Indeks Risiko Bencana Indonesia 2013

executive summary NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT on Disaster risk reDuction 2013 NAR Redeining Indonesian Disaster Management Strategy GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 1 executive summary NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT on Disaster risk reDuction 2013 Redeining Indonesian Disaster Management Strategy GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 3 Team Writer Sugeng Triutomo Lilik Kurniawan Mohd. Robi Amri Soesmarjanto Soesmoko Kurniawan Zulkarnain Kristanto Sinandang Ridwan Yunus Revanche Jefrizal Eko Teguh Paripurno Rachman Kurniawan Valeninus Irawan Dandi Praseia Djuni Prisiyanto Togu Pardede Henny Vidiarina Cover Photo “Mount Merapi Erupion 2010” Photo by Raditya Djai Photographers Raditya Djai Dwi Oblo Prasetyo Graphic Design & Layout R. Djai Team Editor Revanche Jefrizal Kurniawan Zulkarnain Soesmarjanto Soesmoko Raditya Djai (Photo Editor) Translaion Indonesian-English Nicolas Noviyanto Fariez Seiawan Roie Kurniawan Sergi Ratu Supporing Team Gita Yuliani Arie Astui Wulandari Gita Febriyani Bambang “Kokok” Sasongko ISBN 978-602-770-09-3 Copyright Directorate of Disaster Risk Reducion Naional Agency for Disaster Management Jakarta, INDONESIA 4 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 Disclaimer Views included in this publicaion do not necessarily relect those of the Naional Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) and/or other ministries and agencies. The use and presentaion of materials did not express any opinion whatsoever on legal status of any province, district/city or the authoritaive party, or regarding border or front line delineaion. “Gotong Royong” identically for the village people to work together as their social capital to help each other. Mainly is for any purpose without any material reward and these people work to repair the roof that effected by the volcano ash. Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 5 Acknowledgement The writer team would like to express graitude to contributor partner in the public discussion for input and materials. They represent the Chief of General Staf Indonesian Naional Army (TNI); Operaion Assistant of Indonesian Police; Naional Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB); Coordinaing Ministry for Welfare; Ministry of Home Afairs; Ministry of Foreign Afairs; Ministry of Finance; Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; Ministry of Defend; Ministry of Law and Human Rights; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of Forestry; Ministry of Transportaion; Ministry of Marine and Fishery; Ministry of Public Work; Ministry of Health; Ministry of Educaion and Cultural; Ministry of Social Afairs; Ministry of Communicaion and Informaion; Ministry of Manpower and Transmigraion; Ministry of Research and Technology; Ministry of Cooperaive, Small and Medium Enterprises; Ministry of Environmental Afairs; Ministry of Disadvantaged Region; Ministry of Naional Planning; Ministry of Public Housing; Ministry of Women and Child Protecion; Naional Agency of Rescue and Search; Agency of Informaion and Geospaial; Naional Agency for Research and Applied Technology; Central Agency of Staisics (BPS); Naional Agency for Land Management (BPN); Indonesian Insitute of Sciences (LIPI); Indonesian Naional Insitute of Aeronauics and Space (LAPAN); Nuclear Dnergy Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) ; Naional Agency for Metereology, Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG). Naional Plaform for Disaster Risk Reducion (Planas PRB); Indonesian University Forum; Indonesian Red Cross Society (PMI); United Naions Development Program (UNDP), World Bank of Jakarta; AIFDR; Naional Board of Climate Change (DNPI); Masyarakat Pen- Social responsibility for the whole neighboorhood are relected by the people along the Code River, Working together as “gotong royong” which is the strong social resilience for the community to bounce back after the volcanic material low through the river. Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo 6 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 7 As mandated by the fourth paragraph of the 1945 Consituion which stresses that the funcion of the State is to protect all of the people of Indonesia and the enire homeland of Indonesia, the Government and the House of Representaive (DPR) in April 2007 issued a Law Number 24, 2007 on Disaster Management. The Law becomes a strong legal protecion to carry out Disaster Management (DM) in a systemaic, integrated and sustainable way as well as coherent with an aim to protect the naion of Indonesia from all kinds of disaster threats. Within the period of 5 (ive) years, all stakeholders involving in the DM, including the Naional Agency for Disaster Management (BNPB) coninues step forward racing against the escalaion of disasters that struck this beloved naion. Based on the Law on Disaster Management, various eforts have been undertaken ranging from rearranging legal framework, reforming agencies that deal with Disaster Management, mainstreaming the DM in the naional development plan to the strengthening of the grass-root communiies together with a uniied vision “towards a resilient naion”. Various achievements we have atained as a naion so far, of course, have yet to saisfy all paries. BNPB and stakeholders coninue to undertake efors to save more lives and reduce property losses. Such eforts have been recognized by the Internaional Community. The presentaion of the award as The Global Champion for Disaster Risk Reducion from UN-ISDR to the President of Republic of Indonesia Dr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono becomes one of indicators of successful achievements that had been atained by Indonesia. The iniiaive to compile “Naional Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reducion 2013 (NAR on DRR)” is an iniial step to depic the eforts on Disaster Risk Reducion (DRR) with parameters compiled and developed based on the home-grown experience of Indonesia. As a strategic review, I hope NAR can become a material for naional evaluaion of the progress, constraints and gaps from the planning up to the implementaion of disaster risk reducion eforts. Furthermore, the NAR will always be updated every two years that will become a relecion for everyone in providing inputs when reviewing and reposiioning Disaster Management Naional Strategy. PREFACE Evacuation route should be access for the whole village to save them self from any hazard that occured in their area. The command and information should also be dessiminated for the people. These women, mother and child are vulnerable, but they understand when to evacuate. Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo Through this preface, I would like to express my sincere appreciaion to the drating team (consists of experts and praciioners of disaster management) for their hardwork. They have become “silent workers” whose aciviies are not recognized by the public, but the results of their works have been trully meaningful in reducing disaster risks in Indonesia. I believe this iniiaive will become part of eforts to uphold transparency and accountability of Disaster Management aciviies in Indonesia. Jakarta, May 7 2013 Chief of the Naional Agency for Disaster Management Dr. Syamsul Maarif. M.Si. 8 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 9 5 YeaRS OF DevelOpMent The settlement near the coastal area in Demak, Central Java is located in a loodplain area. The people living near the coast have to live with high risk of looding. Adaptation and mitigation should be done to have their daily activities. In the other hand spatial planning based on disaster mitigation should also be done. Photo by Raditya Djati 10 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 OF InDOneSIan DISaSteR RISk PROFILE NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 11 5 The past ife years of disaster management in Indonesia in the period of 2005-2012 have been focused on the comprehensive shit of paradigm to disaster risk reducion. DRR in Indonesia has more or less achieved signiicant progress. This may be seen, among others, from all the internaional awards received and actual changes in the ield that may be sustainable in the long run. Several achievements and lessons learned have been found throughout the period. The successes, achiements and lessons learned further encourage Indonesia to reposiion its disaster risk reducion strategies. Data from the Center for Data, Informaion and Public Relaions of BNPB, show that in the past 30 years (1982-2012) there are 10.817 disaster events. The biggest number is lood with 4,121 events (38%), followed by landslide with 1,983 events (18%), strong wind with 1,903 events (18%), drought with 1,414 events (13%) and other disaster with 1,397 events (13%). Disasters in this period have claimed 225,509 lives, both dead and missing. Earthquake and tsunami claimed 174,101 Figure 1. Number of poor people and number of disaster events by province in Indonesia 12 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 people, earthquake 15,250 people, lood and landslide 7,555 people and other disasters 28,603 people. In Indonesia disaster risks are closely related to poverty. Figure 1 below shows the correlaion between poverty and disaster risks. Areas with high populaion density of poor people tend to experience more frequent disastrous events. The contrary is also true, in that areas with more historical disaster events tend to have more people with higher level of poverty. Realizing the close correlaion between disaster and poverty level, Indonesian Disaster Risk Analysis has been geared towards assessing the potenial losses that may be sufered by a certain region when afected by disaster. Also, the method calculate the number of people potenially exposed and areas that may be damaged by disaster events. Such disaster risk analysis that factored in potenial losses has been implemented in all provinces throughout Indonesia. By using these data Indonesia may calculate the disaster deicit index for each province in the country. (a) (b) Figure 2. a) Indonesia’s Muli-hazard Map ; b) Indonesia’s Disaster Deicit Index ; c) Correlaion between Disaster Risks and DDI (c) NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 13 Cultural activities are encourage for the young generation in the resettlement area post Mount Merapi Eruption in Yogyakarta. Raising the capacity of the people could be done by bringing them back to their own culture and pack it with entertainment campaign. Photo by Dwi Oblo Prasetyo 14 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 6 KeY aSpeCtS OF aChIeveMentS anD leSSOnS leaRneD NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 15 1. Naional Commitment a. Indonesian naional commitment for disaster management that focuses on disaster risk reducion has been insituionalized into regulaions and budgeing. The country has made disaster management an integral part of its naional development prioriies. The success in internalizing disaster management into naional development planning has to be appreciated and sustained for the subsequent development planning cycles. Achievements in this ield may be seen from: • Disaster management system has been integrated into naional development planning and budgeing system. • This integraion has triggered a signiicant increase in disaster risk reducion budget at the naional level. • In the past ive years it could be seen that 82% programs related disaster management are generic in nature and 18% speciically related to certain disasters. b. The commitment to promote disaster management that focuses on disaster risk reducion has to be enhanced at all levels, from the naional to the local levels. One of the way to assess the comprehensiveness of commitment is by observing signiicant paricipaion in all its forms at all relevant levels. However, the quanity of paricipaion sill has to be supported with efecive management, transparency and accountability that are focused on achieving beneit and changes in the long run. Good governance consitutes the key to actual efeciveness in ataining longer-term beneits and changes. Disaster management governance has to be implemented in an all-encompassing scope, engaging all ministries, agencies and relevant organizaions from the naional down to the local level. Improvement in disaster management governance in Indonesian is started with the regulatory framework, and then planning and budgeing system. Some lessons learned: 16 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 • • Budget increase has not been followed by increase in disaster risk reducion budget in many localiies. Many local governments allocate less than 0.1% of their local development budget for DRR. It is considered that Indonesia’s achievements in DRR have not been comprehensive and sustainable due to lack of commitment in the part of the local governments and not so efecive disaster management governance. 2. Insituional Seing in Disaster Management a. Law Number 24/2007 provides a strong insituional policy framework for disaster management, and gives a clear and powerful mandate for DM Agencies at all levels to coordinate aciviies related to disaster management. BNPB is an agency mandated by the Law and it is expected that local governments establish local DM Agencies by an equally strong legal instrument, which in the context of local government is the Local Regulaion. Establishment of Local DM Agency/BPBD has to be sipulated under Local Regulaions. Success in this aspect is achieved through: • Law Number 24 Year 2007 on Disaster Management was followed by its ancillary regulaions like Presidenial Decree Number 8/2008 on BNPB, Government Regulaion Number 21/2008 on the Conduct of Disaster Management, Government Regulaion Number 22/2008 on Financing, Government Regulaion Number 23/2008 on the Roles of Foreign Organizaions and Internaional NGOs, Ministry of Home Afairs Regulaion Number 38/2008 on the Mechanism of Internaional Support, Ministry of Home Afairs Regulaion Number 03/2008 on the Mechanism of Collaboraion between Local Governments and Internaional Organizaions, Ministry of Home Afairs Regulaion Number 46/2008 on the Guideline for Local DM Agency Organizaion and Administraion, and Chief of BNPB Number 3/2008 • on the Guideline for the Establishment of Local DM Agencies. Planning documents in Indonesia, as regulated by the Naional Planning Board include Longterm Naional Development Plan/RPJPN 2005-2025, Middle-term Naional Development Plan/RPJMN 2004-2009, and Annual Development Plan or Government Working Plan/RKP. BNPB was established by the Naional Government (Aricle 10, paragraph 1 Law Number 24/2007) as a non-departmental government body at the ministerial level (Aricle 10, paragraph 2 Law Number 24/2007). Up to the present ime there have been 436 Local DM Agencies/BPBD, 33 at the provincial level and 403 at the district/city level (81% of 497 districts/ciies in Indonesia). b. Laws at the central government level and local regulaions at the local level only sipulate basic legal provisions that are more general in nature. A regulaion that arranges the set-up of a certain insituion needs to be supported with more detailed regulaions. There is also a need to synchronize the new regulaion with exising regulaions, with analysis of the scope of work and responsibiliies that will ensure the performance of duies mandated to the insituion. There needs to be facilitaion in the formulaion of these supporing regulaions, paricularly through adequate analysis from all perspecives. When efecive facilitaion cannot be implemented, there may be fricions due to vested interests, which in the end may decrease the values and funcions regulated through the related laws and local regulaions. If at the central government supporing regulaions have not been efecive enough, the local governments may become confused and this may lead to ineiciency in policy formulaion and implementaion. Regulaions enacted in the regions have to refer to those issued by the naional government. Lessons learned from this process: • As a technical non-departmental agency, it would be diicult for BNPB to engage in coordinaion with the other ministries. • Among the problem in insituional issue at the local and naional levels include the too rapid pace in the establishment of Local DM Agencies at the district/ city level; • Human resources (technical, administraion and epistemic knowledge) as the weakest point both at the naional and local levels; • Weakness in coordinaion for program planning and implementaion; coordinaion in awareness building for communiies living in hazard-prone areas; • Lack of synchronizaion among verical policies (naional versus local); • Disaster risk reducion has not become the government strategic issue; weak DRR policies and strategies; Local DM Agencies that are established under District Head or City Mayor Regulaions may be vulnerable to volaility of local budget poliics; • Compeing development projects (Sectors versus BPBD/BNPB); • Weak law/policy enforcement and inadequate leadership both at the naional and local levels. 3. Preparedness for Emergency Response a. Indonesia has already developed a solid procedure related to preparedness aciviies. Although no umbrella law for this has been legalized, preparedness aciviies have been implemented widely through the development of early warning systems, evacuaion plans and coningency plans. Indonesia has developed Tsunami Early Warning System just ater the 26 December 2004 tsunami. At present, under the coordinaion of Agency for Meteorology, Climate and Geophysics (BMKG), in addiion to building the Naional Tsunami Early Warning Center, Indonesia has become one of Regional Tsunami Service Provider NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 17 (RTSP) together with India and Australia that serve all countries in the Indian Ocean region. Achievements in this ield may be seen from: • BNPB has issued a series of legal instruments related to preparedness building and disaster emergency response operaions. These regulaions include Guidelines for Logisical Assistance during Emergency, Guidelines for Indonesian Disaster Data and Informaion Management, Guidelines for Logisics and Equipment Management, Guidelines for Disaster Volunteers, Standardizaion of Disaster Data, Guidelines for Warehousing, Guidelines for Equipment Assistance, Guidelines for Logisical Assistance, Guidelines for Standardizaion of Logisics in Disaster Management, and Guidelines for Standardizaion of Equipment in Disaster Management. • All these legal and policy instruments have been well socialized, trained and developed further in the regions. • Indonesia has developed disaster early warning systems for most major hazards. The Tsunami Early Warning System has even been started to be developed just ater the 2004 tsunami. Under the coordinaion of Agency for Meteorology, Climate and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia presently becomes one of Regional Tsunami Service Provider (RTSP) for tsunami warning with India and Australia. • To support aciviies related to rapid assessment, evacuaion and disaster survivor search in the regions, the government established Rapid Response Unit (SRC PB). SRC PB was established under the President’s order in Cabinet Meeing of 5 November 2009. Disaster preparedness became one of the 15 prioriies in the irst 100 days of the cabinet. As coordinator of disaster management in the country, BNPB followed-up the direcive by establishing two SRC PB units; one for Western Indonesia with Jakarta as the headquarters and one for Eastern In18 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 • donesia with Malang, East Java as the headquarters in December 2009. Capacity building for BPBD has been done progressively from ime to ime. In 2009 capacity building for emergency response was provided to 15 districts/ciies in 9 provinces. In 2010 capacity building for preparedness was provided to 29 provinces, in the form of provision of rescue cars and motor trail. In 2011 insituional capacity building for preparedness was provided to 33 provinces in the form of rescue cars, motor trail, ield kitchen trucks and water treatment trucks. In 2012 capacity building for preparedness was provided to 33 provinces in the form of command cars, muli-purpose trucks and ambulances and standards equipment in disaster management for 265 BPBD districts/ciies. b. The development of an operaion system for an emergency situaion requires strong and coninuous coordinaion, which needs to be enhanced coninuously. The use of this operaion system depends very much on the other systems. Interoperability and synergy among relevant systems someimes need greater atenion than the building of the system itself. The use of interrelated systems calls for a degree of trust among the users and adequate human resources. User’s trust will increase if connecivity and efeciveness between the systems have been tested efecively when being operated. The need for qualiied human resources has to become an integral part of the system. A very eficient system does not require bigger human resources. Some lessons learned: • Inconsistency in enforcing rules and regulaions related to preparedness; between the actual implementaion in the ield and the prevailing laws. • Development of disaster early warning systems integrated into the naional system that uses stand- • ardized warning parameters for all hazards has not been completed. For tsunami early warning system, there are sill some constraints in disseminaing warnings among communiies. Tsunami disaster early warning system employs the status of waspada (advisory), siaga (warning) and awas (major warning) for diferent levels of potenial disaster and this is diferent with the early warning system used for lood and volcano. The bridge between preparedness and emergency response includes coningency plan and early warning just before disaster events, and rapid response and operaions plan just immediately ater the disaster. Coningency plans were formulated during preparedness and will be operaionalized in imes of disaster, ater being enriched by the results of rapid assessment. BNPB through the Guidelines for Emergency Operaions Plan tries to establish emergency operaions procedures. In pracice, in imes of emergency Coningency Plans have not always been transformed into Operaions Plans. 4. Community Resilience a. Communiies living in hazard-prone areas and those living outside these areas have roles to play in disaster management, not only in emergency response. Community resilience has become a key issue in Indonesia and welcomed by the internaional community. Community resilience is the basis for development of disaster management in Indonesia. Several communiies have demonstrated quite substanial progresses in building resilience. Resilience building currently is viewed from the commitment of communiies in mobilizing their own resources for aciviies related to disaster risk reducion. There have been many programs and allocaion of resources done by ministries/agencies and the stakeholders to build the criical awareness and enhance community’s capacity in hazard prone areas. Based on data from BNPB and AIFDR, as per 18 February 2013 there are 1,023 villages involved in village empowerment programs through various diferent iniiaives. Government insituions implemening such programs include BNPB (Disaster Resilient Village), Ministry of Marine Afairs and Fishery (Resilient Coastal Villages), Ministry of Manpower and Transmigraion (Community Empowerment, Agriculture and Economic Development), USAID/KKP (Indonesia Marine and Climate Support Project), UNDP (Safer Community for Disaster Risk Reducion), UNDP-DRRA (Livelihood, Disaster Risk Reducion for Aceh), GIZ-IS (GITEWS Capacity Building for Local Community), Oxfam GB (Building Resilience), Arbeiter Samariter Bund (Disaster Preparedness for Youth, livestock coningency plan, Building Community Resilience, Livelihood), IOM (Access to Finance and Capacity Building for Micro and Small Enterprises, Enhancing Disaster Preparedness and Response Capacity in Garut District, West Java), Mercy Corps (DRR-CCA projects), Indonesian Red Cross/PMI (Community-based Integrated DRR, Community-based Preparedness, Community Awareness), Daya Annisa (CB-DRM, Sustainable Livelihood), and SHEEP Foundaion Indonesia (CB-DRM Muria Coaliion, CB-DRM Juwana river basin). NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 19 Achievement Indicators for Resilience Village/Sub Districts b. Enhancement of community resilience has to be started with the development of the criical awareness of the community on the need for safety and to protect their assets and properies from disaster. Internal resource mobilizaion may occur when communiies have developed their criical awareness. Resilience building has to be done broadly and comprehensively in areas where criical awareness is diicult to nurture. Such programs at the community level need to coordinate with other development programs in a harmonized manner, both government and non-government programs. These programs need to be focused on achieving beneits and not only immediate outputs that are visible in the short-term. Figure 3. Achievements in the indicators may be seen in igure a. Achievements in this ield may be seen from: • Disaster resilience can best be seen at the community level, one of the reasons for Disaster Resilient Village program. The President, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, placed Disaster Resilient Village as one of the six priority programs in DRR in his remarks during the opening of the Fith Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reducion on 23 October 2012 in Yogyakarta. The President maintained that the program may become the basis for the development of disaster risk management at the local level. For this purpose, engagement of the mulistakeholders and revitalizaion of local values and culture have to be enhanced. • Community members could paricipate acively in disaster management by becoming volunteers. The presence of volunteers in a village becomes one of 20 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 • the indicators for Disaster Resilient Village Program. Therefore, Indonesia currently has ceriied 30,320 volunteers1. The role of volunteers and their management in imes of disaster are regulated through Chief of BNPB Regulaion Number 17 Year 2011 on Guidelines for Volunteers in Disaster Management. Communiies and non-governmental organizaions could collecively and individually carry out community empowerment programs through Village DRR Forum. There are several themaic forums such as Paguyuban Siaga Merapi that involves communiies around Merapi Volcano, Jangkar Kelut for village response teams in hazard-prone areas around Kelut Volcano, and Merapi community radio forum around Merapi Volcano. 1 Presentaion by Chief of BNPB, Dr. Syamsul Maarif, in Coordinaion Meeing on 4-6 February 2013 at Bidakara Hotel, Jakarta in front of 1,300 key oicials from provincial and district/city BPBD in Indonesia. Lessons learned from the obstacles faced: • There are sill overlapping of locaions of preparedness programs implemented by donor agencies and the government. This needs to be avoided by encouraging preparedness building iniiaives in new areas ideniied as highly prone to disaster. • The uilizaion of resources in the form of experts, science, technology and budgets from the state budget and local budget as well as external donors has been started but not opimal yet; there needs to be efort to open accesses to such resources to increase uilizaion. 5. Partnership for Disaster Management a. Many DRR stakeholders have more and more realized the importance of networking in DRR at the naional, provincial, district/city and community level. The establishment of Indonesia’s Naional Plaform for DRR consitutes the irst among naional plaforms in other countries. The Naional Plaform for DRR in Indonesia has more or less encouraged other neighboring countries to set-up their DRR plaforms. This may also become the cause of the nominaion of RI President as the Global Champion for DRR. Principle of partnership has also been implemented in disaster emergency response. Emergency response cannot be done by one single agency, it has to be carried out together to achieve opimal results. As a coordinator in emergency response, BNPB has coordinated the relevant ministries and agencies, and the Naional Police and the Army as well as non-governmental actors. b. No signiicant obstacles have been found in this partnership aspect. In future, development of best pracices for leveraging of beneits and long-term changes will be sought for this partnership aspect. 6. Indonesia’s Role in the Global Stage 1. At the global stage, Indonesia’s posiion as a disaster laboratory has been strengthened by nurturing beter understanding of disaster risk reducion. This further materializes into the country’s contribuion at the global scale. Achievements in this ield may be seen from: • The nominaion for Global Champion for Disaster Risk Reducion for the President, Mr. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The award ceremony was atended by Dr. Syamsul Maarif as the Chief of BNPB and Head of the Republic of Indonesia Delegaion. The UN was represented by the United Naions Special Representaive of the Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reducion, Margareta Wahlstrom in front of several heads of state, ministers and 2,500 paricipants from 160 countries. • In 2009 Dr. Eko Teguh Paripurno, Head of Disaster Management Study Center of a university in Yogyakarta received the UN Sasakawa award for DRR for his contribuion and commitment for DRR and capacity building for communiies at the grassroots level. The Sasakawa award is a presigious award at NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 21 • • • the internaional level given biannually by the UNISDR. Indonesia has also organized successfully the Fith Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reducion in Yogyakarta between 22-25 October 2012, which was atended by 2,600 paricipants from 72 countries, including two heads of states and 25 ministers. AMCDRR 5 came out with the Yogyakarta Declaraion on DRR in the Asia-Paciic. In the AMCDRR Indonesian President emphasized the importance of building partnership among the stakeholders. In the World Economic Forum for East Asia 2011, Disaster Resource Partnership (DRP) Naional Network for Indonesia was launched. In terms of cooperaion for building disaster preparedness at the regional level, Indonesia has successfully conducted ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise (ARF DiREx) 2011 as a forum for disaster exercise among ASEAN countries. ARF DiREx was conducted in Manado, North Sulawesi on 14-19 March 2011 atended by 23 out of 27 countries registered. Indonesia and Japan became the Co-chairs of this event. Aciviies included table top exercise and ield exercise. “Internaional Table Top Exercise (TTX) Mentawai Megathrust” was conducted on 22-25 April 2013 in Padang, West Sumatra. This event included capacity building in response capacity, with a theme “Strengthening Collaboraion and Partnership in Disaster Response to Build a Resilient Region”. A total of 251 people atending from ASEAN + partners from 13 countries (42 persons) including Australia, Brunei Darussalam, China, Cambodia, India, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Singapore, USA, and Indonesia; Non-EAS included 11 countries (14 persons) including Canada, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; and 17 internaional organizaions (34 persons) from IFRC, AHA Center, UN 22 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 • • • OCHA, WFP, WHO, UNICEF, UNFA, UNDP, UNHCR, World Bank, ECHO, Build-change, AIFDR, Songkla University Thailand, Global Disaster Response, Oxfam, Mercy Corps, JICA, DHL. Naional paricipants numbered 72 persons from the naional level and 89 from the regions. In 2013 Indonesia becomes the chair and host of Asia-Paciic Economic Cooperaion (APEC). The big theme of APEC 2013 is “Resilient Asia Paciic, Engine of Global Growth” with 3 prioriies, they are 1) Attaining the Bogor Goals; 2) Sustainable Growth with Equity; and 3) Promoing Connecivity. BNPB will become the host of the 7th Senior Disaster Management Oicials’ Forum (SDMOF) to be conducted on 21-22 August 2013 in Bali. The seventh SDMOF will invite ministerial level oicials in disaster management from APEC member countries. In APEC meeing in Kazan, Russia in 2012 Indonesia proposed Emergency Response Travel Facilitaion (ERTF). ERTF is a mechanism to facilitate entry of personnel and goods from an economy to another economy afected by major-scale catastrophe. This concept adopts the APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) where qualiied entrepreneurs from APEC economies that hold ABTC are registered at APEC economy immigraion and may freely pass all members of the APEC economy without visa for each visit. Considering that the implementaion of ERTF also afects the other working groups, Indonesia invited the APEC Emergency Preparedness Working Group to conduct dialogue with Business Mobility Group on immigraion issues and Sub Commitee on Customs and Procedure for issues related to customs and excise as part of the ERTF. As a follow-up to ASEAN meeing in Vieniane, Laos PDR on 26 July 2005, the oice of ASEAN Coordinaing Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster Management (AHA Centre) was established • • in Jakarta and oicially launched by the Indonesian Coordinaing Minister for People’s Welfare on 27 January 2011. AHA Centre is a coordinaion center for ASEAN humanitarian assistance in disaster. AHA Centre was established to facilitate cooperaion and coordinaion among ASEAN member states, with the United Naions and other internaional organizaions, as part of the efort to promote regional collaboraion in disaster management. Indonesia presently has possessed a data and informaion system that is the Indonesian Disaster Data and Informaion. The database contains district/ city disaster events data from 1815 to 2012. There is also the geospaial and disaster monitoring data that could be accessed at the website www.bnpb. go.id. The Indonesian Disaster Data and Informaion is among the best informaion system tools in the Asia-Paciic region. Indonesian Disaster Rapid Response Unit (SRC PB) consitutes a stand-by force that has been established based on the direcive of RI President. The force consists of medical team, engineering team, communicaion team, and rapid response team, supported by personnel from the Army and Naional Police with aircrats Hercules C-130, Be-200, and CN 235 to ensure mobility to disaster afected areas within hours. 2. Many signiicant lessons have been learned from Indonesia’s role in the global stage. In the future it is expected that this may bring long-term changes in disaster management at the regional and global levels. NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 23 Intergrating DRR into coastal zone management in Indonesia is a very important issues. Bringing the concept into the level of praxis should be done by stakeholders related in coastal area with good coordination, cooperation, and consultation. The North Java Sea have a high risk of erosion and conlict of interest of uses in the coastal zone. Photo by Raditya Djati 24 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 7 REPOSITION COMPONENTS OF InDOneSIan DRR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 25 1. Strengthening Regulatory Framework for Beter DRR in Indonesia Strengthening DRR regulatory framework in Indonesia carried out in 4 components: a. Planned Amendment of Law Number 24/2007 on Disaster Management Planned amendment of Law Number 24/2007 focuses on synchronizing of “non-disaster condiion” with “disaster potenial condiion”, which results in the “pre-disaster condiion” and which will also strengthen preparaion for emergency response. Separate treatment of the two condiions led to DRR format that made it diicult to integrate prevenion and miigaion into preparedness. Preparedness planning became separate from DRR. b. Harmonizaion of DM Law with exising regulaions Mapping of conlicing regulaions was carried out to idenify overlap of authority, funcions and responsibility, which have contributed to the weakening of commitment to disaster management, at both local and naional level. An example is synchronizaion of Law Number 33/2004 and PP 41/2007 on Local Government Authority. c. Formulaion of Supporing Technical Regulaion with Close supervision on the process Various research results can be good bases to formulate technical regulaions. Some topics ideniied in this area are as the following: • Regulaions regarding synchronizaion of budgeing and budget monitor of disaster management fund at line ministries. • Technical regulaions related to development of naional preparedness system, naional early warning system, evacuaion plan and coningency plan. • Regulaions related to disaster management part26 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 • nership at naional and local level. Regulaions related to declaraion of emergency response status with Presidenial Decree. d. Ensure efeciveness of Regulatory Frameworks on DRR To support efeciveness of various regulaions on DRR, a mechanism is put in place to ensure that regulaions are put into pracice by related stakeholders. 2. Integraion of DM into Development Planning The fact that disaster management has become naional poliical commitment needs to be advanced into integraing disaster management into the overall naional and local development planning. Coordinaion among line ministries and related state insituions was the key to integraing disaster management into development planning. 3. Beter Governance on DRR The integraion of disaster management into development planning increased the budget line on disaster risk reducion, but requires good governance on DRR programs in order to ensure opimum beneit to communiies. 4. Development of Integrated Systems Law Number 24/2007 on Management Disaster demands Emergency Responses Management Plan as the basis for preparedness plan. The exising condiion shows the absence of supporing regulaion to guide document preparaion and its implementaion method. Development of integrated early warning system consitutes eforts to close the gaps in disaster early warning. Those gaps include the use of the same parameters on informaion disseminated to community, applicaion of eicient integrate operaing procedure among disaster at local level and to alleviate the burden of local government budget, and a regular training by EWS provider to users. At the community level development of EWS is directed to enhance the range of system service and community ability to response to warnings. Especially to the tsunami EWS it is recommended for development and compleion of early warning system at the naional and local level as priority. 5. Changes of Paradigm for Efecive DRR programs focus on ensuring sustainable community capacity building as well as strengthening of coordinaion among actors across various sectors and spectrums in disaster resilience. Iniiaives were taken to facilitate advocacy and sharing among disaster resilience actors at naional, regional and local levels. Empowerment is carried out in synergy among actors and programs, based on local tradiions and cultures as in the use of local popular media such as Wayang (puppet show) in Yogyakarta, Ludruk in Surabaya, Randai and Rabab in Minang, Lenong Betawi in Jakarta, Tari Saman in Aceh, in empowerment for disaster resilience. 7. Strengthening Partnership The long term goal of DRR development focus on good governance, budget allocaion, implementaion and monitor which targeing the local government and community at grass root level. Naional and local government insituionally iniiates and translates the change of DRR paradigm into their development program. At the local level, there is a need on strong efort to encourage vulnerable groups to paricipate in DRR development not only as object. Method of paradigm changes might apply through educaion strategy and integraion DRR into formal and informal educaion and other medium of informaion applicable. The approach method on paradigm changes beside trend-seter also should bring forward the community resilient development. It is appropriate investment from government to facilitate the various approaches to develop community resilience. Strengthening of partnership is deemed necessary to pool resources for DRR in addiion to Naional (APBN) and Local Budget (APBD). Loose partnership allows for eicient and efecive method in inding soluions to problems without involving the bureaucracy. At local level, DRR forums and inter-DRR forums were useful as a forum for sharing of experience. The Naional Plaform for DRR has to be up scaled and expanded to the local level. Local DRR forums need to be enhanced as a network hub to share experiences and informaion. There needs to be greater acknowledgment from the government to the results of such forums. Also, the mechanism needs to be insituionalized to provide beneits from partnership in DRR. 6. Opimizing Local Community Empowerment for DRR Opimizing community empowerment for disaster risk reducion starts with redeiniion of community empowerment, including budgeing mechanism for implementaion of empowerment programs. Empowerment NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 27 Structural mitigation was provided in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, which is one of a solution for risk reduction in coastal area. These strucutres are made and then placed nearshore to protect against beach erosion. Photo by Raditya Djati 28 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 tRenD In SeCtORal DRR DevelOpMent In InDOneSIa NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 29 1. The Islands of Sumatera, Java, Bali and the Moluccas noted a trend of decrease in disaster risk, which is most evident when comparing results of disaster risk assessment and HDRI Index. This is partly a result of signiicantly improved capacity. Especially for the Maluku province, the enduring peace was conducive to contribute in minimizing social conlict that had been a predominant factor in disaster risk in the previous period. a. Provinces on Sumatera islands are improving their capacity. Reduced risk resuling from enhanced capacity contributed to self-suiciency of the provinces in coping with disaster, especially hydro-meteorological and social hazards. In large scale disasters caused by geological aciviies, such as earthquake, tsunami and volcanic erupion, the provinces might sill need inancial support from the naional government for disaster response operaions, besides coninuous technical assistance. b. Provinces on Java islands are enhancing their capacity. Most of the provinces, however, face the issue of large-scale criical infrastructure and faciliies, which put them in need for support from the naional government for inancing emergency response operaions. The naional inancial assistance is allocated for mending criical infrastructure and faciliies. c. Bali province faces condiions similar to those in Sumatera. Regarding hydro-meteorological and social disasters, Bali is self-suicient in terms of inancing. Yet it sill needs support from the naional government in emergency response in geological disasters. In general, it sill requires technical assistance from the naional government for disaster risk reducion. d. While sharing similar condiions with provinces on Java, the trend of decreasing disaster risk in Maluku province is closely related to lessening intensity of social conlict. Capacity enhancement for disaster risk reduc30 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 ion is sill necessary for the province. It sill needs support and assistance from the naional government, both inancing and technical, in terms of disaster risk reducion for all related hazards. maining the same and high self-suiciency in inancing, approach in technical assistance from the naional government may be tailored to encouraging self-suiciency in disaster risk reducion. 2. Risks tend to remain the same, as per disaster risk assessment compared to HDRI, in provinces on Kalimantan, except for West Kalimantan, provinces in Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda), Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and North Maluku. 3. Trend of increase in disaster risk, as based on comparison between risk assessment results and HDRI, might be found in the provinces in Papua, Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, South Sulawesi and West Kalimantan. a. Provinces on Kalimantan, with excepion of West Kalimantan, have yet to develop opimum disaster management capacity. Strategies in disaster risk reducion hae ye to see real impact. While they are self-suicient in inancing, the provinces need more technical assistance and new approaches from the naional government. South Kalimantan, especially, requires budget support from the naional government for disaster risk reducion and emergency response operaions. b. Provinces in Nusa Tenggara also need new approaches to opimize disaster risk reducion. With risks tending to remain the same and weak self-suiciency, the provinces require new methods in technical assistance and budget support from the naional government in overall disaster management. c. While disaster risks in the provinces on Sulawesi, namely Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo and North Sulawesi Provinces, tend to remain the same, the provinces require new method of intervenion from the naional government in technical capacity building in disaster management. Gorontalo, especially, sill needs budget support from the naional government. d. North Maluku also requires new approach in intervenion in technical assistance. With disaster risks re- a. While some parts of Sulawesi noted staionary level of disaster risks, some other parts of the island tend to see increase in disaster risk, namely the province of Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and South Sulawesi. These provinces require technical and budget support from the naional government. In South Sulawesi, budget support was tailored to emergency response. Despite its high revenues, the province has not managed to mend its criical faciliies, infrastructure and other important assets. b. Provinces in Papua preserve relaively high level of self-suiciency in coping with various disaster risks, especially hydro-meteorological and social ones. They need coninuous technical support from the naional government, as disaster risks tend to increase. c. Disaster risks might increase in West Kalimantan, hence it needs technical support from the naional government. Technical assistance could focus on maximizing regional revenue and budget towards self-suiciency in disaster management. d. Budget support as previously described does not apply to recurring large-scale disasters such as earthquake, tsunami and volcanic erupion. These large scale disasters require holisic/integrated assistance. NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 31 Mangrove give live to other inhabitant living in the coastal zone. Planting mangroves should give positive impact for the environment also as protection for hydrodynamic impact from the sea including beach erosion, looding, sediment loss, also for tsunami. Magroves are now planted in small island and coastal area in Indonesia Photo by Raditya Djati 32 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 REFERENCES Agus Hendratno, Lecturer at Department of Geology GMU, htp://geologi.iagi.or.id/2010/04/19/keunikan-geoisik-kal dera-danau-toba-sebagai-potensi-geowisata/ Asia Paciic Disaster Report, 2010 Bappenas,2009, Ringkasan Telaahan Sistem Terpadu Penanggulangan Bencana Di Indonesia (kebijakan, strategi dan operasi), www.bappenas.go.id/get-ile-server/node/8846/ BENCANA ALAM: Waduh, Jumlah Anggaran Penanggulangan Bencana di Daerah Kurang dari 0,1% (htp://www.solopos. com/2013/02/05/bencana-alam-waduh-jumlah-anggaran-penanggulangan-bencana-di-daerah-kurang-dari-01-375550). access on February the 12, 2013. Budi Brahmantyo, Dari Tambora ke Waterloo, 195 tahun yang lalu, htp://blog.itb.itb.ac.id/BBrahmantyo/?p=1357 Hendi Nukasep, htp://sejarah.kompasiana.com/2010/10/29/super-vulcano-dua-diantaranya-di-indonesia-307702.html htp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php Syamsul Maarif / Chairman of the Naional Disaster Management Agency, Dana yang telah dicairkan dari Kemenkeu baru senilai Rp200 miliar. Source: Chairman of the Naional Disaster Management Agency: Dana Bencana Rp 4 T, Yang Cair Baru Rp 200 M (htp:// news.liputan6.com/read/458416/kepala-bnpb-dana-bencana-rp-4-t-yang-cair-baru-rp-200-m). Access January at January the 5th 2013. Syamsul Maarif/Chairman of the Naional Disaster Management Agency, on Naional Coordinaion Meeing Indonesia on February 4-6, 2013 at Hotel Bidakara, Jakarta. The President Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono Opening Ceremony on 5th Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reducion – AMCDRR V) on October 23th 2012 at Yogyakarta. Source: AMCDRR the 5th (htp://bnpb.go.id/website/asp/ berita_list.asp?id=1055). Access on October 24 th 2012. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana, Rencana Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana 2010 – 2014, page 1 UN Oice for the Coordinaion of Humanitarian Afairs report, 2007 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013 33 34 NATIONAL ASSESSMENT REPORT ON DRR 2013