances we need to compute the confidence intervals for percents. Percents derive from a binomial distribution. As with birth rates, an asterisk will be shown for any percent that is based on fewer than 20 births in the numerator. We easily compute a 95-percent confidence interval for a percent when the following conditions are met: B x p ≥ 5 and B x q ≥ 5 where B = number of births in the denominator p = percent divided by 100 q=1–p For natality data, these conditions will be met except for very rare events in small subgroups. If the conditions are not met, the variation in the percent will be so large as to render the confidence intervals meaningless. When these conditions are met, the 95-percent confidence interval can be computed using the normal approximation of the binomial. The 95-percent confidence intervals are computed by the following formulas: Lower limit = p – [1.96 x (√p x q / B)] Upper limit = p + [1.96 x (√p x q / B)] where p = percent divided by 100 To compare two rates, when one or both of those rates are based on less than 100 cases, you first compute the confidence intervals for both rates. Then you check to see if those intervals overlap. If they do overlap, the difference is not statistically significant at the 95-percent level. If they do not overlap, the difference is indeed ‘‘statistically significant.’’ Example Suppose that the first birth rate for American Indian women aged 40–44 years was 0.70 per 1,000 in year X and 0.50 in year Y. Is the rate for year X significantly higher than the rate for year Y? The two rates are based on 63 events in year X and 47 events in year Y. Both rates are based on fewer than 100 events; therefore, the first step is to compute the confidence intervals for both rates. Year X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Year Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lower Limit 0.54 0.37 Upper Limit 0.90 0.66 These two confidence intervals overlap. Therefore, the first birth rate for American Indian women aged 40–44 years in year X is not significantly higher (at the 95-percent confidence level) than the rate in year Y. Both rates are based on 100 or more events When both rates are based on 100 or more events, the difference between the two rates, irrespective of sign (+/–), is National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 considered statistically significant if it exceeds the statistic in the formula below. This statistic equals 1.96 times the standard error for the difference between two rates. Œ 1.96 where R12 R 22 + N1 N2 R1 = first rate R2 = second rate N1 = first number of births N2 = second number of births If the difference is greater than this statistic, then the difference would occur by chance less than 5 times out of 100. If the difference is less than or equal to this statistic, the difference might occur by chance more than 5 times out of 100. We say that the difference is not statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level. Example Is the first birth rate for black women aged 40–44 years (1.08 per 1,000) significantly lower than the comparable rate for white women (1.55)? Both rates are based on more than 100 births (1,535 for black women and 14,108 for white women). The difference between the rates is 1.55 – 1.08 = .47. The statistic is then calculated as follows: Œ 1.96 1.082 1.552 + 1,535 14,108 = 1.96 x √ ([1.166/1,535] + [2.403/14,108]) 1.96 Œ p (1 – p) where 99 1 1 + B1 B2 S D B1 = number of births in the denominator for the first percent B2 = number of births in the denominator for the second percent p= B1 p1 + B2 p2 B1 + B2 p1 = the first percent p 2 = the second percent Example Is the percent of births to unmarried Hispanic women higher in New Mexico (50.2) than in Arizona (49.7)? Suppose that the number in the denominator was 13,714 in New Mexico and 29,682 in Arizona. The necessary conditions are met for both percents (calculations not shown). The difference between the two percents is 0.502 – 0.497 = 0.005. The statistic is then calculated as follows: 1.96 √0.499(0.501) (0.000106609) = 1.96 x √ 0.000026652 = 1.96 x 0.005162563 = 0.010 The difference between the percents (0.005) is less than this statistic (0.010). Therefore, the difference is not statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level. Information on computing confidence intervals for and testing differences between rates for Hispanic subgroups is available elsewhere (4). = 1.96 x √0.00076 + 0.00017 Definitions of medical terms = 1.96 x √0.00093 = 1.96 x 0.03 = 0.06 Testing differences between two percents The 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth includes several maternal and infant health items in checkbox format, including obstetric procedures, medical risk factors, complications of labor and delivery, abnormal conditions of the newborn, and congenital anomalies of the child (figure I). The definitions that follow are adapted and abbreviated from a set of definitions compiled by a committee of Federal and State health statistics officials for the National Association of Public Health Statistics and Information Systems, formerly known as the Association for Vital Records and Health Statistics (131). When testing the difference between two percents, both percents must meet the following conditions: Medical risk factors for this pregnancy The difference between the rates (0.47) is greater than this statistic (0.6). Therefore, the difference is statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level. B x p ≥ 5 and B x q ≥ 5 where B = number of births in the denominator p = percent divided by 100 q=1–p When both percents meet these conditions then the difference between the two percents is considered statistically significant if it is greater than the statistic in the formula below. This statistic equals 1.96 times the standard error for the difference between two percents. Anemia—Hemoglobin level of less than 10.0 g/dL during pregnancy or a hematocrit of less than 30 percent during pregnancy. Cardiac disease—Disease of the heart. Acute or chronic lung disease—Disease of the lungs during pregnancy. Diabetes—Metabolic disorder characterized by excessive discharge of urine and persistent thirst; includes juvenile onset, adult onset, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Genital herpes—Infection of the skin of the genital area by herpes simplex virus. Hydramnios/oligohydramnios—Any noticeable excess (hydramnios) or lack (oligohydramnios) of amniotic fluid. 100 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Hemoglobinopathy—A blood disorder caused by alteration in the genetically determined molecular structure of hemoglobin (example: sickle cell anemia). Hypertension, chronic—Blood pressure persistently greater than 140/90 diagnosed prior to onset of pregnancy or before the 20th week of gestation. Hypertension, pregnancy-associated—An increase in blood pressure of at least 30 mm Hg systolic or 15 mm Hg diastolic on two measurements taken 6 hours apart after the 20th week of gestation. Eclampsia—The occurrence of convulsions and/or coma unrelated to other cerebral conditions in women with signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. Incompetent cervix—Characterized by painless dilation of the cervix in the second trimester or early in the third trimester of pregnancy, with premature expulsion of membranes through the cervix and ballooning of the membranes into the vagina, followed by rupture of the membranes and subsequent expulsion of the fetus. Previous infant 4,000+ grams—The birth weight of a previous live-born child was over 4,000+ grams (8 pounds 14 ounces). Previous preterm or small-for-gestational-age infant—Previous birth of an infant prior to term (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) or of an infant weighing less than the tenth percentile for gestational age using a standard weight for age chart. Renal disease—Kidney disease. Rh sensitization—The process or state of becoming sensitized to the Rh factor as when an Rh-negative woman is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus. Uterine bleeding—Any clinically significant bleeding during the pregnancy taking into consideration the stage of pregnancy; any second or third trimester bleeding of the uterus prior to the onset of labor. Obstetric procedures Amniocentesis—Surgical transabdominal perforation of the uterus to obtain amniotic fluid to be used in the detection of genetic disorders, fetal abnormalities, and fetal lung maturity. Electronic fetal monitoring—Monitoring with external devices applied to the maternal abdomen or with internal devices with an electrode attached to the fetal scalp and a catheter through the cervix into the uterus, to detect and record fetal heart tones and uterine contractions. Induction of labor—The initiation of uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labor by medical and/or surgical means for the purpose of delivery. Stimulation of labor—Augmentation of previously established labor by use of oxytocin. Tocolysis—Use of medications to inhibit preterm uterine contractions to extend the length of pregnancy and, therefore, avoid a preterm birth. Ultrasound—Visualization of the fetus and the placenta by means of sound waves. Meconium, moderate/heavy—Meconium consists of undigested debris from swallowed amniotic fluid, various products of secretion, excretion and shedding by the gastrointestinal tract; moderate to heavy amounts of meconium in the amniotic fluid noted during labor and/or delivery. Premature rupture of membranes (more than 12 hours)—Rupture of the membranes at any time during pregnancy and more than 12 hours before the onset of labor. Abruptio placenta—Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterus. Placenta previa—Implantation of the placenta over or near the internal opening of the cervix. Other excessive bleeding—The loss of a significant amount of blood from conditions other than abruptio placenta or placenta previa. Seizures during labor—Maternal seizures occurring during labor from any cause. Precipitous labor (less than 3 hours)—Extremely rapid labor and delivery lasting less than 3 hours. Prolonged labor (more than 20 hours)—Abnormally slow progress of labor lasting more than 20 hours. Dysfunctional labor—Failure to progress in a normal pattern of labor. Breech/malpresentation—At birth, the presentation of the fetal buttocks rather than the head, or other malpresentation. Cephalopelvic disproportion—The relationship of the size, presentation, and position of the fetal head to the maternal pelvis which prevents dilation of the cervix and/or descent of the fetal head. Cord prolapse—Premature expulsion of the umbilical cord in labor before the fetus is delivered. Anesthetic complications—Any complication during labor and/or delivery brought on by an anesthetic agent or agents. Fetal distress—Signs indicating fetal hypoxia (deficiency in amount of oxygen reaching fetal tissues). Abnormal conditions of the newborn Anemia—Hemoglobin level of less than 13.0 g/dL or a hematocrit of less than 39 percent. Birth injury—Impairment of the infant’s body function or structure due to adverse influences which occurred at birth. Fetal alcohol syndrome—A syndrome of altered prenatal growth and development occurring in infants born of women who consumed excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy. Hyaline membrane disease/RDS—A disorder primarily of prematurity, manifested clinically by respiratory distress and pathologically by pulmonary hyaline membranes and incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth. Meconium aspiration syndrome—Aspiration of meconium by the fetus or newborn affecting the lower respiratory system. Assisted ventilation (less than 30 minutes)—A mechanical method of assisting respiration for newborns with respiratory failure. Assisted ventilation (30 minutes or more)—Newborn placed on assisted ventilation for 30 minutes or longer. Seizures—A seizure of any etiology. Complications of labor and/or delivery Febrile—A fever greater than 100 degrees F. or 38 C. occurring during labor and/or delivery. Congenital anomalies of child Anencephalus—Absence of the cerebral hemispheres. National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Spina bifida/meningocele—Developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord, through which the cord and meninges may or may not protrude. Hydrocephalus—Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain with consequent enlargement of the cranium. Microcephalus—A significantly small head. Other central nervous system anomalies—Other specified anomalies of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system. Heart malformations—Congenital anomalies of the heart. Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies—Other specified anomalies of the circulatory and respiratory systems. Rectal atresia/stenosis—Congenital absence, closure, or narrowing of the rectum. Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal atresia—An abnormal passage between the trachea and the esophagus; esophageal atresia is the congenital absence or closure of the esophagus. Omphalocele/Gastroschisis—An omphalocele is a protrusion of variable amounts of abdominal viscera from a midline defect at the base of the umbilicus. In gastroschisis, the abdominal viscera protrude through an abdominal wall defect, usually on the right side of the umbilical cord insertion. Other gastrointestinal anomalies—Other specified congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal system. Malformed genitalia—Congenital anomalies of the reproductive organs. Renal agenesis—One or both kidneys are completely absent. Other urogenital anomalies—Other specified congenital anomalies of the organs concerned in the production and excretion of urine, together with organs of reproduction. 101 Cleft lip/palate—Cleft lip is a fissure or elongated opening of the lip; cleft palate is a fissure in the roof of the mouth. These are failures of embryonic development. Polydactyly/syndactyly/adactyly—Polydactyly is the presence of more than five digits on either hands and/or feet; syndactyly is having fused or webbed fingers and/or toes; adactyly is the absence of fingers and/or toes. Club foot—Deformities of the foot, which is twisted out of shape or position. Diaphragmatic hernia—Herniation of the abdominal contents through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity usually resulting in respiratory distress. Other musculoskeletal/integumental anomalies—Other specified congenital anomalies of the muscles, skeleton, or skin. Down’s syndrome—The most common chromosomal defect with most cases resulting from an extra chromosome (trisomy 21). Other chromosomal anomalies—All other chromosomal aberrations. Related reports Many of the topics discussed in this report are covered in more analytic detail in other reports published by NCHS. Topics of reports published in the past 5 years include Hispanic origin births (8); twin and triplet births (110, 111); teenage birth rates by State (9); cesarean deliveries (85), attendant at birth, place of delivery, and obstetric procedures (76, 77); births to unmarried mothers (31); trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates (10, 11), and trends in smoking (45). 104 National Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 50, No. 5, February 12, 2002 Suggested citation Contents Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Demographic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Births and birth rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sex ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Month of birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Day of the week of birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Births to unmarried women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Age of father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Educational attainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Maternal lifestyle and health characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Weight gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Medical risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Tobacco use during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Alcohol use during pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Medical services utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Prenatal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Obstetric procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Complications of labor and/or delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Attendant at birth and place of delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Method of delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Infant health characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Period of gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Birthweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Apgar score. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Abnormal conditions of the newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Multiple births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Guide to tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics 6525 Belcrest Road Hyattsville, Maryland 20782-2003 DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 2002–1120 PRS 02-0135 (2/2002) OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 Martin JA, Hamilton BE, Ventura SJ, Menacker F, Park MM. Births: Final data for 2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 50 no. 5. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 2002. National Center for Health Statistics Director, Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D. Deputy Director, Jack R. Anderson Division of Vital Statistics Director, Mary Anne Freedman To receive this publication regularly, contact the National Center for Health Statistics by calling 301-458-4636. E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.cdc.gov/nchs/ Copyright information All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated. MEDIA MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID CDC/NCHS PERMIT NO. G-284