Oligarch_by_the_Faction_of_Democracy.docx

POLITICAL PARTIES AND INTEREST GROUPS, 2016

The first edition of the university textbook Political Parties and Interest Groups by the authors Prof. Savo Klomovski (PhD) and Prof. Tanja Karakamiseva (PhD) was published in 2007. Nine years later, in April 2016, a reformed and supplemented edition of this work has been published by the authors Prof. Savo Klimovski (PhD), Prof. Tanja Karakamiseva (PhD), and lecturer Aleksandar Spasenovski (PhD). This work is primarily intended for the students of Political Science at the Law Faculty Iustinianus Primus in Skopje, as well as for other students from other universities in the country who study this exquisitely significant issue as part of their courses. Besides that, this textbook corresponds to the curricula of the faculties of law, journalism, public administration, public relations, as well as other similar academic areas. Of course, considering the aims of each high education textbook, we trust this edition will be of use to all professionals outside the universities who deal with, or are interested in, issues related to political parties and interest groups. The authors truly believe that this textbook will provide additional clarifications and will bring this complex and multi layered topic closer to all concerned individuals. Of course, despite the systematic approach and the proper diligence in exposing each of the topics there is an opportunity for this complex and infinite area to be explored further, which will only enrich and ennoble this work in the editions to come.

International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2021

This article discussed the topic of political party membership in the Indonesian Parliament institutions, which is based on the pattern of relations between the People's Representatives and the people they represent, and their impact in the process of forming and implementing strategic policies that rely on popular sovereignty. The article focused on the study of politics of law in the institutionalization of political parties within the parliament's institutions and the impact on the exercise of popular sovereignty. This paper has several different approaches if related to the basic theory of democracy about political links which generally examines the relationship between political parties and their voters, between politicians and citizens, and between members of parliament and their people. The results emphasize the pattern of relations between the representatives of the people and the people they represent, in connection with the institutional existence of the Indonesian parliament which is the executor of people's sovereignty.

You might have already read that democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. A democratic government is considered a people's government run by the people themselves. In practice in most of the countries the democratic governments are run by the representatives elected by the people. You might be thinking how the people get themselves represented in the government. People elect their representatives through the process of elections. In elections candidates generally are nominated by organizations known as political parties. Yes some of the candidates contest elections as independents also. However, participation of the people does not begin and end with elections only. People also participate in the process of governance through groups known as pressure groups or interest groups. In this lesson, we shall discuss political parties and pressure groups, especially in the context of our country. You will like to know more about political parties and pressure groups.

According to (Fisichella, 1997) Democracy operates within given conditions that because of innovations in technology, it has completely changed the world public scene: another power beyond the control of institutions and rules- not immediately visible- is emerging. These new economic and financial aggregations, new oligarchies, interest and pressure groups, may condition and manipulate the power of governments and of Democracy. I shall try to analyse how this rise of parallel powers can influence modern democracies. The concept of power is basic for understanding the drive that has evolved throughout history leading us to modern times. The outcome of interest groups in Society and its effects on the political scene have been researched and discussed.

ABSTRACT Interest groups or pressure groups in their activity appear as strengthening element and as a major potential to cure or at least to improve the concept of democracy, due to the fact that democracy is something that grows in flow of the history a never finished task. Was supposed that influence is not simply a characteristic function of interest groups but that strongly shapes, depending from the issue. In time was understood that interest groups are important actors in decision-making and that their direct influence lies in drafting, organizing and exchange of interests including those based to the weight and their representing character. In many societies and political systems exist a big number of interest groups and having in consideration the number and their variety it is not simple to make their perfect classification but based to it do they base to the intercommunity or in the union; they can be classified in four groupings. Justification of groups of the interest as important interstate actors as well as their classification which enables to be understood easily the nature of their requests and the manner in which they try to get realized will be our main goal of this study. Keywords: Interest groups, interstate actors, pressure, influence, concept of democracy

US-China Law Review, 2020

In Article 12 Point J of Act Number 2 of 2008 concerning political parties, a political party has the right to form and have a Political Party Underbouw Organization. However, there has not been a further or a specific Political Party Underbouw Organization regulation both in the elucidation of the act and the implementation regulations of the act. This study has the main objective to find the legal status of the Political Party Underbouw Organization in Indonesia. This research is a normative juridical research. This study concluded that the legal status of the Political Party Underbouw Organization can be regulated as a public legal entity which is a part of the political party or an independent legal entity. We strongly suggest the regulation of the Political Party Underbouw Organization must be specified as a chapter in the Political Parties Act or perhaps as a new act.

Economics of Governance, 2012

This paper presents a new model of interest groups and policy formation in the legislature. In our setting, the already given party ideological predispositions and power distribution determine the expected policy outcome. Our analysis applies to the case of un-enforced or enforced party discipline as well as to two-party and multi-party (proportional representation) electoral systems. The interest groups' objective is to influence the outcome in their favor by engaging in a contest that determines the final decision in the legislature. Our first result clarifies how the success of an interest group hinges on the dominance of its ideologically closer party and, in general, the coalition/opposition blocks of parties under un-enforced party or coalition/opposition discipline. Such dominance is defined in terms of ideological inclination weighted by power. Our second result clarifies how the success of an interest group hinges on the dominance of its ideology in the ruling coalition (party) in a majoritarian system with enforced coalition (party) discipline. We then clarify under what condition an interest group prefers to direct its lobbying efforts to two parties or the two coalition and opposition blocks of parties under un-enforced discipline rather than to the members of the ruling coalition (party) under enforced discipline. The lobbying efforts under un-enforced and enforced party discipline are also compared. Finally, we clarify the effect of ideological predispositions and power on the efforts of the interest groups.