AHP 2A: Namuyi Folklore (I)

China's na53 mʑi53 Tibetans: Life, Language and Folklore Volume One N%-$R:C-E-3-8A:A-2R.-GA-:5S-2, {.-.%-.3%?-OR.-<A$-$/?, #$-.%-0R, 中国纳木依藏族 生活，语言 第一卷 民间文学 by Libu Lakhi (Li Jianfu 李建富, Dawa Tenzin ^-2-2!/-:6B/,) with Tsering Bum 5K-<A%-:23, and Charles Kevin Stuart Dedicated to Andrew Sewell and Lorraine de Beaufort ISSN: 1835-7741 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944256 © 2009 Published by Asian Highlands Perspectives. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without express prior written permission from the publisher. Front Cover: Photo by Libu Lakhi. Libu Lakhi's home with rice field in the foreground, dʐə11 qu11 (Dashui 大水) Village, Xichang 西昌 City, Liangshan 凉山 Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan 四 Province. Back Cover: Photo by Libu Lakhi. A valley in Mu'er 木耳 Village, Lianhe 联合 Township, Mianning 冕宁 County, Liangshan 凉山 Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan 四 Province. Citation: Libu Lakhi (Li Jianfu 李建富, Dawa Tenzin ^- 2- 2!/- :6B/,) with Tsering Bum 5K- <A%- :23, 53 and Charles Kevin Stuart. 2009. China's na53 mʑi Tibetans: Life, Language and Folklore. Volume One. (Asian Highlands Perspectives Volume 2A). Xining City: Plateau Publications. CONTENTS Acknowledgements <6> Language Consultants <7-8> Preface (James A Matisoff) <9-11> Part One: Libu Lakhi <12-18> Maternal Grandfather <12> Libu Lakhi's Family <12> Education <12-18> o Village Primary School <12-13> o Township Primary School <13> o Middle School <13-14> o Sichuan Tibetan Language School <14-15> o Caring for Uncle Denzin <15-17> o Success at School <17-18> Part Two: Introduction <19-66> 53 53 The na mʑi People <19-21> Ethnonyms <21> na53 mʑi53 Origins <21-22> The na53 mʑi53 Language <22-24> dʐə11 qu11 Village na53 mʑi53 Clans <24-25> Clothing <25> na53 mʑi53 Religion <25-31> o ɕi53 vi53 <25> o pʰa53 tsə53 <26> o An Exorcism Ritual <27-31> Funerals <31-34> The New Year in dʐə11 qu11 Village <34-46> o New Year Rules <34> o kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 (New Year Ancestors) <34-35> o Shopping <35-36> o The Twenty-sixth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month: qʰo44 ʂa55 nga53 <36-38> o The Twenty-seventh Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month: Slaughtering Pigs <38-40> o The Twenty-eighth day of the Twelfth Lunar Month: Making the sa44 nda55 <40> o The Twenty-ninth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month: Making Sausages <40> o The Thirtieth Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month: kʰv̩44 ʂə55 (New Year) <40-42> o The First Day of the First Lunar Month: Eating ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11 <43-44> o The Second Day of the First Lunar Month: ȵo53 ʐo11 <44> o The Third Day of the First Lunar Month: Eating ȵo44 fu53 <44-45> o The Third to the Fifteenth Days of the First Lunar Month: Visiting <45-46> •4• na53 mʑi53 Engagement and Marriage <47-61> o Libu Lakhi's Engagement <47-51> o Sanjin's Arranged Marriage <51-61> Monster tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 <62> Research in Xichang and Mianning <62-66> Part Three: Texts <67-310> Myths <67-165> o Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 and Human-Son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 (lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44) <67-152> o Family Clan (mbʐə44 m̩ 55) <153-165> People of Power <166-219> o o The Hero a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53 (li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53) <166-194> Religious Specialist li44 ʙu55 ta11 ndi11 (li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53) <195-219> Monsters and Human Relationships <220-310> o o The Seven Daughters (a44 ma55 do53 dʐə53) <220-276> The Puppy (li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53) <277-310> •5• ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the following people for helping make this book possible: Blo rtan rdo rje ]R-2g/-hR-eJ, Brook Hefright Chen Qiang 陈 强 Gerald Roche Jeff Green Keith Dede Keith Slater Krisadawan Hongladarom Mgon po tshe ring 3$R/-0R-5K-<A%-, Snying lcags rgyal ~A%-t$?-o=, Solomon Rino Wen Xiangcheng 文祥呈 •6• LANGUAGE CONSULTANTS li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 (Li Caifu), male, b. 1945, Libu Lakhi's father, was born in a rich landlord family in li44 ʙu55 tʙu11 Village, Minsheng Township, Lizhou Town, Xichang City, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. He never attended school. He married at the age of sixteen and has spent his entire life hunting in nearby mountains in winter, farming and herding. He is fluent in Nuosu (Yi) and did not experience difficulty in communicating in Sichuan Chinese Dialect while visiting relatives in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in 1965. His contributions to this volume were collected by Libu Lakhi at his pasture bungalow with Libu Lakhi's elder brother, Jiujin,A present.B mbʐə44 m̩ 55, female, b. 1943, Libu Lakhi's mother, was born and lived in ka11 pʰӕ11 tʙu11 Village, near dʐə11 qu11 Village until she married at about the age of eighteen. She attended a local primary school for two years. She confided, "My parents didn't give me permission to attend school so I told them that I was going to work in the field, then I hid my mattock behind a grave and went to register. Later, when they learned what I was doing, they allowed me to continue." She is fluent in Nuosu. She had some difficulty in communicating in Chinese when traveling to Xichang City. Her stories were recorded by Libu Lakhi at their home in dʐə11 qu11 Village while his siblings watched TV in another room. li44 ʙu55 ndzə53 tʰʙu11, male, b. 1938, li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53's elder brother, was born in li44 ʙu55 tʙu11 Village, located on the upper area of a mountain slope, where the li44 ʙu55 Clan settled and dwelt for fifteen years before moving to today's dʐə11 qu11 Village. He was the leader of dʐə11 qu11 Village for almost fifteen years. He was unable to attend school after obediently marrying a44 ma55 do53 dʐə53 as his parents requested and arranged, even though the government paid fifty RMB each year to students. His five sons and elder daughter are married and have their own homes in dʐə11 qu11 Village. He is fluent in the Sichuan Chinese Dialect and in Nuosu. He speaks na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 to fellow villagers who are classified by the government as Tibetan and, while at home, to his youngest daughter. A Jiujin = four and a half kilograms at birth. Many parents weigh a child when it is born and the child is given a name according to the weight. B All consultants are classified as Tibetan and all speak na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 as their first language. 'na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11' is the term used by the na53 mʑi53 for their own language. (People from Luoguodi County also say 'na53 ʂa44'.) •7• a44 ma55 do53 dʐə53, female, b. 1941, mbʐə44 m̩ 55's elder sister, was born in ka11 pʰӕ11 tʙu11 Village. She never attended school. She herded livestock before marrying li44 ʙu55 ndzə53 tʰʙu11 and moving to dʐə11 qu11 Village. She is fluent in Nuosu and has some competency in Sichuan Chinese Dialect. lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44, male, b. 1936, Libu Lakhi's distant relative, was born in Mu'er Village and now lives in Zhuangzi Village, Lianhe Township, Mianning County. He is fluent in Nuosu and Sichuan Chinese Dialect. •8• PREFACE James A Matisoff This remarkable book is the product of a fruitful collaboration among a native speaker of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11, Tibetan and Chinese consultants, and a dedicated group of Westerners resident in China. It affords the reader an intimate glimpse into traditional na53 mʑi53 life, now well on its way to disappearing along with hundreds of similar minority cultures in the world. In Part One we learn something about the extraordinary biography of the central character in this enterprise, a polyglot na53 mʑi53 man called Libu Lakhi (also known as Li Jianfu in Chinese, Dawa Tenzin in Tibetan and Zachary in English), whose inspiring pursuit of education has involved the acquisition of four Sino-Tibetan languages (na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11, Yi Nuosu, Tibetan, Chinese), as well as English. Part Two of the volume (Introduction) contains short essays on aspects of na53 mʑi53 life and culture. Especially interesting are accounts of the elaborate New Year's celebrations, and the section on Engagement and Marriage, where we hear the sad story of Libu Lakhi's sister Sanjin's attempts to avoid an arranged marriage. The heart of the book is Part Three (Texts), which consists of eleven texts, presented in an ingenious format. Each na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 sentence is given word-by-word glosses in English, Tibetan and Chinese, with each word occupying a separate cell in a table; this is followed by connected translations in each of the three languages. These interlinear presentations are followed by separate fluent translations in each glossing language, with additional material inserted to clarify points omitted by the speaker since they were taken for granted by their original na53 mʑi53 audience. These stories, with their often wild and fantastic narrative motifs, will be of great interest to folklorists. A couple of them are origin myths reminiscent of Rudyard Kipling's Just So Stories, where the purpose was to 'explain' why some phenomenon in the world is the way it is (e.g., how the leopard got his spots, how the camel got his hump, how the rhinoceros got his skin). Thus the story 'Two Sisters' offers an explanation for why our fingers are of uneven length. The story 'Rabbit Father-in-law' ends with a motif very much like the Abraham and Isaac story, where a man is asked to slaughter his own son to show his loyalty, but is stopped at the last minute once it is clear he is actually going to do the deed. Finally, we have a Glossary of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 words, followed by such useful appendices as the Swadesh list in na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11, charts of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 consonants and vowels, pronouns and numerals. Finally a table of resemblant words in na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 and Nuosu Yi is given, although no attempt is made to distinguish borrowings from genuine cognates. Complementing this volume are a number of audiovisual materials available for free download, including 'photo albums' (http://picasaweb.google.com/libulakhi) with nearly 250 images of na53 mʑi53 people, landscapes, crops, artifacts and crafts, as well as audio files of all eleven texts • • • http://www.archive.org/details/NamyiFolktales--audioFiles1-10OfElevenFolkloreAccounts http://www.archive.org/details/NamyiFolktales--audioFiles11OfElevenFolkloreAccounts http://www.digitalhimalaya.com/collections/music/namyi/. •9• Given the phonetic complexity of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11, the clear voice of the speaker in the audio files is a great help, particularly in the realm of intonation. Video materials on various aspects of na53 mʑi53 culture (a ritual for calling the soul back, sacrificing to the ancestors and sacrificing to the deities) may also be viewed at http://e-asia.uoregon.edu/easia/nufound.cfm. The number of speakers of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 has been estimated at about 5,000, which places it firmly in the category of endangered languages. The sociolinguistic situation in na53 mʑi53 villages is rapidly changing, with code-switching and macaronic mixtures with Chinese now rampant among the younger generation. Traditional customs are in rapid decline. When Libu Lakhi returned to his home in January 2006 to celebrate New Year's with his family, he found his eldest brother sprawled in front of the TV watching sitcoms instead of supervising the complex ritual preparations for the holiday. The death of a language is an immeasurable loss, much worse than the loss of an animal species. It is a loss, first and foremost, to the culture of its former speakers, but also, from the more selfish point of view of the linguist, language death puts the ultimate quietus on intellectual curiosity. Many languages with relatively tiny numbers of speakers have furnished precious evidence for the reconstruction of ancient phonological and grammatical features. Any dying language might take the answers to many questions with it to the grave. Yet we may well ask whether it is even advisable or beneficent to try to maintain non-viable languages artificially, such as by trying to educate a new generation of children in a minority language that their elders are already abandoning. Is that really more kind or humane than trying to keep a mortally ill patient alive by heroic surgical interventions or multiple organ transplants? From a practical economic point of view, it is much more advantageous for a young person who comes from an endangered speech community to acquire mastery of a more robust language as early as possible, preferably the language of the majority culture (Matisoff 1991). Part of the answer might lie in the multilingual capacity of human beings, nowhere more in evidence than in Southeast Asia. Perhaps the decline of certain minority languages can be slowed by 'language revitalization' projects, involving the preparation of better learning materials, the creation of practical orthographies and the coining of technical neologisms needed to keep pace with the modern world. Under favorable circumstances such projects might result in the coexistence of minority and dominant languages for the foreseeable future, each operating in its own sociolinguistic sphere, e.g., na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 for use in the home and village, and Chinese, Tibetan or Yi in the wider world. na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 seems definitely to be a Qiangic language, though its genetic affiliation is complicated by a fair amount of contact with Yi (Nuosu).A To some extent, na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 shows the typical Qiangic development of Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-a to -i (Matisoff 2004): A A Naxi linguist of my acquaintance claims that na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 is mutually intelligible with Naxi, but this seems to be a wild exaggeration. •10• PTB na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 'child/son' 'hear' 'mother' 'rain' 'rightside' 'snow' 'soul' *za *gla *ma *rwa *ra < > *ya *wa *hla ʑi53 gi53 a44mi55 hı53̃ 4 ji44 vi11 rə53 hı53A, ̃ B Sometimes, especially after a palatal glide, the na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 reflex of *-a is -ə: 'eat' 'field' 'meat' 'be many/propagate' PTB na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 *dzya *hya *sya *mya dzə53 > < ndʐə11 (but also dza11 'meal/food') rə53 ʂə11 bʐə11 There remain a few exceptions, where *-a remains na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 -a, but these seem all to be grammatical words (functors), which often display idiosyncratic phonological developments:C PTB '1st person pronoun' 'interrogative' 'negative' 'negative imperative' *ŋa *ka *ma *ta na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 ŋa44 qha53 ma44 tʰa44 The authors of this book are to be congratulated for putting na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 and na53 mʑi53 culture 'on the map' in such a clear and respectful fashion. A It is not clear which of the two na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 syllables descends from the PTB etymon. B Another possible example is 'God/supreme spirit': PTB *way-sya > Nʑ. ɕi53 vi53, with the order of the syllables reversed (see Matisoff 1985). C na53 mʑi53 ja53 'tobacco' is a loan from Tai (probably via Yi); cf. Siamese jaa³³ 'medicine; tobacco'. •11• PART ONE: LIBU LAKHI MATERNAL GRANDFATHER Local custom dictated that Mother's father (b. 1917), the seventh of seven sons of a family living in Muli Tibetan Autonomous County, which currently borders Xichang City in southern Sichuan Province, was to be taken atop a mountain, killed, chopped into pieces and fed to vultures when he reached the age of twenty. To avoid this, he fled when he was about eighteen years old and came to the place where we live today—dʐə11 qu11 Village. Grandmother's parents allowed her to marry him and he supported the family as a carpenter. "He had to walk at night and he had to swim across big strong rivers. And he just walked, not knowing where he was going," Mother said. "Why didn't he walk during the daytime?" I asked. "It was dangerous. He was being followed," Mother explained. Grandfather told me that returning to his original home would have been very difficult because it was far away and the path he had taken was not a direct one. LIBU LAKHI'S FAMILY I was born in a poor family of farmers in 1981. There are nine people in my family. I have three elder brothers, one elder sister, a younger sister and a younger brother.A They are all farmers. We ate and worked together when I lived at home. It was the largest and happiest family in our village. Many admired the fact that our family had so many children. Slowly my parents began arranging marriages for us. This went well, except for my younger sister and for me. I describe what happened to both of us in detail elsewhere in this book. EDUCATION VILLAGE PRIMARY SCHOOL. In early September 1988 I started my education at the threegrade dʐə11 qu11 Primary School. Father took me to school with fifteen RMB on the first day. I was frightened to meet so many strangers. Two men taught in that school. One Nuosu man taught math. The other was Han and taught the Chinese language. The Nuosu teacher called the students' names and gave them new books. The teacher and students were speaking in Nuosu. I understood nothing. The Nuosu teacher brought my new books to me because I had no Chinese name. He pointed at three Chinese characters on the first empty page of my new book and taught me how to pronounce them. I repeated slowly after him—Li Jianfu. Afterwards, that was my name—Li Jianfu—the name that all the students and teachers used for me. A Li Xiaolong (b. 1967), Li Bajin (b. 1973), Li Jiujin (b. 1978), Jabu (b. ~1984 ) and Sanjin (b. 1986). •12• There were twenty-five students, including five na53 mʑi53 children, in that class. We studied math in Nuosu and Chinese in Sichuan Chinese Dialect. I learnt almost nothing at that time except fluent Nuosu from being with Nuosu classmates. Sometimes, we dug a hole under the back door of the classroom and escaped while the teacher guarded the front door and forced us to memorize Chinese texts. I quickly learned to communicate in Nuosu at school and did so, except when I was with the na53 mʑi53 students. I also lost the idea that there was only one language that everybody spoke throughout the world. One day, my Nuosu teacher told me to come to the blackboard and calculate the result of one plus one. I knew neither Chinese nor Nuosu well enough to be able to say, "One plus one equals two." The Nuosu teacher became enraged, grabbed me by the hair and beat my head against the blackboard. When I returned home with chalk dust in my hair, my parents calmly said, "It doesn't matter. The teacher did this because he is concerned about you and is trying to help you learn." I believed my parents and continued to attend school. Several days later, I left school with some Nuosu students after classes were over. Not far from school they grabbed me, took off my hat with a long stick and threw it into the river. I cried and ran along the river but I could not get my hat out of the water. Afterwards, whatever happiness that had come from attending school was clouded by scolding from the Nuosu teachers, being beaten by Nuosu students and being insulted because I was na53 mʑi53. For these reasons, I stopped going to school for a year and helped my parents at home. Still, I was envious when I saw other children laughing and shouting as they headed for school. Finally, I asked my parents to let me return to school. TOWNSHIP PRIMARY SCHOOL. After I finished Grade Three in the village school, I went to Grade Four in the Minsheng Township Primary School with my elder brother who is two years older than me. My parents soon stopped him from attending school however, because he gambled away his food tickets. This was a boarding school so I had to leave home and experienced homesickness for the first time. Students exchanged rice and dried radish leaves for soup and food tickets for our two daily meals a day. Seven to ten students slept together on a single bamboo platform. We learnt math and Chinese in the Han language, which was my biggest challenge. Twelve teachers taught five classes to a total of 200 students. Most students were Nuosu, except for fifteen Han students and five na53 mʑi53 students. MIDDLE SCHOOL. My parents encouraged me to go to middle school and in 1996, I graduated from Minsheng Primary School, passed the entrance examination and then attended Xichang Nationalities Middle School. This also marked the time when I began to speak Nuosu and Chinese as well as native speakers. This was one reason why I was happier than in primary school. There were only three na53 mʑi53 students in the school and we stayed together much of the time. As graduation approached, I registered for the entrance examination to the Sichuan Tibetan Language School in Kangding. My relatives were all infuriated by this. They argued that the school was far away, that I had no relatives there and that learning Tibetan was useless because it would not lead to a job. They also reminded me that I was engaged and that it was time for me to marry and establish a family like my elder brothers. •13• This was a difficult situation for me as an eighteen year old. If I had obeyed them, they would have been happier and had an easier life but I would have been tied down and forced to work hard, like my elder brothers. I also thought that my life would be as meaningless as that of my previous generations—poor education and no modern skills would lead to another generation of poverty and discrimination by those around us. I repeatedly explained everything to my parents and finally they sadly agreed that I could attend the school in Kangding. SICHUAN TIBETAN LANGUAGE SCHOOL. I entered the school in Kangding in June 1999. In my mind, I had conjured a mysterious, special school. Even though I had always been classified as, and imagined myself as belonging to the Tibetan ethnic group, I was surprised by everything, as I approached a culture that--despite being given the same official classification-was very different from my own. Reality proved to be very different from what I had imagined. The first night after I arrived at the welcome reception for new students, I was amazed when I heard a teacher, a monk and a school leader talking in Tibetan. I understood nothing they said. The monk wore a cassock and was bareheaded. This was my first encounter with anything Buddhist. I realized then that the religion of this culture was not about mountain deities or ɕi53 vi53.A I was placed in a special class for ethnic Tibetans who did not speak, read or write Tibetan. On the second day a short, fat man entered our classroom, put a huge Tibetan robe around me, showed me how to wear it and said in Sichuan Chinese Dialect, "You must wear this and dance every day at noon like the other students." I was very nervous at that moment but never forgot the feeling of closeness as he helped me put on the Tibetan robe. It made me recall my mother helping me put on clothes when I was a little child. He was my Tibetan language teacher for the next four years. My ideas began to change. Earlier I had thought that all Tibetans spoke the same language, wore the same type of clothes, ate the same foods and so on. I was very upset and disappointed with the real situation. Our special class was discriminated against by certain Tibetan students. One afternoon, I found a classmate from Shimian County sobbing when I entered the classroom. "What happened?" I asked. "They said I am not Tibetan," she replied, rubbing away tears from her cheeks with her right hand. "Who are they?" I asked sadly. "The students in the painting class. I heard them say that I looked like a Han when I passed by their classroom door," she said. Later, some schoolmates asked me why I could not speak Tibetan. I replied I did speak Tibetan but it was different from their Tibetan. However, I wondered if I was Tibetan and where I belonged whenever I couldn't understand what my Tibetan teacher was saying in class. I did not know why I had such thoughts. I realized that many of my ideas were very childish and I knew that I must be strong. I also decided that I must take care of myself. The school tuition was 2,000 RMB a year. Each month I needed another 120 RMB for food. In total, I needed about 3,000 RMB yearly. At that time, our school had a rule that students could receive A For more on ɕi53 vi53, see the section on na53 mʑi53 religion. •14• one hundred to 2,000 RMB based on the final semester study results. I decided that I must study hard to receive the 2,000 RMB and that if I worked during the holidays, I would make enough to pay for my food. During holidays, I telephoned my family and said, "Don't worry about me. All of my teachers and classmates are very kind to me. I will stay with my teachers and study. I don't need money now." My parents believed whatever I said. It was the first time I lied to them. After classes stopped, I worked with Han people in Kangding digging foundations for new buildings. I worked eight hours and was paid twenty RMB each day. During work time, I did not dare raise my head to look around. If I did, then I would hear, "Get away! You! Such a little student! You don't know how to work…" from the boss, who constantly watched us. I was worried I would lose my job and then lack money for my food when school started. I was always patient and careful about everything in the work place, even when the supervisor was absent. Everyday, I brought rtsam pa 'roasted barley flour', which was given to me by one of my Tibetan teachers and a bowl so I could have a cheap lunch during the noon to two-thirty p.m. break time. I went to the site watchman's hut, kneaded rtsam pa with his hot tea, ate and then napped on a long bench nearby. Sometimes, if he got angry or if there were too many workers in his hut, I had no choice but to find another place where there were no people to have lunch. Cold water did not melt the butter that was mixed with the barley flour and I could not swallow much rtsam pa without butter, but I still had to work, regardless of how little I ate. I returned to school after two months and learned that I had earned the highest marks in my class. CARING FOR UNCLE DENZIN. At the end of the following semester, I worked again as before. This time, I stayed with an old Tibetan man I called Uncle Denzin in our school's small, cheap hotel, which had twelve rooms and two floors. It was mainly for students' parents occasional visits. Uncle Denzin cared for the hotel at that time. My stay with him was arranged by a teacher who said, "You can stay with him and take care of him." Of course, I was very happy that I had a free place to stay during the summer holiday. I nodded in agreement and carried my belongings to the hotel after classes stopped. At first, I knew nothing about him and tried my best to care for him, in addition to working full-time. He panted when he walked or worked for a couple of minutes. I started work at eight o'clock every morning. I got up at six, cooked and put the food in an electric warmer because he could not cook for himself, for I did not return until the curtain of dark night fell. I finished work at six p.m. and it was seven p.m. by the time I walked back to our school from downtown Kangding. I saw him sitting by the door, waiting for me when I returned from work. I started cooking as soon as I arrived. I was sympathetic and treated him as well as I could. Fortunately, he could relieve himself, but I always went with him at night if I woke up. Day after day, I went to work in the morning and returned late in the evening. He stayed at home and waited for my return. I do not know what he did during the daytime. We only had time to chat a little at night, but I was tired; every part of my body ached. I usually went to bed as soon as I got out of my dirty work clothes and washed. "Why are you so late!" he demanded one evening when I returned. "I'm hungry and I can't do anything!" he said, angrily banging the cleaver into the chopping board with his right •15• hand. I was afraid he would throw the cleaver at me. I explained that the boss did not let me go until late. He calmed down after some minutes of complaining. Later, he told me that he had returned to China from Nepal and had come to live in the school according to the local government's arrangement. He also told me he had no relatives except for a brother in Switzerland. Every day, I was exhausted after returning from work and I didn't ask questions. That is all I know about him. One night, he came to the room I stayed in. He said his illness was worse. I suggested that we call the school headmaster but he refused. I did what I had to do. I brought his bed into my room, and helped him get in. At midnight I was awakened by "A-yo—! A-yo—!" I was frightened, got up and turned on the light. His upper body was on the floor. His lower body was on the bed. I hurriedly picked him up and put him back in bed. I asked what had happened. He said he had wanted to go relieve himself and had tried to get up but he was too weak and had fallen. He said he had called to me for half an hour but there was no reply. I apologized. I explained that I had been too tired to wake up. I helped him relieve himself and then put him back in bed. I lay down and tried to sleep again, but I could not. The image of what had just happened stayed in my head. I wondered what would happen if I did not wake up again in the night. I was afraid. I worriedly listened to his breathing. Sometimes, I stopped breathing for I heard a strange sound from under my bed. Maybe it was mice. I was truly afraid. I did not fall asleep again that night. Then at six a.m. I got up, cooked breakfast for both of us and then went to work as usual. His eyes were set deep in a very swollen face when I returned. I went to the home of the teacher who had introduced me to Uncle Denzin. I described Uncle Denzin's swollen face and everything that had happened the night before. The teacher came over, spent some times with us and then left. Uncle Denzin's illness steadily worsened. I had to spoon-feed him and assist him in relieving himself. He could only eat barley soup and drink butter tea. The school headmaster came in his private black car with the teacher one afternoon. The school headmaster asked me to continue to care for Uncle Denzin in the hospital. Though sympathetic, I refused because I thought of him falling out of bed and I understood how ill he was. "It is not the hard and heavy work you did before. You can also study. We can't find a suitable person to do this job now because it is during the vacation," the school headmaster said, looking at me. I thought that since he was the leader of the teachers, I should obey. Finally, I agreed and went to hospital with them. I still had 200 RMB that I had earned from working and I used this to buy our food, though he could only eat a little. Our room had eight patients. Eight people took care of them. There were only eight beds for the patients and only eight chairs. At night, I sat in a chair and tried to sleep, as did the others, but I never really slept deeply. My tired eyes seemed only to see white. Gradually, I came to hate white—the white clothes of the hospital workers. I hated the hospital smell. Time passed and Uncle Denzin and I became closer and friendlier—an arrangement dictated by the special environment of the white hospital. I helped him urinate in a bucket. Assisting him defecate was difficult. I supported him with one hand while holding the drip bottle above his head. He could not stand or sit by himself. •16• I was unhappy. Where were his relatives? Why had no one come to care for him? How wonderful if he could be cured and then he would not say "This devil illness," again and again everyday. "Our school is going to start again tomorrow. They said they would find someone else to care for you. Don't worry, your illness will be cured soon," I said politely, sitting by his bed one night. "No. Who will come to care for me as you have?" he said in a worried, disappointed tone. I tried my best to comfort him and made more conversation that night. "Oh— Oh— I need to relieve myself..." It was five a.m. I got up, rubbed my eyes with my left hand and turned the light on as usual. He did not move when I touched him. I did not understand. I called his name repeatedly. I went to the nurses' room and knocked on the door as hard as possible with my fists. A nurse angrily opened the door. I did not know what to say, I just pulled her into our ward. "Your patient is hopeless. Is he your father? Quickly, telephone your relatives!" she said after checking his pulse. She pulled the white quilt over him and left immediately. Onlookers in the ward moved away. I could not believe what had just happened. I stared at the white bed. I pulled back the white quilt again and patted his cheeks. I thought he was still alive and called his name again and again, but there was no answer. What was the difference between life and death? I did not understand how quickly a person died. I rushed out of the hospital to dial our school headmaster's number, but no shops were yet open. I had no idea what to do. I went back and sat beside him in silence. I pitied him. I did not feel frightened, maybe because of the friendship that we had built up over two months, but I was uncomfortable. I went out again and beat on a shop door loudly. The shopkeeper angrily opened the door. I dialed the headmaster and told him the old one was gone. He said he was very sorry to hear this and that he would come soon. I returned and waited by the corpse. I felt there was no meaning for a person to live in the world. After thirty minutes, our school headmaster arrived with some other teachers and a monk. I undressed the corpse and wrapped it in white fabric after the monk chanted scriptures. They carried the corpse back to the small hotel to do more religious activities. I moved back to my dorm room that morning. I was in the classroom with my classmates the first day of the new semester. The school headmaster's black car rolled by the window of our classroom. I knew the old one was being taken to the crematorium. Craning my neck out the window, I saw the black car pass through the school gate under the gray sky. I believed that Uncle Denzin was leaving for another world. SUCCESS AT SCHOOL. I learned that my taking care of Uncle Denzin had been reported in our school newspaper under the title "A Great Model for Students." I did not know this until a classmate handed me a newspaper and said, "Look! You did a great job." I had matured in the course of experiencing all these hardships. As time passed, I learned to read, write and speak Tibetan well. Our class subjects included painting, logic, Buddhist studies, Tibetan poetry, Chinese, Tibetan calligraphy, Tibetan and Chinese translation, Tibetan music and Tibetan dance. All these subjects were taught in •17• Tibetan. In addition to study, I continued loading trucks, digging building foundations, hauling sand, mixing concrete and so on during holidays. I was comfortable with being exhausted at each day's end, despite the boss' scolding, fellow workers' insults and homesickness. My study results were excellent and for three out of the four years, my tuition was paid by the school. I will never forget some of my Tibetan teachers and schoolmates who were very helpful and compassionate, especially the one who first taught me the Tibetan alphabet and the ones who helped and encouraged me to study Tibetan. In September 2003, I was chosen to come to Xining City, the capital of Qinghai Province, to study English in the English Training Program (ETP), Qinghai Normal University by ETP representatives. •18• PART TWO: INTRODUCTION THE na53 mʑi53 PEOPLE The na53 mʑi53A are a little-studied group of people who reside in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the southern part of Sichuan Province, the People's Republic of China.B The na53 mʑi53 have a reported population of 5,000 (Gordon 2005, Sun 2001:160). Linguists have generally classified the na53 mʑi53 language into the Qiangic branch of the Tibeto-Burman language family (Gordon 2005). This book focuses on the na53 mʑi53 who live in the communities of dʐə11 qu11 and dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 in Xichang City, and ʂa44 pa53 and ɕa11 ma11 kʰu53 in Mianning County. These communities also have significant Han and Nuosu populations. Figure One provides geographic and approximate population information for each community:C Figure 1. na53 mʑi53 population in selected communities. Community dʐə11 qu11 dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 ɕa11 ma11 kʰu53 ȿa44 pa53 Totals Jurisdiction Dashui Village Хiangshui Village Dongfeng Village Laoya Village Township or Town Minsheng Township Xiangshui Тоwnship Zeyuan Township Shaba Town City or County Xichang City Xichang City Mianning County Mianning County na53 mʑi53 Pop. 80 Total Pop. 600 800 9,000 560 1,100 290 1,600 1,740 22,200 Libu Lakhi's father states that family relatives live in Jianmei Township (na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo : dʑa11 mi44) and Xinxing Тоwnship (na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11: ɕi53 ɕi53) in Mianning County. 11 A 'Namuyi' and 'Namizi' are transliterations of Chinese-character renderings of the word 'na53 mʑi53'. Both capture the phonological details of the ethnonym poorly, despite being established in the cosmopolitan literature (Matisoff 1991; Gordon 2005). B See http://picasaweb.google.com/libulakhi for photographs by Libu Lakhi of na53 mʑi53 life and culture. C Much of this introduction is taken from Libu Lakhi, Hefright and Stuart (2007). •19• Figure 2.A Location of selected na53 mʑi53 areas in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and Jiulong County, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (1:1,400,000). The communities listed in Figure 1 are situated in valleys between mountains. Travel from dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 to dʐə11 qu11 takes about one day on foot, dʐə11 qu11 to ʂa44 pa53 takes about a half day on foot and dʐə11 qu11 to Lizhou takes about forty minutes by motorcycle. The weather is warm with a long growing season; it snows only once or twice a year. The na53 mʑi53 raise yaks, cows, goats, water buffalo, horses, pigs, chickens, ducks, geese, mules and donkeys. Rice, wheat, corn, barley, tobacco and beans are cultivated. Villagers derive cash income by selling livestock, small amounts of grain and tobacco and wild mushrooms that they collect in nearby forests from June through August. Increasing numbers of na53 mʑi53 leave the area to earn cash by working on construction crews organized by Han Chinese in Xichang City; but A Figure 2 was adapted from a map created by the Wikipedia user Croquant (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Croquant) and distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). •20• some na53 mʑi53 also find work in Beijing and Guangdong. In 2005, the average annual cash income per family was 500-800 RMBA (li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53, interview data). ETHNONYMS Although the na53 mʑi53 speak what is likely a Qiangic language, they form part of China's officially recognized Tibetan ethnic group. The ethnonym 'na53 mʑi53' denotes not only speakers of na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, but all Tibetans. Similarly, Nuosu people refer to the na53 mʑi53 as 'ozzu' 'Tibetan' or 'Prmi/Pumi', a term that may have originally meant 'aborigine' (Huang 2004:16). However, local Han use the term Xifan 'Western Barbarian', a traditional Chinese designation for many of the Qiangic-speaking peoples of western Sichuan (Sun 2001), and reportedly the term the na53 mʑi53 used for themselves when speaking Chinese until their classification as part of the Tibetan ethnic group in 1984 (Huang 1991:153). na53 mʑi53 refer to Nuosu people as 'gv̩11 ɕy44' and Han people as 'va53'. In the Chinese literature on na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, the Chinese-character rendering of the first syllable of na53 mʑi53 as na53 纳 has prompted suggestions that the group is related to the Naxi ethnic group of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province (Yang 2006). In linguistic works that use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), authors have rendered the second syllable as /mu55/, with a full vowel (Huang 1991:153, 1992:212; Liu 1996:185). However, as Liu notes, /m/ can appear both syllabically and as the first element of initial consonant clusters (1996:185,187). The practice of writing the final syllable as yi 依 or yi has apparently contributed to a misimpression among certain speakers of Chinese that the na53 mʑi53 are a subgroup of the Yi ethnic group. However, as Huang and Liu indicate, the value of this syllable ranges from /ji/ to /ʑi/ to /zə/ in different varieties of na53 mʑi53 kha11 tho11 (Huang 1992:212; Liu 1996:185). Huang and Sun have used 'Namuzi'/na⁵¹ mu⁵¹ dzə55/ to represent the ethnonym as pronounced by speakers in Muli County (Huang 1991:153; Sun 2001:159). Libu Lakhi prefers the IPA rendering na53 mʑi53 for the ethnonym as it is pronounced in the dʐə11 qu11 variety. na53 mʑi53 ORIGINS na53 mʑi53 tell variations of the following origin story. li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 provided this version: Long ago, grasslands and thick forests abounded in what is now Xichang City. Livestock and wild animals lived together peacefully. The melodious sound of birdsong filled the air. In na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, that place was called o53 ndʐo53—a word people cannot explain today, other than to say it is the name of that place. One day a bird appeared and started calling "a44 zә55 do11 bi44." In na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, a44 zə55 means 'grandmother' and do11 bi44 means 'buttock'. The bird continued to call this day after day. When na53 mʑi53 parents, sisters, brothers, the older generations and young people were working and chatting A Approximately sixty to one hundred USD. In 2005, one US dollar was worth 8.23 Chinese RMB. •21• together, they were very embarrassed to hear this sound. Finally, all the na53 mʑi53 decided to leave this hateful bird and find a new place to live. They left o53 ndʐo53 with their livestock and their tools for farming and herding. Finally, they reached the place where they now live and settled. THE na53 mʑi53 LANGUAGE kʰa11 tʰo11 means 'language', and the na53 mʑi53 call their language na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11. To date, there have appeared only preliminary linguistic analyses of na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11. Disagreement continues among linguists over the genetic affiliation of na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 within the TibetoBurman family. Sun argues that na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 is a Qiangic language that has been strongly influenced by the Yi languages with which it is in contact (2001:178). This influence may be primarily structural rather than lexical: of the approximately 900 words of dʐə11 qu11 na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 that Libu Lakhi has collected, only three percent appear to be loanwords from the local variety of Nuosu. Huang (1991) and Liu (1996) provide preliminary linguistic analyses of varieties of na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 spoken in Muli County and Luoguodi, respectively. There are strong grammatical similarities between the Luoguodi variety and Libu Lakhi's dʐə11 qu11 variety. However, there are also phonological and lexical differences, as demonstrated in Figure Three (Liu 1996): Figure 3. A comparison of selected lexical items in dʐə11 qu11 and Luoguodi na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11. dʐə11 qu11 Identical cognates Non-identical cognates Non-cognates fu dzə53 (apical vowel) ndza11 qӕ11 ɕə11 tsʰə44 do44 ʙu53 ly53 53 Luoguodi fu dzɿ53 (apical vowel) dza³¹ ɢæ¹³ pʰsɿ ʁu53 53 Gloss 'to blow' (as wind) 'to eat' 'thin' 'to dig' 'leaf' 'mountain' As the table suggests, certain near-cognates differ in the occurrence of prenasalized stops (present in dʐə11qu11, absent in Luoguodi) and voicing (relative voice onset time). There is a more systematic difference in tonal categories. Liu describes four categories: 55, 53, 31 and 13 for the Luoguodi variety. However, Libu Lakhi produces lexical items cognate to those Liu describes as 55, slightly lower that the top of his voice range, a tone we represent as 44. Furthermore, he produces items cognate to those in 31 and 13 as a single low level tone, which we represent as 11. Due to this merger (or non-split), we describe five tonal categories for the Xichang variety as high (55), middle-high (44), high-falling (53), low-rising (14) and low (11). For purposes of comparison, we provide a complete Swadesh list of 207 English words with their dʐə11 qu11 na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 equivalents, as pronounced by Libu Lakhi, in Figure Five. na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 possesses no orthography, and in dʐə11 qu11 only about ten percent of the population reads Chinese, two percent reads Nuosu and only Libu Lakhi reads Tibetan. However, the language is well preserved in the communities of dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11, dʐə11 qu11 and •22• ȿa44 pa53—particularly so in dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11, where only residents under the age of twenty who have attended primary school can speak Chinese. In dʐə11 qu11 and ʂa44 pa53, na53 mʑi53 residents speak na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 among themselves, and fluent Nuosu and passable Chinese to people who prefer to speak those languages. na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 is less well preserved in ɕa11 ma11 kʰu53, where almost all na53 mʑi53 people speak Nuosu and Chinese. Residents born before 1955 speak na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 to each other, but while younger people understand a great deal of na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, they prefer to converse in Nuosu or Chinese. Very few Nuosu or Han residents of these communities speak or understand na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11. The sociolinguistic situation is changing rapidly. During the New Year Festival in January-February 2005, Libu Lakhi's elder sister and sister-in-law came from ɕa11 ma11 kʰu53 to visit the family home in dʐə11 qu11. Asked why they insisted on speaking Nuosu to family members, they replied, "It is stupid to speak such a useless language as na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 these days. We have to communicate with our Nuosu friends in Nuosu. There are only a very few people who speak na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11. It's just like walking off a cliff with your eyes closed if you only speak na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 and refuse to speak Nuosu." When the author asked why their two seven-year old children only spoke and understood Chinese, they replied, "Who doesn't want their kids to find a good job, settle down and have a comfortable home? We should have our kids learn Chinese to help them find a job, shouldn't we?" Libu Lakhi has also noticed that code-switching among na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11, Nuosu and Chinese is on the rise among the youngest generation in dʐə11 qu11. When Libu Lakhi visited his home in January-February 2005, he noted the following exchange with his niece (b. 1994), who attended the village primary school where Nuosu children comprise the majority of the student body: A. Libu Lakhi: ʁo53 pi11 ʑi11 qʰa44 ȵi53 kv̩11 dʑo44 Language na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 Gloss you DET class LOC student how many there is/are Translation 'How many students are in there in your class?' no53 tʰi44 pæ44 B. Niece: ɕɔ³¹ si³³ san³³ ʂə³¹ vu⁴⁵ gɔ dʑo44 Characters 学生 十五 个 Languages Xichang Chinese na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 Gloss students thirty-five CL there is/are Translation 'There are thirty-five students.' In her response, Libu Lakhi's niece combines a Xichang Chinese noun phrase with a na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 existential verb.A Interestingly, however, she uses na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 noun-phrase A The IPA transcription of the Xichang Chinese phrase reproduces Libu Lakhi's pronunciation. •23• constituent order, in which numeral-classifier constructions follow their noun heads, instead of the usual Chinese word order. Noticing a cat dragging away his niece's handkerchief, Libu Lakhi initiated the following exchange: A. Libu Lakhi: ha11 lɛ44 nu53 ba11 tsʰə44 tɕə11 Language na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 Gloss cat your clothes pull Translation 'The cat is pulling your clothes.' B. Niece: tʰo53 tɕə11 ɕy53 hĩ11 ji55 a11 dʑu55 Languages Nuosu na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11 Gloss it doesn't matter let pull go away let Translation 'It doesn't matter, let it pull it away and go.' In this exchange, Libu Lakhi's niece begins with a phrase in Nuosu, ji55 a11 dʑu55 'it doesn't matter', then finishes her utterance in na53 mʑi53 kʰa11 tʰo11.A dʐə11 qu11 VILLAGE na53 mʑi53 CLANS There are three na53 mʑi53 clans in dʐə11 qu11 Village: • li44 ʙu55 = ten households • ka11 pʰæ11 = ten households • ga53 pʰu53 = two households Many older people can recite their ancestors' names. It is considered shameful to be unable to recite your ancestors' names because this indicates you are ignorant of whom you are descended from. • • • ȵi11 ma11 tʂʰu11 had three sonsB: a:53 xɛ44 to11 kʰa11 lu11 kv̩53 a53 xɛ44's descendants are unknown. A B The IPA transcription of the Nuosu phrase reproduces Libu Lakhi's pronunciation. The clan he and others listed here are not known to us, other than the li44 ʙu55 Clan. •24• • • • • • • Six clans are descended from to11 kʰa11: dʑɛ11 wu44 gv̩11 ʂu44 na53 kʰu44 na11 ja11 dzə44 a11 pu44 ƒ ƒ lu11 kv̩53 had two sons: tʂʰu11 ga11 li44 mə˞55 ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Five clans are descended from tʂu11 ga11: a11 tʂʰa44 lu11 tʂʰu44 a44 dʐə55 m̩ 53 kʰa53 a44 tʙu55 ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Seven clans are descended from li44 mə˞55 and li44 ʙu55 is the oldest son: li44 ʙu55 ha11 sa11 ha11 ja11 ha11 pʰæ11 ka11 pʰæ11 ka11 ja44 pa53 dʐa44 CLOTHING People born before 1965 often wear a hũ53 ndzə53 ba11 tsʰə44 'knee-length white robe made from the skin of thin hemp plants' (sa11 qʰӕ11) that grow as tall as a person. When the plant turns yellow in summer, people cut the plant, remove the skin and roll it on their thigh until it forms a string about one meter long. They then weave the strings into a fabric (hũ53 ndzə53) from which they make the robes. Old people wrap a long strip of black cloth around their heads to make a ʁu53jy44 'turban'. Today, most young people wear traditional clothing only during festivals. na53 mʑi53 RELIGION ɕi53 vi53. na53 mʑi53 elders teach that na53 mʑi53 are descended from gods (who have no gender). On special days such as the New Year and during weddings, ɕi53 vi53 must be respected and offered the freshest and tastiest food, such as rice and animal blood. People believe if they do not offer these sacrifices, people and livestock may become ill and there will be no harvest or •25• the harvest will be very limited. A few old men pray to ɕi53 vi53 during such times as when children become ill and when livestock sicken and die. They might say, "Protect all the members of our family and let our livestock increase in number." pʰa53 tsə53. Religious practitioners known as pʰa53 tsə53 hear what ɕi53 vi53 have to tell family members during rituals. The sole pʰa53 tsə53 in dʐә11 qu11 in 2007 was born around 1945. The pʰa53 tsə53 is a highly respected religious specialist who performs religious activities in na53 mʑi53 daily life, for example, during death rituals, sickness and such times of misfortune as when livestock become ill or when a family has a poor harvest. Villagers frequently invite him into their homes to perform religious activities when family members are sick or when they encounter trouble. [\ I often followed the pʰa53 tsə53 to homes where he was to perform rituals. I was excited and interested when I saw the pʰa53 tsə53's implements—the two-sided round drum covered with goatskin, the animals made from wheat flour and the ghosts made of rice straw. Father sent for the pʰa53 tsə53 once when I was ill. Father is the most sincere believer in 53 53 ɕi vi in my family. Sometimes he argues with my second elder brother, who does not really believe in ɕi53 vi53. The pʰa53 tsə53 brought his drum and other implements and made three lines in the courtyard with green tree branches. He put a one meter high effigy made of rice straw on the left side of the door and then placed a large blanket near the fireplace. The blanket was full of frogs, snakes and birds made of flour. He sat by the fireplace with a box of uncooked rice beside him and began chanting. Sometimes, he beat the drum with a stick and at other times, he beat the drum with a small ring. Every now and then the pʰa53 tsə53 ordered all my family members to sit together by the fireplace and then he told other na53 mʑi53 attendants who were not my family membersA to take the effigy and circle it around our collective head three times. Finally, he told us to go out on the left path made by the tree branches and return along the right path made by the branches. Next, he ordered other people who were not family members to hold the flour animals and circumambulate seven times around each of my female family member's heads and nine times around each male member's head. Then he told the non-relatives to go outside into the courtyard and throw the flour animal images in different directions, one by one. Before they left to go into the courtyard, the pʰa53 tsə53 gave instructions as to the directions. I was incredibly curious after this activity and bombarded my parents with questions— "What does the rice effigy mean? What do the roads of green tree branches mean?" …and so on. The only answer I received was, "You little child! Don't ask so many questions!" I then decided to become a pʰa53 tsə53 and learn more about ɕi53 vi53. A In this particular case, they were neighbors. Only men can assist the pʰa53 tsə53. •26• AN EXORCISM RITUAL My father performed the ka11 ju11 bu44 ritual for me many times during my childhood. The last time I remember him performing it was in the summer of 2002. One afternoon, after returning from working in the rice field, we were about to have supper, but I felt like vomiting and lay on the sofa by the hearth.. "Come eat supper," Mother called from the kitchen. I could smell the food cooking and I knew that supper was nearly ready without her telling me, but I didn't have much appetite. After I failed to reply to Mother, Father came and said, "Didn't you hear? Come eat." "I don't want to eat anything. I feel like vomiting," I murmured. "When did you start to feel unwell?" he asked. "Just a couple of minutes ago," I said. "It must be those hateful ka11 ju11 (ghosts). Quickly go get a bowl, put a little water inside along with a few grains of cooked rice and bring it here," he ordered my mother. I didn't have supper that night. Father beat the bowl with a pair of chopsticks above my head and chanted loudly as I lay on the sofa. After he finished chanting, he walked to the courtyard door and threw the water and rice grains outside. Next, my younger sister cleaned the floor with a broom, closed the door and threw what she had swept up out through the courtyard door. This was meant to further discourage the ghosts from returning. Then I went to sleep. I felt normal as usual when I woke up the next morning. [\ During the New Year festival in January-February of 2005, I was sitting on the sofa and reading a book when I suddenly heard chanting. I rushed out and saw Father doing the ka11 ju11 bu44 ritual. I realized that my younger brother must be ill. He was sitting on a bag of grain. Father held a half-full bowl of water containing a few rice grains above his head and beat it with chopsticks. Father chanted things like, "Please return to where you are from, there is nothing here to eat and drink..." [\ People believe that the ghosts of people who have died from starvation or poisoning are prone to approach people and create sudden illness, causing dizziness, nausea and lack of appetite. The ka11 ju11 bu44 ritual exorcises these ghosts. Both men and women who know the chant frequently perform the ka11 ju11 bu44 ritual because it is informal and does not require the services of a pʰa53 tsə53. In most cases, elder siblings perform it for whomever is ill. The only implements practitioners need are a bowl and a pair of chopsticks. They add water and a few grains of cooked rice to the bowl. It is considered best if all the family members are present at the time of the ritual and say things that will please the ghosts. After the ritual's completion, they clean the room and throw out garbage. A transcription of the ka11 ju11 bu44 ritual chant performed by li44 ʙu55 ȿə11 pə53, described in the account above, is given below. Libu Lakhi recorded the chant on video at his home in dʐə11 qu11 during the New Year period, January-February 2005. •27• THE RITUAL CHANT 1. hoː11 tɕʰiŋ44 tɕʰiŋ44 tɕʰiŋ44 tɕʰiŋ44… [Untranslated material here and below, both entire lines and line parts, consist of vocables.] 2. ti11 tɕo44 ŋa11 tɕo11 qʰv̩11 tɕo11 ȿə11 tɕo11 ɴɢv̩11 tɕo11 First circle, fifth circle, sixth circle, seventh circle, ninth circle [Refers to circles made around the patient's head with a bowl and chopsticks.] 3. ti11 tɕo44 ŋa11 tɕo11 qʰv̩11 tɕo11 ȿə11 tɕo11 ɴɢv̩11 tɕo11 First circle, fifth circle, sixth circle, seventh circle, ninth circle 4. hoː11 da11 te11 tɕɛ11 ʙu53 da11 te11 hoː11 da11 te11 for tɕɛ11 ʙu53 [Refers to Libu Lakhi's younger brother, li44 ʙu55 tɕɛ11 ʙu53. He is identified in line thirty below as pa44 ɴɢi55.] 5. rə11 zə53 ma53 qv̩11 tʙu11 pe11 ma11 qv̩11 le11 Because he doesn't know how to act 6. va53 rӕ53 tʂa44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met Han ghosts ['Ghosts' are the spirits of people who have died by drowning, poisoning, murder or falling from a cliff.] 7. na53 rӕ53 tʂa44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met na53 mʑi53 ghosts 8. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa44 da44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met hũ53ȿə53 ghosts 9. hoː11 da11 te11 10. hũ11 mbʑi11 rӕ53 tʂa44 da44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met hũ11 mbʑi11 ghosts 11. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 12. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 13. sɔŋ11 ndʑa44 ɕɛ44 rӕ53 tʂa44 da:44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met Song family's ghosts 14. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 15. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 16. xua11 ndʑa44 ɕɛ44 ræ53 tʂa44 Huang family's ghosts 17. hoː11 da11 te11 18. ka11 pʰæ11 ɕɛ44 ræ53 tʂa44 da:44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met ka11 pʰæ11 family's ghosts 19. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 20. li44 bu55 ɕɛ44 ræ53 tʂa44 da:44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met li44 bu55 family's ghosts 21. hoː11 da11 te11 22. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa11 hũ11 mbʑi11 rӕ53 tʂa11 hũ53 ȿə53 ghosts and hũ11 mbʑi11 ghosts 23. hoː11 da11 te11 •28• 24. mi11 ma11 tʰʙu11 su11 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts without given names 25. lu53 ma44 tʰʙu11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts without zodiac names 26. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 27. dʐɔ11 ræ53 tʂa11 ɣi11 ræ53 tʂa11 dʐɔ11 ghosts and livestock ghosts, 28. hoː11 da11 te11 29. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 30. pa44 ɴɢi55 da44 lo11 mi11 do44 su44 da44 te53 Ghosts who asked pa44 ɴɢi55 31. ȵi53 tɕʰo53 li44 dʑy11 su44 ji11 ly11 Ghosts from the west 32. ʂa11 tɕʰo11 li44 dʑy11 su44 ji11 ly11 Ghosts from the east 33. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 34. ndzə44 ʁo53 ndzə44 mæ11 li44 dʑy11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts who come from north and south 35. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa11 te44 hũ11 mbʑi11 rӕ53 tʂa11 te44 hũ53 ȿə53 ghosts and hũ11 mbʑi11 ghosts 36. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 37. mi11 ma11 tʰʙu11 su11 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts without given names 38. lu53 ma44 tʰʙu11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts without zodiac names 39. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 40. pa44 ɴɢi44 da44 te44 rə11 zə53 ma53 qv̩11 tʙu11 pe11 ma11 qv̩11 le11 Because pa44 ɴɢi44 doesn't know how to act 41. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 42. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa11 hũ53 ʂə44 ghosts 43. ka11 ju11 da11 va53 ka11 ju11 da11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met Han ghosts 44. na53 ka11 ju11 da11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met na53 mʑi53 ghosts 45. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 46. a11 mi44 gv̩11 nu11 47. hoː11 da11 te11 48. ti11 tɕo44 ŋa11 tɕo11 qʰv̩11 tɕo11 ȿə11 tɕo11 ɴɢv̩11 tɕo11 First circle, fifth circle, sixth circle, seventh circle, ninth circle 49. hoː11 da11 te11 50. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa11 hũ53 ʂə44 ghosts 51. ȵi44 a44 te44 ʐo11 mi11 tɕə11 te11 ʐo11 gv̩11 li11 hũ11 If you are hungry, return after I offer food •29• 52. fa44 a44 te44 ʐo11 mi11 tɕə11 te11 ʐo11 gv̩11 li11 hũ11 If you are thirsty, return after I offer food 53. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 54. haː11 da11 te11 55. ka11 ju11 da11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met ghosts 56. va53 ka11 ju11 da11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met Han ghosts 57. na53 ka11 ju11 da11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met na53 mʑi53 ghosts 58. ka11 pʰæ11 ɕɛ44 ka11 ju11 da:44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met ka11 pʰæ11 family's ghosts 59. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 60. li44 ʙu55 ɕɛ44 ka11 ju11 li44 ʙu55 family's ghosts 61. sɔŋ11 ndʑa44 ɕɛ44 ka11 ju11 Song family's ghosts, 62. hoː11 da11 te11 63. va53 tʂa44 va53 bæ44 va53 tʂa44 va53 bæ44 ghosts 64. gv̩11 ly44 gv̩11 ɕy44 Nuosu ghosts 65. va53 la44 he44 le44 Han ghosts 66. heː11 da11 te11 67. ka11 ju11 da11 te11 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met ghosts 68. gv̩11 ly44 gv̩11 ɕy44 ʑi55 Nuosu people's ghosts 69. tʰæ˞:53 tʰa11 pæ44 dʑæ11 ʂa44 rӕ53 tʂa44 da44 lo11 ʁu53 pʙu11 su44 Met tʰæ˞ː53 tʰa11 pæ44 dʑæ11 ʂa44 ghosts 70. tʰe53 je11 da11 te11 71. ȵi44 a44 te44 ʐo11 mi11 tɕə11 te11 ʐo11 gv̩11 li11 hũ11 If you are hungry, return after I offer food 72. fa44 a44 te44 ʐo11 mi11 tɕə11 te11 ʐo11 gv̩11 li11 hũ11 If you are thirsty, return after I offer food 73. hoː11 da11 te11 74. hũ53 ȿə53 rӕ53 tʂa11 te44 hũ11 mbʑi11 rӕ53 tʂa11 te44 hũ53 ȿə53 ghosts and hũ11 mbʑi11 ghosts 75. ɴɢv̩11 ȵi11 rə11 gv̩11 te11 ti11 ȵi11 m̩ 11 nu11 li44 pʙu11 I command you back in one day if you came here in nine days 76. ɴɢv̩11 ha44 rə11 gv̩44 te11 ti11 ha11 m̩ 11 nu11 li44 pʙu11 I command you back in one night if you came here in nine nights 77. hoː11 da11 te11 •30• 78. v̩11 tʙu11 li44 dʑy11 su44 te44 v̩11 tʙu11 li44 pʙu11 I command ghosts from the maternal side to return to the maternal side 79. ʑi44 tʙu11 li44 dʑy11 su44 da44 te44 ʑi44 tʙu11 li44 pʙu11 I command ghosts from the paternal side to return to the paternal side 80. ȵi53 tɕʰo53 li44 dʑy11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 da44 te44 ȵi53 tɕʰo53 nu44 li44 pʙu11 I command ghosts from the west to return to the west 81. ʂa11 tɕʰo11 li44 dʑy11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 da44 te44 ʂa11 tɕʰo11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 I command ghosts from the east to return to the east 82. hoː11 da11 te11 83. ndzə44 ʁo53 ndzə44 mæ11 li44 dʑy11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 Ghosts who come from north and south 84. tʙu11 ræ53 tʂa11 ɣi11 ræ53 tʂa11 Wild animal ghosts and livestock ghosts 85. v̩11 ræ53tʂa11 ʑi44 ræ53 tʂa11 Maternal ghosts and paternal ghosts 86. tʂa53 ndʑa44 li44 dʑy11 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 Zhang family ghosts 87. hoː11 jy11 ma11 sa11 su11 rə11 zə44 ma11 zə44 su44 ræ53 tʂa11 da44 te44 Ghosts who wander at night 89. hoː11 ʂa53 tɕo11 tɕo11, sa53 ho11 ho11, sa53 ho11 ho11 FUNERALS November 5, 2004 (Friday), eight a.m. Two men from dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 Village, Xiangshui Township arrived in dʐə11 qu11 Village on motorcycle when my mother and I were talking with some neighbors in front of our gate. They came with bad news—my sister-in-law's mother had died. "a44 wa53,A she was only fifty. Why wasn't it her crazy old man (the dead woman's husband), rather than her?" Mother said. We were surprised by this unexpected bad news. The surviving husband often behaved badly. His face was dark and he wore ragged clothing. I used to be very afraid of him. Nevertheless, I felt sympathy when others beat him when he said unacceptable and profane words in public. He went here and there and did not return home for many days. Sometimes he was gone for a month. He played with kids at weddings and funerals. Sometimes he grabbed someone's hat or a girl's scarf and vanished from the crowd. Later, the only way to get the 'stolen' item back was to offer him pieces of meat or a bottle of liquor. I do not know what he did when he was away from home but his neighbors kindly gave him food. "I'm leaving for dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11. I'll buy a cow there. It is very slow and difficult to drive a cow from here to dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11. I'll also have to kill and butcher cows for the funeral," my younger brother said and left immediately. We started to prepare for our journey from dʐə11 qu11 Village to dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 with seven people, one from each na53 mʑi53 family in my village, except for some families who were really busy with their farmwork. We collected ten to fifteen RMB from each family and bought fifteen kilograms of liquor and firecrackers at bi11 ji53 A An expression of surprise. •31• li53 xo11, where the local township government is located. We divided the liquor into three containers so three people could carry it easily and thus better deal with the steep path while climbing the mountain on our way to dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11. Around 300 na53 mʑi53 live in dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11. The sound of wailing and the rattle-tattle of firecrackers greeted us when we reached the home at six in the evening. We then set off our own firecrackers. Some people in our group wailed and went into the room where the corpse lay on a bed made of sandalwood.A According to na53 mʑi53 custom, the family must invite pʰa53 tsə53 to chant and do many complicated rituals. Chanting is needed for at least three days and then the corpse is cremated. pʰa53 tsə53 also decide when, where and how far from the home the corpse should be taken. Moreover, only adults (those more than twenty years old) can participate in cremation. A big fire was made in the courtyard center in front of the house after we finished dinner. People could clearly see everyone's face by the firelight. The pʰa53 tsə53 led fifteen young people in a dance around the corpse. He sang words (that I could not understand) that all the dancers repeated in a high-pitched voice. After the pʰa53tsə53 led us singing and dancing for one circumambulation, he returned beside the corpse. "Oh, it is you young ones' turn now. Tonight is the time we send her; it's not a time to chat and sleep. Continue and don't stop," he instructed as he settled back into his seat. At this moment, I remembered what Father had told me, "We cannot dance ʂə11 tsʰo11 without the pʰa53 tsə53's permission." The dead person hears the villagers singing and is pleased. Thus the dance allows villagers to express their sadness and respect for the dead person and the dead person's relatives. "OK, come, everyone, let's dance..." the young ones called to each other after the pʰa53 tsə53 said so. I joined them and felt great sadness in my heart when I sang with the villagers: ho44―――ʂə11 tsho11 ――― 1 53 m̩ je44 a44 zə55 nu44 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 2 nu11 je44 mi44 lo11 tɕə53 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 3 qa11 lu44 va11mi11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 4 qa11tʙu44 qa11 pæ11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 5 h 11 q o bo11 qho11 ndzə11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 6 dʑa11 khv̩44 tʂha44 pa11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 7 nu53 je44 zə11 mi11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 8 nu11 je44 ʑi53 ho53 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 9 53 jo tʂa44 jo11 tʂhu11 nu44 li44 pʙu11 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 10 bo11 ka11 bo11 lo11 nu44 li44 pʙu44 ha11 dʑo44 ʂə11 A Oh―――ʂə tsho――― You, a44 zə55B 2 You, get up 3 qa11 lu44 va11 mi11C is sending you back 4 The hearth is sending you back 5 The door threshold is sending you back 6 The yard outside is sending you back 7 Your daughters are sending you back 8 Your sons are sending you back 9 Relatives are sending you back 10 Villagers are sending you back 1 The sandalwood bed is made for the corpse to lie on. It is later taken with the corpse and used as fuel for cremation. B 44 a zə55 generally means 'mother-in-law' but may also be used as a respectful term of address used by young people when addressing older women. C qa11 lu44 va11 mi11 'three stones by the hearth' are used to support pots when they are heated by a fire underneath. •32• The words may be improvised. People took turns leading the circle to sing and dance until dawn. Many people danced near the corpse. A person sang out a line of song first, which others repeated. I saw some people were also dancing and singing in the courtyard outside because the room was very crowded. However, at midnight, only three to five men continued to dance and sing. The pʰa53 tsə53 was upset because only a few people continued to dance and sing for the last two hours. Five o'clock in the morning is the best time for the soul to leave for it is then that the cocks crow at dawn before many people have risen. At this time, the pʰa53 tsə53 stopped the dancing and did the soul-sending ritual by saying the name of each place, in order, where our ancestors had lived in the past. Around eleven o'clock, the pʰa53 tsə53 chanted and people danced ʂə11 tsʰo11 around the corpse for the last time. Then strong young men carried the corpse away to be cremated, as the home overflowed with wailing. On the way home, my younger brother and I met his father-in-law. His face was covered with dirt and he carried a broom on his shoulder. "Mother-in-law passed away," I said. "No, no, it is not true. I'm going to beat Han Chinese in the market," he said and walked away from us. Soon we couldn't see him anymore. "It's better to not tell him. He's always like this," my younger brother sighed. [\ The deceased's relatives should visit with a gift of liquor soon after a death. Daughters and sons of the deceased must bring a goat, sheep, pig or cow. These animals are believed to accompany the dead person's soul. A relative of the dead person (most commonly a brother and the deceased's children) must offer a goat or sheep. Villagers also visit. If na53 mʑi53 in the village do not visit the deceased's family during the funeral, others believe they lack a sense of community spirit. Nuosu who have close relationships with the deceased's family also visit and bring one or two bottles of liquor. The pʰa53 tsə53 is the funeral director. He divines how long the corpse should be kept in the house, which is usually not longer than three days. He also chooses cremation or earth burial. An exceptional situation occurs when the deceased has no sons or only daughters, in which case the religious activity is ʂə11 tsʰo11 and chanting. The purpose of both is to send the dead person's soul back to pʰu53 ji44 la11 dʑy11 kʰv̩11, the place where ancient na53 mʑi53 originated. ʂə11 tsʰo11—'entertain the dead person'—is a crucial activity because it sends the soul of the deceased back to pʰu53 ji44 la11 dʑy11 kʰv̩11. It is a simple circle dance comprised of a few dance movements that match the rhythm of what is sung. People only dance when the pʰa53 tsə53 begins. He sings a few lines, which the others repeat. He may then stop singing and dancing, while others continue. ʂə11 tsʰo11 continues in the room where the corpse lies throughout the night, though some villagers may return home to rest. A bed, similar to a normal wooden bed, is made for the corpse, which is covered with white fabric. Adults never let children get near the corpse. Furthermore, cats and mice must not jump over the corpse. If they do, the corpse will wake up and frighten everyone. Two to four pʰa53 tsə53 work together chanting for the corpse during the daytime, which leads the soul back to pʰu53 ji44 la11 dʑy11 kʰv̩11. If this is not done, the soul becomes a ghost and will do bad things. During the night, young people dance ʂə11 tsʰo11 for the dead person and a •33• person in the circle sings loudly and sadly, which is repeated by the other dancers in the circle. Meanwhile, relatives are near the corpse, keeping children, cats and mice away. The above describes the proceedings for old people when they die. The pʰa53 tsə53 comes and divines the direction the corpse should be taken when people die from disease, are killed in fights and who commit suicide. In such cases, the corpse is generally cremated; the corpse is placed on a stack of wood, which is set on fire. The exact location of the stack of wood is determined by the pʰa53 tsə53. The family must clean the house after the corpse is removed. THE NEW YEAR IN dʐə11 qu11 VILLAGE NEW YEAR RULES. The New Year period (according to the Chinese lunar calendar) lasts fifteen days for the na53 mʑi53 and Han living in the village and is marked by the gathering of family members, visiting, sacrificing to dead relatives and ancestors, cleaning graves and village gatherings. The end of New Year is marked by removing kʰv̩44 ʂə55 tʰo11 po11 or the New Year pine trees. dʐə11 qu11 Nuosu villagers celebrate the New Year about one month earlier. na53 mʑi53 observe the following New Year rules: Rule Day Reason do not eat meat or oil do not eat rice do not blow on fires do not visit other homes one's animals should stay at their own home do not pour water do not fetch water do not cut trees do not cultivate fields 1 1 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-15 1-15 unknown unknown causes wind unknown unknown disturbs life-forms in water disturbs life-forms in water disturbs life-forms in forests disturbs life-forms in the earth kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 'NEW YEAR ANCESTORS'. Younger na53 mʑi53 family members return from helping relatives and friends' families build houses and doing housework in other villages, and working to earn cash income, e.g., doing construction work in such cities as Chengdu and Xichang. Children do not need to watch the livestock because the crops have been harvested and thus there are no crops for the livestock to damage and students are not in school. The family's attention turns to preparing for and then celebrating the annual kʰv̩44 ʂə55. Children excitedly wait for the kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55, who return to celebrate kʰv̩44 ʂə55 with their descendants and relatives. Libu Lakhi's father typically gave this account when Libu Lakhi was a child: My dear child, don't be naughty and misbehave, then you will get new clothes, new shoes and a new hat to wear and your dearest father will cut a very big pig foot for you to carry when the kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 arrive. kʰv̩44 ʂə55 is coming! And the kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu55 a44 v̩55 will not like you if you misbehave and cry all the time. If the kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 are •34• unhappy, then we will have poor harvests, our livestock will get sick and we will also become ill. Then our family will not have a happy life next year. If Libu Lakhi curiously asked for more information about the kʰv̩ ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55, his father further explained: kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 are all our ancestors who have died and do not live with us today. They are in m̩ 53 'the sky'. They return to our home to celebrate New Year with us every year. Of course we cannot see anything like bodies or hear any sounds from them, but their rə53 hĩ53 'spirits' are here with us. Everyone likes that. After we die, we become spirits. Spirits can see what we are doing, hear what we say and smell what we offer them when they return to our home. That's why we always offer fresh meat (raw and cooked), rice and liquor to them before we eat. That shows we respect and are devoted to them. We should respect our ancestors. SHOPPING. na53 mʑi53 and Han dʐə11 qu11 villagers prepare for the New Year by slaughtering pigs; making kʰv̩44 ʂə55 qʰɔ44 'New Year purchases' (usually from lu11 ma44/Lizhou) of vegetables, fireworks, liquor, candy, bowls, spatulas, new pots if the old ones need replacing, etc. on the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth days of the twelfth lunar month and by cleaning the home. In Libu Lakhi's home, his eldest brother or father usually went shopping on foot with a kʰa11 'large bamboo back-basket', along a narrow path running from dʐə11 qu11 Village to lu11 ma44. An entire day was required to go and return. If Libu Lakhi's father went, Libu Lakhi and his elder brother went out on the path to wait for his return and greet him in the evening.A [\ The sun gleamed gently above the western mountain as my elder brother (Jiujin) and I started our greeting journey. "Did you see our brother returning?" we asked every passerby returning from shopping in 11 lu ma44. "Who is your brother? What's his name?" replied many Nuosu. We were then silent as we sat on a boulder by the path, looking into the distance, hoping to see someone resembling Xiaolong. As we waited patiently and the light dimmed, the end of the path came nearer to us as the density of fog and murkiness increased. "What are you two doing here?" came a voice some minutes later from the darkness. "Did you buy new clothes for us? We have been waiting for you to return!" Jiujin blurted out. "Did you get many firecrackers for the New Year?" I asked in extreme excitement. "Can we both have a look, dear brother?" we both begged, eager to see our new clothes and the firecrackers, which have a very distinctive odor. A In 2007, this had changed with most dʐə11 qu11 Village families owning a motorcycle. In 2007, there were three taxi vans that went from dʐə11 qu11Village to lu11 ma44 (four to five RMB oneway). •35• "Quickly! Quickly! What are you two talking about? We cannot find our way back home in the darkness if you continue talking like this. You'll have a chance to see and enjoy your new clothes after we get home," Xiaolong said in such a mature, confident tone that we shut up and obediently followed him home. Back home, Brother Xiaolong took out two jackets and two black hats from his basket. Jiujin and I then ran to our parents and showed them our new clothes. Meanwhile, Mother was sorting out the vegetables and new bowls and chopsticks that Xiaolong had bought beside the hearth. It was the happiest time when our parents said "Wow! My son is really good-looking today!" Father often reminded us to keep the firecrackers far from the hearth. He never let us kids touch them out of concern for our safety. When we asked why only Han people were able to make firecrackers, he would tell us the following story. Long ago, our li44 ʙu55 Clan had a special gun an armspan long called sa53 ja53 pʰo11. It had three barrels and we could shoot them all at the same time. They didn’t use firecrackers like today. Now it is very different. We just buy firecrackers from the market and use them to sacrifice with instead of the sa53 ja53 pʰo11 because it is so convenient. No families have a sa53 ja53 pʰo11 today.” THE TWENTY-SIXTH DAY OF THE TWELFTH LUNAR MONTH: qʰo44 ʂa55 ŋga53. On the twenty-sixth day of the eleventh lunar month, every household does qʰo44 ʂa55 ŋga53 'soot clean'.A Cleaning involves cleaning inside and outside of the house (the house courtyard and outside the courtyard). The home interior is cleaned first. The walls, pillars, sacrifice place, kitchen and ceiling are dark and dirty because smoke from the hearth fire has coated them with soot. A long bamboo pole with a bunch of leaves at the top is prepared. ga53 ha53 'sacrifice boxB (Figure 17), beds, quilts, clothes and so on are moved outside into the courtyard. [\ Father cut and trimmed a long bamboo pole and began cleaning the ceiling while Mother and I were cleaning the things we had moved into the courtyard. "Liujin,C don't come in until I tell you, OK? The air is full of swirling dust!" Father yelled from inside the house. "Yes, don't go inside, otherwise you'll get sick from the dust," Mother added. "OK! Mother, why do we have to clean like this?" I asked. "We do so every year in order to greet our ancestors when they return to celebrate the New Year with us. And we also have more time now to clean the house than at any other time," Mother explained while stuffing dirty clothing into a bag. "Go out and see if your elder sister A qʰo44 ʂa55 = soot on the walls and ceiling of a home that has accumulated from burning a fire in the hearth. B The ga53 ha53 is made of wood boards and is on the left side of the hearth. C Liujin = six jin or three kilograms; his weight at birth. •36• and elder brother have finished cleaning ji44 dʙu55 qʰæ53 ''around the house', and then tell them to take these clothes to the river and wash them." My brother and sister were making a big pile of tree leaves on the right side of our house when I reached them. "Wow! It's extremely clean. You two did a good job," I said, looking around. "We must, otherwise our ancestors will be unhappy when they visit us during the New Year time," Elder Sister said seriously. Elder Brother said, "You're so lucky not to have to do the work we are doing. You don't have to do as much work as us! I'll tell Mother and Father that you also should do the same work as us next year." "Sure! I can do everything you are doing now but later, after I grow up. Mother said you should wash these clothes in the river," I said and then got ready to run back to Mother. "Yes, but wait a minute, Younger Brother. We also must help Father clean the house and carry the dirt here," Elder Sister said, pointing to a nearby pile of dirt. "OK, I'll tell Mother. Why must we add the dirt from the house on this same pile?" I asked. "In order to do better ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53 activity,"A Elder Sister replied gently. "What is ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53?" I asked. "Ask Mother what we should do next. We'll tell you later," Elder Sister said. I went back, asked Mother, returned and said, "Mother said you two come help Father and she'll wash the clothes. Tell me what ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53 is now," I said. "Dear Younger Brother, go back and ask Mother because we must help Father, otherwise we will have no time. Tomorrow, we have to kill the kv̩44 ʂə55 va11 kʰo11 'New Year pig'," Elder Sister said patiently. When I got back to the doorway, I could hear Father coughing. "My throat is coated with dust," he said. "I finished cleaning the ceiling, wall and pillars. You two please clean the floor and carry the dirt out for ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53 during New Year," Father said to my brother and sister, then slapped his clothes, sending out new clouds of dust. Elder Sister and Elder Brother went into the house with brooms. I followed and saw the floor was covered with a thin layer of soot. The ceiling, walls and pillars looked new, as though the house had been built recently. I went outside. Mother had gone to wash the clothes. Father was resting, sitting on the courtyard floor, leaning against a wall. "Liujin bring me a basin of water. I want to wash my face," he said. I saw his nose was covered with soot and I wanted to laugh, but then I quickly hurried away. "Come out quickly, Liujin. The house is full of soot. You'll get sick from it," Father added as I scurried away. When I came back, I asked, "Father, what is ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53?" I couldn't get those words out of my head. "You do ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53 during the New Year time," he said, as he washed his face with the towel I had brought. "But I don't know what is it!" I said. ka11 = eagle; mɛ53 qo53 = to not look at someone directly because you are displeased with them; ɕa11 pi53 = blind. A •37• "The ka11 is a very huge, powerful bird with sharp talons. At the beginning of every year, they come to catch chickens. They like to eat chickens and it is very easy for them to catch and carry away small chickens. The trees are bare at the beginning of every year so it is a perfect time for them to catch chickens. At other times of the year, it is harder for them to catch chickens because the chickens can run into bushes or under trees with thick leaves. In order to prevent the chickens from being caught by ka11—since long ago, I don't know when exactly— our ancestors believed ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53 was very effective. Years ago, the activity was performed by adults, the sa44 ja44 pʰo11 was shot and everyone repeated 'ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53'. In time however, adults lost interest in doing this so now only children do it with firecrackers. People clean their houses and use the garbage and dirt to make smoke around their houses and say 'ka11 mɛ53 qo53 ka11 ɕa11 pi53,' but not many people remain interested in doing such things," Father sadly concluded. THE TWENTY-SEVENTH DAY OF THE TWELFTH LUNAR MONTH: SLAUGHTERING PIGS. "Get up and help me make a fire," Father urged while I still was in bed. "O... OK," I said, sat up and got dressed quickly, which was unusual for me. I rushed out and saw smoke coming from every home's courtyard, sending thick clouds above the village. "Bring some fuel and let's make a fire," Father said, while digging a hole in the ground. When he finished, he placed a cauldron atop it, brought water in a bucket from the river and filled it. Meanwhile, I made a fire under the cauldron. All the young na53 mʑi53 men gather and kill New Year pigs in the order of oldestA to youngest families. About twelve young men came to our home after we had breakfast. "Oh, please sit first. Please sit," Mother said and asked me to bring some bowls for liquor. "First pour a cup and put it on the sacrifice place, then offer each person a bowl of liquor," Father said as I cut ɕy11 ɕy44,B put it in the ɕy11 ɕy44 qʰa11, C added glowing charcoal from the hearth and then placed it on the sacrifice place. "Whose New Year pig is the biggest this year?" Qijin,D a villager in his thirties asked curiously, holding a cup of liquor in his right hand. "Bajin'sE family," Father replied, taking a sip of his own liquor. "No, I think your family's is biggest, Qijin. Yesterday, I saw your family's pig," Mother commented. "OK, is everyone at home? We still have to go to other homes to kill pigs," Father said. "Yes, all the family members are at home," Mother replied from the kitchen. When New Year pigs are slaughtered, everyone must be at home. Traditionally, people believe that if someone is missing from the family at this time, a family member might become ill, the family's livestock might not grow well and such disasters as floods might harm the family. A Here 'oldest' refers to the family that has the oldest person (either male or female). ɕy11 ɕy44 is sandalwood cut from the mountain, which has a pleasing odor when burnt as a sacrifice to the ancestors. pʰa53 tsə53 burn ɕy11 ɕy44 during such rituals as funerals and exorcisms. C ɕy11 ɕy44 qʰa11 = container in which ɕy11 ɕy44 is burnt. D Qijin = seven jin, or three and a half kilograms. E Bajin = eight jin, or four kilograms •38• B My elder brother set off firecrackers and their explosions briefly deafened me as the men slaughtered my family's New Year pig. "Quickly, put the blood on the sacrifice place while it is warm and toss ash on the ground to cover the blood," Father said to Mother and my elder brother in a hurried tone. Then he left with the other men to help them do the same thing at other homes. "Why can't we let our dog lick the blood on the ground, Mother?" I asked. "Our ancestors will be upset if we let the dog lick the blood before we offer it to them," Mother answered calmly, putting the basin of blood on the sacrifice place. "Mother, I want to go see the pigs slaughtered at the other homes!" I said. "All right, but be careful and come back quickly with your father," Mother said as I left. It was about noon. Elder Brother and Mother were almost finished scalding and scraping the pig carcass. It was time for Father to return because only he knows how to butcher the pig correctly in order to offer sacrifices to the ancestors of the New Year. "Wow! We don't have to worry about anything this year. Oh, wait a moment... here, there is a little bit of the va11 pi11 'spleen' rolled outside, but I think it is still fine. The spleen is generally as flat as a board,"A Father said, holding the spleen in his hands, turning it over and over, examining it carefully. "Oh... quickly cut out the tʂə11 'bladder' and have a look," Mother said, looking both happy and worried. "There isn't too much mbæ11 'urine' in the bladder. It will be a little dry this year, but don't worry. It should be OK," Father comforted us and himself. "Liujin, go stretch the bladder for the ancestors," Father said, handing me the bladder. I ran out excitedly with it and tried my best to stretch it by rubbing it on the ground and blowing it up and rubbing it on the ground again because when our ancestors come to celebrate New Year, they receive many offerings and they use the bladder to store the offerings when they leave. ʂə11 v̩11 kɛ11 tɕhə53B 'sacrificing roasted pork',C is an important part of New Year rituals. The spleen is roasted and placed on the sacrifice place before people or animals have a chance to eat any part of the New Year pork. "Quickly, let's offer the spleen and then we can roast lean pork to eat," Father urged while cutting up the pig carcass. That evening, Mother used the New Year pig's large intestines to make ɕɛ11 v̩11 ȵi11 'bloodsausage' for dinner. Fresh intestines are turned inside-out by inserting the end of a chopstick in one end and then pulling the intestine over the chopstick, which provides something to grip. Then they are washed. Bamboo strips are cut, bent into a circle the same diameter as the A If the edge of the spleen is rolled slightly inwards, this is seen as a good omen—the family will make money and the family will be lucky. If the edge of the spleen is rolled slightly outwards, then it is seen as a bad omen—the family may lose money and experience bad luck. A flat spleen is seen as neither a good nor bad omen. The bladder foretells the weather. If it is full, it suggests that there will be too much precipitation and there may be flooding. Conversely, if the bladder is empty or nearly so, it will be a dry year. A half-full bladder is considered best. B ʂə11 v̩11 = roasted lean pork; kɛ11 tɕhə53 = to sacrifice. C Pieces of lean pork are placed directly on coals in the hearth. •39• intestines and tied at the ends to keep them circular; the rings are put at the mouth of an intestine and the end of the intestine is pulled over the ring so that the sausage filling (leftover cooked rice mixed with pig blood, ginger, salt, prickly ash and garlic) may be easily placed into the intestines using the hands. The filled intestines are tied at either end and boiled for about half an hour. Periodically, a chopstick or bamboo strip is used to puncture a sausage to see if red blood comes out. Cooking continues until there is no red color. Usually, this is the only time stuffed sausages are made and eaten in the home. THE TWENTY-EIGHTH DAY OF THE TWELFTH LUNAR MONTH: MAKING THE sa44 nda55. The twenty-eighth day has no certain activities other than young men building the sa44 nda55 that consists of two wood poles taken from a nearby forest. One pole is about three meters long and the other is about ten meters long. A hole is dug and the shorter pole is stood upright and its base is buried. This shorter pole is sharpened at the end and then stuck through a hole made in the center of the longer pole. This is used for entertainment by two people—one person sits on each end of the pole and then they run and swing counterclockwise. People are busy during this time and the sa44 nda55 is not used much until the first day of the first lunar month. THE TWENTY-NINTH DAY OF THE TWELFTH LUNAR MONTH: MAKING SAUSAGE. No special activities are done on the twenty-ninth day. A family might ask someone to go shopping for needed items. Pork sausage is made using the small intestines. THE THIRTIETH DAY OF THE TWELFTH LUNAR MONTH. The thirtieth day of the twelfth lunar month until the third day of the first lunar month are the most important days of the entire New Year period. All family members should be at home during this time. Most families invite a pʰa53 tsə53 to hold the mbo53 kʰo53 pʙu11 ritual in the morning.A This ritual expels disease and evil and is held at around five a.m., which is considered the best time to do the ritual before sentient creaturesB awaken. The ritual continues until dawn or a cock crows. [\ The first thing to do on this morning is to cut kʰv̩44 ʂə55 tʰo11 po11 or pine trees of the New Year. Such trees are considered a very pure greeting to the ancestors of the New Year. Usually, it requires five small green pine trees with three whorls that should be as tall as a person. Two are tied on both sides of the ga53 ha53 'sacrifice place' and two are leaned against both sides of the door. The fifth one is inserted into the courtyard center in front of the door. After breakfast, as Father instructed, I went looking for small pine trees in the forest on a high mountain. It was challenging for me because the trees were very tall and it was difficult to find trees with three whorls. My parents were waiting for me to have lunch with them when I returned with five small trees. I placed them all in their proper places as soon as I finished During mbo53 kho53 pʙu11, the pʰa53 tsə53 chants to dispel such evil things as illness and curses put on family members by others. B Misfortune is caused by evils, which can easily hear the pha53 tsə53's chants before people and such other life-forms as frogs and birds awaken and begin making noise. •40• A lunch. Father began collecting needles to build the kv̩44 ʂə55 a11 pʰu44 a44 v̩55 rə44 gv̩53A 'path of the ancestors of the New Year' from under the ga53 ha53 to the doorway. We completed a green, eight-centimeter wide path in about ten minutes. Around two p.m., the sound of conches being blown suddenly broke the silence of the quiet valley, followed by the rattle-tattle of firecrackers. I felt anxious because Mother had told me that if we sacrificed very late on New Year's Eve, the clan's dead relatives and ancestors would become enraged and then crops mature late. This is why families compete to be the first to sacrifice to their ancestors. I ran back into our house and saw Father cutting sandalwood. Mother and my sisters were busy cooking in the kitchen while Elder Brother was preparing the firecrackers. This is the most ceremonious part of the New Year. However, I was a child and only interested in firecrackers and watching them explode. "Go with your elder brother and bring back a big dead tree trunk for a fire," Father commanded. "No! Father I want to see the firecrackers," I objected. "Quickly! Otherwise, we won't have a big New Year pig next year," Father said. "Let's go far away and find the biggest one," Elder Brother suggested. "Can you carry it if it is really big?" I worried. "I have a rope. I can carry it on my back with the rope. Our New Year's pig will be very big next year if we can bring back the biggest one," he said and showed me the rope that he had already prepared. "Yeah, let's go find the biggest one. I'm sorry I'm too small to help very much, Brother," I apologized. We did bring a big trunk back home finally, but we were not sure if it was the biggest. "May I play with one please, Brother?" I asked, squatting in front of him. I wanted to touch some of those attractive red bunches of firecrackers. "No! Father will scold you if you do. Father said it is very dangerous for kids to play with them," he said sternly. "OK! Everyone come prostrate to our ancestors," Father said, standing in front of the ga53 ha53. The sacred sound of the conch echoed in my ears and then all of us prostrated in front of the ancestors while Father chanted: ho53 da11 te11, ta11 hũ11 da11 te11 la44 lu53 ti11 kʰv̩53 ru11 dja44 la44 lu53 ti11 kʰv̩53 ru11 kʰv̩44 ʂə55 su44 ʂə11 na11 v̩53 na53 no53 kɛ11 tɕhə53 Oh da te, tonight is The night of the Tiger Year The New Year of the Tiger Year We offer you meat and liquor… I rushed out as soon as I received the v̩53 dʐu53B from Father to see my elder brother setting off firecrackers. A The pine needles are used to build a road for the ancestors when they join their living descendants during the New Year . B 53 v̩ dʐu53 = liquor elders offered younger generations to drink after finishing the sacrifice just described was believed to be a lucky medicine with blessings from the ancestors. •41• "OK, tonight is the only chance we can all be together in the whole busy year. Our crops were very good last year, our livestock didn't get sick and none of our family members were ill. Everything has gone very well. From examining the pig's bladder of our New Year pig, our crops next year will grow well with enough water. The only thing that's a little unsure is that the spleen was..." Father continued while everyone else ate, enjoying the food. "Don't talk so loud, your father is talking," Mother said. "It's normal for siblings to disagree with each other and with us—your parents. We should care for and forgive each other. Especially, elders should be more patient with the younger ones," Father said, paused and took a sip of liquor. "I want to go to visit our aunt's home in ȿa44 pa53 Village and…" said Younger Sister, seizing the chance when Father paused. "Let your father finish first, kid," Mother said. "Next year, your younger sister is going to marry. After that, we won't have much chance to celebrate the New Year together like tonight," Father said. "Please eat, Father, you have been drinking a long time without eating very much," Elder Sister said in concern that Father would become badly drunk quickly. "OK, I will. OK! Now everyone please say whatever you want to say," Father said and began eating. "Right. Your elder sister is also going to marry and leave our home. Next year, if we care about each other and help each other, then there is nothing that can stop us, even though the spleen of the New Year is not as good as we wished," Mother said, taking over the speaking role Father had relinquished. It was almost midnight and the candles on the sacrifice place gleamed in a dim, sacred way. We had earlier put the large end of the trunk in the hearth and, as it burned, we continued to push it back into the hearth. By the time we had finished the New Year meal, only a bit of the trunk had burnt. "Oh, we haven't washed our legs," Elder Sister remembered. "Yeah, I almost forgot. The big wooden basin is behind the door, and also we have to go to the stream and take enough waterA for three days," Mother said, pointing to the door. We nine family members washed our legs together in the big wooden basin because it encourages family unity and it brings good luck. Then my elder sister and brother went to fetch water and filled our home's water containers. "I feel dizzy from drinking. You all please protect the ridges of the rice fields,"B Father said and then went to bed. "Tonight, we should stay up all night to protect the edges of our rice fields edges, but please go to bed when you feel real sleepy," Mother encouraged. "Mother, why should we stay up the whole night?" I asked. A During the first, second and third days of the New Year, sentient creatures are believed to be resting. It is taboo for people to take water from a stream or even touch water in a stream. To do so is to destroy such life-forms in the water as frogs, fish and dragons. B All family members are expected to stay at home through the night. One significance of doing this is that it protects the rice fields' edges from collapsing, in which case the fields drain and produce no crops. •42• "If we all sleep, nobody will keep our ancestors company and then the edges of the rice fields will surely collapse," Mother explained. THE FIRST DAY OF THE FIRST LUNAR MONTH: EATING ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11.A Prolonged blares from the sacred conch woke me the next morning as I lay in bed. I realized Father was sacrificing to the ancestors again. The aromatic odor of smoldering ɕy11 ɕy44 and Father's chanting made me so energetic that I leapt out of bed. "Please take this and sacrifice it before it gets cold,"B Father said, handing me a big bowl with three ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11 as large as fists from the ga53 ha53. I took the bowl and placed it for a moment besides each of the following places: the qa11 pæ11 'by the hearth', qʰo11bo11 pæ11 'by the doorway', ka44 dʙy55 pæ11 'by the kitchen' and the tʰo11 po11 ʑi11 pæ11 'by the New Year pine tree' in the courtyard. Each time I placed the bowl in these locations, I bowed to show respect to the spirits that dwell there. "Please have some ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11, then help your father tʰo11 ka11 tɕʰy53 'stick pine needles'," Mother said, offering me a bowl of ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11. "Now, don't blow on the fire. And be sure you don't pour water out today," she said as I was about to blow on the fire in the hearth to make myself warmer, holding the bowl of bo11 ȵo53 po11 is a type of rice plant that is twice as tall as ordinary rice plants or dʑi44 po11. ȵo53 po11 grains are bigger and longer than dʑi44 po11 grains. ȵo53 'grains of ȵo53 po11' are steamed and then A the resulting sticky substance is beaten with the blunt side of an ax, a mallet or a big hammer. It is then eaten with honey. Uncooked ȵo53 is called ȵo53 ʐ o11 tʂho11. After the boiled ȵo53 ʐ o 11 tʂho11 is removed from the same large pot it was boiled in, the pot is cleaned, dried and then oil is added. After the oil is hot, ȵo53 ʐ o11 tʂho11 is added and the fire is reduced. The pot is covered and the ȵo53ʐ o11tʂho11 cooks for ten to twenty minutes. After ȵo53ʐ o11tʂho11 is cooked it becomes ȵo53 ʐ o11. Next, the ȵo53 ʐ o11 is served and eaten in bowls. Salt may be added. Another food is made from ȵo53: rice is soaked in water for several hours and then the grains are ground in a hand millstone in the home. The resulting thick white liquid (resembling yogurt) flows through a clean cloth into a mo44 tsʰə44' 'large bamboo container'. After the grinding is finished, a second clean cloth is put atop the first cloth and a thick layer of ash from the hearth is put atop the cloth to dry the mixture. The next morning, the mixture inside the mo44 tsʰə44 has solidified, is cut into pieces, dried under the sunshine and rolled in the hands. It easily breaks and becomes as fine as flour, which is put in a container. Water is then added and the mixture is kneaded into dough. Pinches of dough are rolled into balls and the balls are put in boiling water. The balls first sink to the bottom, but rise to the top when cooked. These balls 'ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11' are served in bowls and eaten with honey. Few families made this at home in 2006. Instead, wet ȵo53 was taken to one of two homes in the village with a machine that ground it into the thick, yogurt-like liquid described above for a nominal fee. This was attractive because it was convenient. However, there was a consensus that ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11 made in this way was not as tasty as ȵo53 bo11 ly44 ly11 made from hand-milled paste. B Cold and odorless offerings do not please deities and ancestors. They delight in odors in the same way living humans enjoy drinking and eating. •43• ly44 ly11 in my right hand. "Please eat more. There's a lot left. It's not tasty after it's cold," Mother urged. After I finished eating the bo11 ly44 ly11 I took a knife and cut carefully under the bark of the pine tree branches. This gave me strips of pine needles still attached to the bark. I then took bits of bo11 ly44 ly11 and coated the inside of the bark with it. I stuck the short strips of pine needles to the top edge of the ga53 ha53, one or two strips on the ʑɛ11 ʙu11 'pillars', several strips on the ndɛ11 pɛ11 'both sides of the room', a neat row of strips above the qʰo11 bo11 'door', a neat row of strips above the door of our home's three livestock (pigs, water buffalo, goats) rooms, a tidy row of strips above the ka44 dʙy55 'kitchen' door, a tidy row of strips above the tobacco-drying room, and a tidy row of strips above the courtyard gate. And I did it in that order. Father then drove our goats and water buffalo to the mountains to graze. Later, I went to the sa44 nda55 where villagers had gathered. This meeting demonstrates traditional village leadership. Elders talk about what we have done that is good for our village and what should continue; they also discuss what has been detrimental for our village. Younger generations listen and often change their behavior accordingly, e.g., people should help families that request help in planting and harvesting crops. It is also an opportunity for young villagers to enjoy themselves. Many young women in traditional clothing form a circle and dance. They are led by a man playing a ka44 qv̩53 'short flute' until late at night. Others enjoy swinging and seesawing on the sa44 nda55 while yelling a53 xo53 xo53 and a53hi53 hi53.A This gathering encourages a sense of unity among na53 mʑi53 villagers and a sense of wanting to help each other. Each family brings firewood, a piece of pork, a bottle of liquor and bowls, pots and wooden basins. Villagers cook and eat together. Children are not very interested in cooking but are keen to compare their cooked pig feet. Children dressed in their ba11 tsʰə44 ʂə53 tsa11 'new clothes' carry a pig foot in a fabric bag, gather in a children's group and compare their pig feet to see whose is biggest. Parents comfort children who are disappointed that their pig foot was not the largest by saying, "Oh, don't cry, don't cry, we will raise a very big New Year pig next year and you will surely win the competition." Children sit down together and happily gnaw their pig feet. Elders return home in the evening. Young people make a huge bonfire and sing and dance until late at night from the first to third days of the New Year. THE SECOND DAY OF THE FIRST LUNAR MONTH: EATING ȵo53 ʐ o11. On the second day of the New Year people can only eat ȵo53 ʐ o11. They do not eat meat and soup. As was the case the previous day, people continue to gather in the village, dance, sing and enjoy themselves on the sa44 nda55. THE THIRD DAY OF THE FIRST LUNAR MONTH: EATING ȵo44 fu53. B The ancestors leave the home on the third day of the New Year. Sacrifices are made to the ancestors at home People yell to express excitement and happiness while playing on the sa44 nda44. B ȵo44 fu53 is made from ȵo53 flour. This is made into dough and pieces of the dough are formed into round flat pieces, put into a pot with hot melted lard in the bottom and then the dough pieces are mashed and beaten until they become larger and larger. The dough pieces are turned over repeatedly until they are cooked. •44• A and in front of the graves; water is fetched from the stream and relatives begin visiting each other. People start sacrificing to the ancestors when the rooster crows at around five in the morning. ȵo44 fu53 is the main food that is offered to the ancestors in the morning. [\ "Why must we always get up so early to sacrifice?" I asked Mother. "Our ancestors will complain that they cannot return with their friends if they must wait a long time for ȵo44 fu53," she explained gently. Every year, I was awakened by "dong dong dong…" the sound of Father beatingA the ȵo53 cake in the kitchen. Everyone gets up and shows respect to the ancestors by prostrating to them, which also brings good luck. Simultaneously, the village is full of the sounds of conch horns being blown and the popping of firecrackers as ȵo44 fu53 is offered to the ancestors. In addition to sacrificing, the ancestors' graves are visited and offered ȵo44 fu53 after daybreak. Some families invite others and especially children, for qʰo11 bo11 ɴɢæ53 'Jump Through the Door'. It is taboo for people to visit each other or for domestic animals to leave one's own home until this simple ritual is performed. A child's zodiac year and the zodiac symbol associated with the New Year determine which children are invited.B "Liujin, come jump through our door. Your zodiac year is the chicken," Qijin, a neighbor standing outside our courtyard door, called on the second day of the New Year. "Yeah, sure, I'll be there soon," I said excitedly because I knew I would be given candy and money from ɕi53 vi53 and the family's ancestors. "kʰv̩44 ʂə55 a11 su44 su44 o11 'Is the New Year happy'?" I said, holding three sticks of smoldering Chinese incense in my right hand and standing outside the door of Qiqin's home. "kʰv̩44 ʂə44 su44 su44 o11 'The New Year is very happy', please come in quickly'," Qijin said, waiting for me inside his house. I entered, put the three sticks of incense on their ga53 ha53 and prostrated three times in front of the ga53 ha53. Qijin began chanting and beating a drum. Then he gave me a cup of liquor, which was a gift from ɕi53 vi53 and his family's ancestors. I drank it and was very happy to receive half a RMB after having breakfast at their home. [\ Relatives visit each other, bringing half a pig head and liquor, and also set off firecrackers. Commonly understood rules determine which pieces of pork to take when visiting. For example, A ȵo44fu53 is a ȵo53 cake that is made by mixing and adding flour to cold water until it becomes thick, kneading it, taking a fist-size piece of dough, which is put it into a large pot containing hot oil on the kitchen stove. The dough is then beaten with a large heavy spatula until it becomes thin and wide. Salt is sprinkled on top. B We are unsure of the rules that determine this. •45• when visiting parents and grandparents, half a pig head or a pig tongue is a suitable gift. Other families, including those of siblings, receive la11 ʐu44.A THE THIRD TO THE FIFTEENTH DAYS OF THE FIRST LUNAR MONTH: RELATIVES VISIT EACH OTHER. People continue to visit and relax until the fifteenth day of the New Year. A local saying goes 'The fifteenth day of the New Year is far more important than the first day of the New Year', On the night of the fifteenth, the family cooks half a pig head and offers it to the ancestors, who return to the home, after having left on the morning of the third day. [\ Family members took the small, dry pine trees and circled the home, for the ancestors would be back to take them away the next morning. "The ancestors of the New Year will take away all the bad things of the last year," Father told me when I asked him why we did such things. The small pine trees cannot be removed from the home until the next New Year if any family members are absent (not at home at that moment, or those who did not return for the New Year rituals) because family members will fall ill. On the fifteenth day of the New Year, Father walked through the rooms of our home, collecting the New Year pines and then circled the outside of the courtyard counterclockwise. [\ I returned to my home in January 2006 to celebrate the New Year with my family. I noticed traditions were changing fast. "Just put the pork on the ga53 ha53, I feel lazy," Eldest Brother said to his son, Guoqiang (b. 1988), from where he was sprawled on the sofa watching TV. "Wait a moment and I'll do it after this sitcom ends," Guoqiang said. I said nothing but my heart felt heavy. A Strips of pork are hung from the ceiling and over time, they become dry. However, during this time of visiting and presenting gifts, the pork (la11 ʐu44) is fresh—not dry. •46• na53 mʑi53 ENGAGEMENT AND MARRIAGE LIBU LAKHI'S ENGAGEMENT 1993 "Do you think you're very handsome? Do you think I cannot get another one? Do you…" I ran and ran and dared not look back. The more I ran, the rougher and louder the voice became. There were four girls—ʙu44 vɛ55 (the one engaged to me) and three other girls—her friends—whose names I didn't know. Finally I slowed and saw that they had stopped chasing me. The mountain, scattered with green trees, had taken on a yellowish twinge in the gleaming, diminishing sun. Boy shepherds drove their goats and sheep back to their households, hidden from view by the branches of trees growing on the mountain slope. Smoke rose straight into the blue sky from ʙu44 vɛ55's home. The outer yard was full of villagers. Suddenly, a gentle breeze sprang up, bringing the disagreeable odor of burning goat hair; a smell and sight I had seen many times before during weddings, funerals and engagement parties. Father remained behind. I wanted to return and see him but I recalled the scolding and yelling I had received from the four girls and what Father had just said to me: "Son, go back home quickly and secretly. They seemed very angry. They won't do anything to an old man. I'll deal with everything." I immediately did what he said, even though I was extremely interested in the children playing a wolf and sheep game. Father is the person I admire and respect the most. I never dared disobey him. He taught me how to use a gun on the mountain during hunting times, educated me about how to be brave and how to behave properly in daily life. Hunger, exhaustion and the fact that it was getting dark urged me home. I recalled Mother's upset face and Brother's angry scolding, the result of my opposing the marriage they had arranged for me. 1988 "Liujin, quickly put these on," Father said, pushing a ball of a ragged shirt and a pair of trousers into my chest. I realized the black trousers were my elder brother's and the red shirt was my elder sister's. Both were covered with patches. "Why?" I asked in confusion. I rarely wore clothes, even underwear—except during the several months of winter each year. "We are going to dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 to visit your aunt, uncle and cousins," he replied while changing his own clothes. "OK," I replied, quickly donning the trousers and shirt. I was extremely excited because I had never before left the village where I was born. The sky was bright and clean above the green mountain ridges. The rice plants in the rice fields near the winding river were vibrantly green. Farmers walked along the irrigation ditches between the fields, ensuring that water diverted from the river was properly irrigating •47• the fields. They did this as carefully as parents rear their children. Children swam in the pools in the river with the water buffaloes they were tending. The sounds of birds twittering in the trees beside the river and the laughter of children playing and splashing water at each other vibrated in a gentle breeze laden with the perfume of countless flowers. On the way, as we left the fields and climbed into the mountains, we heard various birds sing. I gazed in the direction of this music but I could not see any birds. Instead, some goat-like animals rushed into the thick forest, disturbed by the sounds of our arrival. Father carried two and half kilograms of liquor in a white plastic container. I followed energetically, delighted with my 'new' clothes. "Father, what happened in Aunt's home?" I asked. "Nothing special. We just want to visit. You can make friends and play with your cousins," he replied. As soon as we reached Aunt's home, Father talked to their family members. I was very excited to meet them for the first time. Slowly as darkness descended, more village kids gathered and we played wolf and sheep.A That was the happiest night of my childhood. We shouted and squealed as we escaped from the wolf. Finally, I was out of breath. When I felt my bare feet getting hot, I sat on the ground to watch the others play. Gradually, they came and sat around me, wearing curious expressions. "Are you a girl or a boy?" ʙu44 vɛ55, the one I was engaged to, asked curiously. "Of course, I am a boy," I replied in irritation. "No, you're wearing girl's clothes. You're a girl," another boy insisted. They all burst into laughter simultaneously. My face seemed to burn. I called to Father but I got no reply. "Oh, let's see," one said and then they all took turns putting their hands on my chest. I was frightened by this bullying and ran back into the house, intent on telling Father about these kids' bad behavior. I was surprised as soon as I entered the room. Under the dim light of resin,B Father held the end of a small pig's gall bladder and was intoning loudly to the people who filled the room: Tonight, we two families gather here Tonight, Liujin and ʙu44 vɛ55 meet here Like two bright stars meeting each other Like the sun and the moon meeting each other Like… As soon as Father finished, ndza44 ha55, ʙu44 vɛ55's father, took the gallbladder from Father's hands and repeated what Father had said, but in a slightly altered way. "Father, what's this about?" I asked curiously, unable to control myself. "Shut up! What does a seven year-old kid know?" he answered smiling, and resumed listening to ndza44 ha55's speech. A A group of children make a line, each holding the child in front of them. The child at the front of the line is the 'ewe' and seeks to protect/block the children from being caught by the 'wolf' who is another child who faces the 'ewe'. B Pinewood containing much resin is burned at night for lighting. •48• 1993 I found myself at the foot of a huge tree trunk by the path that zigzagged up the mountain slope. I realized I had slipped and fallen in the darkness. Suddenly, everything was deadly quiet. It was hard to see the path at night. Everything I had just recalled was now utterly forgotten. My hair stood on end as a dark human-like figure loomed in front of me. I could hardly breathe. The figure became steadily larger. Fortunately, a dog's bark from far away encouraged me to look more carefully. It was only a tree trunk. Night birds began chirping and I started to sing loudly, quickening the speed of my steps without looking back. All my family members were sleeping. Father's obedient hunting dog jumped up on me, wagging its tail at the door. After I ate some leftovers in the kitchen, I lay in bed, took a deep breath and tried to sleep. I was afraid of Mother and Elder Brother's reaction the next day. The argument from the night before replayed: "Liujin, you will marry ʙu44 vɛ55 after you graduate from middle school in a year," Father said, sitting by the hearth after finishing dinner. "What about my study? You mean I should just stop?' I demanded, continuing to eat my bowl of noodles. "What you have learned in middle school is good enough. Think about us, your parents. We never went to school for even a day, but have almost finished dealing with our lives," Mother added. "I want to continue studying in college after I graduate because I'll then be able to find a job and have a better life," I said, suddenly losing my appetite. "From the days of our ancestors to our current generation, nobody has ever had an official job. Farming and herding are our fate. We depend on our land and livestock," Elder Brother said. "Yes. Furthermore, our li44 ʙu55 Clan has no connections with important people, as do some families. It would be very hard to get an official job, even if you got more education and a diploma," Father said. "I can find a job," I said. I wondered why not even one person from our li44 ʙu55 Clan had an official job. I made a strong decision that I would continue studying until I got an official job. "I think it's better to return home, marry early and form your own family. We won't waste much money on that," Father said. "Yes, don't go to school anymore. We know you have tried very hard at school. But for a poor family with seven kids, this is the best way to…" Mother started. "Yes, it's the best way. We can marry her into our home this winter," Father said. "Then there'll be another family," Mother said. "No, no, no, I won't. I won't. I want to continue to go to school and find a job," I said. Elder Brother Bajin had come to our home that night to help convince me to stay at home and marry, rather than studying Tibetan in Kangding. "It's useless to study Tibetan. You won't find a job in the future," he said. "Yes, but Liujin won't listen to us," Mother said. "I have always listened to you. But this is so significant that I can't consent. I want to study and I especially want to learn Tibetan because I am Tibetan," I said and started packing in preparation for leaving the next day. A heavy stone lay on my heart. •49• "Don't be silly. Listening to your parents is always right. You're still young. You don't know many things. Listen to us," Father said, taking out his pipe, getting ready to smoke. "It's so stupid that you want to study Tibetan. This is China. It's better to get married and make a family of your own rather than wasting four years in that Tibetan school," Bajin said. "I want to learn Tibetan. I just want to, I don't know why, Brother," I said. "Where will the money come from? It doesn't grow on trees. I have no money to support your study," Bajin said angrily. "I don't need even one yuan from you for my school fees," I said, pointing the index finger of my right hand at him suddenly, a very rude gesture in na53 mʑi53 culture. He stared at me for a long time in surprise. Later I regretted and felt guilty for having behaved that way. He bought gifts for me when I got the top score in my class. And he was the one who always encouraged me to study hard in both primary and middle school. Every time his family cooked some special food he invited me to his home to eat. He always supported me. I didn't understand why he had changed his mind. "Shut up! You don't know how hard it was to raise you guys from infants to this stage and now you behave like this," Mother continued. "Please inform them that I will never marry her until I finish my study and find a job," I said. "How can we just go there and say that? If we do, our families will become enemies," Brother said. "No, no!" I shouted and ran outside. I found myself in the water buffalo stable in the darkness. Tears streamed down my face and drenched my sleeves. "Liujin, Liujin, where are you?" Father called. "Brother, Brother..." my younger sister called. I knew all of my family members were looking for me. They soon came to me, holding torches of wheat stalks. "My dear son, come back and sleep. You must get up early tomorrow and go to school," Father said gently. "No, I won't until you all agree that I don't have to marry her," I said. Father then promised that whatever happened he would help me continue to attend school. "Come back and sleep. I promise you will go to school as long as you want. We will try our best to support you, even though our family condition is not very good," he said, holding my right hand. Then I followed him. That night I slept with Father and it was one the most comfortable and unforgettable nights of my childhood. The cackling of our neighbor's rooster awakened me the next morning. I got up and decided to stay at home another day. The next day, Father returned with the outcome of the consultation with my bride-to-be—we paid 700 RMB, a goat and five kilos of liquor. None of us went to the field to work that day, although Younger Brother went to herd on the mountaintop. A goat, five kilos of liquor and 700 RMB were worth about 1,000 RMB—an astronomical sum at that time for a poor family of ordinary farmers. •50• 2005 I arrived in dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 Village in the late afternoon to attend a funeral. After a night of funeral rituals, singing and dancing I was exhausted and hungry the next morning. My sister-inlaw brought me to a neighbor's home to end my gnawing hunger. A woman with a baby on her back served me. "Please make yourself at home and eat. You are a student and must have been tortured a lot last night," she said, bringing me a wooden bowl of cooked beef and a second bowl of beef soup. "Yes, yes," I replied respectfully. "Add chili and salt as you like," she said, placing small bowls of salt and chili on the table and then handing me a pair of chopsticks. "Yes, yes," I said. I ate as soon as I got the chopsticks. I finished three bowls of rice without so much as raising my head. She saw me stop eating and came over. "Please eat more, please eat more," she encouraged. "Oh, I'm full, I'm really full," I replied with a smile and saw her face turn red. "Please…" she said and then turned and fled without completing the sentence. "Why did she behave like that? Is she falling in love with me? Have I done something wrong?" I wondered. Sister-in-law came in at that moment and said, "OK, we're leaving." Our hostess came to the courtyard gate to see us off and said, "OK, please go slowly, go slowly." On the way, Sister-in-law laughed and asked, "Did you recognize her?" "Who?" I said. "The one who served you," she said. "No. Who is she?" I said, puzzled. "ʙu44 vɛ55, the one you were engaged to a long time ago," she said. "What? You mean she is …" I said in astonishment. SANJIN'SA ARRANGED MARRIAGE "Save me, Brother. I beg you. You're the only one who can save me from danger. It is only one week—seven days. They are forcing me to marry. I hate everything and everyone around me. Everything around me seems to press me down. I only want to get out of this darkness…" "What's wrong? How can I help?" Meiduo's voice broke my reverie after I finished reading the letter from my distant home. "Read this," I said and handed her the letter. She was not only my classmate, but also a good friend. She took it gently with a nod. I soon discovered tears flowing down her cheeks, dropping on the letter in her hands, written in pencil. "Dawa, don't worry. First let's help her get out of there and into our school. She can stay with us. We can try to find a restaurant job for her. Oh, I never heard of such a pitiful girl in this world," she said, wiping her cheeks and sniffling. A Sanjin = three jin or one and a half kilograms. •51• "Is it possible?" I asked. She nodded. I was extremely impressed by her compassionate, loyal and pure heart. However, I still hesitated for I was not in my hometown. The Sichuan Tibetan Language School is located in Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. I had no relatives, no money and no home there. I was still a mere vocational school student—a drop of water in an ocean. What could I do for my younger sister? Bring her to Kangding? A couple of days later I called a Han family who, at that time, had the only phone in our village. They charged other villagers to use it. I eventually was able to talk to my second eldest brother. He is considered the most decisive and smartest among my siblings. "Women! They'll follow a dog if married to a dog and follow a chicken if married to a chicken. Ignore her. She refuses now, but she won't later. Just do your study," he said impatiently. I put the receiver down heavily and did not know what to do. I could not concentrate on my study. Was it really true that women did whatever their husbands wanted? Should women always follow men? These questions went through my mind and then I decided that I must try to help my sister. Then I faced many questions: Where would she stay if she came to my school? What would she do? Where was the money for food? What if she got ill? What if something happened to her during the journey? Ignore it? She was only fifteen. Would she commit suicide? Would her husband be good to her after she married? "Dawa, go eat. The other students have finished," Meiduo said. I was sitting under a pine tree by our school's sports ground. "I have no appetite," I said. "Come on. It's important to not get too preoccupied. Your studies will suffer," Meiduo said. "There's nothing in my heart except my younger sister right now," I replied. "Everything will be OK. We'll figure it out," Meiduo said. "I won't be OK until I have solved this," I said. "I think Aunt Xiaohong will help. She's very kind," Meiduo said with sudden inspiration. I didn't know very much about this woman. The students referred to her as 'Aunt Xiaohong'. She was a widow, her son was twelve and her late husband had been a teacher. She was the door guard at the girl's dormitory. I hesitated and didn't visit her until noon the next day. "Aunt Xiaohong, I'm in great trouble. I don't know if you can help me," I said meekly, plucking the window's metal bars. Boys were not allowed to enter the girls' dormitory. "Ya, say it. What is it?" she stared at me directly. "Just say it. Quickly, what happened?" she said. "My sister is going to marry in six days. This has been arranged by my parents and relatives…" after I said this I felt a little excited and relieved and explained the situation in detail. However, my heart was pounding. This and my hot face made me uncomfortable. I observed her reaction periodically now and then. "Oh, I see. Sure, she can stay and eat with me if she doesn't mind. How terrible. You should bring her here," she said. "Thank you, Aunt Xiaohong. Thank you very much. I'll start on this immediately. Thank you," I blurted out, a tingling sensation filling my body. "Don't worry," Aunt Xiaohong said. •52• Many people encouraged me. I felt confident. Yes, I would do it. For me, an eighteenyear-old boy, it all seemed believable and true. I phoned her after afternoon classes. "Younger Sister, can you come to Kangding by yourself?" I asked. "Sure. But nobody will give me bus fare," she said. "Don't worry. I'll send it to you in an express envelope. Go to town and check the post office every day beginning three days from now," I said. "OK. Will you meet me at the Kangding Bus Station?" she asked. "Of course," I said. "But I'm worried about how to…" she said. "Go to the Xichang Bus Station and get a Xichang-Kangding ticket after you get the money. It's a direct bus. Make sure you call me right after you get the letter," I said. I had already paid the money I had earned from doing construction work during the last vacation to our school's cafeteria for my food bill so I borrowed one hundred RMB from a teacher. I put the money and a piece of paper with general instructions into an envelope, sent it by express mail and waited for her phone call. Beside a rumbling river, our school settled into relative silence. A road ran abreast of the river, stretching out from the valley. In the early morning, an opaque sun rose drowsily from above a snow-covered mountain summit, shooting out colorful, glimmering rays. Students entered the classroom building, bustling with books under their arms and in their Tibetan robe pouches, which made them appear pregnant. On every floor of the building, students read as they slowly paced back and forth to the melodic songs of morning birds perched in trees around the schoolyard. Other students mopped and cleaned the area in front of the classroom. Suddenly, the sounds of morning chanting emanated from the whole building and, as they mixed with the songs of birds, the whole ambiance was that of a remote monastery. I sat in my classroom and prayed that all would be well with my sister. I waited and waited... three days, two days, one day... [\ "Hi, Brother... I'm so scared. Everyone hates me and I hate everyone except you…" she said and rushed into my arms. "Thank the gods. You arrived safely. Oh, thank the gods. Now no one can force you to marry someone you don't love. You are completely free," I exulted, wiping away tears from her delicate cheeks with trembling hands. "Will they come to kill our parents and burn down our house?" she asked. "No, wealth and position do not make them above the law," I said. "But how can we live without a single relative?" she asked. "I'll ask help from Brother Bajin. He has saved more than 30,000 RMB. He's the richest person in our village," I said. "But you said you would never ask for any of his money," she said. "Oh, yes. I do remember," I said. "I have an idea... Let's go to the mountain top and ask ɕi53 vi53 for help," I said. •53• A compassionate-looking face appeared under a huge tree trunk. Green thick leaves under the blue sky contrasted sharply with the whiteness of several tufts of clouds floating by. "What do you want children?" the face asked. "Your holiness, we have come for help," I said. "I see everything. You, girl, escaped from an arranged marriage. You, boy, have disobeyed your family. You compassionate and brave children. You have experienced pleasure and suffering. Come, there is no sorrow, no…" [\ I found myself in bed with my eyes full of tears. It was five o'clock the next morning. "Hello, this is Liujin. May I speak to my sister?" I said after dialing my second older brother's home. "Oh, sorry. She is still at her wedding…" an impatient voice grumbled. I rushed up the mountain behind our school. I gasped tearfully. Sweat washed my face. The river and road grew increasingly vague. An eagle hovered and squawked in a cold strong wind under the cloud-littered sky. I set out with my friends from Liangshan Prefecture for the bus station several months later. The winter holiday had just begun. We were going home. We were the only ones on the quiet, frozen street at such an early hour. Towering buildings and tall streetlights on both sides seemed to be sentinels. About fifteen hours later I was at home and quickly I was being questioned. "Did you really think you could take responsibility for her if we had given her the one hundred RMB you sent?" Bajin asked. I said nothing. "How dare you, a mere student, knowing only a little Tibetan…" he scolded. I said nothing. The next morning I chatted with my sister in our vegetable garden, "You changed your mind, Sister?" "They did not let me go to town after your last phone call," she sobbed. "Our nephew, Guoqiang, was beside me when we talked on the phone." "He repeated what we said?" I asked. "Yes, to Mother. Later, she went to the post office every day and didn't let me leave the home. She got the letter and pretended nothing had happened before I married…" she sobbed, unable to continue. It became darker and we returned home. "Why did all of you force her, Mother?" I asked. "What does she know? Pula's family is the richest in the Xichang area. Her husband, Lopa, is also not bad. They are attracted by her height and beauty. As someone with only a primary school education, she should understand but she doesn't," Mother said. "But she has never liked that guy," I said. "She's a child. Where else can we find a family as rich as this one? She'll accept this if all of us work together and persuade her. What other future has she got?" Mother said. "Right. Her father-in-law works for the County Education Bureau. He probably can help you after you graduate," Father said. •54• "Money and position cannot replace true love. You made the decision without her agreement, without a phone call to me. It's her life," I said loudly. "I also married your father this way, child," Mother said. "Mother, times are different," I said. "In fact, she agreed," Mother said. I said nothing. [\ "Mother said you actually agreed. Did you?" I asked while we were herding the goats together on the mountain the next day. "I had no idea what else to do. Mother said she would jump into the river in front of our house if I didn't agree. Everyone says I'm so stupid for being unhappy to join such a wealthy family," she said, tears rolling down her face again. New Year's Eve soon came and the whole village exploded with the sound of blaring conches and drumbeats as sacrifices were made for the ancestors while the sun beamed crimson rays into the valley from above the mountains. In the evening, all my family members surrounded a circular table laden with various foods after we had finished sacrificing to our ancestors. "This year, everything has gone well. No one got sick, no livestock died and we had a good harvest. Tonight is the last night of the whole year and it is also the last New Year party with my daughter, Sanjin," Father began. According to local custom, everyone should say something about both the New Year and the past year. The order of giving these little speeches is from the oldest to the youngest family members. Everyone was eating and listening except Sanjin. She put her head down. I couldn't see her face. "After New Year, we will choose a day and send Sanjin there," Father continued, holding a cup of liquor. "No, I won't go for at least two years," Sanjin retorted in a low weak voice, her head still bent down. "You devil! You want my head?" Mother scolded viciously. The rage in this utterance pushed my head down as though it were a boulder. "Quickly, follow her!" Father said, scolding Mother. Sanjin had fled. We all rushed out in the darkness, searching and calling Sanjin's name with burning ricestraw torches. My hair stood on end. I felt bewildered. "Go to the river, quickly!" Father ordered and we raced to the river, holding the torches high. But we found nothing except ruthless rocks and the sound of quickening water. Some neighbors came and tried to help. My heartbeat slowly returned to normal only when we were told she had been seen running along the road in the direction of the township. We started off in that direction and soon I saw Father holding a torch high in one hand while the other was holding sniffling, sobbing Sanjin. Father offered liquor and incense to ɕi53 vi53 at the sacrifice place, for nothing bad had happened to my younger sister after we returned home. Mother sat silently in her previous seat. That night I could not sleep. Numerous questions presented themselves: "What should I do? What could I do? Yes, I was just a student who knew only a little Tibetan as Bajin said. Should I help her reject our family's decision?" •55• "I got a phone call from Pula's family. They are waiting," said Bajin the next morning. "Tomorrow is perfect. You'll have to leave for school soon. We all should go and have fun," Father said, looking at me. "Bring the flute for dancing," he continued, looking at Jiujin. He played the flute very well even though he was a quiet young man. Some hours later, Father and my siblings were sitting in Pula's house after a long journey on foot. "Is he Daka Liwa who works for the County Education Bureau?" I whispered to Jiujin, motioning to a bald man in his forties wearing a black jacket. My brother nodded and I expected that he would say something very cultivated. "You didn't bring your daughter before the New Year. Now you come. Looking for what? My dick?" he exploded in Nuosu.A We all sat up and pointed fingers at each other. Fortunately, many people mediated. My niece and Sanjin cried out in fear. The next day, in spite of Pula's family's persuasion, Sanjin returned home with us. "I will never let my daughter pass through their doorway again," Father said angrily from his seat by the fireplace. "You should be patient. He was probably drunk," Mother responded. "You are always on their side, widow," Father retorted. "That's the result of liking wealth," Bajin inserted. "They must separate for we have seen what happened," I suggested. "Just go back to school and do your stuff," Bajin said. We all sat in silence. A month later I was back in school, holding this letter in my hands: Dear Brother, How is everything at school? I miss you very much. I got a job in a Tibetan restaurant in Xichang. I am paid 300 RMB per month so I can live. After your departure, they agreed to send me back because Pula's family sent 1,000 RMB to apologize. Father tried to help me end the engagement but Bajin and Mother disagreed. The night I arrived there, Lopa came back at midnight reeking of liquor. He scolded, "Bitch! Get as far away from me as you can. Do you think your family clan is better than ours? I'll find someone much better than you with the money from one night's gambling. Get out of here!" I tried to run off but he pushed me against the wall. Finally I escaped and ran into a home. I heard they spent 60,000 RMB on the wedding. What an amount for us poor people. I will never go there again…" I folded the letter and put it inside my Tibetan history textbook. After class, I went to our school's apple orchard hoping this exposure to Nature would cheer me, but I turned away immediately in embarassment when I saw Tsering and Drolma sitting arm in arm under a tree. A He probably spoke in Nuosu because most na53 mʑi53 in his village speak Nuosu. •56• [\ Four years passed and I was a student at Qinghai Normal University. The winter holiday came again and I returned for the New Year. "Where is Father?" I asked Mother after I put down my bag. "He is on the mountain grazing our livestock. Go visit him and come back together," she said. She was delighted to see me. I brought the two and half kilograms of butter and a bottle of spirits that I had brought from Qinghai and started up the mountain. I came to a small yellow wood surrounded by grassland. Goats and water buffalo stood around a bungalow but I didn't see Father. He appeared from behind the bungalow after I called to him loudly. "Did you visit your sister in Xichang on your way back?" he asked after we talked about my education. "No, I lost her phone number, Father," I said. "How pitiful your younger sister is. She could only cry. I wanted to break the engagement but your mother scolded me terribly. They all forced her. My heart was broken," Father said. "Let's go down. Then we all can talk together," I advised after having dinner in his small, dark, smoke-stained room. "No, I like it here. It's quiet with my livestock and the bird songs in the forests. They know nothing but watching TV the whole night and cannot get up the next morning. Take this flashlight. It's already dark. Bring some salt and rice for me and when you have time, come stay with me and read," he said, passing me a flashlight. I felt uncomfortable leaving him alone on the mountain and stayed with him that night. Tears filled my eyes when I touched his body for it seemed to be a bag of bones. [\ "Mother, why don't we bring her back? Many unpleasant things have happened," I advised. "We are in the middle of the river and Pula's family is extremely angry right now," she replied. "We can also retreat because she has never liked him. We can earn money slowly, selling livestock. It's OK if all our family members are healthy," I said. "Your father absolutely agreed at first. Why did he change his mind? It's your father controling her. It's not that she doesn't agree to go to Pula's home," she said, becoming angry. I said nothing. "If we all agree... she is just a child... persuade your father and..." she said. "Children are also human, Mother," I said. "How pitiful I am. I have raised seven children for him. In your eyes I am nothing," she said, tears rolling down her cheeks. I felt guilty for it seemed I was the only one who had made Mother cry. After the New Year period, the husband of one of my older cousins visited our home in the morning and said, "They are very angry. They want 60,000 RMB. They will burn your house if you don't pay." We then called Sanjin and she came to our home that evening. •57• "Get up and ask her the last time. They will come soon. I'm afraid," Mother said the next morning. I got up and took Sanjin outside. The yellow sun strode skyward from behind a red earth mountain covered with leafless trees. Bamboo groves grew behind our house. Green wheat terraces were on both sides of the winding river at the valley bottom. The songs of morning birds lingered throughout the valley. "So, you will never go back, will you? We wouldn't be in this situation if you had got the letter four years ago. I'm also afraid of Mother's crying," I said. "Brother, if you have no courage then I will return, like a dog. I feel sorry if you will be unable to find a job because of my behavior," she said and began sobbing. Through my own tears, I saw smoke from our chimney stabbing into the sky. I wrung my fists tightly and said, "Don't worry Sister, you will never go back." Then we went to my oldest brother's home for breakfast. Afterwards, we started back to our parents' home. When we got near, we saw four red vans parked by the road. Men were standing in groups and smoking in our yard as I entered our home. They silently stared at me. The house was full of people. Some were sitting along the wall; others were sitting on a piece of cloth and some leaned against the pillar in the middle of the room. A bald man caught my attention and I remembered what he had said earlier. He raised his head a little to look me over. Then he resumed his motionless black-leather-clad posture, as unmoving as a stone. "Is he the one studying in Qinghai?" a man asked. I nodded with a forced smile. I took a pack of cigarettes and offered one to each person even though I didn't know who they were. The hearth was lifeless. Cigarette smoke filled the room as though a fire of wet, smoldering wood was trying to burn. Mother sat by the hearth in front of the sacrifice place because Father hadn't returned from the pasture. "Will Uncle come, Mother?" I said, making conversation with her when I realized nobody wanted to talk to her even though she was the oldest person in the room. "He will come," Mother answered. More people came and Father also returned. He bowed a little, came in and said, "You are all welcome." I could see his exposed belly from under his green soil-stained clothes. "Is everything going well in your village?" he politely asked, while removing his shoes and then beating them against a stone beside the fireplace to shake the soil loose into the fireplace. Father pinched my calf surreptitiously and I followed him outside. "Take care of your younger sister. Break them into pieces if someone comes to beat her," he said. "OK, Father," I said. "I'll stab my dagger into Daka Liwa's throat if he dares touch me. This will get rid of it I think," he said, hiding his dagger under his clothes. "Don't worry, they won't dare," I said calmly. Fortunately, mediators separated us after dinner. Daka Liwa's group went to another home. Later, three of Daka Liwa's representatives—two na53 mʑi53 and one Nuosu—came to our home and the discussion resumed (in Nuosu). "We need a wife for our son. Is there any possibility that you can persuade your daughter to return with us?" their helpers asked, beginning a long period of negotiation. "We have never stopped persuading. Let's ask Sanjin," Father responded. "Say it! Quickly Sanjin!" some villagers whispered beside her. •58• "I went to Pula's family because my parents asked me to. Ask your Lopa what he did," Sanjin said, raising her voice. "OK. We spent 60,000 RMB for the marriage entertainment. Now we need 180,000 RMB for what we spent and to recover our family's honor," they retorted. "Please listen. I grew up nursing my mother's milk and ate solid food when I grew older. I did not grow up being threatened and frightened," Father said angrily and loudly. They left, very displeased after Father said that. "Wow! It will probably take three days and three nights to settle this," some villagers murmured. A big fire glimmered in the open air in front of the home where Daka Liwa's group stayed. Some of them drank liquor nearby. Others slept in their clothes. Liquor fumes floated in the air and laughter broke the serene dark night every now and again. Finally, the mediators came up with a decision the next morning that surprised the villagers: We were to pay 20,000 RMB and two pigs. "Will you go back to Xichang, Sanjin? Shouldn't you stay at home?" I asked. "Why not? Who will pay for her? She has to earn the money by herself," Mother said, not letting her speak. Sanjin and I carried our bags and left home three days later. She returned to her restaurant job in Xichang and I returned to school. [\ In dʐə11 qu11, na53 mʑi53 mostly marry other na53 mʑi53 from dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11, ȿa44 pa53 and dʐə11 qu11 villages. There are certain rules about who can marry whom, e.g., it is taboo to marry one's mother's sister's daughter or father's brother's daughter. It is acceptable to marry one's mother's brother's daughter. To marry one's father's sister's daughter is considered the best marriage. Occasionally, two families meet and discuss their children marrying when they are older. At this meeting va11 ʙu44 tʂə11 ly11A 'examining a pig's gallbladder' is done. A piglet is killed and both sides check the bile. If the gallbladder is full of bile, it signifies that the marriage will be very successful. If the gallbladder is only half full of bile or less than half full, it suggests that the marriage will be usual. Engagement never proceeds if there is no bile. Little children who are engaged know nothing about adult married life. When Libu Lakhi was engaged at the age of five, he was delighted with the meat that was served at the meeting and the company of other children, including the girl he was being engaged to. At this engagement meeting, the date of the eventual marriage was decided as well as how much money the boy's family should give the girl's family—800-5,500 RMB. Usually, half of this sum is given at the engagement meeting and the other half at the actual wedding years later. On the wedding day, the groom's parents invite a pʰa53 tsə53 to their home to choose one or two young men who will greet the bride on the basis of the young man's zodiac year compatibility with the zodiac year of the bride. The pʰa53 tsə53 also directs seven young men to go in and out of the doorway in turn, seven to nine times carrying bottles of wine, a conch and a round bamboo container of roasted beans and wheat flour. A va11 ʙu44 = piglet; tʂə11 = piglet's bladder; ly11 = to examine. •59• A man stands behind the door and closes the door when the young men exit. He then offers a cup of liquor to the person who first enters. For this reason, a young man who likes to drink is always shoved to the front. Usually the group consists of seven or nine young men chosen by the pʰa53 tsə53. Within the group of seven young men, two blow conch horns and must not stop blowing until they reach the family hearth in front of the home sacrifice place. When they reach the fireplace, they toss a little barley flour into the fire and yell, "xwe53… xwe53…". After these preliminary activities are completed, the bride-greeters go to the bride's home leading a strong horse and carrying a stick tied with colorful pieces of fabrics 'tju44 mbʐə55' . The time required to reach the bride's home depends on the locations of the bride and groom's homes. When the bride-greeters reach the bride's home, the bride's friends and relatives gather outside the bride's home's gate awaiting the arrival of the bride-greeters. The young women and older girls stand by both the courtyard entrance and the door of the home with hidden wooden buckets of water and dippers. The bride-greeters know all this but they must proceed. The girls prevent the bridegreeters from entering the courtyard gate by throwing dippers of water on them. Once inside the house, the girls continue to throw water on the men until the men give them a satisfactory amount of money. It is winter, and the cold water and cold weather make the men uncomfortable. After the water-throwing ritual, a meal is served of goat meat, pork, mutton, rice and meat soup. The meat is in fist-sized chunks and people usually eat it with their hands. After the meal, older people begin singing about how the bride should be a proper woman in her husband's home. Generally, the first singers are the bride's parents, uncles and elder siblings. Next, the bride-greeters and the bride's side sing back and forth to each other with the bride's side expressing concern about the bride's future in the groom's home and the bride-greeters reassuring that all will be well. The bride laments about her imminent departure and her friends sing songs to comfort and encourage her. The bride's side decides how many people and who will escort the bride to the groom's home, as well as the departure time. At around five a.m. people get up and ready everything. Before sunrise, a pʰa53 tsə53 does religious activities at the bride's home similar to the activities done at the groom's home. In most cases, it is a one day walk to the groom's home. Women prepare the bride with na53 mʑi53 clothing, jewels, a black fabric hat and a colorful scarf that covers her head. It is an absolute rule that nobody can remove the scarf until the bride reaches the groom's home. Usually, about twenty people are in the bride's entourage. The most important people are the bride's uncle (father's brother) and brother. On the way, her brother must lead the horse and ensure that the scarf continues to cover her head. All female members of the entourage are dressed traditionally. Once they reach the groom's home, the groom's mother removes the scarf in the sitting room and says, "My son's wife is very beautiful," and happily reaches into a bamboo container of rice with a wooden spoon. She puts a spoonful of rice into the bride's mouth, which the bride chews and swallows. Next, the groom's mother reaches into a wooden container of meat soup and puts this into the bride's mouth, which she also swallows. •60• Later in the day, the guests and groom's side compete in dancing, telling jokes, wrestling and singing far into the night. The next day, all the na53 mʑi53 families in the village invite the entourage to their homes. Pigs, goats and sheep are butchered, chopped into pieces and cooked. People sing and dance the whole day. Women and men of the same generation put pot soot on each other's faces, creating much laughter. At night, the guests return to the groom's home and make merry before the bride's entourage leaves the next day. The game ʙu44 dzə55 qv̩53 qv̩53 ȿu11 'searching for the hole of the earthworm' is played. First, two young men dressed in traditional female clothing each hold a buffalo horn filled with liquor. They pretend to be a mare and a stallion. They move around, searching for 'the hole of the earthworm'. They say, "Where is the hole of the earthworm?" when ordered to do so by old people sitting by the hearth. Audience members periodically say, "It is there!" "It is here!" while pointing their fingers. The two performers rush in the direction suggested. People laugh excitedly when the 'mare' speaks in a female voice or when the 'stallion' mounts the 'mare's' back, in imitation of horses. Before the guests leave the next morning, a pʰa53 tsə53 comes and gives money to the female guests and the bride's brother and uncle. Usually, the uncle receives one hundred RMB, the brother gets five RMB and each of the female guests receive two RMB. The money is believed to be from ɕi53 vi53. The hosts hold a bottle of liquor and cups and stands in front of the departing guests, offering them a last cup of liquor to bid them much luck and farewell. Many older women guests lament when they leave the bride. Songs are sung between the two sides. These songs continue to be sung even when the guests are far out of sight. MONSTER tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 The tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 is a female monster with very long breasts and long fingernails that often appears in na53 mʑi53 stories. "Don't cry or tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 will come with her long breasts flung over her shoulders..." my parents said when I cried. Every time they said this, the hair on my head stood up and I stopped crying immediately. At night, children dare not go outside to urinate after their parents or other adults tell tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 stories. Children are unafraid of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 during the day, except when livestock graze on 11 tsʰo ro44 tsʰo53 ro44 Mountain. tsʰo11 ro44 refers to tsʰo11 ro44 mi11, tsʰo53 means 'dance' and 'ro44'' refers to the place where tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 dance. tsʰo53 is particularly frightening because it specifically refers to the dance done at funerals. The mountain has many pine trees. Goats and sheep enjoy grazing lush grass at the foot of the mountain. When goats and sheep go there, children dare not follow them. They stare at the mountain and think of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11. Recalling the sentence "hũ11 ɴɢv̩11 te11 tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 tʙu11 ma11 ʑi11 m̩ 11 o44 tsʰo53 qv̩11 ji11 so11" "It was said that thousands of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 dance and sing there at night," which mothers say many times, children routinely return home without bringing their livestock back. •61• RESEARCH IN XICHANG AND MIANNING NOVEMBER 6, 2003 (SATURDAY). At around one p.m., I went to tʂhə11 dʑa11 pʰa53 tsə53's (b. 1929) home in dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11. He is one of Father's best friends. I had heard that he had become blind when he was seventy-eight. Now he is seventy-nine and because he and his wife do not get along with each other, he lives separately from his wife and two sons in a small, low adobe room in his family's courtyard. I yelled, "Uncle tʂhə11 dʑa11!" from far away, holding a stick in my hands. I heard an old man's voice amid a dog's fierce barking. I remembered my family had invited him to our home to do religious activities many times. He was very welcome in my village when I was a child even though he was from dʑa53 qa53 tʙu11 Village. A moment later, the old man, who was outside his room in the front of the courtyard, scooted on his bottom to me and asked, "Who is this?" while looking around with both eyes closed. I said my name loudly. He recognized who I was and led me back to his low, small shelter. I started to feel sad while he was feeling around for mo53 zə53 vɛ11 ŋga11 'rtsam pa '. "Please have some mo53 zə53 vɛ11 ŋga11. That's all I have, kid. How is your study?" he said, trying to get a bowl of mo53 zə53 vɛ11 ŋga11 for me from a wooden box, but I refused. "My study is going very well. My father asked me to give you his regards," I said. "Oh, I'm very happy to hear that. Please tell your father to come see me when he has time. I am old and blind and cannot go anywhere now in the forest. Nobody comes to invite me to do rituals now that I'm blind..." "Uncle, I need to record chants and Father said you are the best," I said. "Great! That's what I dream about everyday. You know, I have two sons. One is never interested in this kind of thing; the other learnt half of how to be a pʰa53 tsə53 but then he gave up and never mentioned trying again. I am very sad about this. Now, finally today here is someone to continue my work. I will try my best to teach you!" "No, Uncle, I'm not trying to be a pʰa53 tsə53. My parents don't agree. I also have to continue my study. I just want to record your chants and keep them. Otherwise they will be lost." "OK. That's still very good. You can record them. It is better than them being lost. Yes, please study hard and then you can find a job. But please also come see me with your father often when you have time. Only your father understands my chanting and I feel very close to him because of that." "Uncle, I can't stay here very long. How long will it take if I record all your chants?" I asked. "At least seven days, but only having the chants is not helpful. You also need to study and practice the rituals. There are many things you will never understand until you have experienced them," he said. "I don't have time to study, I just need to record the chants now," I said. "OK. Let's go outside. Maybe you feel a little bit cold inside here and outside is very quiet," he said. I helped him collect his drum and cymbals. We went outside and he started chanting while beating his drum and cymbals. He concentrated deeply. Listening to him chanting, I remembered when I was five to eight years old and Father had invited him to do rituals. Our •62• house was crowded. Everyone respected him and believed in him. I had then wished to become a pʰa53 tsə53. Some time passed. His lips were dry from chanting loudly, so I asked him to rest for a while. "You know kid, I did pi11 'rituals' almost everyday when I was young for na53 mʑi53 and Han. I was very busy then. I saved many patients from danger," he said. Unfortunately, I could not continue to listen to all his interesting stories for I had to leave after three days. He said it was very difficult to chant continually for several days. "Kid, please come back, OK?" he said. "Yes, I will. I'm sure I will," I said and left, very concerned about his blindness. "Come back, then you can stay here longer and learn more," he said. The sounds of his words became weaker and weaker as I trudged into the distance. NOVEMBER 11TH (THURSDAY), 8 A.M. "I'll go by myself. You don't need to worry," I said again, but Father was not convinced. "No, Son. You don't know a single person there. Your work is important. How can I feel comfortable about you going alone? We will bring your younger sister. I'm old and close to death. I can't often be with you since you study away from home and it is difficult for you to return home often. It's the same for your younger sister—she is usually not at home, like you. And now she'll marry soon while you're not at home. No, you can't go alone. I'll take you to your Uncle lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44. He's the person who knows most about na53 mʑi53 these days," Father continued. I could not disagree. Xiaolong used his motorcycle to send Sanjin, my father and me from dʐə11 qu11 Village to lu11 ma44 Town. Then we took a bus from lu11 ma44 to Mianning, which cost each person forty RMB. We arrived in Luoguodi at five p.m. Luoguodi is part of Lianhe Township, Mianning County. According to the local na53 mʑi53 explanation, the real name is lu11 kv̩53 tʙu11.A 'lu11 kv̩53' indicates an earlier generation of the li44 ʙu55 Clan lineage while 'tʙu11' means 'place' or 'area.' That evening after a day's journey in the bus, we reached Uncle Liqi's home near the Lianhe bus station. Uncle lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44 returned home around eleven p.m. "Oh, my son, I heard you would come and the reason why. It is very good that you are doing such things," he said. I felt awkward because it was my first time to meet him. He treated me very nicely. After dinner, I learned he was the uncle whom father had mentioned before. "Father, I hope you will help me. I only know a little about na53 mʑi53," I said respectfully. "Oh, why not. I wish I could pour all my knowledge into your head just like water. That's how I feel when I meet such a good son like you. Others care nothing about na53 mʑi53. They are only interested in modern clothes and dance. What a pity after we die. They don't know what to do when a na53 mʑi53 gets sick or at weddings, funerals, sacrificing to the mountain gods..." he couldn't stop complaining. Mu'er, Zhuangzi, Hetao and Dachuanhao villages are all in Lianhe Township. Nearly all the residents are na53 mʑi53, except for Dachuanhao Village where there are some Nuosu. There A It is pronounced as 'lu11 kv̩53 tʙu11' in dʐə11 qu11 Village. •63• is one primary school for all four villages' children. However each village also has its own primary school, except for Zhuangzi Village. NOVEMBER 12TH (SUNDAY). I spent the day with Uncle lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44 and recorded the names of the places where na53 mʑi53 lived before they came to live in their present homes, how the original two na53 mʑi53 brothers divided into many different families and how na53 mʑi53 came to the earth (Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 and Human-Son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11). The place-names are listed below from the most recent to the original home place. 1. li44 ʙu55 o53 ndʐo53 2. dʐə44 lo44 a11 gv̩44 dʑy11 3. bu11 sa11 ʁa11 4. ho11 jy11 ɴɢv̩11 kʰi44 5. lu11 kv̩53 tʙu11 6. li44 mə˞55 ha11 ŋa11 lə˞44 7. ha11 sa11 pɕə11 lo11 ʙu44 8. ʂu53 bo44 ræ53 tʂa53 9. ha11 ga11 dzə53 gv̩44 10. la44 kʰv̩53 ndzə53 gv̩53 tɕə11 ro44 11. ha11 tɕə11 mo53 tɕɛ53 ro44 12. m̩ 53 sə53 lo44 ga11 kv̩11 13. la44 kʰv̩53 mo53 tjo53 mi44 14. tɕɛ11 dʑi44 hɛ53 gɛ44A 15. ʂu53 tʰʙu44 la53 sa53 fu11 16. jy11 ga11 tʰo11 jɛ11 ga11 17. dʑə11 mɛ44 ha44 nju44 18. na44 mɛ44 jy44 ga53 fu11 19. ha11 tʰo11 ni44 vɛ44 ga44 20. ha11 na44 lu53 qv̩53 tʂu11 ro44 21. na44 mɛ55 ɴɢv̩11 kʰv̩11 22. na44 mɛ55 fu11 23. na44 mɛ55 ru11 ja11 ʁa11 24. na44 mɛ55 ʁo44 gv̩53 25. dʑa11 rə44 ɕə11 tʂu44 tʂu53 26. dʑa11 rə44 lu44 tʂu44 tʂu53 27. tʙu53 tʙu53 ndzə53 gv̩44 na44 28. tʙu53 tʙu53 ʐa53 pʰu53 dʑy11 29. ho53 pi53 ɴɢv̩11 kʰv̩11 30. sə11 m̩ 11 ȵa44 la44 qæ53 31. jo44 ni44 pʰjo11 dʐə11 gv̩11 32. ja11 wu44 ʂo44 lo44 ʙu44 33. pʙu11 m̩ 11 ȵa11 dʐə44 gv̩11 34. ʐa53 tʙu53 ji44 ga53 rə53 A We use 'g' in place of 'ɡ'. •64• 35. ma11 ni44 bo44 ro55 36. ma53 pi53 tʙu11 ji44 ga55 37. ʙu53 rə53 ni11 ʐa44 dʑy11 38. ȵi44 ma55 la11 sa11 dʑy11 39. pʰu53 ji44 la11 dʑy11 kʰv̩11 na53 mʑi53 believe li44 ʙu55 o53 ndʐo53 refers to Xichang. The fifth place-name, lu11 kv̩53 tʙu11, refers to a large valley that includes lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44's home village, as well as several other villages where nearly all residents are na53 mʑi53. lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44 said the next to the last placename referred to Lhasa and the last name referred to a place between Nepal and Lhasa and when people die their souls go through all these places and, finally, to the sky. When na53 mʑi53 die, these place-names are chanted by pʰa53 tsə53. Usually, there are two to four pʰa53 tsə53 at a funeral. The pʰa53 tsə53 stand together by the corpse and slowly and sadly chant the names of the places while holding a short sword above the dead person,A guiding the soul of the deceased back to the original home. NOVEMBER 13TH (MONDAY). I went to Zhuangzi Village and met Ji Wendong, the village leader. "There is a better primary school for all the villages in our township, but a few rich people have started to send their children to more expensive schools in Mianning County," he said. "Now more and more young people leave the village to earn money and young children are at school, so only old people and kids are left at home. There's nobody left to dance now," he answered when I asked him if people still danced na53 mʑi53 traditional dance. NOVEMBER 14TH (TUESDAY). In the afternoon, I arrived at a Han pʰa53 tsə53's home on the upper part of a mountain after an hour's horseback ride up a steep, zigzag road. Local people say he is the only local pʰa53 tsə53. He showed me his conch, animal horns and old scriptures. "Can you read these?" I asked, pointing to the scriptures, written in Tibetan. "No. A friend promised to help pay for me to study Tibetan but I couldn't go. I had to take care of my family." From my talks with him, I learned that people believed in him and invited him to do various rituals. Local na53 mʑi53 do sacrifice rituals to the mountain god every nine years, which involves killing chickens, sheep, goats and yaks. This ritual lasts eight days. The pʰa53 tsə53 must chant to the mountain god. Then he took me to see his ɕi53 vi53 dza11 tɕə11 ro44 behind his home, which is the place where food and animal blood is offered to ɕi53 vi53.B Every local na53 mʑi53 family has a ɕi53 vi53 dza11 tɕə11 ro44 in a high and clean place. Usually it is under a large tree. "Why is there no big tree here?" I asked. "There, you see... but it is dead now," he said, pointing to a dead trunk, the only remnant of the sacred tree. The big trees are gone. Only some trunks remain because people don't care; they don't offer food and animal blood to them..." From what he said, I gathered that the big trees symbolize ɕi53 vi53. na53 mʑi53 respect ɕi53 vi53 and offer them the best fresh food and animal blood and in return, the people are protected by ɕi53 vi53. A B We do not know the significance of holding a knife above the corpse at this time. ɕi53 vi53 = mountain god, dza11 = food, tʂə11 = raise, ro44 = place. •65• NOVEMBER 16TH (THURSDAY). I visited Uncle lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44's daughter's home and had a chance to see a tʂha11 'loom', which I had never seen before. v̩53 ka53 mi53 is skilled at using it. Her home is by a road and I got there easily by paying ten RMB to rent a motorcycle taxi. v̩53 ka53 mi53 told me that she uses the loom when she is free to make kwa44 ta55 'knee-length vests'. She sells them for one hundred RMB each. •66• PART THREE: TEXTS MYTHS DESCENDANTS OF HUMAN-SON lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 AND SKY-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 lu11 tʙu53 a53 zo44A (1)B i ȵi a ʂə te za ja go ʑi so ancient brothers DP three CL $/:-}-3R 4J=-5B$ %/-^ 代 ʑi dʑo di le EXT say MP $?3 5.-5B$ =?-3,/ 2>. 连词 词 在 5B$-!J$? 传说 语气 'It was said in ancient times there were three brothers.' $/:-}-3R<-%/-^-$?3-;R.-0<-2>., 传说, 时候 个 。 (2) ʑi a ȵo son young DET 2 (%-2 儿子 小 tʰi ʑi ja te tsʰo CL DP man son %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3A 2 限词 儿子 词 连词 人 lɛ ʁu ru mi lɛ ʁu ru call =J:-< 9J<-2 'The youngest son was called Man-Son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11.' 2-(%-2:A-3A%-=-3A:A-2-=J:-<-9J<, ( A 中)小儿子的 人子勒物如。 Note the similarity between this account and the Qiang account 'The Creation of the World' (LaPolla and Huang 2003:251-252). B See http://www.vuze.com/details/YLYW2MTRKDP5HYKFKA6WQCWUPEPSPT5E.html for recordings of these and other folklore materials glossed in this study. Libu Lakhi recorded and transcribed the folklore material from various consultants. He then re-recorded it to improve sound quality. •67• (3) ʑi tʰi so DET three CL te rə qæ ɕy DP field dig went often tɕə tɕə %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 8A%-<A-3 aR$-0 ?R% o/-0< 限词 经常 词 连词 土地 挖 去 'The three brothers often went to dig (cultivate) fields.A' %/-^-:.A-$?3-0R-o/-0<-8A%-<A-3-aR$-+-?R%-2-<J., 经常去挖地。 (4) ti ȵi one day meal eat dza $&A$ *A/ 9-3 一 dzə le DP qæ li field dig back went DP 9-2 4J=-5B$ 8A% aR$-0 KA< 连词 土地 挖 饭 ɕy rə 回 te KA/ 4J=-5B$ 去 连词 (5) qæ ȵu dig after/had these aR$-0 5< 挖 完 tʰi ki :.A o ba te li ba pi tsa all DP back flatten 5%-3 4J=-5B$ KA< =J2-3R<-29R-2 5< 全部 连词 回 完 ro sə finish PT again :.?-5B$ ;% 去时 'One day, when they had eaten a meal and went back to dig fields, all these (fields that they) had dug were already flattened back again.' *A/-8A$-=-/%?-)-:,%?-eJ?-(#R-5S-)KA<-(?-8A%-)aR$-+-KA/-0-/, }<-2aR$?-9A/-0:A-8A%-<A-3-5%-3-KA<-=J2-3R<-29R?-:.$ 一 , A 了饭回去挖地时, 挖过的(土地)都 (变) 了。 na53 mʑi53 generally live in hilly areas and depend on cultivating rice (always irrigated) and dry land farming (corn, potatoes, soybeans). Every year, farmers abandon some dry land plots for they are no longer fertile, and open up new dry land for cultivation. •68• (6) ʑi tʰi so son DET three CL 2 %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ 3$R ja 儿子 限词 ʁu ru pʰo go le ma ʁaA ro head puzzle DP NEG OK PT :,R3?-0 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ 词 头 糊涂/困惑 连词 定 可以 去时 'The three sons were very puzzled in the head.' %/-^-:.A-$?3-0R-3$R-:,R3?-?R%-, 个儿子 (感到)非常困惑。 (7) ti ȵi one day evening when li hæ tʰʙu qæ li field dig back went DP $&A$ *A/ ?-YR? {2? 一 时候 土地 挖 傍晚 ɕy rə 8A%-<A-3 aR$-0 KA< 回 te KA/ 4J=-5B$ 去 连词 (8) kv̩ m̩ ɕə po ji kʰv̩ tsə pæ ta tʰjo so they three CL #R-5S $?3 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ #R%-2R :R$ AVM tree 词 副标 树 他们 under hide &-2 藏 EXT ka lɔ DP watch =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ v-2 在 连词 看 'When it was evening one day, (they) went back to dig fields; they all three hid under trees and watched.' *A/-8A$-$A-?-YR?-.?-=, #R-5S-$?3-0R-8A%-<A-3-2bR-<-?R%-/?-5%-3-#R%-2R:C-:R$-+-&?-+J-2v?, 一 傍晚, 回去挖地时, 他们 个都藏在树 看着。 'ma44' is negative and 'ʁa44' means 'OK'. For example, it is OK or not OK to do something, however, here 'ma44 ʁa44' means 'very'. •69• A (9) tʰi tʰʙu te la mo ti gv̩ DET CL DP old man one CL %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ c.-0R 限词 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 词 连词 老头子 一 词 (10) ʂu ŋgo tʰʙu la vo ta le dʑy ro carry DP come PT metal stick CL t$? .L$-0 5.-5B$ :#<-2 4J=-5B$ ,R/-0 :.?-5B$ 铁 词 扛 棒 连词 来 去时 'At this moment, one old man carried one metal (walking) stick and came.' {2?-:.A<, c.-0R-8A$-$A?-t$?-GA-.L$-0-8A$-#<-/?-,R/, 时候, 一个老头子扛着一根铁棒来了。 (11) ŋgo tʰʙu la le rə lo stick OTM DP field GOAL back overturn .L$-0 ;=-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 8A%-<A-3 =?-5B$ KA< 棒 宾标 连词 土地 li 词 tɕa pʰu 回 lo paA ro ITR PT 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 2*<-^R? :.?-5B$ 翻 复 去时 '(He) used (the) stick and turned the field back over as quickly as possible.' ( #R?-)$L$-0-(.J-)2!R=-/?-&A-M<-IA?-8A%-<A-3-3$R-gA%-2aR$?, (他) A (那根) 铁棒 (把 个 挖过的) 土地 劲地往回翻。 lo11 and lo11 pa11 increase the degree, speed of the verb and indicates the repetition of the verb. •70• (12) la mo tʰi gv̩ za ja go ʑi tʰi so old man DET CL brothers three CL %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ %/-^ c.-0R 老头子 限词 DET ja ȵi mæ qv̩ ta ro ERG catch PT :6B/-29% :.?-5B$ %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 词 限词 词 作格 抓 去时 'The old man was caught by the three brothers.' c.-0R-.J-%/-^-$?3-0R?-:6B/-29%-L?, 那个老头子被 个 抓 了。 (13) mi ŋga do dʐə tʰi ja te qʰv̩ m̩ big DET CL DP quick AVM kill (J-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .J-3-,$ LJ.-5B$ $?R.-0 :.?-eJ? 大 限词 词 连词 快 tʙu hũ di SUF-COM need 副标 杀 :R?-0 体 say 2>. 该 说 'The big one (the oldest brother) said, "(He) needs to be killed quickly."' ( %/-^-)(J-2?-(#R-<%-).J-3-,$-$?R.-.$R?-8J?-2>., 老大说: 该 快杀掉(他) 。 (14) hĩ ŋgi tʰi ja te la ɕə po ʁo lo middle DET CL DP OTM tree GOAL tie :VA%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ >A% 中间/老 限词 词 连词 宾标 树 LOC ɴɢv̩ ta hũ need say $/?-$8A =?-5B$ :(A%-2 :R?-0 2>. 格 词 捆 'The middle (of the three brothers) said, "(He) needs to be tied up to a tree.'" ( %/-^-):VA%-2?-(#R-<%-)#R%-2R:C-!J%-=-:(A%-.$R?-8J?-2>., 老 说: “需要 把他 捆到树 。” •71• di 需要 说 (15) a ȵo tʰi young DET (%-2 ja te tʰa tʙu ɕa ndjo le di CL DP NEG kill pity say MP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 $?R. ~A%-eJ-2 最小 限词 词 连词 定 杀 5B$-!J$? 2>. 语气 可怜 说 'The youngest (brother) said, "Don't kill (him for he) is pitiful.'" ( %/-^-)(%-2?-(#R-<%-)~A%-eJ-2R-:.$-0?-3-$?R.-&A$-&J?-2>., 说: “别杀, (好)可怜呀!” 幺 (16) mæ te la mo tʰi later DP old/old man DET eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ c.-0R gv̩ da lo CL DAT GOAL ask %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 来 连词 老头子 限词 词 mi do ro PT =?-5B$ :SA-2 :.?-5B$ 格 词 去时 问 'Later, (the three brothers) asked the old man.' .J-/?-(%/-^-$?3-0R?-)c.-0R<-SA-2-2+R/, 然 , (他们)问那个老头子。 (17) go m̩ ŋo hĩ rə tʰi ki tɕa pʰu dʑy you why we GEN field these overturn come MP HR. &A:A-KA< %-5S :VJ=-1 8A% :.A-5S 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 ;R%-2 5B$-!J$? :SA-5B$ 你 为什 翻 语气 nu 们 属格 土地 来 le '(They) asked, "Why did you come to overturn these fields of ours?'" ( #R-5S-$?3-0R?-)HR.-GA?-&A:A-KA<-%-5S:C-8A%-?-3$R-gA%-2aR$?-0-;A/-8J?-SA?, (他们)问: “你为什 来翻 们的土地呢?” •72• di say 说 (18) la mo tʰi old/old man DET gv̩ ȵi tsʰo CL ERG c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 老头子 限词 te ʂə qo da man all DP die 3A 4J=-5B$ >A-2 o ba 5%-3 词 作格 人 全部 连词 死 ro come/be FT o 3-:R%?-2 要 未时 (19) te rə qæ le go m̩ le di DP field dig DP what do MP say 4J=-5B$ 8A%-<A-3 aR$-0 4J=-5B$ &A-8A$ LJ.-0 5B$-!J$? 2>. 连词 土地 挖 做 连词 什 语气 说 'The old man said, "All men will die, so what (is the point of) digging fields?"' c.-0R?-3A-5%-3->A-o-;A/-0?-8A%-?-aR$-/?-&A-L-8J?-2>., 那个老头子说: “ 的人都要死了挖土地来 什 ?” (20) tʰjo so kv̩ qv̩ le qʰa they three CL #R-5S $?3 5.-5B$ :)A$?-0$ 4J=-5B$ &A-:S, &A scare DP how/what do 词 害怕 他们 m̩ 连词 怎 hũ ro should FT di say 29R-2 :R?-0 3-:R%?-2 2>. 做 未时 说 该 'They three were scared and said, "What should be done?"' #R-5S-$?3-0R-0$-/?-&A-LJ.-:R?-0-<J.-&J?-2>., 他们 个害怕地问: “(那 们)该怎 办呢?” (21) la mo tʰi gv̩ ȵi do dʐə tʰi gv̩ ʂu ɴɢv̩ tsʰu old man DET CL ERG big DET CL metal boat CL c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 (J/-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ t$? P-$9A%? 5.-5B$ 限词 船 老头子 限词 词 作格 大 •73• 词 铁 词 (22) ɕə ɕə hĩ ŋgi tʰi gv̩ ɕə ɴɢv̩ tsʰu ɕə ɕə make middle DET CL wood boat CL make youngest DET 29R-2 2<-3 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ >A% P-$9A%? 5.-5B$ 29R-2 (%-2 造 限词 船 中间/老 词 木 词 造 a ȵo 老幺 tʰi %J?-5B$ 限词 (23) ɴɢv̩ tsʰu ja rə qa CL leather boat CL 5.-5B$ !R-2 P 词 皮 船 ɕə ɕə ka ndzə bo vʐə make DP water 5.-5B$ 29R-2 4J=-5B$ ( 词 造 连词 水 da te bubble come DP :K<-2 ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 冒 来 连词 (24) jo jo lo pæ SELF jump jo hĩ SELF GEN ɴɢv̩ qo lo 跳 自 hũ boat inside GOAL go <%-*A. 3(R%?-0 <%-*A. :VJ=-1 P 自 mi 属格 船 di say =?-5B$ ?R% 2>. /% 边 词 去 说 'The old man said, "The big one makes a metal boat, the middle one makes a wooden boat and the youngest one makes a leather boat and (each of you) jump down into self's (your own) boat, when water comes to bubble.'"A c.- 0R?- 2>.- o<, (%/- )(J- 2?- t$?- P- 8A$- .%- , :VA%- 2?- >A%- P- 8A$ (%- 2?- !R- P- 8A$- 29R?- +J- I- :R.- 2o$?-.?- <%- <%- $A- P/%-.-3(R%?-h8J?-2>., 老头子说: “老大造一艘铁船, 老 时候, 自 A 跳到自 的船 造一艘木船, 老幺造一艘皮船, 水冒( )来的 面去。” 'Water comes to bubble' = one day, water will bubble up, fill the earth and kill all the people who live in the world. •74• (25) mæ te gɛ ræ m̩ later DP real AVM water eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ .%R?-/? LJ.-5B$ ( 来 连词 真的 ndzə bo vʐə dʑy ro bubble come PT 副标 水 :K<-2 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 冒满 来 去时 'Later, water really came bubbling.' eJ?-?-(-.%R?-/?-:K<-;R%-2-<J., 来, 水真的冒了 来。 (26) do dʐə tʰi ja lo pæ le ʂu big DET CL jump metal boat inside GOAL went (J-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3(R%-2 4J=-5B$ t$? P 大 限词 船 词 跳 DP 连词 铁 ɴɢv̩ qo lo ɕy mi /% =?-5B$ KA/-0 词 边 去 'The big one jumped down and went inside the metal boat.' ( %/-^-)(J-2-3<-t$?-P-/%-.-3(R%?, )跳 铁船 hĩ ŋgi tʰi ja lo pæ le ɕə middle DET CL jump DP wood boat inside GOAL went :VA%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3(R%?-0 4J=-5B$ >A% P 中间/老 限词 船 老大( 去。 (27) 词 跳 连词 木 ɴɢv̩ qo lo /% 'The middle one jumped down and went inside the wood boat.' :VA%-2->A%-P-/%-.-3<-3(R%?-+J-KA/, 老 跳到木船 去。 •75• ɕy mi =?-5B$ KA/-0 边 词 去 (28) a ȵo tʰi ja te tʰɛ hĩ young DET CL DP his GEN (%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ #R 小/幺 限词 ȵi ji mo ʂo ʂo ba mi jo jo younger sister ʂo ʂo ba mi with :VJ=-1 YA%-3R ZR-ZR-S-3J 词 连词 他的 属格 妹妹 lo pæ jump 3*3-. 3(R%? 一 跳 (29) ɴɢv̩ qo lo ɕy le rə qa DP leather boat inside GOAL went PT 4J=-5B$ !R-2 P 连词 皮肤 船 mi ro =?-5B$ KA/-0 :.?-5B$ /% 词 边 去时 去 'The young one, with his younger sister ʂo44 ʂo55 ba44 mi55, jumped down and went inside the leather boat.' (%-2-.J-<%-$A-YA%-3R-ZR-ZR-S-3J-.%-3*3-.-3<-!R-P-/%-.-3(R%?, 老幺和妹妹索索巴米一 跳 皮船 去了。 (30) ȵi a po elder brother two kv̩ hĩ ɴɢv̩ te zə CL GEN boat DP heavy very DP $*A? 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 P-$9A%? 4J=-5B$ uA.-0 1-2R 两 词 属格 船 连词 nda ka ndzə bo water @-&% 4J=-5B$ ( 很 连词 水 (31) qo lo ɕy mi pi tsa le inside GOAL went/sink finish DP =?-5B$ KA/-0 /% 面 词 去 a ȵo hĩ young GEN na na li ndʑə only back left 5<-2 4J=-5B$ (%-2 :VJ=-1 $&A$-0 KA< =?-0 完 连词 小 属格 剩 •76• 回 'The two elder brothers' boats were very heavy so sank down inside the water and only left the youngest one's.' 1-2R-$*A?-GA-P-$9A%?-@-&%-uA.-0?-(:A-/%-.-LA%?-0-.%-, %/-(%-2:A-P-$&A$-0-=?-?R%-, 两个 的船身很沉, 以 (都沉)到水 面去了, (32) ndzə bo li ɕy ȵu te water recede after DP ( {3 tsʰo people all eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 3A 连词 人 水 o ba ʂə qo pi tsa die finish 5%-3 >A-2 5<-2 都 完/了 死 'After the water receded, all people were dead.' (-{3-.?-3A-5%-3->A-?R%-, ,( 的)人都死了。 tʰjo ȵi qv̩ ȵi zo qo le ma ʁa ro they two CL hungry DP very #R-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ 2NJ?-vR$? 4J=-5B$ @-&% 水 (33) 他们 /俩 词 饥饿 连词 很 'They two were very hungry.' #R-$*A?-2NJ?-vR$?-GA?-3/<, 他们俩很饿。 •77• PT :.?-5B$ 去时 剩 老幺的(皮船) 。 (34) dʑyA le go/walk DP ʂə leB dʑy go/walk DP ȵi ʂə ha seven day seven night ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 2./ 来尾走 连词 来尾走 连词 七 *A/ 2./ dʙu ro pass PT 35/-3R :$R<-2 七 夜晚 '(They) walked and walked and seven days and nights passed.' ( #R-$*A?-)*A/-2./-.%-35/-2./-=-?R%-, (他俩)走呀走, 过了七 七夜。 (35) mæ te mi kʰv̩ ȵi ka tʰjo ræ later DP smoke CL they PRE-ATT see eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ .-2 two $*A? 5.-5B$ #R-5S 来 连词 烟 ndo :.?-}R/ 3,R%-2 词 他们 前体 看见 'Later, they saw two (columns of) smoke.' eJ?-?-#R-$*A?-GA?-.-2:A-(2!<-UJ%-)$*A?-3,R%-, 来, 他俩看到了两股烟。 (36) mi kʰv̩ ti ka te do dʐə ti ka te a tɕə smoke CL DP dense CL DP thin one .-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ !$-0R 烟 一 词 连词 浓 one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ Y2-3R 一 词 连词 淡 dʑy11 may mean 'come' or 'go' depending on the context. B When le44 is repeated, it emphasizes the time spent. A •78• :.?-5B$ 为尾过 去时 'One (column of) smoke was dense, and one (column) was thin.' .-2:A-(2!<-UJ%-)$&A$-/A-!$-&A%-, &A$->R?-/A-Y2-3R<-$%-, 一股浓, 一股淡。 (37) ka kv̩ lɛ ʁu ru flute lɛ ʁu ru \A%-2 =J:-< ȵi la ȵi ji mo ko ERG OTM sister LJ.-1 ;=-5B$ YA%-3R ka give DP !J<-2 4J=-5B$ 笛子 勒物如 作格 宾标 妹妹 连词 给 (38) tʰɛ te na mʑi a ga rə tsʰə tʰi la li ndʑə he DP na mʑi knife DET CL leave behind #R 4J=-5B$ E-3-8A PA-(% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ >=-.-:)R$-0 他 连词 纳木依 限词 子 词 留 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 took the flute and gave it to (his) younger sister and left behind the knife.' =J:-<?-\A%-2-]%?-+J-<%-$A-YA%-3R<-LA/-0-.%-E-3-8A:A-PA-(%-.J-<%-$A-=$-+-29%-, 勒物如把笛子拿给妹妹, 他 (自 )留 那把纳木依 (39) ka jo dʙy DP SELF place 4J=-5B$ <%-*A. ?-( 连词 自 jo ɕy self went PT ro <%-*A. KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 地方 自 去 去时 'And then themself (they each) went to each (their own) place.' .J-/?-(#R-$*A?-)<%-<%-$A-?<-KA/, 然 , (他们) 道扬镳了。 •79• 子。 (40) tsʰo ʑi lɛ ʁu ru man son 3A 2 人 ka ly lɛ ʁu ru smoke big DET CL watch DP =J:-< .-2 (J/-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ v-2 4J=-5B$ KA/ 大 限词 连词 去 代 勒物如 烟 词 看 le ɕy mi kʰv̩ do dʐə tʰi went/left 'Man-son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 watched (faced) the big smoke and left.' 3A:A-2-=J:-<?-.-2-!$-0R-.J<-v-28A/-.-KA/, 勒物如朝那股浓烟走去。 (41) ȵi ji mo te younger sister DP mi kʰv̩ a tɕə tʰi ka ly smoke small DET CL watch DP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ v-2 YA%-3R 4J=-5B$ .-2 (%-2 妹妹 连词 烟 小/淡 限词 le 词 看 ɕy went/left 4J=-5B$ KA/-0 连词 去 'Younger Sister watched (faced) the small (column of) smoke and left.' YA%-3R?-.-2-Y2-3R-.J-=-v-28A/-.-KA/, 妹妹朝着那股淡烟 (走)去。 (42) mi ʑi mo te elder brother DP tsʰo man eat 4J=-5B$ 3A 1-2R dzə pʰu ʂə ti ghost 9-2 :SJ 连词 人 鬼 one lo CL GOAL meet $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ :U.-0 一 'Elder Brother met one ghost family of man eaters.' 1-2R-3A-9-2:A-:SJ:A-HA3-8A$-.%-:U., 遇 了一家 ʁu pʙu ro jy 人鬼。 •80• 词 词 遇 PT :.?-5B$ 去时 (43) qʰo bo qæ qæ lo lo door crack |R Y2?-! =?-5B$ v-2 门 缝隙 te GOAL peer DP 词 望 la kʰi ti ja ɛ qo child one CL home EXT 4J=-5B$ 2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ HA3 连词 孩子 一 dʑo =?-3,/ 词 家 在 '(He) peered through the door crack and there was one child at home.' ( #R?-)|R:A-Y2?-!-/?-/%-.-2v?-0-/-2-(%-8A$-HA3-.-;R.-0-(3,R%-), (他) 往门缝 望时, (看见) 一个孩子在家。 (44) ji kʰv̩ ji ga o ba tsʰo house inside house outside all #%-0 /% #%-0 子 内 KA 子 mo bʐə bʐə ta man/human corpse full 5%-3 3A <R 2!% =?-3,/ 都 尸体 满 在 人 'All inside the house and outside the house were full of human corpses.' #%-2:A-KA-/%-5%-3-3A:A-<R-;A?-2!%-:.$ 屋 屋 都堆满着人的尸体。 (45) lɛ ʁu ru tʰi lɛ ʁu ru DET =J:-< EXT tʰʙu te qv̩ le ma ʁa ro CL DP scare DP very FT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ :)A$?-0$ 4J=-5B$ @-&% :.?-5B$ 限词 去时 词 连词 害怕 连词 很 'At this moment, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was very scared.' {2?-:.A<, =J:-<-:)A$?-0$-(J/-0R-*J?, 时候, 勒物如很害怕。 •81• (46) tʰɛ da nu him DAT a mi ɕy qʰa ro father mother where went PT :VJ=-1 A-1 HR. 格 你 他 a da you GEN =-.R/ #R hĩ A-3 te ask DP KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 9J<-2 4J=-5B$ $%-/ 属格 爸爸 di 去时 哪儿 去 连词 说 (47) tsʰo ȵi mo man corpse two mo ræ li CL PRE-ATT back NEG $*A? 5.-5B$ :.?-}R/ 3A <R 人 尸体 词 前体 ma ka sə ka take out still DP .$$-1 (-=?-=J/-0 .-.% 4J=-5B$ KA< 定 捞 回 连词 (48) lo qʰo ʁo mo valley LOC corpse find went/left DP =%-0 $/?-$8A <R 山谷 格 尸体 ʂu ɕy te li ma back NEG dʑy di come still say 24= KA/-0 4J=-5B$ KA< .$$-1 ,R/ 找 连词 回 定 来 去 sə .-.% 2>. 说 '(lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) asked him, "Where did your father and mother go?" and then (the ghost child) said, "(We) still didn't get two corpses (youngest son and his sister's) back out of the water, so (my parents) went to take corpses out of the water in the valley and (they) still haven't come back yet."' ( =J:-<?-)HR.-GA-1-3-$*A?-$%-.-KA/-8J?-2-(%-.J-=-SA?-0-/, (.J?-)2>.-o<, (%-5S?-(:A-/%-/?-)3A-<R-$*A?-.-<%-KA<-3-]%?- 0?-(1-3-$*A?-)=%-0:A-/%-.-3A-<R-:5S=-.-KA/-=-.-<%-KA<-3-,R/-9J<, (勒物如) 捞到两 他问道: “你的爸爸 人的尸体, 去哪儿了?” (小孩) 回答说: “( 以 (他们) 到山谷中去找尸体了, •82• 没 们家) 回来。” 没 (49) lɛ ʁu ru tʰi lɛ ʁu ru DET tʰʙu te ʁo zə ʁo zəA m̩ CL DP more more AVM scare z$-+ LJ.-5B$ :)A$?-0$ :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ z$-+ =J:-< 限词 词 连词 更加 更加 qv̩ 副标 害怕 ro ka PT DP 去时 连词 (50) mæ li lɔ ma back back watch/look NEG o2 KA< v-2 背 回 看 ŋa m̩ nu ʁu mi dare AVM out ro GOAL run PT .$$-1 1R.-0 LJ.-5B$ KA 定 敢 pæ =?-5B$ o$ :.?-5B$ 副标 词 跑 去时 'At this moment, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was more and more scared, so (he) didn't dare look back and ran away.' {2?-:.A<, =J:-<-)J-0$-/?-)J-0$-+-I<-+J, KA<-43-;%-v-3-1R.-0<-o%-.-2o$?, 时, 勒物如更加害怕, 连头也 敢回地往 跑了。 (51) pæ le run DP pæ le run DP do qʰv̩ nda far ro very LOC to ro reach come PT o$ 4J=-5B$ o$ 4J=-5B$ ,$-<A% @-&% $/?-$8A, ,R/-0 跑 连词 跑 连词 很 方 dʑy 到 ;R% :.?-5B$ 来 去时 '(He) ran and ran, and reached a very far place.' (#R-<%-)VR?-/?-3,<-@-&%-,$-<A%-2:A-?-(-8A$-+-,R/-;R%-, 跑呀跑, (跑)到了很 的地方。 When ʁo53 zə53 is repeated two or more times it suggests 'very very' and is more emphatic than ma44 ʁa44. •83• A (52) nu ʁu ʁo outside LOC ɕə tsʰə ma tree leaf bamboo leaf pick $/?-$8A #R%-2R =R-3 /$-3 KA-<R= 格 面 树 叶 dzə tɕə tɕəA tsʰə pʰʂə eat often/always =R-3 :,R$-0 9-2 /3-;% 竹 叶 摘 总是 'Outside, (he) always picked tree leaves and bamboo leaves (as food) to eat.' ( #R?-)o/-0<-KA-<R=-.-#R%-=R-.%-/$-3:A-=R-3-2+R$?-/?-9R?, (他) 在 面摘树叶和竹叶 。 (53) ti ȵi te lɛ ʁu ru ndzə bo one CL DP lɛ ʁu ru water/river one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 一 ti 词 连词 qʰæ kʰa rə CL beside/bank arrive come ( $&A$ 5.-5B$ :P3-. 水/河水 一 词 旁边 'One day, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 arrived at one river bank.' *A/-8A$-=-=J:-<-(-2R-8A$-$A-:P3-.-,R/, 一 , 勒物如来到一条河水边。 (54) te ka qv̩ qʰo DP flute sound one 4J=-5B$ \A%-2 1- ti tʰɛ ræ CL he $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R 连词 笛子 声音 一 A qʰv̩ gi ro PRE-ATT hear PT :.?-}R/ 词 他 前体 ,R?-0 :.?-5B$ 听 A verb followed by tɕə11 tɕə11 indicates continuing action. •84• 去时 to ,R/-0 dʑy ;R%-2 到达 来 'He heard one flute sound.' .J-/?-#R?-\A%-2:A-1-8A$-,R?-L%-, 时, 他听到了一声笛声。 (55) lɛ ʁu ru a za za m̩ ba he le ʂu lo ɕy te lɛ ʁu ru slow AVM listen DP =J:-< .=-3R LJ.-5B$ */-0 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ :5S=-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 慢慢 副标 听 连词 GOAL search went DP 词 找 连词 去 (56) zə mi ti ja o da ʁu mdʙy zə zə m̩ girl one CL there cry while AVM flute blow 2-3R $&A$ 5.-5B$ .J-/ %-2 {2?-? LJ.-5B$ \A%-2 :2.-0 娘 一 词 那儿 哭 ka kv̩ fu 副标 笛子 吹 时 'le11 ʁu11 ru11 slowly searched and went and there was one girl crying while playing a flute.' =J:-<?-.J<-*/-28A/-.=-3R<-24=-/?-?R%-2-/, 2-3R-8A$-%-8R<-.-\A%-2-:2.-28A/-0-3,R%-, 勒物如慢慢地 (朝着笛声的方 )找去时, (看见)一个 娘在那儿哭着吹笛子。 (57) ŋa zə mi tʰi ja te nu girl DET CL DP you I 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. % 娘 限词 词 连词 你 hĩ mi ʑi mo a ndo di GEN brother see ask :VJ=-1 1-2R :SA-5B$ 3,R%-2 :SA-2 属格 疑问 见 'The girl asked, "Did you see my brother?"' 2-3R?-HR.-GA?-%:A-1-2R-3,R%-L%-%3-8J?-SA?, 娘问道: “你看见 的 INT 了吗?” •85• 说 (58) lɛ ʁu ru ha tʰɛ da lɛ ʁu ru also he/him DAT =J:-< G% #R 也 他 ŋa hĩ ȵi ji mo a ndo di you I GEN sister see ask HR. :VJ=-1 YA%-3R :SA-5B$ 3,R%-2 :SA-2 属格 妹妹 疑问 见 nu =-.R/ % 格 你 INT 说 'le11 ʁu11 ru11 also asked her, "Did you see my sister?"' =J:-<?-G%-HR.-GA?-%:A-YA%-3R-3,R%-L%-%3-8J?-SA?, 她问道: “你看见 勒物如也 的妹妹了吗?” (59) ti gv̩ gv̩ hĩ each other GEN knife :VJ=-1 PA-(% 1/-5/ 属格 自 ndo ma ʂə tsa m̩ and flute see as soon as ADV recognize PT .% 3,R%-2 .J-3-,$-+ rə tsʰə na 子 和 ka kv̩ \A%-2 li sə LJ.-5B$ %R->J?-0 一…就… 副标 笛子 见 ro :.?-5B$ 去时 'As soon as (they) saw each other's knife and flute then (they) recognized (each other).' ( #R-5S?-)1/-5/-IA-PA-(%-.%-\A%-2-3,R%-3-,$-1/-5/-%R->J?, (他们)一见 子和笛子, 就(互相)认出了 (对方)。 自的 (60) mi ʑi mo tʰi ja te tʰɛ hĩ ȵi ji mo ȵi ʂə ʂə le brother DET CL DP his GEN sister ERG bring DP 1-2R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ #R LJ.-1 :OA.-0 4J=-5B$ 限词 :VJ=-1 YA%-3R 词 连词 他 属格 妹妹 作格 带 (61) ɕɛ tʰɛ a v̩ her father-in-law GEN 3R:C IR?-0R 她的 公公 ɛ qo ʁo ɕy home LOC :VJ=-1 HA3 属格 家 ro went PT $/?-$8A KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 格 去 •86• 去时 连词 'The brother was brought by his sister and went to her father-in-law's home.' YA%-3R?-<%-$A-1-2R-OA.-.J-3R:C-IR?-0R:C-HA3-.-KA/, 被他的妹妹带到她的公公家 去了。 (62) dʑɛ ji bu ɕɛ a v̩ ɛ qo father-in-law dʑɛ ji bu GEN IR?-0R home NEG :VJ=-1 HA3 o-1: 公公 ma tʰʙu ȵi ji mo reach when elder sister brother {2? YA%-3R .$$-1 ,R/ 属格 家 谱 to mi ʑi mo 1-2R 定 到达 时候 妹妹 (63) da dza ndzə tʰʙu DAT meal eat =-.R/ 9-3 9-2 格 饭 te a v̩ so qʰo tsa dzə pi tsa when DP father-in-law three CL {2? 4J=-5B$ IR?-0R $?3 5.-5B$ 时候 连词 公公 eat finish 9-2 5<-2 词 完 (64) sə ȵi nu ti only after you one qʰo tsa na na dzə ʁa di CL say .-$9R. HR. $&A$ 5.-5B$ 才 你 一 only eat #R-/ 9-2 (R$-0 2>. 词 can 能 说 'When (they) hadn't reached father-in-law dʑe11 ji44 bu44 home, Sister said to Brother, "When eating the meal, you can only eat one mouthful only after Father-in-law eats three mouthfuls."' ( #R-5S-)-IR?-0R-o-1:-;A-HA3-.-3-,R/-0:A-{2?-?-YA%-3R?-1-2R<-2>.-o<, 9-3-9-{2?-IR?-0R?-#3$?3-9R?-eJ?-.-$9R.-HR.-GA?- #3-2-$%-9R?-(R$-9J<, 没到公公 谱家的时候, 妹妹就 说: “ 。” •87• 饭时, 公公 完 你才能 一 (65) ɕɛ a v̩ ɛ qo father-in-law CL IR?-0R dza home meal eat 5.-5B$ HA3 9-3 词 家 饭 公公 ndzə tʰʙu when lɛ ʁu ru te lɛ ʁu ru DP {2?-? 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 9-2 ȵi zo qo hungry 2NJ?-vR$? 时候 连词 勒物如 饥饿 (66) li ma ʂu le go ha DP what/anything also/even quickly m̩ lo AVM up 4J=-5B$ &A-;% G% &A-M<-IA? 连词 什 也 快快地 副标 dzə lo pa ro eat PT ITR LJ.-5B$ ;< 9-2 2*<-^R? :.?-5B$ 复 去时 'When eating at Father-in-law's home, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was hungry and ate as quickly as possible without remembering even anything.' IR?-0R:C-HA3-.-9-3-9-{2?, =J:-<-vR$?-S$?-0?-&A-;%-3-S/-0<-&A-M<-IA?-9-3-9R?, 公公家 饭的时候, 因为饿得(没 顾 他人, 自 )快快地 了。 (67) dʑɛ ji bu qo tɕʰə le dʑɛ ji bu angry DP o-1: lɛ ʁu ru tʰɛ ȵi lɛ ʁu ru he #R%?-OR-=%?-2 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 生气 连词 #R ʁu qhʂə le ʂə qo ro ERG beat DP die LJ.-1 h%-hJ$-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ >A-2 他 作格 连词 死 'dʑe11 ji11 bu44 was angry and lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was beaten by him and died.' o-1:-#R%?-OR-.%-2&?-=J:-<-=-h%-hJ$-L?-/?-2?., 谱生气得把勒物如 死了。 •88• PT :.?-5B$ 去时 (68) ʂo ʂo ba mi ʁu mdʙy le dʑɛ ji bu da ŋa nɛ ʑi hĩ mi m̩ dʑɛ ji bu DAT I your son GEN wife be % HR.-5S 2 :VJ=-1 (%-3 LJ. ʂo ʂo ba mi cry DP ZR-ZR-S-3J 4J=-5B$ o-1: %-2 连词 硕硕巴米 哭 =-.R/ 谱 格 ɕə ɕə tɕə tɕə 你们 儿子 属格 妻子 当 (69) le ndzə bo tʰʙy dza DP water meal cook carry ha nu often/always also/also you I 4J=-5B$ ( :#<-2 9-3 9?-=?-0 /3-;% G% HR. 连词 水 挑 做 也 你 饭 ŋa % hĩ GEN :VJ=-1 属格 (70) mi ʑi mo tʙu ŋa ʂə brother kill I 1-2R ha nɛ mi m̩ ma qæ die also/even your wife be NEG would PT $?R.-0 % >A-2 :% HR.-5%-$A (%-3 LJ.-1 .$$-1 :.R.-0 :.?-5B$ 2>. 杀 死 也 你家的 妻子 当 定 会 ro 去时 di say 说 'ʂo44 ʂo44 ba44 mi44 cried and said to dʑe11 ji11 bu44, "I have been your son's wife, carried water and cooked meals, but you still kill my brother so I won't be your (son's) wife (anymore) even if I am dying."' ZR- ZR-S- 3J-%- 8R<-.-2>.-o<, %-<%-HRR.- GA-2:A- (%-3-L?-+J, /3-;%- (- #<-2-.%-9?-$;R- *R<-L?-/:%-HR.- GA?-%:A- 1-2R-2?.-0?, %->A-.$R?-/:%-HR.-GA-2:A-(%-3-3A-LJ.-9J<, 硕硕巴米哭着对 ， 死也 谱说: “ 当你的儿媳, (为你)挑水, 做饭, (你) 会 (再)当你们家的 (儿)媳了。” (71) dʑɛ ji bu ha qʰa pæ nu pæ di dʑɛ ji bu also where run you run/go say o-1: G% $%-/ o$ HR. 也 哪儿 跑 你 o$ tʰɛ •89• ndjo she DAT 2>. 3R 跑/滚 说 da 她 =-.R/ scold #A$-.3R.-LJ. 格 骂 是杀了 的 'dʑe11 ji44 bu44 also (started to) scold her, "Run to where you (want) to go."' o-1:-;A?-G%-HR.-<%-$%-=-:PR-:.R.-/-.J-<-?R%-8J?-3R-=-#A$-.3R.-L?, 谱也骂她说: “你想到哪儿就滚到哪儿去 !” (72) mi tɕʰə su fire make GEN 3J ma dʑo te la qo tɕʰə NEG EXT DP crow make know very 29R-2 >J?-0 @-&% 29R-2 :VJ=-1 .$$-1 =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ 7-+ 火 生 属格 定 在 连词 鸦 生 ga dʑa nda 会 很 '"If there is no one to make fire, then crows know (how to make fires for cooking) very (well)," (said dʑe11 ji44 bu44).' ( o-1:-;A?-3-3,.-.-2>.-o<,) $=-+J-3J-:2.-3#/-3J.-/-7-+-3J-:2.-0<-@-&%-3#?-9J<, “( 家) 没 (人)烧火的话, 鸦会烧火。” (73) ndzə tʰʙy su water carry GEN ma dʑo te pa mi tʰʙy pʰa NEG EXT DP frog able very ( #<-2 :VJ=-1 .$$-1 =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ &=-2 水 挑 属格 定 在 carry nda :#<-2 ,2-0 @-&% 连词 青蛙 挑 能 很 '"If there is no one to carry water, then frogs are very capable to carry (it," said dʑe11 ji44 bu44).' ( o-1:-;A?-3-3,.-.-2>.-o<,) $=-+J-(-:#<-3#/-3J.-/-&=-2-(-#<-2<-@-&%-3#?-9J<, “没 (人)挑水的话, 青蛙能挑。” •90• (74) ʐo tɕo su ma dʑo te ru bʑi grain grind GEN NEG EXT DP dragon grind :V-<A$? :,$-0 :VJ=-1 .$$-1 =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ :V$ 粮 属格 碾 定 在 连词 龙 tɕo pʰa nda able very :,$-0 ,2-0 @-&% 碾 能 很 '"If there is no one to grind grain, then dragons are very capable to grind grain," (said dʑe11 ji11 bu44).' ( o-1:-;A?-3-3,.-.-2>.-o<,) :V-<A$?-:,$-3#/-3J.-/-:V$-$A?-:V-<A$?-:,$->J?-9J<, “没 (人) 推磨的话, 龙能推。” (75) qʰo ræ lu su ma dʑo te xi NEG EXT DP pheasant herd able goat hear GEN < ,R?-0 :VJ=-1 .$$-1 =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ YJ$-0 山羊 看 属格 定 在 连词 lu pʰa :5S-2 ,2-0 看 能 '"If there is no one to herd goats, then pheasants are able to herd (goats," said dʑe11 ji44 bu44).' <-:5S-3#/-3J.-/-L-YJ$-0?-:5S-,2-&J?-o-1:-;A?-3-3,.-.-5?, “没 (人) 看山羊的话, 能看.” (76) ʂo ʂo ba mi pæ ȵu te ʂo ʂo ba mi run after DP ZR-ZR-S-3J hĩ na dʑɛ ji bu da wild animals dʑɛ ji bu DAT o$ eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ <A-*J?-YR$-($? o-1: 硕硕巴米 跑 连词 动物 =-.R/ ʁo ʁo dʑy help come PT <R$?-<3 ;R%-2 格 帮 'After ʂo44 ʂo55 ba44 mi55 ran away, wild animals came to help dʑe11 ji44 bu44.' ZR-ZR-S-3J-VR?-eJ?, (<A-*J?-)YR$-($?-i3?-o-1:-=-<R$?-<3-LJ.-.-:R%?, 索索巴米走掉 , 动物们来帮 谱了。 •91• 来 ro :.?-5B$ 去时 (77) la qo mi tɕhə te mi crows fire make know DP fire add 7-+ 4J=-5B$ 3J 3J qv̩ 29R-2 >J?-0 tsə tsə ma $R/-0 NEG ro know PT .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 知道 连词 火 加 鸦 火 生 qv̩ 定 知道 去时 'Crows knew making fire but didn't know (how to) add (the fuel to the) fire.' 7-+?-3J-:2.->J?-/:%-3J:A-(,R$-=-:2.->A%-?R$?-)2$/-3->J?, 鸦知道烧火, 但是 )加(柴)火。 会(往 (78) pa mi ndzə tʰʙy frog water carry &=-2 ( 青蛙 水 qv̩ te pɛ ta li pʰu know DP shoulder pole take off NEG 4J=-5B$ #<->A% :#<-2 >J?-0 知道 连词 挑 ma qv̩ ro know PT =J/-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 放 定 知道 去时 'Frogs knew carrying water but didn't know (how to) take the shoulder pole off (from carrying two buckets of water).' &=-2?-(-#<->J?-G%-#<->A%-(U$-0-=?-3<-)=J/-3->J?, 青蛙知道挑水, 但是(挑回来 ) 知道放 。 (79) ru bʑi ʐo dragon grain tɕo qv̩ te ʐo zə tɕhə ma qv̩ ro grind know DP seed/grain put NEG know PT :V$ :V-<A$? :,$-0 >J?-0 龙 粮 碾 4J=-5B$ :V-hR$ :)R$-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 知道 连词 种子/粮 加/放 :.?-5B$ 定 知道 去时 'Dragons knew grinding grain but didn't know (how to) put grains (into the millstone hole).' :V$-$A?-:V-<A$?-:,$->J?-G%-:V-hR$-(<%-:,$-/%-.-):)R$-3->J?, 龙知道推磨, 总是搞 (往磨子 )放粮 •92• 。 (80) xi qʰo ræ lu qv̩ te qʰo ræ li goat pheasant goat herd know DP YJ$-0 < :5S-2 >J?-0 4J=-5B$ < 山羊 看 ʐa ʙu ma ga dʑa ro back collect NEG 知道 连词 山羊 KA< #.-0 回 收 know .$$-1 >J?-0 PT :.?-5B$ 定 知道 去时 'Pheasants knew (how to) herd goats but didn't know (how to) collect the goats.' L-YJ$-0?-<-3-:5S->J?-G%-(.J-5S-)KR$?-$&A$-+-#.-3->J?, 知道放山羊, 但是 会把(山羊)收回来。 (81) sə ȵi jy na dʑɛ ji bu mbʐə te tʰɛ dʑɛ ji bu wife DP she only o-1: 4J=-5B$ 3R (%-3 谱 #R-/ 妻子 连词 她 才 tɕy jy ga dʑa kʰ v̩ m̩ family take care know quick AVM HA3 *R%-2 >J?-0 M<-. LJ.-5B$ 家庭 料理 知道 快 副标 (82) tʰɛ ʂu she find 3R li back NEG 24=-2 KA< 她 找 ma bi ɕə ma ʁa ro di go if NEG OK PT say .$$-1 ?R% $=-+J .$$-1 :PA$-0 回 定 去 如 定 好/ :.?-5B$ 2>. 去时 说 'dʑe11 ji44 bu44's wife said, "Only she knows (how to) take care of the family; it is not OK if we don't go to find her (and bring her) back quickly."' o-1:-;A?-(%-3?-3R-<%-#R-/?-HA3-:.A-*R%->J?-0?, $=-+J-%-5S?-M<-.-#R-3R-24=-/?-KA<-OA.-3-;R%-/-3A-:PA$-&J?-2>., 谱的妻子说: “( )她才懂得(怎样)料理家务, 如 (再) 了。” •93• 去把她找回来就 (83) dʑɛ ji bu mɛ kʰa le dʑɛ ji bu at a loss DP o-1: lɛ ʁu ru ɕə ɕə lɛ ʁu ru make le li so ro ro DP again alive PT ,2?-9.-0 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 29R-2 4J=-5B$ KA< $?R/-0 :.?-5B$ 没办法 连词 做/使 连词 回/复 生/活 去时 'dʑe11 ji44 bu44 had no choice and made lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 alive again.' o-1:-=-,2?-$8/-3J.-0?-=J:-<-KA<-$?R/-.-2&$ 谱没办法就使勒物如复活了。 (84) mi ʑi mo li so ro ȵu ȵi ji mo ha te brother back alive after DP sister 1-2R KA< $?R/-0 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ YA%-3R 回 活 li dʑy ro also again come PT 连词 妹妹 G% KA< ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 也 回 来 去时 'After Brother (lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) was alive again, Sister also came back.' 1-2R-KA<-$?R/-eJ?-YA%-3R:%-KA<-;R%-2-<J., 复生 , 妹妹也回来了。 (85) lɛ ʁu ru li so ro lɛ ʁu ru back alive =J:-< KA< 勒物如 回 le ȵi ji mo na DP sister $?R/-0 4J=-5B$ YA%-3R 生 连词 妹妹 li ʁu pʙu te ȵi ji mo and back/again meet DP sister .% KA< ,$-0 4J=-5B$ YA%-3R 和 回 见 连词 妹妹 (86) tʰi ja mi ʑi mo hĩ tʂʰə mi la da ȵi mi tsu tsu nda DET CL brother wife worry GEN %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 1-2R :VJ=-1 (%-3 限词 属格 妻子 词 about sə very still $%-8A$-$A-{R< ?J3?-O=-LJ.-0 @-&% .-<% 于 •94• 着急 很 然 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was back alive and met Sister again but Sister was still very worried about Brother (not having a) wife.' =J:- <- KA<- $?R/- 0- .%- ;%- 2*<- <%- $A- YA%- 3R<- ,$- /:%- , YA%- 3R?- <%- $A- 1- 2R<- (%- 3- 8A$- :5S=- 2:A- KR$?- =-}<- 28A/- ?J3?- O=L?, 勒物如复活了跟妹妹 逢, 妹妹 是非常地 心 于 的婚 。 (87) ti ȵi lɛ ʁu ru ɕə one CL lɛ ʁu ru tree $&A$ 5.-5B$ =J:-< 一 ly ly qʰo ɕy te m̩ ji a v̩ fruit pick go DP sky GEN father-in-law #R%-2R >A%-+R$ :,R$-0 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 词 树 子 摘 连词 去 属格 岳父 (88) hĩ zə mi ʂə GEN girl ja seven CL :VJ=-1 2-3R ʂu ji dʙu tsʰəA ndzu le dʙy wing take earth/world LOC 5.-5B$ Z:A-$>R$-0 2./ 属格 女儿 七 DP ʁo #R.-0 4J=-5B$ 3A-;= 词 娷伊都兹 $/?-$8A 连词 地球 格 (89) mbɛ tʰo ly ʁo gv̩ mə˞ tsʰə su tʰɛ ræ lake CL LOC body GEN he 35S 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A =?-0R 湖 A 词 格 身体 wash :O.-0 :VJ=-1 #R 洗 PRE-ATT see :.?-}R/ 属格 他 前体 Light wings. •95• ndo ro PT 3,R%-2 :.?-5B$ 见 去时 'One day, when lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 went to pick tree fruits (he) saw Sky-father-in-law's seven daughters sitting in ʂu53 ji53 wings, (who had) come to wash (their) bodies (bathe) in a lake in the world.'A *A/-8A$-=-=J:-<->A%-+R$-2+R$-+-KA/-0-/, z-;=-IA-IR?-0R:A-2-3R-2./-0R-Z:A-$>R$-0:A-!J%-.-2#.-/?-3A-;=-IA-35S-/%-=-22?-+J=?-0R-:O.-28A/-0-3,R%-, 一 , 勒物如去摘树 子的时候, 他看见了 (一种传说中的羽翅)来到人间, 在湖 岳父家的七个女儿 着娷伊都 洗浴。 (90) lɛ ʁu ru ɕy tsə pæ le tʰjo gv̩ mə˞ tsʰə ro lɔ lɛ ʁu ru secretly they body wash LOC watch went =J:-< qR$-+ #R-5S =?-0R :O.-0 $/?-$8A, v-2 勒物如 藏 他们 身体 洗 方 看 KA/-0 去 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 went to watch the place (where) they were washing their bodies secretly.' =J:-<-qR$-+-#R-5S:A-=?-0R-:O.-?<-v-<-KA/, 勒物如躲藏 来, 偷偷地看她们洗浴。 (91) lɛ ʁu ru te lɛ ʁu ru zə mi a ȵo DP girl =J:-< 4J=-5B$ 2-3R tɕɛ nda tʰi youngest beautiful very DET (J?-$8R/-0 36K?-0 勒物如 连词 女儿 老幺 漂亮 ja lo rə ga CL GOAL love @-&% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ .$:-2 很 限词 词 词 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 loved the very beautiful youngest girl.' =J:-<-(J?-$8R/-0:A-2-3R-36K?-3-.J<-.$:-L%-, 勒物如 A 了那个漂亮的小女儿。 Holy people live in the sky and their daughters come to the world to bathe at special times. •96• (92) zə mi a ȵo tʰi ja hĩ dʙu tsʰəA lɛ ʁu ru ȵi tsə pæ ta CL GEN wing plane name ERG hide EXT =J:-< LJ.-1 &-2 =?-3,/ girl youngest DET 2-3R (J?-$8R/-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 $>R$-0 限词 女儿 幺 词 属格 娷伊都 作格 藏 在 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 hid the youngest girl's wing plane.' =J:-<?-2-3R-(%-2-.J:A-$>R$-0-&?, 勒物如就把小女儿的娷伊都 藏了 来。 (93) a ȵo tʰi youngest DET hĩ mi te m̩ ji CL GEN name DP sky GEN (J?-$8R/-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 3A% 老幺 ȵa gu mi mi ja 限词 ȵa gu mi call 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 *-$-3J 词 属格 连词 属格 亮 米 2-3R-(%-2-.J:A-3A%-=-/3-3#:A-*-$-3J-9J<-2-<J., 亮 米。 (94) ɕy zə mi væ qæ tʰi ki o ba bʑi li girl other all back go 2-3R $8/-0 :.A-5S 女儿 别的 A these fly pi tsa ro finish/all PT te DP 5%-3 :1<-2 KA/ KA/-0 :.?-5B$ :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 都 去 去时 回 完 MP 9J<-2 5B$-!J$? 'The youngest one's name was called Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11.' 小女儿的 lo 连词 The dʙu44 tsʰə55 is a very light plane made from wings that sky creatures use to fly. •97• 语气 (95) ȵa gu mi dʙu tsʰə m̩ ji sky GEN ȵa gu mi wing plane /3-3#: :VJ=-1 *-$-3J $>R$-0 属格 亮 米 娷伊都 qʰo to ka li bi lost DP back go 2R<-2 4J=-5B$ KA< ma pʰa ro NEG able PT :PR-2 .$$-1 ,2-0 :.?-5B$ 丢失 连词 回 定 能 去 去时 'All these other girls already flew back but Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 lost (her) wing plane so (she) was not able to go back.' 2-3R-$8/-0-5%-3-KA<-:1<-?R%-3R., :R/-G%-/3-3#:A-*-$-3J:A-$>R$-0-2R<-2?-KA<-:PR-3-,2, 别的女儿都( )回去了,但是亮 米 因为丢失了娷伊都 , 能回去了。 (96) ȵa gu mi dʙu tsʰə ʂu lɛ ʁu ru le ȵa gu mi wing plane look for DP *-$-3J :5S=-2 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 找 连词 勒物如 亮 $>R$-0 米 娷伊都 lɛ ʁu ru da mi do dʑy DAT ask come PT =-.R/ :SA-2 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 来 去时 格 问 ro 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 was looking for the wing plane and came to ask lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11.' *-$-3J?-$>R$-0-:5S=-28A/-=J:-<-=-:SA-2<-;R%-, 亮 米为了找到娷伊都 , 便来问勒物如。 (97) ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru da nu ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru DAT *-$-3J =-.R/ 亮 =J:-< 米 勒物如 ŋa hĩ dʙu tsʰə a ndo le di you I GEN wing INT see MP say HR. :VJ=-1 $>R$-0 :SA-5B$ 3,R%-2 5B$-!J$? 9J< 属格 娷伊都 疑问 见 格 你 % 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 asked lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, "Did you see my wing plane?"' *-$-3J?-=J:-<-=-HR.-GA?-%:A-Z:A-$>R$-0-3,R%-L%-%3-8J?-SA?, 亮 米问勒物如: “你看见 的娷伊都 了吗?” •98• 语气 说 (98) lɛ ʁu ru te nu hĩ lɛ ʁu ru DP you GEN =J:-< 4J=-5B$ HR. :VJ=-1 Z:A-$>R$-0 勒物如 连词 你 ȵi dʙu tsʰə ha wing plane mouse ERG 属格 娷伊都 tʰɛ ɕy bite away PT LA-2 LJ.-1 老鼠 作格 咬 ro di say :.?-5B$ 2>. ?R-:.J2?-0 KA/ 去时 去 说 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said, "Your wing plane was bitten and (pulled) away by mice."' =J:-<?-HR.-GA-Z:A-$>R$-0-LA-2?-?R-2o2-/?-HJ<-?R%-8J?-2>., 勒物如说: “你的娷伊都 被老鼠咬去了。” (99) ȵa gu mi tʰi tʰʙu te qʰa gv̩ ŋa hĩ dʙu tsʰə ʂu le ŋa CL DP who I GEN wing plane find DP I %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ?-8A$ % :VJ=-1 Z:A-$>R$-0 :5S=-2 4J=-5B$ % 属格 娷伊都 找 ȵa gu mi DET *-$-3J 米 限词 亮 词 连词 谁 连词 (100) ŋa tʰɛ give back come if I he/his GEN !J< KA< ;R% $=-+J % #R :VJ=-1 (%-3 给 回 来 如 他 属格 妻子 当 ko li da ɕy hĩ ʁæ mi m̩ wife do/be FT 29R-2 di say 3-:R%?-0 2>.-0 未时 说 'At this time, ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said, "If who (the one who) finds my wing plane and gives (it) back to me, then I will be his wife."' {2?-:.A<-*-$-3J?-2>.-o<, ?-8A$-$A?-%:A-Z:A-$>R$-0-24=-/?-%-=-KA<-LA/-/, %-#R:C-(%-3-LJ.-o-;A/-9J<, 时, 亮 米说: “如 谁把 的娷伊都 的妻子。” •99• 找回来， 给 的话, 要当他 (101) lɛ ʁu ru tʰi tʰʙu te nu lɛ ʁu ru DET CL DP you GEN =J:-< %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. :VJ=-1 $>R$-0 勒物如 限词 词 连词 你 hĩ dʙu tsʰə te wing plane DP 属格 娷伊都 4J=-5B$ 连词 (102) ha mi ȵa tɕʰy tɕʰy ȵi tʰɛ le mice ȵa tɕʰy tɕʰy ERG bite DP LA-2 *-(:-(: 老鼠 纳曲曲 LJ.-1 ?R-:.J2?-0 4J=-5B$ 作格 咬 连词 (103) ʁo ndo pʰuA væ ndo pʰu cluster LOC F-5S. 5= tsə pæ ta di hide say $/?-$8A ;A2-0 荨麻 格 EXT =?-3,/ 9J< 在 藏 说 'Now le11 ʁu44 ru11 said, "Your wing plane was bitten and hidden in ndopʰu cluster by Mouse ȵa11 tɕʰy44 tɕʰy44."' {2?-:.A<, =J:-<?-2>.-o<, HR.-GA-Z:A-$>R$-0-LA-2-*-(:-(:-;A?-?R-2o2-/?-HJ<-+J-F-5S.-GAA-5=-.-&?-:.$-9J<, 时候, 勒物如说: “你的娷伊都 被老鼠-纳曲曲(一种老鼠)咬到荨麻 着。” (104) ȵa gu mi dʙu tsʰə li ræ ȵu te lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi wing plane back found after DP *-$-3J KA< :5S=-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 回 找 亮 A $>R$-0 米 娷伊都 lɛ ʁu ru tʰɛ ȵi la she ERG OTM LJ.-1 ;=-5B$ 3R 连词 勒物如 她 作格 宾标 A ndo11 pʰu44 is a bush with small thorns. •100• 藏 (105) tʰɛ hĩ her GEN dʙu tsʰə ʁo tsu le m̩ ʁo li wing plane LOC sit DP sky LOC back went 3R:C :VJ=-1 $>R$-0 ɕy $/?-$8A #R.-0 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: $/?-$8A KA< 她 属格 娷伊都 格 连词 格 KA/-0 回 去 'After ȵa11 gu44 mi11 found her wing plane, she had le11 ʁu44 ru11 sit on her wing plane and went back to the sky.' *-$-3J?-(3R:C-)$>R$-0-KA<-fJ.-eJ?, (3R?-)=J:-<-(<%-$A-)$>R$-0-,R$-+-:.$-+-2&$-/?-3#:-.LA%?-?-:1<, 亮 , 让勒物如 米找回娷伊都 在她的翅 ,( 娷伊都 )回去了。 (106) to ȵu m̩ li sky back arrive after DP /3-3#: KA< 回 aJ2-0 te ȵa gu mi ɛ qo ʂa ȵa gu mi home back tell eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J 到达 li ma NEG HA3 KA< 2>. .$$-1 连词 亮 米 家 回 说 定 (107) ŋa lɛ ʁu ru tʰɛ ȵi la ro tʰo a qv̩ nu tsə pæ dare AVM lɛ ʁu ru she ERG OTM mill behind 1R.-0 LJ.-5B$ =J:-< ;=-5B$ <%-:,$ o2-KR$? ;A2-0 敢 m̩ 副标 3R LJ.-1 她 作格 宾标 磨子 背 hide 藏 'After arriving back to the sky, ȵa11 gu44 mi11 didn't dare tell (the people in her) home (and) had lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 hide behind a mill.' KA<-/3-3#<-aJ2?-eJ?, *-$-3J?-(<%-$A-)HA3-3A<-2>.-3-1R.-0<-=J:-<-<%-:,$-$A-o2-+-;A2-+-2&$ 回到 以 ,亮 米 敢告诉家人, 把勒物如藏在磨子背 •101• 。 (108) ȵa gu mi te dza ȵa gu mi DP lɛ ʁu ru le lɛ ʁu ru food send DP 4J=-5B$ 9-3 *-$-3J pʙu *J=-2 4J=-5B$ =J:-< 连词 饭 ɕy tɕə tɕə tɕə give to eat went often/always 9?-?-!J<-2 连词 勒物如 KA/-0 *A/-o/ 去 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 always sent food and gave (it to) lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 to eat.' *-$-3J?-*A/-o/-=J:-<-=-9-3-2*=-+J-9-<-2&$ 亮 米 去 饭给勒物如 ti ȵi te m̩ ji a zə one CL DP sky GEN mother-in-law grain 。 (109) ʐo $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-3R 词 连词 一 属格 婆婆/岳母 tɕo dʑy te grind come DP :V-<A$? :,$-0 ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 粮 连词 碾 来 (110) tʰɛ hĩ tʂʰə mi dja tʂa he GEN wife #R :VJ=-1 (%-3 他 属格 妻子 be ka suppose DP lo tɕə o lo stand GOAL come PT LOC dʑy ro <J. 2?3-0 4J=-5B$ =%?-0 $/?-$8A =?-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 是 以为 连词 站 格 词 来 去时 'One day, when Sky-mother-in-law came to grind grain, (lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) supposed (it) was his wife and stood up.' *A/-8A$-=-/3-3#:A-IR?-3R-:V-<A$?-:,$-+-;R%-0-/, (=J:-<?-).J-/A-<%-$A-(%-3-;A/-0<-2?3?-+J-;<-=%?-/?-;R%-, 一 , 来。 婆婆来推磨的时候, (勒物如)以为是他的爱人(亮 •102• 米), 于是站 了 (111) tsʰo noA hũ tsʰo no hair fuzzy/haired fuzzy/hairy AVM 0- 0-$9J%?-2 头发 毛 m̩ 0-$9J%?-2 LJ.-5B$ 毛 副标 (112) ȵi m̩ ji a zə sky GEN mother-in-law ERG /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-3R LJ.-1 属格 婆婆 ræ ndo ro PRE-ATT see :.?-}R/ 作格 前体 PT 3,R% :.?-5B$ 去时 见 'The fuzzy (lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) was seen and found by Sky-mother-in law.' /3-3#:A-IR?-3R?-0-$9J%?-;R.-0:A-=J:-<-3,R%-, 婆婆看见了毛 的勒物如。 (113) m̩ ji a zə qv̩ li xi le lo gv̩ lo pa ro sky GEN mother-in-law scare DP GOAL yell ITR PT /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-3R :)A$?-0$ 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ {.-o$-0 2*<-^R? :.?-5B$ 属格 岳母 害怕 连词 词 喊 复 去时 'Sky-mother-in law was scared and yelled again and again.' /3-3#:A-IR?-3R-0$-+J-;%-.%-2*<-.-{.-2o2, 婆婆吓得(大声地) 喊 来。 All people were hairy long ago, according to na53 mʑi53 traditional thought. tsʰo11 no11 suggests 'fuzzy' or 'hairy' in describing lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11. An adjective repeated twice adds emphasis. •103• A (114) m̩ ji a v̩ gi sky GEN father-in-law hear /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R ,R?-0 属格 岳父 ȵu te pæ after DP o ly run there eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ o$ .J-/ dʑy see come DP v-2 ;R%-2 连词 冲 那儿 看 来 听见 te 4J=-5B$ 连词 'After Sky-father-in-law heard, then (Sky-father-in law) came and ran there to see.' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-.J-,R?-eJ?-2o$?-/?-v-<-;R%-, 岳父听到以 , 跑到那儿来看。 (115) ȵi m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law ERG /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R LJ.-1 属格 岳父 ʁu hũ mæ qv̩ le lo hair hold DP GOAL pull 0- :6B/-0 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ :,J/-0 ;R%-2 作格 头发 抓 连词 tɕə 词 拉 dʑy come 来 'Sky-father-in-law held (lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11's) hair and pulled (him) up.' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-(=J:-<-);A-0-29%-!J-;<-:,J/, (勒物如)被 岳父抓着头发, ( 磨子背 )拉了 ka ʂu pʙu ȵiA DP metal steamer 来。 (116) ndzə ŋu la tɕa OTM cook eat say/want ;=-5B$ 24S-0 9-2 2>., 2?3 4J=-5B$ t$? 宾标 煮 说/想 连词 铁 tʙu pɛ ta empty EXT #R-5$ !R%-2 =?-3,/ 蒸子 清空 在 A pʙu11 ȵi11 is a homemade rice steamer usually made from wood. In this story however, Skyfather-in-law's family had a special metal pʙu11 ȵi11. •104• A '(They) wanted to cook and eat (him) so they emptied the metal rice steamer.' ( #R-5S?-)#R-<%-24S?-/?-9-2?3-!J-#R-5$-!R%-2<-2+%-, (他们) 想把他蒸着 , 清空了铁蒸子。 (117) tsʰə dʑy ȵu ndzə tɕʰi te hot water boil after DP (-#R= :#R=-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 开水 开 连词 (118) ȵi m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law ERG /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R- LJ.-1 属格 岳父 la tʰa ro OTM scald PT ;=-5B$ (-#R=-IA?-YJ$-0 :.?-5B$ 作格 宾标 烫 去时 'After the water boiled, (lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) was scalded by Sky-father-in-law.' (-#R=-#R=-eJ?, /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-(-#R=-5-0R?-(=J:-<-)2YJ$?, 水开了以 , 岳父(把勒物如放到大 开水)烫。 (119) tʰa pi tsa qa qa tʰʙu scald finish almost when te DP ȵa gu mi li dʑy ro ȵa gu mi back come PT (-#R=-IA?-YJ$-0 5<-2 *J-2 {2?-? 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J KA< ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 烫 刚 时候 连词 回 来 去时 完 'When (they had) almost finish scalding (him), ȵa11 gu44 mi11 came back (and made them stop scalding him).' (-#R=-5-0R?-2YJ$?-5<-=-*J-2:A-{2?-?-*-$-3J-KA<-;R%-, 快烫完的时候, 亮 米回来了。 •105• (120) tʰi tʰʙu te ʁu ru na DET CL DP head ja dʙu qʰæ ji kʰv̩ and armpit under %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3$R .% 3(/-:R$ :R$ 限词 和 腋窝 词 连词 头 (121) ndzə tɕʰə zo ma pʰa hot water reach NEG (-#R= ,R/-0 开水 到 ro able area na na hũ ȵi ka li only hair few back left 0- *%-43 KA< .$$-1 ,2-0 ?-$/? #R-/ 定 能 ndʑə ro 地方 仅仅 头发 一点 回 PT =?-0 :.?-5B$ 留 去时 'At this moment only a few hairs (were) left on the head and under the armpits, (where) hot water could not reach.' {2?-:.A<-(-#R=-,R/-3-,2-0:A-$/?-+J, 3$R-.%-3(/-:R$-#R-/-=?-(%-)=?-3A-:.$ 时候, 仅在开水汤 到的头 和腋窝 剩了一点毛发。 (122) a mi tsʰo now man body .-v 3A 现在 人 gv̩ mə˞ hu ma fuzz NEG =?-0R %- 身 毛 ndʑi su te EXT GEN DP .$$-1 =?-3,/ :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ 定 在 属格 连词 (123) tʰi ti ȵi tʰɛ ȵi DET one CL he/him ERG tʰa mi ŋga scald SUF-COM GEN %J?-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R LJ.-1 限词 一 作格 烫 词 他 (-#R=-IA?-YJ$-0 :.?-eJ? 体 •106• su dja le be MP :VJ=-1 <J. 5B$-!J$? 属格 是 语气 'Now there is no fuzz on men's bodies because it was scalded by him (Sky-father-in-law.)'A .-v-3A:A-=?-0R<-%-3J.-0:A-o-35/-/A-*A/-.J<-#R?-(/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-)(-#R=-5-0R?-2YJ$?-0:A-KA<, 说是现在( 们)人身 没 毛发的 (原因) 就是那 被( 岳父 开水)烫掉的。 (124) ȵa gu mi ȵi ta m̩ ȵa gu mi ERG 亮 like this NEG LJ.-1 *-$-3J tʰa tsʰo zə do man seed back leave say .$$-1 LJ.-1 3A :.A-:S 米 作格 m̩ 定 做 样 人 li ndʑə di ?-2R/ KA< =?-0 9J< 种 留 回 说 (125) li ȵi te m̩ ji a v̩ DP sky GEN father-in-law back stop ro PT 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R KA< 3-:R%?-0 :.?-5B$ 连词 回 停 属格 岳父 去时 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said, "Don't do like this, leave the world a man's seed," and Sky-father-in-law stopped.'B *-$-3J?-.J-v<-3-LJ.-&A$ :)A$-gJ/-3A:A-eJ?-<2?-0-=?-?-2&$-&J?-2>.-0-/-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-353?-28$ 亮 米说: “别 样, 为人间留 人种 ,” 岳父听 停了 来。 (126) tʰi tʰʙu te DET CL DP ȵa gu mi tʰɛ ȵa gu mi her GEN %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J 限词 A hĩ 3R a da da father DAT :VJ=-1 A-1 词 连词 亮 米 她 属格 爸爸 =-.R/ 格 Modern humans do not have hairy bodies because the hair was all scalded off by Sky-Fatherin-law that day. B "If you kill him, the last man from earth, then there will never be humans again." •107• (127) lɛ ʁu ru m̩ dʑy lɛ ʁu ru what do come GEN =J:-< &A-8A$ LJ.-0 ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 $&A$ 5.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ 2>.-0 做 属格 一 勒物如 什 su ʂo go 来 ti qʰv̩ ti qʰv̩ m̩ one CL one CL AVM tell 词 一 词 副标 说 'At this moment, ȵa11 gu44 mi11 told her father sentence by sentence of what lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 had come to do.' {2?-:.A<, *-$-3J?-3R:C-A-1<-=J:-<-&A-LJ.-.-;R%-2-5%-3-)A-3-)A-28A/-2>., 时候, 亮 米 她的爸爸一五一十地讲了勒物如是来 什 的。 (128) a v̩ tʰɛ hĩ zə mi la father-in-law he GEN daughter OTM IR?-0R #R :VJ=-1 2-3R 岳父 他 属格 女儿 lɛ ʁu ru tʂʰə mi m̩ lɛ ʁu ru wife do/be PER want {=-5B$ .$$-1 :.R.-0 宾标 妻子 做 祈使 想让他的女儿做勒物如的妻子。 lɛ ʁu ru NEG LJ.-0 (129) da nu pʰu hũ father-in-law lɛ ʁu ru ɴɢv̩ pʰɛ DAT you dry land nine CL dig go IR?-0R =J:-< =-.R/ HR. 8A%-<A-3 .$ 5.-5B$ bR-2 ?R% 岳父 勒物如 格 你 旱地 九 词 挖 去 a v̩ tɕʰy (%-3 IR?-0R?-#R:C-2-3R-=J:-<-;A-(%-3-LJ.-.-:)$-/-3-:.R., 岳父 ma ;=-5B$ =J:-< 'Father-in-law didn't want to let his daughter be lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11's wife.' 可是, hĩ hɛ rə •108• 定 想 (130) ɴɢv̩ pʰɛ hɛ rə dry land nine CL pʰu pi tsa dig ŋa zə mi nu I girl you give say 4J=-5B$ % 2-3R HR. 连词 女儿 你 te finish DP 8A%-<A-3 .$ 5.-5B$ bR-2 5<-2 旱地 九 词 挖 完 ko di !J<-2 2>.-0 给 说 'Father-in-law said to lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, "You go dig nine dry landA, you dig nine (fields of) dry land then I will give my daughter to you."' IR?-0R?-=J:-<-=-2>.-o<, HR.-?R%-/?-8A%-<A-3-.$-aR$-&A$ 8A%-<A-3-.$-aR$-5<-eJ?-%?-HR.-=-2-3R-!J<-9J<, 岳父对勒物如说: “你去挖九块旱地, 挖完九块旱地 ( 就将)女儿(嫁)给 你。” (131) lɛ ʁu ru lɛ ʁu ru =J:-< tʰɛ ȵi qv̩ le qʰa gv̩ hɛ rə he ERG frighten DP who #W LJ.-1 :)A$?-{=-2 4J=-5B$ ?-8A$ 勒物如 他 作格 吓 连词 谁 ɴɢv̩ tsʰu dry land nine CL qæ pʰa dig can 8A%-<A-3 .$ 5.-5B$ bR-2 ,2-0 旱地 九 词 挖 能 (132) ŋa ma pʰa ŋa li bi ro di I NEG can I back go FT say % .$$-1 ,2-0 % KA< :PR-2 3-:R%?-2 9J<-2 回 去 定 能 未时 说 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was frightened by him and said, "Who can dig nine (fields of) dry land? I can not, I will go back home."' =J:-<-:)A$?-0$-*J?-/?-?-8A$-$A?-8A3-<A-3-.$-aR$-,2, %?-3A-,2, %-<%-KA<-;=-=-:PR-o-;A/-8J?-2>., 勒物如吓得叹着气说: “谁能挖完九块旱地, A 能, 要回去了。” hɛ53 rə53 or dry land is non-irrigated land on mountain slopes used to grow corn, potatoes, beans and so on. •109• (133) ȵa gu mi ȵi nu ȵa gu mi ERG 亮 la you mattock nine OTM LJ.-1 *-$-3J ɴɢv̩ la tɕa tsʰə HR. bR-3 米 作格 你 头 rə take field mæ lo edge GOAL put .$ ;=-5B$ HJ<-2 8A%-<A-3 3)$ 九 宾标 拿 地 tɕə =?-5B$ :)R$-0 词 端 放 (134) ka ɴɢv̩ qæ hĩ nu lo qæ ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu lo qæ ŋu DP Nine CL you GOAL dig nine CL you GOAL dig say 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ bR-2 .$ 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ bR-2 2>. 词 你 词 你 4J=-5B$ .$ 连词 九 词 挖 九 词 挖 说 (135) te nu qæ hũ di DP you dig NEG need say 4J=-5B$ HR. bR-2 .$$-1 .$R? 2>. 连词 你 挖 ma 定 需要 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said, "You take nine mattocks and put (them) at the edge of the field and say, 'Dig you nine mattocks and dig you nine fields,' and you don't need to dig."' *- $- 3J?-HR.- GA?- bR-3-.$- :HJ<-+J- 8A%-?:A-:P3-.- 28$-eJ?, bR-3-.$- 2R-bR-<R$?-36S., 8A%-?-.$- 2R-bR-<R$?-36S.- &J?-,R/-.%-, HR.-<%-*A.-GA?-aR$-3A-.$R?-8J?-2>., 亮 米说: “你拿九把 你 需要挖。” 头放在旱地的 端, 然 说'挖你九 头, 挖你九块(地),' (136) lɛ ʁu ru lɛ ʁu ru =J:-< ȵa gu mi ʂa ȵa gu mi tell *-$-3J 勒物如 亮 m̩ ka AVM DP hɛ rə ɴɢv̩ tsʰu dʙu field nine CL become PT 2>.-0 LJ.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 8A%-<A-3 .$ 米 说 副标 连词 旱地 九 •110• ro 5.-5B$ :I<-2 :.?-5B$ 词 变 去时 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 did as ȵa11 gu44 mi11 told and it became nine fields.' =J:-<-;A?-*-$-3J?-2>.-0-28A/-.-212?-0?-.J-8A%-?-.$<-I<-?R%-, 勒物如按亮 ,( 米说的一样做 迹出现了, 那山岭突然)变 了九块土地。 (137) lɛ ʁu ru a v̩ da zə mi ko a qæ ro di lɛ ʁu ru ŋa father-in-law DAT daughter I give INT will FT say =J:-< IR?-0R =-.R/ 2-3R % !J<-2 :SA-5B$ o 格 女儿 勒物如 岳父 给 3-:R%?-2 2>. 疑问 要 未时 说 (138) te nu hɛ rə tʰi DP you dry land DET ɴɢv̩ tsʰə mi ta hũ sə di nine CL burn again say 4J=-5B$ HR. 8A%-<A-3 %J?-5B$ .$ 连词 你 限词 九 旱地 go 5.-5B$ YJ$-0 ?R% ;%-2*< 2>. 词 烧 去 再 说 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said, "Father-in-law will (you) give me your daughter?" then Father-in-law said, "You go again and burnA these nine (fields of) dry land."' =J:-<?-IR?-0R-=$?, .-(HR.-GA-)2-3R-%-=-LA/-o-;A/-/3-8J?-SA?-0-/, IR?-0R?-HR.-;%-2*<-?R%-/?-8A%-?-.$-0R-YJ$-.$R?-8J?2>., 勒物如对 树木和 岳父说: “女儿要给 了吗?” (他 )说: “你再去把那九块旱地 (的 草) 烧掉。” (139) ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru da nu ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru DAT you torch *-$-3J =-.R/ HR. 亮 A =J:-< 米 勒物如 格 你 mi tʰʙy ɴɢv̩ tʰʙy tɕɛ nine CL light DP .0=-:2< .$ 火把 九 le 5.-5B$ 1R-0 4J=-5B$ 词 点 连词 Many trees and branches are cut when opening new land for cultivation and then burned to fertilize the land. •111• (140) ɴɢv̩ ka hĩ nu DP nine CL you GOAL light mæ lo field end GOAL put ?-8A% 3)$ =?-5B$ :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ .$ 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ 1R/-0 土地 tɕə ka rə 词 端 连词 九 放 lo 词 你 tɕɛ 词 点 (141) ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu nine CL lo tɕɛ di you GOAL light say ro sə PT again 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ 1R/-0 2>.-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< .$ 词 你 九 词 点 去时 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said to lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 again, "You light nine torches and put (them) on the edge of the fields and say, 'Burn you nine torches and burn you nine fields.'"' *-$-3J?-;%-2*<-=J:-<-=-HR.-GA?-.0=-:2<-.$-3J<-1R/-/?-8A%-3,<-28$-!J, .0=-:2<-.$-3J<-1R/-8A$ ?-8A%-.$-3J<-1R/<R$?-8J?-,R/-.%-8J?-9J<, 时, 亮 米 对勒物如说: “你点 九根火把, 放在土地的 端, 然 九根火把, 点你九块土地。 '” (142) lɛ ʁu ru tʰɛ hĩ lɛ ʁu ru he/her GEN =J:-< 3R 勒物如 她 rə mi listen DP field fire light went PT :VJ=-1 */-0 4J=-5B$ ?-8A% 属格 听 tɕɛ ɕy ba hɛ le 连词 土地 火 点 去 =J:-<?-;%-2*<-3R:C-#-=-*/-/?-?-8A%-3J<-1R/-.-?R%-, 去点旱地( 的树 •112• sə again 1R/-0 KA/-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 3J 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 listened to her and went again to light the fire.' 勒物如听了她的(话), ro 和 草)了. 去时 说'点你 (143) mi tʰʙy ɴɢv̩ tʰʙy tʰɛ ȵi tɕɛ torch nine CL he ERG light DP LJ.-1 1R/-0 4J=-5B$ ?-8A% 5.-5B$ #R .0=-:2< .$ 火把 词 他 作格 点 九 le rə ɴɢv̩ tsʰu field nine CL .$ 5.-5B$ 连词 土地 九 词 (144) ɴɢv̩ mæ lo nine end GOAL put .$ =?-5B$ :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ .$ 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ 1R/-0 3)$ 九 tɕə 词 端 放 ka ɴɢv̩ ka hĩ nu DP nine CL you GOAL light 连词 九 lo 词 你 tɕɛ 词 点 (145) lo mæ nu CL lo tɕɛ di you GOAL light say te tɕɛ pi tsa DP light finish PT 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ 1R/-0 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 1R/-0 5<-2 词 你 词 点 说 连词 点 完 ro sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 'He lit nine torches and put (them) on edges of the nine fields and said, "Light you nine torches and light you nine fields," then finished lighting again.' #R?-.1=-:2<-.$-3J<-21R/-/?-8A%-.$-;A-3,<-28$-!J, .0=-:2<-.$-3J-1R/-8A$ ?-8A%-.$-2R-3J<-1R/-8A$-&J?-2>.-/?-(?8A%-5%-3-3J<-)2YJ$?, 端, 说: “点你九根火把, 点你九块土 他点着了九根火把, 放在了九片土地的 地,”(九块土地 的树 草一会儿)就 a v̩ kʰa rə 烧完了。 (146) li dʑy le back went DP tɕʰə ta hɛ rə father-in law beside from field o ba mi tɕɛ all burn KA< KA/ 4J=-5B$ IR?-0R :P3-. $/? 8A%-<A-3 5%-3 YJ$-0 回 去 连词 岳父 旁边 旱地 都 •113• 烧 (147) pi tsa ro nu finish PT hĩ zə mi ko your GEN girl a qæ give INT 5<-2 :.?-5B$ HR. :VJ=-1 2-3R 完 去时 属格 女儿 给 ro will PT !J<-2 :SA-5B$ o a v̩ di father-in-law say :.?-5B$ IR?-0R 2>. 去时 说 要 你 疑问 岳父 '(lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) went back beside Father-in-law and said, "All the fields are burned so will you give your daughter (to me)?"' (#R-)KA<-IR?-0R:C-:P3-.-?R%-/?-8A%-<A-3-5%-3-2YJ$?-5<-?R%-, (勒物如)回到 以给( HR.-GA-2-3R-(%-=-)!J<-o-;A/-/3-8J?-2>., 岳父的身边去说: “岳父, 旱地( 的树 )都烧完了, 你的女儿可 )了吗?” (148) m̩ ji a v̩ tʰi sky GEN father-in-law DET /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 tʰʙu te nu mi ta pi tsa CL DP you burn ro finish PT dɛ INT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. YJ$-0 5<-2 :.?-5B$ :SA-5B$ 限词 去时 词 连词 你 烧 完 疑问 (149) nu hɛ rə tʰi you dry land DET ɴɢv̩ tsʰu lo nine CL GOAL back overturn HR. 8A%-<A-3 %J?-5B$ .$ 你 旱地 限词 九 li 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ KA< 词 词 回 tɕa pʰu hũ di go say 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 ?R% 2>. 翻 去 说 'Now Sky-father-in-law said, "You finished burning? Then you go overturnA the nine (fields of) dry land back up."' {2?-:.A<-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-;%-2*<-2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-2YJ$?-5<-?R%-%3, .J-/-HR.-?R%-/?-8A%-:.A-.$-0R-3$R-gA%-aR$-9J<, 时, A 岳父说: “( ,)你烧完了吗？你回去把那九块旱地(都)再翻(一遍) 。” New land is dug with a pick. When bushes and trees are encountered, they are cut, left to dry, burned and then a long-handled mattock is used to turn over the soil to put the ash inside the soil. •114• (150) lɛ ʁu ru tʰi tʰʙu te lɛ ʁu ru ʁu ru da DET CL DP head =J:-< %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3$R 勒物如 限词 ka ka ro only shake PT #R-/ $;$-0 :.?-5B$ 词 连词 头 去时 'At this moment, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 only shookA (his) head.' {2?-:.A<, =J:-<-(=-,2?-$8/-3J.-0?-)3$R-#R-/-(;%-;%-)$;$?, 勒物如(感到无可 何, ) 好 头。 (151) ȵa gu mi dʑy le tʰɛ kʰa rə ȵa gu mi come DP *-$-3J 亮 he 4J=-5B$ #R ;R%-2 to ro sə beside arrive come PT :P3-. aJ2-0 连词 他 身边 到 米 来 dʑy again ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 来 去时 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 came and arrived beside him again.' *-$-3J-;%-2*<-#R:C-:P3-.-2aJ2?, 亮 米 来到了他的身边。 (152) nu tɕa tsʰə ɴɢv̩ la la rə mæ tɕə ka ɴɢv̩ qæ hĩ OTM field end put DP nine CL 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ ?-8A% 3)$ :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ .$ 5.-5B$ 连词 九 词 you mattock nine CL HR. 你 A bR-3 头 .$ 九 词 宾标 土地 端 放 Shaking the head back and forth indicates one is at a loss as to what to do. •115• (153) nu lo ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu tɕa pʰu you GOAL overturn HR. nine CL lo tɕa pʰu you GOAL overturn ŋu say =?-5B$ 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 .$ 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 2>.-0 词 你 翻 词 你 九 词 翻 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said, "You take nine mattocks and put (them at) the field edges and say, 'Overturn you nine mattocks, overturn you nine fields.'"' *-$-3J?-2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-bR-3-.$-:HJ<-/?-8A%-3,<-28$-!J, bR-3-.$-2R-bR-<R$?-36S., ?-8A%-.$-2R-HR.-GA?-bR-<R$?-36S.&J?->R.-9J<, (亮 米)说: “你(把)九把 头放到(那九块)旱地的 端, 就说'挖你九 九块土地。'” (154) lɛ ʁu ru rə tɕa pʰu pi tsa le li lɛ ʁu ru field overturn finish DP back come PT =J:-< ?-8A% 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 5<-2 勒物如 土地 翻 完 dʑy ro ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 连词 回 来 去时 =J:-<-;A?-8A%-?-3$R-gA%-2aR$?-5<-eJ?-KA<-=R$ , 勒物如回来了。 (155) lɛ ʁu ru a v̩ da lɛ ʁu ru father-in-law DAT =J:-< IR?-0R 勒物如 岳父 again 4J=-5B$ KA< 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 finished overturning the fields and came back again.' 翻完 sə =-.R/ 格 •116• 头, 挖你 (156) rə li tɕa pʰu field back overturn ?-8A% KA< 土地 回 pi tsa ro di finish PT say/tell 3$R-gA%-aR$-0 5<-2 :.?-5B$ 2>. 翻 去时 完 说 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 told (his) father-in-law, "(I) finished overturning the fields back again."' =J:-<?-IR?-0R-=, (%?-?-)8A%-;%-2*<-KA<-3$R-gA%-2aR$?-5<-?R%-8J?-2>., 勒物如对 岳父说: “旱地翻完了。” (157) nu ja qʰa ɴɢv̩ bɛ dʙu la you buckwheat nine CL OTM o pʰa li there sow back go 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ .J-/ HR. V-2R .$ 你 荞麦 九 词 hũ :.J2?-0 KA< 宾标 那儿 播 回 di say ?R% 2>. 去 说 '(Father-in-law) said, "You take nine packages of buckwheat (seed) and sow back there."' ( ( /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-)2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-V-2R-#$-3-.$-.J<-:HJ<-?R%-/?-(.J-.$-):.J2?-.$R?-9J<, 岳父)说: “你拿九袋荞麦(种子), 回去 到那(九块地 ) 。” (158) lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi da mɛ kʰa le lɛ ʁu ru at a loss DP =J:-< ,2?-9.-0 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J mi do li ȵa gu mi DAT 勒物如 没办法 连词 亮 =-.R/ 米 ɕy ask back went PT :SA-2 KA< 格 询问 回 =J:-<-=-,2?-$8/-3J.-0?-;%-2*<-*-$-3J-=-:SA-2<-KA/, 回去询问亮 米。 •117• sə again KA/-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 was at a loss and went back to ask ȵa11 gu44 mi11 again.' 勒物如束手无策, ro 去时 (159) ja qʰa ɴɢv̩ bɛ dʙu la ma qv̩ ma qv̩ nu tʰi NEG worry NEG worry you buckwheat DET .$$-1 ?J3?-O= .$$-1 ?J3?-O= HR. V-2R 定 定 心 心 你 nine CL %J?-5B$ .$ 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ 限词 九 荞麦 OTM 词 宾标 (160) rə tʰi ɴɢv̩ tsʰu mæ lo field DET nine CL edge GOAL put ?-8A% %J?-5B$ .$ 土地 限词 九 5.-5B$ 3)$ 词 tɕə ka ɴɢv̩ bɛ dʙu DP nine CL =?-5B$ :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ .$ 5.-5B$ 端 词 连词 九 放 词 (161) nu lo pʰa you GOAL sow HR. ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu nine CL lo pʰa you GOAL sow ŋu di say say =?-5B$ $+R<-:.J2? .$ 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ $+R<-:.J2? 2>. 2>. 词 你 播 词 你 九 词 播 说 说 '(ȵa11 gu44 mi11) said, "Don't worry, don't worry, you take the nine packages of buckwheat (seed) and put (them) on the edges of the nine fields and say, 'Sow you nine packages of buckwheat (seed), sow you nine fields.'"' *- $- 3J?- 2>.- o<, ?J3?- O=- 3- LJ., ?J3?- O=- 3- LJ., HR.- GA?-V-2R- #$- 3- .$- :HJ<- /?- ?- 8A%- .$- 2R:C- 3,<- 28$- !J, #$- 3.$-2R-$+R<-:.J2?-LR?, ?-8A%-.$-2R<-$+R<-:.J2?-LR?-8J?-,R/-9J<, (亮 米)说: “别 (然 )说' 心, 别 心, 你拿 你九袋(荞麦), 九袋荞麦(种子), 放在那九片旱地的 你九片(旱地) 。'” (162) lɛ ʁu ru lɛ ʁu ru =J:-< 勒物如 ha ʂə ȵa gu mi ʂa still/like before ȵa gu mi tell }<-28A/ 是 *-$-3J 亮 m̩ AVM 2>. LJ.-5B$ 米 说 副标 •118• 端, (163) ja qʰa pʰa buckwheat sow ɕy ro sə went PT again :.J2?-0 KA/-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< V-2R 荞麦 播 去 去时 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, like before, went to sow buckwheat again as ȵa11 gu44 mi11 told.' *-$-3J?-2>.-0-v<, =J:-<-}<-28A/-KA<-V-2R-$+R<-:.J2?-LJ.-.-?R%-, 勒物如 是按亮 米 说的一样去 播荞麦。 (164) ɴɢv̩ bɛ dʙu nu nine CL .$ lo ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu pʰa you GOAL sow nine CL 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ :.J2?-0 .$ 词 九 词 你 播 九 lo pʰa you GOAL sow 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ :.J2?-0 词 你 词 播 (165) di te ti tʰʙu m̩ pʰa say DP one CL AVM sow pi tsa finish PT 9J<-2 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ $+R<-:.J2? 5<-2 说 连词 一 词 副标 播 ro 完 sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 '(He) said, "You sow nine packages (of buckwheat seed), you sow nine fields," and finished sowing in one moment (immediately).' ( =J:- <?- 2>.- o<,) V- 2R:A- #$- 3- .$- 2R- $+R<- :.J2?- LR?, ?- 8A%- .$- 2R<- $+R<- :.J2?- LR?- 8J?-2+R/-0-/, {.- &A$- *A.- =- ;%- 2*<-2+2-5<-?R%-, (他) 说: “ 你九袋(荞麦), 你九片(旱地),” 一会儿 •119• 就(把种子) 完了。 (166) lɛ ʁu ru kʰa rə ɕy tʰɛ hĩ a v̩ lɛ ʁu ru his GEN father-in-law beside back went PT =J:-< #R :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 勒物如 他 属格 岳父 li ro sə again :P3-. KA< KA/-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 旁边 回 去 去时 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 went back beside his father-in-law again.' =J:-<-;%-2*<-#R:C-IR?-0R:C-:P3-.-?R%-, 勒物如 回到了他的岳父身边。 (167) tʰɛ hĩ a v̩ da he GEN father-in-law DAT #R :VJ=-1 IR?-0R =-.R/ 他 属格 岳父 格 (168) a v̩ ja qʰa pʰa pi tsa father-in-law buckwheat sow IR?-0R V-2R 岳父 荞麦 ro di finish PT :.?-5B$ 2>. :.J2?-0 5<-2 播 say 去时 完 说 '(He) said to his father-in-law, "Father-in-law, (I) finished sowing the buckwheat (seed)."' #R:C-IR?-0R-=, IR?-0R-=$?, %?-V-2R-2+2-5<-?R%-8J?-2>., (勒物如)对他的岳父说: “岳父, 荞麦 完了。” (169) m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father DET /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R tʰi tʰʙu te nu ja qʰa CL DP you buckwheat back collect DP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. V-2R 属格 岳父 限词 词 连词 你 •120• 荞麦 li qv̩ te KA< #.-0 4J=-5B$ 回 检 连词 (170) ŋa hĩ zə mi I GEN %:A nu ko di daughter you give say :VJ=-1 2-3R HR. !J<-2 9J< 属格 女儿 你 给 说 'At this moment, Sky-father-in-law said, "You collect the buckwheat (seed) back then (I) will give my daughter to you."' {2?-:.A<-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-HR.-GA?-V-2R-KA<-#.-=J/-L?-/-%:A-2-3R-HRR.-=-!J<-9J<, 时, 岳父说: “你(去把刚 完了的那九包)荞麦捡回来, ( 就把) 的女儿 (嫁)给你。” (171) lɛ ʁu ru lɛ ʁu ru =J:-< ȵa gu mi da nu ȵa gu mi DAT =-.R/ *-$-3J 勒物如 亮 you GEN HR. 格 你 米 hĩ a da te father DP :VJ=-1 A-1 4J=-5B$ 属格 爸爸 连词 (172) qʰa ta ha na ȵi kv̩ ko ti jy m̩ hĩA ma qæ di never we two CL ABS one CL be PER NEG will say /3-;% %-5S 无论何时 $*A? 5.-5B$ 12-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 29R-2 {=-5B$ .$$-1 3-:R%?-0 2>. 们 两 词 肯定 一 词 祈使 定 会 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said to ȵa11 gu44 mi11, "Your father will never let we two be one (family)."' =J:-<?-*-$-3J-=-HR.-GA-A-1?-%J.-$*A?-HA3-5%-$&A$-/3-;%-LJ.-.-:)$-o-3-<J.-&J?-2>., 勒物如对亮 A 米说: “无论如何, 你的爸爸都 会让 们俩 ko11 and hĩ11 together suggests making somebody do something. •121• 为一家的。” 说 (173) ȵa gu mi te rə ga ɕy AVM I love if 4J=-5B$ HR. .%R?-/? LJ.-5B$ % .$: $=-+J nu ȵa gu mi DP *-$-3J 亮 gɛ ræ you real 米 连词 你 ŋa m̩ 副标 真实 如 (174) li tʰa back NEG KA< 回 hũ ti ȵi te tʰɛ ha mɛ kʰa da mi di go one CL DP he at a loss MP say .$$-1 ?R% $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ #R 定 去 一 also G%-,;% ,2?-9.-0 5B$-!J$? 2>. 词 连词 他 也 没办法 语气 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said, "If you really love me, then don't go back, one day he also will be at a loss and (agree)."' *-$-3J?-$=-+J-HR.-.%R?-/?-%-=-.$:-/-KA<-3-:PR *A/-8A$-=-#R-=-;%-,2?-3J.-0<-:)<-%J?-8J?-2>., 亮 米说: “如 你真爱 的话就别回去, 一 , 他也会束手无策的。” (175) ȵa gu mi tʰɛ da tʰo ʙu ɴɢv̩ la la take/bring come DP ȵa gu mi he DAT sack nine CL *-$-3J =-.R/ #$-3 .$ 亮 #R 格 米 他 da ka 5.-5B$ :HJ<-2 ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 词 拿 来 连词 lo ʐa 袋 九 (176) ɴɢv̩ tʰo ʙu nu ʐa lo ɴɢv̩ lo mæ nu nine sack you GOAL collect nine CL .$ HR. 九 #$-3 袋 你 =?-5B$ =J/-0 词 收 .$ 九 you GOAL collect say 5.-5B$ HR. =?-5B$ =J/-0 词 你 •122• di 词 收 2>. 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said to him, "Take nine sacks and say, 'You collect nine sacks, you collect nine fields (of buckwheat seed).'"' *- $- 3J?- #R- =- (HR.- GA?- )#$- 3- .$- :HJ<- >R$ .J- /?- #$- 3- .$- 2R-#.- =J/- LR?, 8A%- .$- 2R- HR.-GA?- #.- =J/- LR?- &J?-,R/- 8A$- &J?2>., 亮 米给他说: “拿九根 袋来, (放在那九片旱地的 端), 然 说'收你九袋(荞 的荞麦) 。'” 麦), 收你九块地( (177) lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi ʂa lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi tell =J:-< *-$-3J 勒物如 亮 m̩ ka ʐa li AVM DP ro te back collect finish PT 2>.-0 LJ.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ KA< 副标 连词 回 米 说 pi tsa DP =J/-0 5< :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 收 完 去时 连词 (178) ja qʰa ly ly so ly buckwheat pellet/seed three CL V-2R :V-hR$ 荞麦 颗粒 li ma lu ro di miss say PT $?3 5.-5B$ 3J.-0 :.?-5B$ 2>. 词 差 去时 说 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 collected (the seed) back as ȵa11 gu44 mi11 (had) told (him to do) but three buckwheat seed were missing.' =J:-<?-*-$-3J?-2>.-0-v<-212?-+J, V-2R-KA<-#.-=J/-L?-3R., :R/-G%-V-2R-hR$-3-$?3-3J.-0<-I<-:.$ 勒物如按亮 米 说的做 就收完了, 但是差了 粒荞麦。 (179) m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 lɛ ʁu ru da ja qʰa tʰi so ly lɛ ʁu ru ʂu DAT buckwheat DET three CL find =J:-< =-.R/ V-2R %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ :5S=-2 格 荞麦 •123• 限词 词 找 (180) li ma ɕy da back NEG come if .$$-1 ;R%-2 $=-+J KA< 定 来 回 ŋa hĩ zə mi I GEN daughter you give NEG % :VJ=-1 2-3R HR. !J<-2 .$$-1 3-:R%?-0 2>. 属格 女儿 你 给 如 nu ko ma qæ di will say 定 要/会 说 'Sky-father-in-law said to lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, "If you don't find and bring the three buckwheat (seed I) will not give my daughter to you."' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-=J:-<-=-$=-+J-HR.-GA?-V-2R-hR$-3-.J-$?3-KA<-24=-/?-;R%-3-,2-/-%:A-2-3R-HR.-=-3A-!J<-8J?-2>., 岳父对勒物如说: “如 找 回来那 粒的话, ly ly so 的女儿 会给你的。” (181) lɛ ʁu ru te qʰa ja qʰa lɛ ʁu ru DP where buckwheat pellet/seed three CL =J:-< 4J=-5B$ $%-. V-2R ʂu lo GOAL find li back $?3 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ :5S=-2 KA< :V-hR$ 勒物如 连词 哪儿 荞麦 ly 词 颗粒 词 找 回 (182) bi ʁæ ro di ka mɛ kʰa ro sə go FT FT say DP at a loss PT again :PR-2 3-:R%?-0 3-:R%?-2 2>. 4J=-5B$ ,2?-9.-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去 未时 未时 说 连词 没办法 去时 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said, "Where will I go to find (and bring) back the three (missing) buckwheat seed?" and was at a loss again.' =J:-<-;A?-%-$%-.-V-2R-hR$-3-$?3-:5S=-.-:PR-8J?-2>.-/?-&A-L-$+R=-3J.-.-I<, 勒物如说: “到哪儿去找回 粒荞麦颗粒呀!” •124• 束手无策了。 (183) ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru tʰi tʰʙu te DET CL DP ȵa gu mi lɛ ʁu ru %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J 限词 =J:-< pæ dʑy ro side come PT sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< :P3-. ;R%-2 词 连词 亮 米 勒物如 身边 来 去时 'At this moment, ȵa11 gu44 mi11 came to lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11's side again.' {2?-:.A<, *-$-3J-;%-2*<-=J:-<:A-:P3-.-;R%-, 时候, 亮 米 来到了勒物如的身边。 (184) lɛ ʁu ru da ja qʰa lɛ ʁu ru DAT =J:-< =-.R/ ʐa tʰʙu ti ga ga o a mbæ di EXT say buckwheat collect when anything there INT V-2R :$: :SA-5B$ =?-3,/ 2>. 格 荞麦 #.-0 {2? 收 时候 一 .J-/ 那儿 疑问 在 说 '(ȵa11 gu44 mi11) asked lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, "Was there anything there when (you) were collecting buckwheat (seed)?"' ( *-$-3J?-)=J:-<-=, V-2R-#.-{2?-.J-/-(.%R?-0R-)&A-8A$-:.$-&J?-SA?, (她)说: “收荞麦的时候, 那儿 什 吗?” (185) lɛ ʁu ru te tʰo jy ja lɛ ʁu ru DP turtledove CL =J:-< 4J=-5B$ 1$-<R/ te o to DP there arrive come MP 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .J-/ 勒物如 连词 斑 ,R/-0 词 连词 那儿 到 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said, "A turtledove came and arrived there."' =J:-<?-1$-<R/-8A$-.J<-2aJ2?-:.$-9J<, 勒物如说: “那儿 一 斑 ( )来过。” •125• dʑy lo di say ;R%-2 5B$-!J$? 2>. 来 语气 说 (186) ȵa rə tɕʰə tɕʰə te li tomorrow morning DP ʁæ da back come FT ʁu ʂə sə nu again you front ?%-*A/ 8R$?-0 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 3-:R%?-0 ;%-2*< HR. }R/-. 明 早 连词 回 来 未时 你 dʑy come ;R%-2 前面 来 (187) tʰi ja lɛ ta qʰa ma di DET CL aim DP shoot MP say %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :2J/-.-=J/-0 4J=-5B$ o$-0,:1J/-0 5B$-!J$? 2>. 限词 词 瞄 连词 开/射 语气 说 '(ȵa11 gu44 mi11) said, "Tomorrow morning (the turtledoves) will come back again; you aim at the (turtledove) in front and shoot."' *-$-3J?-?%-*A/-}-3R<-(1$-<R/-.J-);%-2*<-KA<-;R%-oh-<J., HR.-GA?-}R/-.-;R%-2:A-(1$-<R/-).J-.3A$?-:2J/-.-]%?-/?-3J-3.:1R%?-8J?-2>., (亮 米)说: “明 早 要( )回来, (拿一把枪等候,)你就瞄准(最)前面( )开枪。” 的(那 (188) mæ ti ʂo te lɛ ʁu ru next one CL DP eJ?-? $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ =J:-< lɛ ʁu ru ȵa tʰʂu la ɕə po ka la gun tree OTM P3-3.: ;=-5B$ #R%-2R 词 连词 勒物如 枪 来 一 ʁo branch LOC $/?-$8A ;=-$ 宾标 树 格 芽 (189) tʰo jy tʰi turtledove DET ja le qv̩ te qʰa ma CL aim know DP shoot NEG qv̩ ro know PT 1$-<R/ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :2J/-.-=J/-0 >J?-0 4J=-5B$ o$-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 斑 限词 词 瞄 知道 连词 开 •126• 定 知道 去时 )来 'The next morning, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 only knew to take the gun, aimed it at the turtledove on the tree branch but didn't not know how to shoot.' KA-*A/-8R$?-0<, =J:-<?-P3-3.:-29%-/?-#R%-2R:A-;=-$:A-!J%-$A-1$-<R/-.J-:2J/-.-]%?-3R., :R/-G%-(#R?-):1J/-3->J?, 第 早 , 勒物如 知道拿枪瞄树 ,但 的那 斑 ŋga sə ȵi 知道开枪。 (190) ȵa gu mi mɛ kʰa ȵa gu mi at a loss tʰɛ la ka tʰi DP his hand GOAL beat only after PRE-ATT shoot ,2?-9.-0 4J=-5B$ #R *-$-3J 亮 le ræ :.?-}R/ =$-0 =?-5B$ h%-0 .-$9R. 米 没办法 连词 他 手 词 qʰa 3J-3.:-1R$-0 前体 才 'Then (he) shot (the turtledove but) only after ȵa11 gu44 mi11 beat his hand.' *-$-3J<-,2?-9.-/?-=J:-<:A-=$-0<-2h%?-2-/-(#R?-).-$9R.-(1$-<R/-).J-2?., 亮 来, (她 米没办法, 他的手, (勒物如)才射到 (那 手) 碰了一 斑 )。 (191) ʁo ja qʰa turtledove crop LOC buckwheat DET 1$-<R/ AR$-$?R$ $/?-$8A V-2R 斑 方 tʰo jy lo lo 词 格 tʰi so ly qo qæ three CL dig %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ aR$-0 限词 荞麦 词 挖 (192) le ṃ ji a v̩ DP sky MP father-in-law give back went PT ko li ɕy ro sə again 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: 5B$-!J$? IR?-0R !J<-2 KA< KA/-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 连词 给 去 语气 岳父 回 •127• 去时 '(lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 ) dug the three buckwheat (seed) from the turtledove's crop and went to Skyfather-in-law and gave (the three buckwheat seed) back to (Sky-father-in-law).' ( =J:-<?-)1$-<R/-IA-AR$-$?R$-=?-V-2R-:V-hR$-$?3-0R-]%?-/?-;%-2*<-KA<-?R%-!J-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-=-LA/, 斑 的 袋 挖出那 粒荞麦, 交给 岳父。 (193) lɛ ʁu ru da a v̩ father-in-law lɛ ʁu ru DAT IR?-0R =-.R/ =J:-< 格 岳父 (194) nu nu hĩ you you GEN a zə lo ʂu li di mother-in-law GOAL back find HR. HR. :VJ=-1 IR?-3R 你 你 属格 岳母 =?-5B$ KA< 词 say :5S=-2 2>. 回 找 说 'Father-in-law said to lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11, "You find your mother-in-law (and bring her) backA."' IR?-0R?-=J:-<-=-HR.-<%-$A-IR?-3R-24=-/?-KA<-:OA.->R$-&J?-2>., 岳父对勒物如说: “你把你的岳母找回来。" (195) lɛ ʁu ru go m̩ hũ lɛ ʁu ru what do should GEN =J:-< &A-8A$ LJ. :R?-0 :VJ=-1 .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 做 属格 勒物如 什 A su 该 ma sə ro sə NEG know PT again 定 知道 去时 Sky Father-in-law and Sky Mother-in-law could transform themselves into various animal forms. In this instance, Sky Father-in-law wants lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 to find out which animal they were to gauge his cleverness. •128• 'Again, lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 didn't know what (he) should do.' =J:-<?-;%-2*<-&A-LJ.-.$R?-2-3-gR$?, 勒物如 知道该做什 了。 (196) ȵa gu mi tʰɛ da ta hũ jo ʁu ʂə lo li da tʰi ȵa gu mi he DAT tonight sheep front GOAL back come DET *-$-3J =-.R/ .R-.$R% =?-5B$ KA< 亮 #R 米 他 格 今晚 =$ }R/-. 词 绵羊 前面 回 ja CL ;R%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 来 限词 ŋu di 词 (197) ta ræ tʰi tɕo ta ka a zə neck LOC hug mother-in-law mother-in-law say {J $/?-$8A :,3-0 4J=-5B$ IR?-3R 格 脖子 抱 DP a zə 连词 岳母 say IR?-3R 2>. 2>. 岳母 说 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 said to him, "Tonight hug the neck of the sheep that comes in front, and say, 'Mother-in-law, Mother-in-law.'"' *-$-3J?-#R-=-.R-.$R%-(HR.-GA?-)}R/-.-;R%-2:A-=$-.J:A-{J-=-:,3-!J, IR?-3R, IR?-3R-8J?-2R?-8J?-2>., 亮 米对他说: “今晚, 抱 (走)在最前面回来的那 绵羊的脖子就喊'岳母，岳 li ja hĩ ta ræ CL GEN neck 母。'” (198) lɛ ʁu ru ȵi lɛ ʁu ru ERG =J:-< LJ.-1 jo ʁu ʂə sheep front =$ }R/-. dʑy tʰi back come DET KA< 作格 绵羊 前面 回 ;R%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 {J 来 限词 •129• 词 属格 脖子 (199) tʰi tɕo ta GOAL hug le a zə a zə DP mother-in-law mother-in-law say =?-5B$ :,3-0 4J=-5B$ IR?-3R 词 抱 连词 婆婆 di te DP IR?-3R 2>. 4J=-5B$ 婆婆 说 连词 (200) a zə li ræ ro mother-in-law back find PT IR?-3R KA< fJ.-0 :.?-5B$ 岳母 回 找到 去时 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 hugged the neck of the sheep that came back in front and said, "Mother-in-law, Mother-in-law," and (he) found Mother-in-law and (brought her) back.' =J:-<?-}R/-.-;R%-2:A-=$-.J:A-{J-=-:,3?-+J, IR?-3R, IR?-3R-8J?-2R?-0-/-IR?-3R-KA<-fJ., (傍晚，牛羊回来时, )勒物如抱 (走)在最前面回来的那 绵羊的脖子, 就喊'岳 母, 岳母, '就找回了岳母。 (201) a v̩ nu zə mi ŋa ko a ʁa ro di time to FT say/ask DP father-in-law you girl I give INT IR?-0R HR. 2-3R % !J<-2 :SA-5B$ </-0 岳父 你 女儿 给 3-:R%?-2 2>. 疑问 可以/该 未时 说 (202) ŋa tʰi tʰʙu te nu DET CL DP you I %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. % 限词 词 连词 你 lo ʂu li GOAL back find =?-5B$ KA< 词 回 •130• sə di again say :5S=-2 ;%-2*< 2>. 找 再 说 te 4J=-5B$ 连词 '(lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11) said, "Father-in-law, is it time to give your daughter to me?" and (Father-in-law) said, "You find and (bring) me back again now."' ( =J:-<?-)2>.-o<, IR?-0R-=$?, .-HR.-GA-2-3R-%-=-LA/-(R$-$3-8J?-SA?-0-/, (IR?-0R?-).-HR.-GA?-%-KA<-:5S=-8A$-&J?-2>., (勒物如)说: “岳父, 你的女儿可以给 了吗?” (岳父) 说: “现在, 你把 找回 来。” (203) lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi da lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi DAT =J:-< *-$-3J 勒物如 亮 =-.R/ 米 ŋa qʰa m̩ hũ I how do should FT % &A-:S LJ.-0 :R?-0 3-:R%?-2 2>. 怎 做 未时 说 格 ro 该 di say 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 said to ȵa11 gu44 mi11, "What should I do?"' =J:-<?-*-$-3J-=-.-%?-&A-L?-/-:R?-8J?-SA?, 勒物如给亮 米说: “ 该怎 办呢?” (204) ȵa gu mi tʰɛ da ta hũ te ȵa gu mi he DAT tonight DP *-$-3J =-.R/ .R-.$R% 亮 #R 格 今晚 米 他 ʙu ʁu ʂə li yak front back come DET }R/-. KA< 4J=-5B$ /R< 连词 牛 前面 回 da tʰi ;R%-2 %J?-5B$ 来 限词 (205) pʰa hĩ ta ræ tʰi CL GEN neck GOAL hug 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 {J 词 属格 脖子 tɕo ta ka DP a v̩ 抱 ŋu father-in-law father-in-law say =?-5B$ :,3-0 4J=-5B$ IR?-0R 词 a v̩ 连词 岳父 •131• di say/tell IR?-0R 2>. 2>. 岳父 说 说 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 told him, "Tonight hug the yak that comes back in front and say, 'Father-in-law, Father-in-law.'"' *-$-3J?-#R-=-.R-.$R%-}R/-.-;R%-2:A-/R<-.J:A-{J-=-:,3-/?-IR?-0R, IR?-0R-8J?-2R?-8J?-2>., 米对他说: “今晚, 抱 亮 (走)在最前面回来的那头 牛的脖子, 就喊 '岳父, 岳父。'” (206) m̩ ji a v̩ ha sky GEN father-in-law also /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R lɛ ʁu ru lɛ ʁu ru G%-,;% =J:-< 属格 岳父 也 ȵi li ERG back find PT LJ.-1 KA< ræ 勒物如 作格 回 ro fJ.-0 :.?-5B$ 去时 找 'Sky-father-in-law was also found by lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 and (brought) back.' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R-;%-=J:-<?-KA<-fJ.-2-<J., 岳父也被勒物如找了回来。 (207) m̩ ji a v̩ tʰi sky GEN father-in-law DET /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R tʰʙu te mɛ kʰa ro ka CL DP at a loss PT DP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ,2?-9.-0 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 属格 岳父 限词 词 连词 没办法 去时 连词 (208) nu hũ you go te ta ȵi tʰi li ʂə ʂə te ɛ qo DP today from DP home back NEG /? 4J=-5B$ HA3 KA< 连词 家 回 HR. ?R% 4J=-5B$ .J-<J% 你 去 连词 今 •132• li tʰa da ro come PT di say .$$-1 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>. 定 来 去时 说 'Sky-father-in-law was at a loss and said, "You go and don't come back home from today."' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R-=-,2?-9.-.J-.-HR.-?R%-, .J-<A%-/?-29%-KA<-HA3-=-3-;R%-8J?-2>., 岳父束手无策了就(对女儿)说: “你去 时, , 但是 今以 别回家 来 了。” (209) m̩ ji a v̩ ɕɛ ʐo zə na sky GEN father-in-law family grain seed and livestock all HA3 :V-<A$? ?-2R/ .% |R-K$? 5%-3 2$R-2 家 粮 种子 和 牲畜 都 /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 va ʙu ræ tsə o ba vi divide (210) le pʙu tʰjo DP send they 4J=-5B$ {<-2 #R-5S 连词 ȵi qv̩ ko two CL give back come li dʑy $*A? 5.-5B$ !J<-2 KA< 他们 词 给 回 ;R%-2 来 'Sky-father-in-law's family divided all the grain seed and livestock, gave (them to the new couple), sent they two (away) and (they) went back (to the world).' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-$A?-:V-<A$?-i3?-GA-?-2R/-.%-|R-K$?-5%-3-2$R?-/?-#R-$*A?-=-LA/-+J, (#R-$*A?-:)A$-gJ/-=-)KA<-;R%-.2&$ 岳父家把粮 种子和家畜给他俩 了(一份, )就 (他们)回到(人间)来. (211) ji a zə sky GEN mother-in-law they/them two /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-3R 属格 岳母 tʰjo ȵi m̩ #R-5S kv̩ da CL DAT $*A? 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 词 他们 •133• 格 (212) ʁo rə gv̩ road/way LOC ɕa mi ti qʰv̩ ha song CL also/even sing $/?-$8A \ 2PR.-=3 格 路途 one ga $&A$ 5.-5B$ G% 歌 ʁa ma di NEG can MP say \-=J/-0 .$$-1 (R$-0 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 词 也 一 ma 定 能 唱 语气 说 'Sky-mother-in-law told the two of them, "(You two) can not sing songs on the way, even one sentence."' /3-3#:A-IR?-3R?-#R-$*A?-=-2>.-o<, (HR.-$*A?-GA?-)=3-2<-.-\-.L%?-5B$-:V-$&A$-G%-]%?-3A-(R$-9J<, 岳母给他俩说: “(你俩)在路 , 一 山歌也 能唱。” (213) tʰjo ȵi kv̩ jo jo they two CL together livestock #R-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ 3*3-. 词 一 他们 va ʙu ræ tsə tʙy |R-K$? drive ʐo zə la grain seed take/bring DP :.J.-0 :V-<A$? ?-2R/ 牲畜 粮 :HJ<-2 种子 带 le 4J=-5B$ 连词 (214) a hĩ ʁo dʙy jy below/down world LOC :R$ li 人间 格 dʑy ro family make back come PT $/?-$8A HA3-5% 29R-2 KA< 3A-;= 面 m̩ 家庭 做 回 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 来 去时 'They two drove the livestock, took the grain seed, came back down to the world and made a family together.' #R-$*A?-GA?-3*3-.-:V-<A$?-HJ<-8A%-|R-K$?-.J.-/?-3A-;=-.-;R%-!J-HA3-$8A-21A$?, 他们俩一块儿 着牲畜, 带着种子, 回到人间来 •134• 家(立 )了. (215) sə m̩ ja ȵi ʁæ qæ mi li to tʰʙu te sə m̩ ja ȵi pass GOAL back arrive when DP ?A-3-;-*J *$-$ =?-5B$ KA< 4J=-5B$ 木 词 尼 垭 aJ2-0 {2? 到 时候 连词 ka ɕa mi mi DP song 回 (216) ȵa gu mi ma ʂə ʂə nda ȵa gu mi sad ro very PT 亮 米 想家 去时 很 te GOAL sing ?J3?-#$-0 @-&% :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ \ *-$-3J ga DP =?-5B$ \-=J/-0 4J=-5B$ 连词 山歌 词 连词 唱 (217) va ʙu ræ tsə o ba bʑi su bʑi pæ su pæ ro livestock all GEN fly run GEN run PT |R-K$? 5%-3 :1<-2 :VJ=-1 :1<-2 o$-0 :VJ=-1 o$-0 :.?-5B$ 牲畜 都 fly 属格 跑 属格 跑 去时 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 was very sad and started to sing songs when (they) arrived back down to sə53 m̩ 44 ja11 ȵi11A Pass and all the livestock ran away.' 3<- ?A- 3- ;- *J- *$- $<- 2aJ2?- .?- *- $- 3J:A- ?J3?- @- &%- #$- /?- \- ]%?- 2?- |R- K$?- 5%- 3- :1<- /?- 0- :1<- 2- .%- o$- /?- 02o$?-+J-VR?-5<-?R%-, 回到 的 木 尼山垭 的时候, 亮 米很想家, 唱了 山歌, 时 , 跑的跑了。 (218) kʰv̩ kʰv̩ tɕʰa tʂʰa qʰa mæ la mi quickly skirt end OTM GOAL back cover DP =3-?% (.-$;R$? 3,: 紧 A 裙子 li ;=-5B$ =?-5B$ KA< 端 宾标 词 回 qo te a mi now $+3-0 4J=-5B$ .-v 盖 连词 现在 sə53 m̩ 44 ja11 ȵi11 is a mountain pass between the sky and the earth. •135• 家畜都 (219) na qo pʰu tʰi ȵi ka ræ we raise DET some PRE-ATT back cover GEN %-5S $?R-2 %J?-5B$ :$:->? :.?-}R/ KA< $+3-0 :VJ=-1 <J. 5B$-!J$? 限词 一 回 盖 们 饲养 li 前体 qo su dja le be MP 属格 是 语气 '(ȵa11 gu44 mi11) used (her) skirt end and quickly covered (the escaping animals) back down and covered these (animals) we raise now.A ( *- $- 3J?- )=3-?%- (3R:C-) (.-$;R$?- GA- $J- 3R?-(YR$- ($?- i3?-) $+3?-0-/, .- v- %- 5S?-$?R-28A/-0:A- |R- K$?- :.A- 5S-$;R$?-0- <J., (她) 紧 裙 将( 逃走的家畜)盖 ，于是就盖到了现在 们养的 (家 畜) 。 (220) ȵa gu mi tʰi ȵa gu mi DET sə ȵi CL only after he %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .-$9R. *-$-3J 亮 tʰʙu 米 限词 词 才 thɛ 3R ʂa hĩ a mi GEN mother tell :VJ=-1 A-3 她 属格 li GEN back remember 2>. :VJ=-1 KA< 说 ʂu su 属格 回 S/-0 忆/想 'ȵa11 gu44 mi11 remembered (what) her mother had told (her) only after this moment (this happened).' {2?-:.A<, *-$-3J?-.-$9R.-3R:C-A-3?-2>.-0-.$-KA<-;A.-=-S/, 亮 米 才想 了 岳母说的(话)。 na53 mʑi53 believe that the livestock they raise today are descended from those covered by ȵa11 gu44 mi11 with her skirt and wild animals are descended from those ȵa11 gu44 mi11 lost on sə53 m̩ 44 ja11 ȵi11 Pass that day. •136• A (221) tʰi tʰʙu te va ʙu ræ tsə ræ DET CL DP livestock li qo tʰi ki tʙy PRE-ATT back cover these drive %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ |R-K$? :.?-}R/ KA< $+3-0 :.A-5S :.J.-0 限词 前体 回 盖 词 连词 牲畜 (222) ɕɛ ʁo le dʙy ly tsʰo mæ DP earth watching man family LOC 4J=-5B$ :)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-3#/ HA3 连词 大地看 人 家 to li dʑy arrive back come $/?-$8A aJ2-0 格 到 KA< ;R%-2 回 来 'At this moment (they) drove back these livestock that they had covered back, came and arrived back to the family of earth watching humans.'A {2?-:.A<, (#R-5S?-)>=-.-=?-;R.-0:A-|R-K$?-.J-5S-.J.-/?-KA<-:)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-2:A-HA3-.-2aJ2?, 时候, (他们) 着刚才盖回来的家畜回到人间看 人家B来。 (223) dʙy ʁo to earth LOC arrive back come after DP 3A-;= $/?-$8A aJ2-0 人间 格 到 li dʑy KA< ;R%-2 回 来 ȵu te mbo nda difficult very eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ #$-0R 连词 艰难 @-&% 很 'It was very difficult after (they) came and arrived back to the earth.' KA<-3A-;=-.-,R/-0:A-eJ?-?-(#R-5S:C-:5S-2-)@-&%-#$-0R-:.$ 回到人间以 , (他俩的生活)很艰艰难。 A Humans who lived on the earth are referred to as 'earth watching humans', meaning that when the two returned to earth they watched over human families. B 前, 居 在地球 的人称为'大地看 人'。 •137• (224) ʁo rə qʰæ bo ʂa field LOC ?-8A% $/?-$8A (-b 格 土地 ditch dig A ga dʑa ka ʐo NEG know grain/harvest NEG DP .$$-1 >J?-0 aR$-0 水沟 ma ma good/rich 4J=-5B$ :V-<A$?,=R-+R$ .$$-1 =J$?-0R 定 知道 连词 庄 疏通 tʰʙy 定 好 '(They) didn't know how to irrigate ditches in the fields and the harvest was not rich.' ( #R-5S?-)8A%-$A-(-b-aR$-3->J?-2?-=R-+R$-=J$?-0R-3-L%-, 知道在地 开 水沟, 以庄 (长得) 好。 (225) ʐo zə o ba tsʰa tsʰa le ŋgɛ ka ʐo grain seed all plant DP grain/harvest NEG :V-<A$? ?-2R/ 庄 mix DP 4J=-5B$ :.J2?-0 4J=-5B$ :V-<A$? 5%-3 2YJ-2 种子 都 ma 连词 种 混合 ræ get .$$-1 ,R2-0 连词 粮 定 得 '(They) mixed all the grain seed and planted so (they) didn't get grain.' (#R-$*A?-GA?-):V-<A$?-GA-?-2R/-5%-3-2YJ?-/?-2+2-0?-=R-=J$?-3-,R2, (把 种)种子都混着播种, 以(也) 没 (收) 到粮 。 (226) jy ȵu m̩ te family make/become after DP 连词 子女 做/ ma children bear NEG eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ U-$ HA3-5% :P2-0 家庭 ʑi zə mi sə na would PT *J?-0 .$$-1 ,2-0 生 ro 定 能 :.?-5B$ 去时 'After making a family (the wife) would not bear children (did not become pregnant).' (#R-$*A?-GA?-)HA3-5%-8A$-P2-eJ?-((%-3-3%=-3-($?-0?-)U-$-*J?-3-,2, 家 , (亮 A 米) 能生育。 Ditches are dug in fields to carry irrigation water. They also are dug in some fields to collect excess rainwater to prevent certain crops from rotting, e. g., potatoes. •138• (227) ji mi tɕɛ ma house build NEG ga dʑa ka ɕə ka know branch house LOC 29R-2 .$$-1 >J?-0 #%-2 子 修 DP ji mi 4J=-5B$ ;=-$ #%-2 定 知道 连词 树 ʁo ndzu stay $/?-$8A #R.-0 格 子 '(They) didn't know house building so stayed in a house of branches. (#R-5S?-)#%-2-29R-3->J?-0?->A%-$A-;=-$:A-#%-2:A-/%-.-2#., 懂得修 子, 就 在树 子 。 (228) ɕɛ m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law family also /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 ha mi do li ask bi back go ma ŋa NEG dare HA3-5% G%-,;% :SA-2 KA< :PR-2 .$$-1 1R.-0 家 回 去 也 问 定 敢 '(They) also didn't dare to go back to ask Sky-father-in-law's family (for help).' (#R-5S-)KA<-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-.-;%-]R-:SA-2<-:PR-3-1R., 也 敢回到 岳父家去问 (到 该怎 办) 。 (229) mba ŋu mæ te la qo jo later DP crow SELF able say eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 7-+ 来 连词 tʰjo ɛ qo they home arrive come <%-*A. ,2-0 9J<-2 #R-5S 鸦 它 能 说 HA3 他们 家 to dʑy aJ2-0 ;R%-2 到 来 'Later Crow arrived at their home and said (it was) able (to go to Sky-father-in-law's home).' .J-/?-eJ?-?-7-+-#R-5S:C-HA3-.-2aJ2?-/?-(#R-<%-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-.-:PR-),2-&J?-2>., 来, 鸦说它能(帮 )就来到他们家。 •139• (230) tʰjo tʰi tʰʙu te they DET moment DP #R-5S %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ da lo crow DAT GOAL ask for help =-.R/ =?-5B$ <R$?-LJ.-0:A-<J-2-8 4J=-5B$ 7-+ 他们 限词 时候 ʁa to la qo 连词 格 鸦 词 求助 'At this moment, they asked for Crow's help.' {2?-:.A<, #R-5S?-7-+-=-<R$?-LJ.-0:A-<J-2-8, 时，他们 鸦求助。 (231) mɛ ʙu ɴɢv̩ bʐə kʰv̩ le la qo tʰi ja ko tear nine CL get DP crow DET CL give 3A$-( .$ 5.-5B$ :.R/-0 4J=-5B$ 7-+ 词 接 泪水 九 连词 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ !J<-2 鸦 限词 词 给 'They took nine cups of tears and gave (them) to Crow.' (#R-5S?-)3A$-(-1R<-2-2+R/-/?-.$-7-+-=-LA/, (他俩) 接了九杯 (自 哭泣的) 泪水, 交给了那 鸦。 (232) rə gv̩ ti road/way one te ʁo to CL LOC arrive DP 2PR.-=3 $&A$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A aJ2-0 路 一 词 格 te tɕʰə nda 到 连词 热 pi tsa ro tʰi ki o ba tʰɛ ȵi ndʐə these all it ERG drink finish PT :.A-5S 5%-3 .J LJ.-1 :,%-2 5<-2 它 作格 完 very DP mɛ ʙu tear 4J=-5B$ 5-2 @-&% 4J=-5B$ 3A$-( (233) 都 hot ka :.?-5B$ 去时 •140• 很 连词 泪水 '(Crow) arrived half-way, and was very hot so it drank and finished all the tears.' =3-2<-.-2aJ2?-.?-(7-+-)5-2?-3/<-/?-3A$-(-5%-3-:,%?, ( 鸦 )到半路 热得把那 泪水都 了。 (234) ȵu m̩ to te sky reach after DP ɕɛ nɛ zə mi your daughter family DP /3-3#: aJ2-0 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ HR.-5S su qæ le rich HA3-5% 4J=-5B$ K$-0R 2-3R 连词 你们的 女儿 到 te DP 4J=-5B$ 连词 富裕 连词 家 (235) m̩ ma ndo su qæ le dʙy ma ndo ro di sky NEG see rich earth NEG see PT say /3-3#: .$$-1 3,R%-2 K$-0R 定 见 DP 4J=-5B$ 3A-;= .$$-1 3,R%-2 :.?-5B$ 9J< 富裕 连词 地球 定 见 去时 说 'After reaching the sky (Crow) said, "Your daughter's family is rich and cannot see the sky and cannot see the earthA (the family is extremely rich)."' /3-3#<-2aJ2?-eJ?, (7-+?-)HR.-5S:C-2-3R-5%-/A-@-&%-K$-0R-:.$-0?-$/3-?-$*A?-G%-3A-3,R%-(@-&%-K$-0R-;A/-0)8J?-2>., 到了 说: “你们的女儿家很富裕。” (236) a v̩ a zə ȵi m̩ CL AVM happy very $*A? 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ .$:-2 @-&% father-in-law mother-in-law two IR?-0R IR?-3R 岳母 岳父 A ȵi mi xi nda kv̩ 词 副标 心 很 m̩ 53 ma44 ndo53 dʙy44 ma44 ndo53 = 'extraordinary', 'tremendous'. •141• 'Both Father-in-law and Mother-in-law were very happy (about their daughter's wealth).' IR?-0R-.%-IR?-3R-$*A?-@-&%-.$:-L%-, 岳父岳母俩(听了)都很高 。 (237) la qo tʰi tʰʙu te nɛ zə mi crow DET CL DP your 7-+ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR.-GA 鸦 限词 ɕɛ va ʂə te la daughter family pork DP OTM 2-3R 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ HA3 词 连词 你们的 女儿 1$-> 肉 连词 宾标 家 (238) ɕə m̩ wood make make tɕʰə ʐo te la kʰʂə sə di grain DP OTM shit clean say :2.->A% LJ.-0 3J-$+R%-2 :V-<A$? 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ *$-0 柴火 烧 当 $4%-3-LJ.-0 9J< 连词 宾标 大便 擦 粮 说 'At this moment, Crow said, "Your daughter's family uses pork as wood to make a fire and uses grain to clean shit."' {2?-:.A<, 7-+?-HR.-5S:C-2-3R:C-5%-$A?-1$->-:2.->A%-.-2!R=-2-.%-, *$-0-:V-<A$?-GA?-$4%-3-LJ.-28A/-;R.-&J?-2>., 时, 鸦(接着)说: “你们的女儿家呀, 把 肉当柴火烧, 拿粮 擦屁股呢。” (239) m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father one /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R ti tʰʙu m̩ qo tɕʰə le CL AVM angry $&A$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ OR?-0 属格 岳父 一 词 副标 生气 •142• DP la qo tʰɛ ȵi crow he ERG #R LJ.-1 4J=-5B$ 7-+ 连词 鸦 他 作格 (240) pi pa mi ŋga ka ɣu va so dzu tɕʰə tɕʰə drive SUF-COM DP tiger boar three CL release/send KA<-0R.-0 :.?-eJ? 4J=-5B$ !$ 体 连词 1$-cR. $?3 5.-5B$ $+R%-2 词 放 老虎 (241) o mi tɕʰə LOC GOAL SUF-COM $/?-$8A =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 格 词 体 'Sky-father-in-law was angry suddenly, and drove away the crowA and sent three groups of tigers and (three groups of) wild boars down (to the earth).' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R-.J-3-,$-OR?-+J, 7-+-3,<-20.-0-.%-, !$-.%-1$-cR.-H-$?3-3<-(3A-;=-.-)3%$?, 岳父一 子大发雷 , 掉 鸦，往(人间)放了 群老虎和 群 (242) ɕɛ ʁu ʂə o ndʑɛ tʰi ȵi ka ha earth watching man family grain front there EXT DET little also :)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-3#/ HA3-5% =R-+R$ }< .J-/ ;R.-0 %J?-5B$ *%-43 大地看 家 以前 那儿 dʙy ly tsʰo mæ 人 ʐo 庄 限词 一点儿 也 (243) ɣu va ȵi tigers wild boar ERG !$ 老虎 A 1$-cR. LJ.-1 zo qə pi tsa destroy finish PT 3J.-2_$-+-$+R%-2 5<-2 作格 糟蹋 完 Thus, black crows became an evil portent. •143• ro sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 G% 。 'Earth-watching Man's family's few grains there were also destroyed by tigers and wild boars again.' :)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-2:A-HA3-5%-$A-}<-;R.-0:A-:V-<A$?-*%-43-.$-G%-!$-.%-1$-cR.-GA?-3J.-2_$-+-2+%-, 在 地 的大地看 )也被 人家的那点儿(庄 和老虎糟蹋完了。 (244) lɛ ʁu ru ȵa gu mi te na lɛ ʁu ru and ȵa gu mi DP =J:-< .% 亮 cry 4J=-5B$ %-2 *-$-3J 勒物如 和 ʁu mdʙy da ga dʑa ro only know PT #R-/ >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 知道 去时 米 连词 哭泣 'lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 and ȵa11 gu44 mi11 only knew to cry (after the grain was destroyed).' =J:-<-.%-*-$-3J-$*A?-GA?-%-o-=?-$8/-3->J?, 勒物如和亮 米 知道哭泣。 (245) ti ȵi te bi la ȵo tsə ti ja o to one CL DP bat CL there arrive come one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 1-7% 一 $&A$ 5.-5B$ .J-/ 词 连词 蝙蝠 dʑy aJ2-0 ;R%-2 词 那儿 到 一 来 'One day, one bat arrived there (at lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 and ȵa11 gu44 mi11's home).' *A/-8A$-=-1-7%-8A$-(#R-$*A?-GA-HA3-.-)2aJ2?, 一 ,一 蝙蝠 来。 (246) bi la ȵo tsə tʰi ja tʰɛ tʰɛ ndzə do bat DET CL SELF 1-7% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ <%-*A. :UA/, 2h :HJ<-2 ,2-0 9J< 蝙蝠 限词 词 自 pa message carry 信 带 •144• pʰa ji can say 能 说 'The bat itself said it could carry a message.' 1-7%-.J?-#R?-2h-:.A-:HJ<-,2-&J?-2>., 蝙蝠说: “ 能带 信(给你们的 亲) 。” (247) jo mɛ ʙu ɴɢv̩ ndʐa SELF tear nine CL <%-*A. 3A$-( .$ 自 na na ȵu ji only say DP need 5.-5B$ #R-/ tear .$R?-0 9J< 4J=-5B$ 3A$-( 词 泪水 九 mɛ ʙu ka 需要 说 连词 泪水 (248) ɴɢv̩ ndʐa nine CL .$ la le take/bring DP 5.-5B$ :HJ<-2 九 词 拿/带 m̩ ji a v̩ ɕɛ ɕy sky GEN father-in-law home went PT ro 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R HA3 KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 连词 家 去 属格 岳父 去时 'It said it only needed nine drops of tears so it took nine drops of tears and went to Sky-fatherin-law's home.' #R-(<%-)=-3A$-(-,A$?-0-.$-#R-/-3-$+R$?-3A-.$R?-9J<-/?-3A$-(:A-,A$?-0-.$-HJ<-+J-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-=-KA/, 它说: “ 需要九滴泪水,” 带九滴泪水到 岳父家去。 (249) bi la ȵo tsə tʰi ja te mɛ ʙu tʰi ɴɢv̩ ndʐa la bat DET CL DP tear nine CL take/bring 1-7% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3A$-( 蝙蝠 限词 DET %J?-5B$ .$ 词 连词 泪水 限词 九 •145• 5.-5B$ :HJ<-2 词 拿 (250) na ȵi m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law and mother-in-law two /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 a zə kv̩ CL $*A? 5.-5B$ .% IR?-3R 和 岳母 词 (251) lo ko ka GOAL give DP ʂo ro tell PT =?-5B$ !J<-2 4J=-5B$ 2>. :.?-5B$ 词 连词 说 给 去时 'The bat took the nine teardrops and gave (them) to Sky-father-in-law and Mother-in-law, and told (them what had happened down on earth).' 1-7%-.J?-3A$-(-,A$?-0-.$-2R-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-.%-IR?-3R<-LA/-0-.%-($/?-5=-.%R?-)2>., )就把 蝙蝠(来到 九滴泪水交给 岳父和岳母, 并讲述了(他们的女儿在人 间的生活) 。 (252) bi la ȵo tsə tʰi ja ʂa pi tsa bat DET CL tell finish PT 1-7% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 2>. 5<-2 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 蝙蝠 限词 去时 词 说 完 ro te DP 连词 (253) ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law mother-in-law two /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 a zə ȵi m̩ IR?-3R kv̩ CL $*A? 5.-5B$ 词 岳母 •146• (254) go m̩ hũ what do should GEN &A-8A$ LJ.-0 :R?-0 什 尾怎 做尾办 su 该 ʂa ma na tell NEG would :VJ=-1 2>. .$$-1 :.R.-0 属格 说 定 愿意 'The bat finished telling, but the two, Sky-father-in-law and Mother-law, would not tell (them) what (they) should do.' 1-7%-.J?-2>.-5<-?R%-3R., :R/-G%-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-.%-IR?-3R-$*A?-GA?-&A-LJ.-:R?-0-2>.-3-:.R., 蝙蝠说完了, 但是 岳父和岳母俩都 肯说该怎 办。 (255) hũ ɴɢv̩ jy tʰʙu te bi la ȵo tsə jo night sleep when DP bat 35/-3R $*A.-0 {2? 晚 睡觉 时候 连词 蝙蝠 te SELF DP 4J=-5B$ 1-7% dʑa kʰv̩ jy qv̩ rə outside usually say <%-*A. 4J=-5B$ KA-<R= 连词 自 面 sleep ji $*A.-0 o/-0< 9J< 睡 说 经常 (256) ka dʑa kʰv̩ ndo DP outside tʰi spear DET la ʁo tɕo ljo ljo CL LOC hang 4J=-5B$ KA-<R= 3.% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A ,<-.-.J%?-2 连词 矛 限词 面 词 格 掉 'When it was time to sleep at night, the bat said "I usually sleep outside," and hung on the spear outside.' 35/-3R<-$*A.-.?, 1-7%-$A?-<%-*A.-o/-0<-KA-<R=-.-*=-2-;A/-9J<-/?-KA-<R=-IA-3.%-.J:A-,R$-+-,<-.-.J%?-+J-($*A.), 晚 睡觉的时候, 蝙蝠说: “ 经常睡在 栖息) 。 •147• 面,” 掉在 面(院子 )的那根矛(杆 (257) hũ qhv̩ te midnight DP m̩ ji a zə te sky GEN mother-in-law DP 35/-$% 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-3R 4J=-5B$ 深夜 连词 连词 属格 岳母 (258) zə mi la da daughter about ʂo ro talk PT $%-8A$-$A-{R< #-2h-LJ.-0 :.?-5B$ 2-3R 女儿 于 去时 谈 'At midnight, Sky-mother-in-law talked about (her) daughter (ȵa11 gu44 mi11).' 35/-$%-., /3-3#:A-IR?-3R?-<%-$A-2-3R:C-{R<-#-2h-L?, 深夜时, 岳母开始唠叨 于女儿(的遭遇) 。 (259) hũ ʑi zə mi sə ma na MP children bear NEG would DP 5B$-!J$? U$-$ 3%=-43-0 .$$-1 ,2-0 语气 生育 孩子 te qa hearth LOC 4J=-5B$ ,2-! 定 能 ʁo 连词 $/?-$8A 格 (260) qa lu so qa lu three CL ,2-hR $?3 5.-5B$ :6$?-0 呷鲁 ly tɕɛ ma ga dʑa xo dʑo build/place NEG know .$$-1 >J?-0 词 立 RQ :SA-5B$ 定 知道 问 (Mother-in-law said), "Don't they know to place three qa11 lu44 (stones) on the hearth if children are not born?"' ( /3-3#:A-IR?-3R?-2>.-o<,) 3R-=-3%:-43-3-,2-/-,2-!:A-,R$-+-,2-hR-$?3-:)R$-o<-3A->J?-?3-9J<, “ 能生儿育女的话, 知道在 边立 个呷鲁( •148• 边立 的石头)嘛!” (261) ji mi tɕɛ ma house build NEG ga dʑa te ʑɛ ʙu tʰʙu le tɕɛ know pillar prop DP build NEG 29R-2 .$$-1 >J?-0 #%-2 DP 4J=-5B$ !-2 ga dʑa xo dʑo know :.J$?-0 4J=-5B$ 29R-2 .$$-1 >J?-0 定 知道 连词 柱子 子 修 ma 连词 修 RQ :SA-5B$ 定 知道 问 (Mother-in-law continued), "'Don't they know to prop pillars and build if (they) don't know house building?"' (#R-5S?-)#%-2-29R-3A->J?-/-!-2-:.J$?-.$R?-0:%-3A->J?-?3-(8J?-3R?-3-3,.-.-2>.,) “ 会修 子的话, 知道立柱子来修嘛!” (262) ʐo ma grain/harvest NEG tʰʙy te rə qhæ bo ʂa ma ga dʑa xo dʑo ŋu rich DP field ditch dig NET know (-b aR$-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 .$$-1 29%-0R 4J=-5B$ ?-8A% =R-+R$ 定 好 庄 连词 土地 水沟 疏通 知道 RQ say :SA-5B$ 9J< 问 说 (Mother-in-law continued), "Don't they know (how to) dig irrigation ditches in the fields if the harvest is not rich?"' =R-+R$-29%-0R-3J.-5K-8A%-(-b-$?<-2-aR$-o<-3A->J?-?3-(8J?-3R?-.J-v<-5?), “庄 好的话, 知道在地 疏通水沟嘛!” (263) ʂo pi tsa sə ȵi bi la ȵo tsə tʰi vo taA ja qæ kʰa rə CL bed beside hide/perch tell/talk finish only after bat DET 2>. 5<-2 .-$9R. 1-7% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ *=-OA :P3-. &-2 说 完 才 蝙蝠 限词 A 词 床 vo44 ta53 is a verb for the existence of avian animals. •149• 旁边 (264) le ba hɛ su ræ li ndo DP listen GEN PRE-ATT back see 4J=-5B$ */-0 :VJ=-1 :.?-}R/ KA< 3,R%-2 连词 听 回 见/发现 属格 前体 'The bat hid beside the bed and listened and got seen (by them) only after (Sky Mother-in-law) finished talking.' ( /3-3#:A-IR?-3R?-)2>.-5<-eJ?, 1-7%-.J-*=-#A-:P3-.-&?-/?-qR$-*/-LJ.-28A/-0-(3R?-).-$9R.-3,R%-L%-, ( 岳母) 说完 才发现那 蝙蝠 在床边 (偷) 听。 (265) ȵi m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law ERG /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 LJ.-1 tʂo qæ ʑi la mæ pestle OTM after GOAL throw $+/->A% ;=-5B$ eJ?-? =?-5B$ :1%?-0 4J=-5B$ 作格 石杵 mi 宾标 tɕʰə 词 te DP 连词 (266) bi la ȵo tsə hĩ ȵa ŋga tʂo qæ ʑi ȵi tʙy bat GEN nose 1-7% 蝙蝠 le ka pɛ pɛA ro flat PT pestle ERG beat DP :VJ=-1 $-2 $+/->A% LJ.-1 h%-2 4J=-5B$ =J2-3R :.?-5B$ 属格 鼻子 石杵 作格 连词 去时 'Sky Father-in-law took the pestle, threw it down after the bat and beat its nose flat.' /3-3#:A-IR?-0R?-$+/->A%-(1-7%-)eJ?-?-:1%?-0?, 1-7%-$A-$-2<-1R$-/?-.J-=J2-3R<-2+%-, 岳父抓 A 石杵, (蝙蝠)背 ,于是蝙蝠的鼻子被石杵 The bat's nose is flat because it was beaten by Sky Father-in-law. •150• 了。 (267) bi la ȵo tsə tʰi tʰʙu te a v̩ ɕɛ bat DET CL DP father-in-law family message bad 1-7% %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ IR?-0R HA3-5% :UA/, 2h %/-0 $?3-0 5.-5B$ 蝙蝠 限词 家 词 连词 岳父 do tsa so qʰv̩ three CL 词 信息 (268) a dʑo sə do mə˞ INT EXT still message good so qʰv̩ three CL a dʑo sə INT EXT still :SA-5B$ =?-3,/ .-<% :UA/, 2h 29%-2 $?3 5.-5B$ :SA-5B$ ;R.-0 .-<% 疑问 在 信息 词 疑问 好 (269) di te say DP ma dʑo ro di ka NEG EXT PT say DP li dʑy back come 9J< 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 =?-3,/ :.?-5B$ 9J< 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 说 连词 来 定 在 去时 说 连词 回 'At this moment, Bat asked if Sky-Father-in-law's family still had three bad messages or three good messages (in addition to what Bat had already heard) but (they) said, "(We do) not have," so (Bat) came back.' {2?-:.A<, 1-7%-$A?-IR?-0R-5%-=-.-<%-:UA/-%/-$?3-;R.-.3-:UA/-29%-$?3-;R.-&J?-SA?-0<, =/-.-&A-;%-3J.-9J<-2?-(17%-.J-)KA<-=R$ 蝙蝠 “没 时问道: “ 岳父家， 好消息(可带给女儿家吗)？" (岳父家回答)说: 了,” (蝙蝠 )了回来。 (270) bi la ȵo tsə ȵi do bat ERG message good 1-7% LJ.-1 :UA/, 2h 29%-2 :HJ<-2 蝙蝠 作格 信息 mə˞ 好 pa li dʑy sə ȵi carry/bring back come only after 带 •151• KA< ;R% eJ?-? 回 来 才 (271) dʙy ly tsʰo mæ ɕɛ ha da tɕʰə ta earth watching man family here from :)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-3#/ HA3-o. :.A-/ $/? 大地看 家 人 儿 (272) lo bʐə li dʑy su GOAL propagate back come GEN =?-5B$ *J-:1J= 词 繁 dja le BE MP KA< ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 5B$-!J$? 回 来 属格 判断 语气 'Earth-watching Man's family propagated up from here only after Bat brought three good messages (what Bat had overheard) back.' 1-7%-$A?-:UA/-29%-KA<-HJ<-;R%-eJ?, :)A$-gJ/-v-Y%-2:AA-HA3-o.-.-29R.-:.A-/?-*J-:1J=-L%-2-<J., 蝙蝠把(那偷听来的)好消息带回来 大地看 •152• 人家才 (开始)繁 来的。 FAMILY CLAN mbʐə44 m̩ 55 (1) ʂo ta hũ tonight tell tʰi ki te m̩ ji these DP sky GEN ȵa gu mi na tsʰo ʑi lɛ ʁu ru 2 =J:-< ȵa gu mi and human son lɛ ʁu ru .R-/2 2>. :.A-5S 4J=-5B$ /3-3#: :VJ=-1 *-$-3J 今晚 说 连词 .% 3A 属格 亮 米 和 人 子 勒物如 'These, (that I am) telling tonight, are (about) Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 and Human-son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11.' ( %:A-).R-/2-2>.-0-:.A-5S-/A-/3-3#:A-*-$-3J-.%-3A:A-2-=J:-<-$*A?-GA-({R<-);A/, 今晚说的 是( 于) 女亮 人勒物如(俩的故 )。 米和 (2) ʑi ɴɢv̩ ja na zə mi son nine CL and daughter 2 .$ 5.-5B$ .% 2-3R 子 九 ʂə ja su seven CL GEN te DP 2./ 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ 词 和 女儿 词 属格 连词 七 (3) tsʰo ʑi lɛ ʁu ru human son lɛ ʁu ru na and sky 3A 2 人 子 勒物如 和 =J:-< m̩ .% ȵa gu mi hĩ ji ȵa gu mi GEN GEN /3-3#: :VJ=-1 *-$-3J ʑi zə mi dja children be :VJ=-1 LA?-0 属格 亮 米 属格 孩子 <J. 是 'Nine sons and seven daughters were Human-son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11 and Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11's children.' 2-.$-.%-2-3R-2./-;R.-0-/A-/3-3#:A-*-$-3J-.%-3A:A-2-=J:-<-$*A?-GA-LA?-0-<J., 九个儿子和七个女儿是 女亮 米和 人勒物()(婚 •153• 生 )的孩子。 (4) te ʑi ɴɢv̩ ja ɴɢv̩ fu tʰʙu DP son nine CL nine CL become 4J=-5B$ 2 .$ 5.-5B$ .$ 连词 儿子 九 词 九 5.-5B$ :I<-2 词 为 (5) mi ʂə ʂə girl seven CL 2-3R 2./ ja fu dʙu seven family become 5.-5B$ 2./ 5.-5B$ :I<-2 词 七 女儿 七 词 为 'Then nine sons became nine families and seven girls became seven families.' .J-/?-2-.$-2R-HA3-5%-.$-<-I<-0-.%-2-3R-2./-0R-HA3-5%-2./-.-I<-0-<J., 于是, 九个儿子( 婚 ) 了九家人, 七个女儿(也) 为七家人了。 (6) ʑi tʰi ɴɢv̩ ja te ɕo to son DET nine CL DP filial piety NEG 2 %J?-5B$ .$ ma 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ YA-8 儿子 限词 九 kʰi ka good DP .$$-1 29%-2 4J=-5B$ 词 连词 孝道 定 好 连词 (7) ɕɛ m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law family angry /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R 属格 岳父 qo tɕʰə HA3-5% #R%?-OR-=%?-2 家庭 生气 'The nine sons' filial piety was not good, so Sky-father-in-law's family was angry.' 2-.$-2R?-YA-8-(212?-0-)3A-29%-2?-/3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-$A-,$?-OR?, (儿女 家 ) 那九个儿子 孝 , 以 岳父家生气。 •154• (8) ɕɛ m̩ ji a v̩ sky GEN father-in-law family angry /3-3#: :VJ=-1 IR?-0R qo tɕʰə nda ka very DP xo ʂe tʂʰo tʰje ro flood PT HA3-5% #R%?-OR-=%?-2 @-&% 4J=-5B$ I-:R. 属格 岳父 家庭 生气 很 :.?-5B$ 连词 洪水朝 去时 'Sky-father-in-law's family was very angry so floods came.'A /3-3#:A-IR?-0R-5%-#R%?-OR-=%?-0?-I-:R.-o$-+-2&$ 岳父家很生气就发洪水朝 了。 (9) dʙy va o ba te qæ pæ le su earth all DP crack man all ?:A-$R-= ;R%?-? 4J=-5B$ :$?-0 4J=-5B$ 3A 地球/大地 全部 连词 裂开 DP 连词 人 o ba 5%-3 tʂa pʰʂə lineage become extinct o.-0 l-3J.-.-:I<-2 全部 人种/人类 断/灭绝 'All the earth cracked and all people's lineages became extinct.' ?:A-$R-=-;R%?-?-$?-?R%-=-3A:A-o.-0-l-2-/?-3J.-0<-I<, 大地到处崩裂, 人类(也) 全部灭绝。 (10) te DP ȵa gu mi na tsʰo ȵa gu mi and human son 4J=-5B$ *-$-3J .% 3A 连词 亮 米 和 人 A ʑi 2 lɛ ʁu ru hĩ lɛ ʁu ru GEN =J:-< :VJ=-1 儿子 勒物如 属格 Sky Father-in-law's family is very powerful and can create such disasters as floods and droughts if they are unhappy. •155• (11) ʑi zə mi ȵi ja na na li ndʑə children two CL only left LA?-0 $*A? 5.-5B$ #R-/ /仅 剩 词 子女/孩子 =?-0 'Then only two, Sky-ȵa11 gu44 mi11 and Human-son lɛ11 ʁu44 ru11's children, were left.' .J-/?-/3-3#:A-*-$-3J-.%-3A:A-2-=J:-<-$*A?-GA-LA?-0-$*A?-#R-/->=-.-=?-?R%-, 剩 女亮 米和 人勒物如的两个孩子。 (12) ʑi a ȵo son youngest DET 2 (J?-$8R/-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .% tʰi ja na CL and 限词 儿子 幺 词 和 (13) a ȵo mi tʰi daughter youngest DET ȵi ja na na li ndʑə two CL only 2-3R (J?-$8R/-0 %J?-5B$ $*A? 5.-5B$ #R-/ 女儿 幺 限词 词 left =?-0 剩 'Only the youngest son and the youngest daughter were left.' (J?-$8R/-0:A-2-2-3R-$*A?-#R-/-=?-?R%-, 剩 他们的幺儿子和幺女儿。 (14) na ȵi kv̩ ti jy we two CL one family back make say sister %-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ $&A$ HA3-5% KA< 们 词 一 家 li 回 ŋu m̩ ȵi ji mo te DP 29R-2 9J< YA%-3R 4J=-5B$ 做 连词 •156• 说 妹妹 '(Sister) said, "We two (must) make back one family.' ( YA%-3R?-):-$*A?-GA?-KA<-HA3-5%-8A$-29R-8J?-2>., 妹妹说: “ 们俩回(头)做一家(人) !” (15) li ŋu ti jy m̩ one family back make say te mi ʑi mo ma na DP brother agree $&A$ HA3-5% KA< 29R-2 :.R.-0 4J=-5B$ 1-2R 一 做 家 回 说 NEG .$$-1 :,.-0 连词 定 意 '(Sister) said, "(We two must) make one family," but (her) brother did not agree.' ( YA%-3R?-)KA<-HA3-5%-8A$-29R-9J<-2<-1-2R-:,.-0-3-L%-, (妹妹) 说回 (头) 做一家 (人), 但 (坚持) 意。 (16) mi ʑi mo mɛ kʰa ka ti gv̩ ro tʰo brother at a loss DP one CL millstone one 1-2R ,2?-9.-0 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ <%-,$ $&A$ KJ.-! :#<-2 4J=-5B$ 没办法 连词 一 一 背 ti 词 石磨 mo pʰa hũ hũ le half 词 carry DP 连词 (17) o ljo po po ʁo up there hill ;<-/ 面 <A-2R 山 tɕʰə ta mi LOC from $/?-$8A /? 格 mʙu lɛ li GOAL roll back come =?-5B$ :PA=-2 KA< 词 da 滚 回 ;R%-2 来 (18) ro tʰo tʰi millstone DET ȵi mo pʰa ti gv̩ gv̩ two half li each other DAT <%-,$ %J?-5B$ $*A? 5.-5B$ 1/-5/ 石磨 限词 互相 半 da =-.R/ back stick KA< 格 回 •157• ja ta le lo qʰo DP valley :L<-2 4J=-5B$ =%-2 合 连词 山谷 (19) ʁo li LOC back EXT dʑa $/?-$8A KA< 格 ɕy na ȵi kv̩ ti jy if we two CL one family back make say %-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ KA< =?-3,/ $=-+J 在 回 如 词 一 们 li 家 m̩ di 29R-2 9J<-2 回 做 说 'Brother was at a loss and said, "We (will) each carry one half of one millstone to the hill and roll (them) back down and if the two millstone halves are stuck back to each other in the valley, then we two may make one family."' 1- 2R- ,2?- 9.- /?- 2>.- o<, (%J.- $*A?- GA?-) :,$- hR-<J- :HJ<- /?-( <A- lJ- )/?- <J- <J-28A/- 3<- :PA=, $=- +J- :,$- hR-$*A?- =%- 3.R/?-1/-5/-=-:L<-/-%J.-$*A?-GA?-KA<-HA3-5%-8A$-29R-9J<, 办法就说: “( 没 (把那两块石磨) 滚 俩)一人背 来, 如 一半石磨, ( 自走 两半石磨(能)在山谷 山顶稻) 合在一 的话, 山(顶) 们俩就 。” 回 (头) 做一家 (人) (20) ti gv̩ tʰi ʙu one CL that side GOAL went one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 1-$A 一 ɕy lo ti tʂʰa ka lo CL this side GOAL went =?-5B$ ?R%-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 5=-<R= 词 那边 词 去 一 ɕy gv̩ 词 =?-5B$ ?R%-2 词 边 去 'One went up that side (of a mountain valley) and one went up this side (of a mountain valley).' $&A$-(=%0:A-)1<-%R-=?-;<-KA/-0-.%-, $&A$->R?-5<-<R=-=?-;<-KA/, 于是, (他俩)一人 (山)那边(走) 去, 一人 (山) 边(走) (21) o mi mʙu lɛ li EXC GOAL roll kʰi nda good very AVM :2R.-5B$ =?-5B$ :PA=-2 KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 29%-2 @-&% LJ.-5B$ 叹词 来 词 滚 dʑy te back back DP 回 连词 好/完整 很 •158• m̩ 副标 去。 (22) ti gv̩ gv̩ li ja ta each other back stick lo qho ʁo le o mo DP down there valley LOC 1/-5/ KA< :L<-2 4J=-5B$ 3<-/ =%-2 互相 回 合 连词 山谷 面 dʑa EXT $/?-$8A =?-3,/ 格 在 'Oh, after (they) rolled the two millstone halves back down (they) stuck back to each other very well in the valley.' ( :,$-hR-$*A?-)3<-:PA=-;R%-2-/-=%-3.R-/?-1/-5/-=-:L<, ( 山 ) 滚 , (两半石磨)在山谷 来 完完整整地合在一 了。 (23) o ta m̩ ja ta EXC like this stick o dʑa ka ti there EXT DP one :2R.-5B$ :.A-:S :L<-2 .J-/ 叹词 合 样 那儿 jy CL li back NEG =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ KA< 在 连词 一 ma 词 回 .$$-1 定 (24) m̩ ma make NEG tʰa di ka ti OK say/think DP one 29R-2 .$$-1 :PA$-0 9J<, 2?3 做 定 jy CL li back make 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ KA< 说尾以为 连词 一 m̩ 词 回 29R-2 做 'Oh, like this, (the two millstone halves) stuck there (in the valley), so they thought, "It is not OK to not make back one family," so (they) made back one family.' AR, (:,$-hR-$*A?-).J-28A/-.-.J-/-:L<-:.$-0?, (#R?-5S?-)KA<-HA3-5%-8A$-3-29R?-/-3A-:PA$-~3-/?-HA3-8A$-29R?, , (两半石磨)就那样合在了一 了, 于是, , 以(他俩)以为 为一家人了。 •159• 回(头)做一家(人)就 好 (25) ti one jy CL li ȵi mi xi nda te back make after DP $&A$ 5.-5B$ KA< happy 29R-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ .$:-2 词 回 一 ȵu m̩ very PT @-&% :.?-5B$ 连词 高 做 ro 很 去时 'After (they) made back one family, (they) were very happy.' KA<-HA3-5%-8A$-29R?-eJ?-(#R-$*A?-)@-&%-.$:-0R-:.$ , (他俩都)很高 为一家(人) 。 (26) mæ te ʑi zə mi sə later DP children give birth time eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ U-$ 来 连词 孩子 ha tʰa to ro ha arrive/time to PT ma also NEG *J-2 .?-5S. ,R/-0 :.?-5B$ G% 生 时间 到 去时 qa dʑə OK .$$-1 :PA$-0 也 定 好 (27) m̩ ȵi hĩ DP two month more tɕho 4J=-5B$ $*A? ^-2 连词 ro ro over/pass z$-43 z$-0 份 多 超过 'Later, it was time (for the sister to) give birth to children, but it was also not OK, and two more months passed.' eJ?-?-(YA%-3R<-)U-$-*J-.?-=-,R/-;%-, ($/?-5=-)3A-29%-!J, ^-2-z$-3-$*A?-:$R<-(;%-U-$-3-*J?,) 来，到了该生孩子的时候, (情况 ) 好, •160• 时间 超过了产期的两个 。 (28) ȵi hĩ two month more tɕʰo $*A? ^-2 ro ro te over/pass DP .J-=?-3%-2:A z$-3 份 多 mi 超过 sə dʑy ro GOAL give birth come PT 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ *J-2 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 连词 来 去时 词 生 'After two more months passed (she) gave out birth.' ;%-2*<-^-2-z$-3-$*A?-:$R<-eJ?-(3R?-U-$-)24?, (产期)超过两个多 生了 来。 (29) ɣi qʰʂə ʁu da m̩ ʂə xa ʂə xa ti ba ki mi sə ba ki GOAL give birth come cow excrement like AVM yellow one 2-=% tA-2 :S-2 LJ.-5B$ ?J<-0R $&A$ $8%-2 =?-5B$ *J-2 牛 相似 副标 黄色 粪 一 簸箕 词 生 dʑy ;R%-2 来 '(She) gave birth down out (and there) came (out) one (blob of) yellow (stuff), like cow excrement (in the amount of) one ba53 ki53.A (3R?-)2-=%-$A-tA-.%-:S-2:A-(.%R?-2R-)?J<-0R-$8%-2-$%-24?-L%-, 生 了一簸箕像牛粪一样黄的( 西)。 (30) te qo tɕʰə le ʁu mdʙy le ma ʁa ro DP sad cry badly PT DP DP 4J=-5B$ ;A.-*R-2 4J=-5B$ %-2 4J=-5B$ S$-0R:C-%% :.?-5B$ 连词 伤心 连词 糟糕 A 连词 哭泣 ba53 ki53 = bamboo container used to transport grain. •161• 去时 'Then, (they were) upset and cried badly.' .J-/?-(#R-$*A?-);A.-*R-/?-%?-L%-, (他俩)伤心，哭泣。 (31) ȵi so so ha dʙu ȵu pass after DP three day three night $?3 *A/ $?3 35/-3R :$R<-2 eJ? 词 晚 te 过 ȵi ji mo tʰi gv̩ sister CL DET 4J=-5B$ YA%-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 连词 妹妹 限词 词 (32) te pʰæ tɕə da DP husband DAT 4J=-5B$ HR-$ nu you carry =-.R/ 连词 hũ hũ hũ go ka ti ʙu væ DP one CL scoop :#<-2 ?R% 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2bR-2 HR. 格 你 去 连词 一 背 词 挖 (33) ha ja ti ʙu væ here stick one CL scoop there :.A-/ :L<-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2bR-2 儿 一 词 挖 o .J-/ ja m̩ hũ di stick do go say :L<-2 29R-2 ?R% 9J< 那儿 做 去 说 '(They cried and) after three days and three nights passed, the sister said to (her) husband, "You carry (the blob) and go, then scoop one blob of (excrement-like material) to stick here, and scoop one blob to stick there.' *A/-8$-$?3-:$R<-eJ?-3R?-<%-$A-HR-$<-2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-(:.A-5S-):#<-/?-?R%-, .J-/?-(t-2-)+A=-:V-43-bR?-/?-:.A-=-.<8A%-, +A=-:V-$8/-8A$-bR?-/?-.J-=-.<-0<-LR?-9J<, 过了 夜 份), 一份一份地 , 妹妹对 到 说: “你把( 的地方 。” •162• 西)背出去, (把它们 许多 (34) hũ hũ ɕy ta m̩ like this carry hũ hũ ɕy went carry ka went DP :#<-2 KA/-0 :#<-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ :.A-:S 样 背 去 背 连词 去 (35) ti ʙu væ ha ja one CL dig here stick one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2bR-2 :.A-/ 词 挖 一 ti ʙu væ o ja CL dig there stick AVM .R<-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2bR-2 .J-/ 儿 词 挖 一 m̩ .R<-2 LJ.-5B$ 那儿 副标 (36) ja pi tsa te qo tɕʰə ka ha jy sad here sleep 4J=-5B$ ;A.-*R-2 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ $*A.-0 连词 伤心 睡觉 stick finish DP .R<-2 5< 完 DP 连词 'Like this, (according to the sister's instruction, he) carried (the yellow excrement), and dug one blob (of yellow excrement) to stick here and dug one blob to stick there, after (he) finished sticking (he was) very sad so (he) slept here (where he finished sticking). .J- 28A/- ., (#R?-tA- 2- .J- ):#<- /?- KA/, .J- /?- (tA- 2- )+A=- :V- 43-2 bR?- /?- :.A- =- .<- 8A%- , ;%- +A=- :V- 43- 2bR?- /?- .J- =.<, .<-5<-eJ?-(#R-<%-);A.-*R-/?-:.A-<-$*A.-.-;<, (他)把 着了。 西背了去, 一背兜地背去, 到 (37) ha ti mbæ ji ŋæ le li ʂu te here one CL sleep DP wake up DP :.A-/ $&A$ 5.-5B$ $*A.-0 4J=-5B$ $*A.-=?-?.-0 4J=-5B$ 儿 一 词 睡觉 连词 醒 连词 •163• 的地方去 , 伤心地在那 睡 (38) ti ʙu væ qʰa one CL dig where stick ja $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2bR-2 $%-/ 词 挖 一 te su ti DP man one :L<-2 4J=-5B$ 3A 连词 人 哪儿 jy dʙu ro CL become PT $&A$ 5.-5B$ :I<-2 :.?-5B$ 词 去时 一 为 (39) ji mi ti house one #%-2 ly ha ndʑɛ mi kʰv̩ ti bi ha dʑy CL here EXT smoke CL here raise $&A$ 5.-5B$ :.A-/ 子 一 词 儿 one =?-3,/ .-2 在 $&A$ 5.-5B$ :.A-/ 烟 一 词 :K<-2 儿 '(He) slept here for one period of time and woke up and it became one man's family, where (he) had scooped one blob (of yellow excrement) to stick; and there was one house here and one (column of) smoke rose (from) here.' (#R-):.A<-&%-43-$*A.-/?-?.-0-/, (}R/-#R?-tA-2-hR$-43-)2bR?-/?-.<-2:A-$/?-?-3A-HA3-8A$-;R.-0-.%-, #%-0-8A$-:.$-=- (.J-=?-).-2-:K<-IA/-:.$ 在那 睡了一觉醒来时, (他刚才) 了 西的地方出现了一户户人家， 一个个 子, ( )一股股 炊)烟 那儿 。 (40) ɕə po ja ɕə po mi lu qa ja lu qa mi tree stick tree stone stick stone name >A% :L<-2 >A% 树 树 name 3A%-:.R$?-0 hR 取 :L<-2 hR 石头 3A%-:.R$?-0 石头 取 '(Then they) named (the family) ɕə11 po53 (or tree, for he had scooped out some amount of excrement) and stuck (the excrement) on the tree; (they) named (the family) lu53 qa53 (or stone, for he had scooped out some amount of excrement) and stuck on the stone.' (.J- /?- #R- 5S?- }R/- (.- tA- 2- +A=- :V- .$-)>A%-=-.<- 2:A- $/?- ?- (($?- 0:A- HA3-=- )>A%- .%- hR- =-.<- 2:A- $/?- ?- (($?- 0:A- HA3-=)hR-8J?-2+$?, 于是，(他俩把) 到树( 的人家)取 为'西伯', •164• 到石头 的取 为'鲁呷'. (41) te a mi na li tɕa DP now we Li family Wang family these %-5S =:J-SR o.-0 4J=-5B$ .-v 连词 现在 们 李 wa 家族 tɕa tʰi ki 7% o.-0 :.A-5S 王 家族 te DP 4J=-5B$ 连词 (42) ha tɕʰə ta lo mi here from GOAL name :.A-/ /? =?-5B$ 3A$-:.R$?-0 KA< 词 儿 取 li dʑy su again come GEN BE :VJ=-1 /A-1 ;R%-2 方 dja 属格 判断 词 来 'Now, we, these Li families and Wang families, were named back (there) and came from here.' .-v-%-5S:C-=:J-SR-5%-.%-7%-5%-$A-$.%-o.-/A-.J-/?-;R%-2-<J., 现在， 们 李家和王家 的姓 就是 来的。 (43) mæ te tɕo ʂə ɣi later DP BE eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ /A-1 ʁu ta tʰi qʰo ȵi qʰʂə cow excrement like 2-3R tAA-2 来 连词 判断 牛 粪 these ERG :S-2 :.A-5S LJ.-1 像 作格 (44) su lo fa human GOAL propagate back come GEN 3A:A-<A$? =?-5B$ *J-:1J= 人 词 繁育 li dʑy su lo MP KA< ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 5B$-!J$? 回 来 属格 语气 'Later, humans were propagated back up by these cow-excrement-like ones.' eJ?-?-3A:A-<A$?-2-3R:C-tA-2-:S-2-:.A-.$-$A?-;%-2*<-.<-:1J=-L%-.-2&$-0-<J., 来, (就 了 样的传说, )人类就是 像牛粪一样的( •165• 西)孕育出来的。 PEOPLE OF POWER THE HERO a53 pʰi44 ræ53 ɴɢæ53 li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 (1) i ȵi a ʂə te na na mʑi te ancient we na mʑi DP E-3-8A 4J=-5B$ DP $/:-}-3R 4J=-5B$ %-5S 连词 代 们 纳木依 连词 (2) a pʰi ræ ɴɢæ ŋu ta a pʰi ræ ɴɢæ say/call thus A-1:J-<-$ gv̩ ɕə za CL mysticalA :.A-:S 5.-5B$ /?-l=-3(R$-w/ 9J< 阿坯冉呷 样 词 神勇 'In ancient (times among) we na53 mʑi53, a person called a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53 was mystical.' $/:-}-3R<, %-5S-E-3-8A-=-A-1:J-<-$-9J<-2:A-/?-l=-3(R$-w/-IA-3A-8A$-;R.-0-<J., 时候, 们纳木依 一个神勇的(人) 阿坯冉呷。 (3) te ɕə za le a tʂʰa ha ʁa ta su dja le DP mystical DP almost success GEN BE MP o=-# :VJ=-1 /A-1 4J=-5B$ /?-l=-3(R$-w/ 4J=-5B$ 1=-(J< 连词 神勇 A 连词 乎 就大 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 语气 ɕə44 za44 is used to describe such amazing things as a person flying, leaping over mountains and being invincible/immortal. •166• 'Then (the person) was mystical and almost successful.' .J-/?-(3A-:.A-)m-:U=-!R/-/?-8A%-1=-(J<-o=-#-,R2-0-<J., 来, 差一点儿就 就了大 。 (4) mæ te ɕə za nda later DP mystical very DP eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ /?-l=-3(R$-w/ @-&% 4J=-5B$ 来 连词 神勇 ka 连词 很 (5) va tʰi jy ȵi ɕə ɕə Han DET CL ERG make/kill SUF-COM GEN o-3A %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 汉人 限词 29R-2 mi ŋga su lo MP :.?-eJ? :VJ=-1 5B$-!J$? 体 属格 语气 词 作格 做/杀 'Then later (he was) very mystical so was killed by Han.' (A-1:J-<-$-=-)/?-l=-@-&%-(J-2?-o-3A?-2?.-0-<J., (他)很神勇, 以 来被汉人杀掉了。 (6) qʰa m̩ qʰa tʰɛ ɕə ɕə m̩ A how do how do &A-:S LJ. &A-:S LJ. 怎样 做 怎样 做 ha ma he make/kill also NEG #R 29R-2 他 做/弄 定 能 也 mæ te va m̩ ja ɕɛ later DP lord family girl one eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ o=-2R HA3-5% 2-3R $&A$ 5.-5B$ A 家 able DP G% .$$-1 ,2-0 4J=-5B$ (7) 来 连词 君王 mba ka zə mi ti ja CL 词 女儿 一 qha53 m̩ 53 = when repeated, it adds emphasis. •167• 连词 (8) la tʰɛ lo OTM he ko dʑy GOAL give come ;=-5B$ #R =?-5B$ !J<-2 ;R%-2 宾标 他 词 给 来 '(Han) tried very hard to kill him but were also unable (to kill him), so later (Han) brought one Han lord's girl and gave (her) to him.' (.%-,R$-o-3A?-)&A-/?-GA?-#R-$?R.-lA?-L?-3R., 怎 能 (杀死他), 也 :R/-G%-$?R.-3-,2, .J:A-KA<-eJ?-?-(o-3A?-)o:A-o=-0R:A-2-3R-8A$-#R-=-LA/-0-<J., 来 (汉族君王将自 以 的) 女儿(嫁)给了他。 (9) va m̩ ja zə mi la tʰɛ lo lord girl OTM he o=-2R 2-3R ;=-5B$ #R 君王 女儿 宾标 他 ko ȵu te GOAL give after DP =?-5B$ !J<-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 词 连词 给 (10) mæ te zə mi ti ja dʙu later DP girl CL become/have eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 2-3R one $&A$ 5.-5B$ 24:-2 来 连词 女儿 一 词 为/生 'After (they) brought the girl of the lord and gave (her) to him, later (the family of the lord's daughter and a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53) had one girl (daughter).' (o-3A-5S?-o:A-)o=-0R:A-2-3R-#R-=-LA/-eJ?, ((%-3?-)2-3R-8A$-24?, 君王的女儿嫁给他 , (妻子)生了个女儿。 •168• (11) ʂo zə mi tʰi ja zə da ro ha girl DET CL walk PT also tell 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ b%-,% :.?-5B$ G% 2>%-2 .$$-1 :.R.-0 女儿 限词 词 走路 去时 也 ma na NEG would 定 愿意 说 '(When the) girl (got old enough to) walk (a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53) would also not tell (why he was chopped to pieces by Han but then became a healthy man again—why he could not be killed).' (#R:C-)2-3R-.J-(/<-?R/-/?-):PR-,2-.?-G%-(A-1:J-<-$?-#R:C-/?-l=-.J-#R-=-&A-v<-,R2-0:A-$?%-2-)2>.-3-:.R., 那个女儿(能够)走路了, 但是(他) 是 肯说(他如 神勇的秘密)。 (12) ti ȵi one day DP te nu jo tʂʰə mi dʙu you also SELF wife $&A$ *A/ 4J=-5B$ HR. 连词 你 一 ha become PT G% <%-*A. (%-3 也 自 ŋu ro :I<-2 妻子 为 ka say/think DP :.?-5B$ 2?3-0 4J=-5B$ 去时 连词 想 (13) jo ʂo ŋu su nu SELF real GEN you tell <%-*A. %R-3 :VJ=-1 HR. 2>.-0 2?3 自 gɛ ræ 真实 属格 你 讲 kʰ v̩ ʂə ti ha say/think New Year Eve one night 想 te DP =R-?<-$/3-$% &A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 除 一 晚 连词 'One day, one night of the New Year Eve (a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53) thought, "You (my wife) also became my wife and I will tell you the real truth."' =R-8A$-$A-$/3-$%-=, (A-1:J-<-$?-)2?3-0<-HR.-G%-%:A-(%-3<-I<-2?, %?-HR.-=-($?%-2-)%R-3-2>.-(o-);A/-~3, 一 ( ，在除 的晚 , (阿坯冉呷)想: “你也 神勇的)真实(秘密) !” •169• 为 的妻子了. 今晚, 就给你讲 (14) kʰv̩ ʂə ti New Year Eve one ha te v̩ night DP liquor drink DP =R-?<-$/3-$% $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ (% 除 一 ndʐə ka ȵu te drunk after DP :,%-2 4J=-5B$ 29A-2 连词 酒 晚 zə qa eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 连词 醉 连词 (15) ʂo tʂʰə mi tʰi ja da lo wife DET CL DAT GOAL tell (%-3 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 妻子 限词 词 ro PT =?-5B$ 2>. :.?-5B$ 格 词 说 去时 'One New Year Eve night, (he) drank liquor (became) drunk and told the wife.' $/3-$%-$A-.$R%-3R-8A$-=, #R?-(%-:,%-/?-<-29A<-I<-!J-(%-3<-($?%-2-)2>., 在一个除 的晚 , (他) 酒醉了就 妻子说了。 (16) te ta hũ te nu DP tonight DP ha jo tʂʰə mi dʙu you also SELF wife 4J=-5B$ .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ HR. G% <%-*A. (%-3 连词 今晚 连词 你 自 也 妻 ro become PT :I<-2 为 :.?-5B$ 去时 'Then (he said), "(From) tonight (on I will trust you because) you also became my wife."' (A-1:J-<-$?-2>.-o<,) “今晚(以 , .R-/2-/?-29%-(%?-HR.-=-;A.-(J?-LJ.-o-!J, o-35/-)HR.-G%-%:A-(%-3<-I<, 会真信任你 你也真 了 •170• 的妻子!” (17) qoA jo ʁa tsa ʙu mæB ti la te o tjo SELF qo one CL DP over there ʁa tsa ʙu mæ <%-*A. !R:R $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 1<-/ 自 哈 EXT =?-3,/ A-4-S-3 词 连词 那边 根子 一 zə 布马 在 (18) ti la te o mo one CL DP down there ta ji $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3<-/ 词 连词 一 面 ta ji ga kv̩ zə range EXT +-; <A-o. =?-3,/ 达 山系 在 (19) o ndʐo ʁa kʰv̩ C ti la te o mo one CL DP down there o ndʐo ʁa kʰv̩ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 3<-/ 词 连词 一 面 AR-:PR A-#$ 噢卓 哈 zə EXT =?-3,/ 在 '(He continued), 'One of my qo11 is down there in ʁa11 tsa11ʙu44 mæ55 (Mountain Range), one is down there in ta14 ja11 (Mountain Range) and one is down there in ondro ʁa44 kʰv̩11 (Mountain Range)."' (%:A-YR$-$A-)!R:R-(/$-0R-)$&A$-A-4-S-3-(<A-o.-).-;R.-=, “ 的一根 根子在哈 布马山 $&A$-+-;-(<A-o.-).-;R., $&A$-/A-.J-/-AR-:PR-A-#$-(<A-o.-).-;R.-9J<, , 一根在达 山 , ( )一根在噢卓哈 山 。” qo11 is a crucial component of the human body. When qo11 is in the hands, one can, for example, be very successful at killing birds by throwing stones. When qo11 is in the eyes, one can see things clearly at that time. qo11 moves around in the bodies of ordinary people. Powerful people have qo11 in their bodies and also in mountains and trees. A According to li44 ʙu55 ʂə11pə53, ʁa11 tsa11 ʙu44 mæ55 and ta13 ja11 are mountains in Mianning County. C A mountain in Xichang City today, but the exact location is unclear. •171• B (20) jo hĩ SELF GEN zə ɣi ȵi mi EXT =:-!: AJ-*A-3J =?-3,/ 泸 衣尼米 ti ja te o ljo soul one CL DP up there lu kv̩ <%-*A. :VJ=-1 i3->J? 自 ɣi ȵi mi44C rə hĩA 属格 lu kv̩ B $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ;<-/ 魂 一 词 连词 面 在 (21) tʂʰa la maD ti ja te o ljo one CL DP up there tʂʰa la ma $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ;<-/ 词 连词 一 面 zə EXT =?-3,/ O-=-3 在 拉马 (22) ni bo zi boE ti ja te o tjo one CL DP over there ni bo zi bo $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 1<-/ 词 连词 那儿 一 zə EXT =?-3,/ EJ-SR-9A-SR 在 尼伯泽伯 (23) ti ja te a mi one CL DP mother with $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ A-3 一 词 连词 jo jo ti ja te nu one CL DP you with :PR$?-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. 跟随 一 词 连词 你 jo jo :PR$?-0 跟随 An ordinary person has three rə53 hĩ 53 or souls. Very powerful people have more than three. Here a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53 described the locations of his souls from the most important soul to the least important. B lu11 kv̩53 = 泸 . C ɣi11 ȵi11 mi44 is a mountain in lu11 kv̩53 Township, Mianning County. D tʂha11 la11 ma44 is a sacred mountain in dʐə11 qu11 Village, Lizhou Township. E A mountain in an unknown location. •172• A (24) nu jo jo you with ŋu tʰi ja te ha qa lu pæ DET CL DP here qa lu beside EXT ,2-hR :P3-. =?-3,/ 9J< HR. :PR$?-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ 你 跟随 限词 词 连词 zə 儿 呷鲁 旁边 say 在 说 'One of my souls is up in lu11 kv̩53 ɣi11 ȵi11 mi44 (Mountain Range), one is up in tʂʰa11la11 ma44 (Mountain Range), one is there in—ni11 bo44 zi44 bo44 (Mountain Range), one is with Mother and one is with you, and the one with you is here, beside (under) the qa11 lu44 stone here.' (A-1:J-<-$?-3-3,.-.-2>.-o<,) <%-*A.-GA-i3->J?-$&A$-;<-/-=:-!:-AJ-*A-3J-(<A-o.-.-);R.-=, $&A$-;<-KR$?-GA-O-=-3-(<Ao.- .- )$/?- ;R., $&A$- EJ- SR- 9A- SRR- (<A- o.- .- )$/?- ;R., $&A$- %:A- A- 3- .%- :PR$?- :.$ $&A$- /A- HR.- .%- :PR$?- ;R., HR.- .%:PR$?-;R.-0-.J-:.A-/-,2-hR-:P3-.-$/?-;R.-9J<, “ 的一个 魂在泸 , 一个在的 衣尼米山 , 一个跟随着 , ( 拉马山 )一个跟随着你, 跟随着你的那个就在 面。” (25) ʂo tʰi ki mi these GOAL tell :.A-5S =?-5B$ 2>. ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ (% 词 说 dʑy ro v̩ come PT 来 去时 zə qa ka liquor drunk DP 酒 29A-2 4J=-5B$ 醉 连词 '(He was) drunk so (he) told (her) and out came (these secrets).' (#R-)(%-$A?-29A-2?-:.A-5S-2>.-0-<J., (他) (秘密)。 醉酒了就说出了 (26) zə mi tʰi girl/woman DET , 一个在那尼泊泽伯山 ja te CL DP 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 女儿 限词 词 连词 •173• 儿, 呷鲁 (27) pi la li bi pen take/bring back go ma mæ mæ m̩ NEG in time AVM LJ.-5B$ /$-$ =J/-0 KA< :PR-2 .$$-1 .?-,R$-+ 笔 回 走 拿 定 来 副标 (28) tʰɛ hĩ she ERG LJ.-1 3R la ȵo a kʰa ʑi ti tɛ finger little one 362-3R (%->R? $&A$ 5.-5B$ 她 作格 指头 小 half 一 段 (29) tʰɛ ȵi she ERG LJ.-1 3R tʰɛ mi ŋga bite SUF-COM DP ka ?R-o$-0 :.?-eJ? 她 作格 咬 体 tʰi rə tʰi paA GOAL write ITR m̩ do 4J=-1 =?-5B$ :VA-2 2*<-^R? LJ.-0 连词 做 词 写 复 'The woman (had) no time to go and bring back a pen (so she) bit down (bit off) one-half of (one of) her little fingers and wrote as quickly as possible.' 2.-3J.-:.A-KA<-?R%-/?-/$-$-=J/-=R%-3-L%-2?-(<%-*A.-GA-)362-(%-=-?R-2o2-/?-O$-$A?-$%-M<-IA?-VA?, (君王的)女儿没来得 听到的一 去拿笔, 咬断了她的小指头，( 血)急 地写着(自 )。 (30) ʂo pi tsa tell finish DP te rə pi tsa ro write finish PT 2>. 5<-2 4J=-5B$ :VA-2 5<-2 :.?-5B$ 说 连词 写 去时 A 完 完 t hi11…t hi11 pa11 is a phrase emphasizing the speed of doing something, hence our translation 'to do something as quickly as possible'. •174• '(When he) finished telling, (she) finished writing.' (#R?-)2>.-5<-.?-(3R?-G%-)VA?-5<, (阿坯冉呷)一说完, (她也)写完了。 (31) te nu ta m̩ mba su DP you like this powerful GEN 4J=-5B$ HR. :.A-:S /?-l=-3(R$-w/ :VJ=-1 连词 你 能 样 属格 (32) ȵi kv̩ kʰv̩ ʂə tonight we two CL have New Year PT .R-.$R% $*A? 5.-5B$ =R-?<-<R=-2 ta hũ na %-5S 今晚 su say/about GEN :.?-5B$ 9J<, {R< 词 除 /过 们 俩 ŋu ro 去时 说/ :VJ=-1 于 属格 (33) ŋa a da ɕɛ tʰa ræ tʰi pʙu qʰa letter DET CL shoot I >R$-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ o$-0 % A-1 纸 限词 爸爸 家 hĩ father family GEN 词 HA3-5% :VJ=-1 属格 (34) qʰo bo so kʰv̩ ti kʰv̩ lo tsʰu DET CL GOAL EXT a pʰa di INT able say door three CL |R $?3 5.-5B$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ =?-3,/ :SA-5B$ ,2-0 9J< 门 词 限词 词 词 在 •175• 疑问 能 说 '(His wife) said, "You are such a powerful person, are you able to shoot a letter about we two having the New Year to my father's family's third door?A"' (#R:C-(%-3?-)HR.-:.A-:S-/?-0-w/-0-8A$-<J., (HR.-GA?-).R-.$R%-:-$*A?-=R-?<-=-<R=-2:A-{R<-IA->R$-2-(:UA/-;A$-):.A-%:A-A-1- 5%-$A-|R-$?3-0-,R$-+-:1J/-,2-23-8J?-SA?, (君王的女儿)说: “你是 爸爸家的第 扇大门 样厉害的, 今晚你能把 于 俩过 的 封信射到 吗?” (35) a qæB nu MP you DET tʰi pʰæ te CL DP 5B$-!J$? HR. %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 语气 限词 你 词 连词 (36) nu væ qæ qʰo bo ho you more HR. 你 door $8/-0 |R 门 khv̩ ten CL ha mba le also SELF able MP 2& 5.-5B$ G% 十 jo 词 也 ŋu say <%-*A. ,2-0 5B$-!J$? 9J< 自 能 语气 说 '(He) said, "You, such a little thing (to shoot through three doors, and if there were), ten more doors also I am able to (shoot through them)."' (A-1:J-<-$?-2>.-o<,) :.A-:S:A-L-2-(%-(%-8A$ (|R-$?3-3A-5.-)$8/-0-|R-2&-;R.-G%-%:A-(12-),2-9J<, (阿坯冉呷)说: “你 A 是小 一桩, 你(再让 射 )十扇(门) 都能。” It is locally believed that people lived in houses with three doors or entrances in Han kingdoms long ago. The outer two were huge gates and the king lived inside the third or inner entrance. B A sound indicating the belief that something is very easy to do. •176• (37) nu la li tsʰə ʁu mba tsʰu jo ŋu da you take/bring SELF arrow tip EXT/put come say HR. :HJ<-2 <%-*A. 3.: lJ-3R :(A%-2 ;R%-2 9J< 你 拿 自 顶端 -系 来 说 箭 '(He) said, "You take the (letter) and put (it) on my arrow tip."' (#R?-)HR.-GA?-(>R$-2-.J-):HJ<-/?-%:A-3.:-lJ<-(R%?->A$-&J?-2>., (他继续)说: “你把它拿来系到 。” 的箭头 (38) mbʐə tʰi gv̩ ȵi la wife DET CL ERG take/bring arrow tip put (%-3 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 LJ.-1 妻子 限词 li tsʰə ʁu mba tsʰu 词 作格 拿 te DP 3.: lJ-3R :(A%-2 4J=-5B$ 箭 顶端 系 连词 (39) tʰɛ ȵi qʰa le qʰo bo so he ERG shoot DP door #R LJ.-1 3.:-:1J/-0 4J=-5B$ |R 他 作格 射 kʰv̩ bʑi three CL through PT $?3 5.-5B$ 2o.-0 连词 门 词 穿过 (40) tʰa ræ tʰi pʙu ti pʰæ haA paper DET CL one CL also/even NEG >R$-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ G% 纸 限词 词 一 ma qʰæ pæ tear .$$-1 $>$?-0 词 也 定 破/损 ti p hæ 4 4 ha44 = even a little. A 11 •177• ro ha also :.?-5B$ G% 去时 也 'The wife took (the letter) and put (it) on the arrow tip and he shot (it) through the three doors with the paper was not even a little torn.' (%-3?->R$-2-(:UA/-;A$-).J-3.:-lJ<-2&A%?, #R?-.J-:1%?-/?-|R-$?3-2o.-G%->R$-2-.J-%-43-;%-$>$?-3J., , 他射穿了(他 妻子拿( 信纸), 系到箭头 纸一点也没 损 。 人家的)那 扇门, 可是 信 (41) i ȵi a ʂə hĩ li tsʰə te ti hĩ ancient arrow DP one month road GEN $/:-}-3R :VJ=-1 3.: 4J=-5B$ $&A$ ^-2 属格 箭 代 rə gv̩ ʁo 连词 一 ha LOC also $/?-$8A G% =3 格 份 路 也 (42) tʰɛ ȵi su qʰa le ʂə qo pʰa DP die able GEN >A-2 ,2-0 :VJ=-1 /A-1 man it ERG shoot 3A .J- LJ.-1 3.:-:1J/-0 4J=-1 人 它 作格 射 连词 死 能 su dja le BE MP 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 语气 'The ancient arrow was also able to shoot people to death from (a distance) of one month on the road (the distance of one month walking on foot).' $/:-}-3R:A-3.:-3R?-^-2-$&A$-$A-<A%-=-=3-.-((?-/?-o%-<A%-.-;R.-0:A-)3A-(;A-eJ?-G%-(R.-/?-#R-<%-)$?R.-,2, 代的箭是能把在千 的人都能射死的。 (43) te ndo ro le DP see PT MP 4J=-5B$ 3,R%-2 :.?-5B$ 5B$-!J$? 连词 见 去时 语气 •178• 'Then it (the letter) was seen (by the lord's family).' .J-/?-(o=-2R-5%-$A?-;A-$J-.J-)3,R%-, 于是, (信纸)被(君王家的人)看见了。 (44) va m̩ ja ɕɛ dʑyA lo tɕə ro lord family stand up come PT o=-2R HA3-5% =%?-0 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 君王 家 来 去时 'The lord family's soldiers came.' o=-2R-5%-$A-(.3$-);R%-2-<J., 君王家的( 追) 来了。 dʑy (45) te va ma DP Han soldier come DP 4J=-5B$ o-3A .3$ 连词 汉族 le ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 来 连词 (46) tʰɛ qo qʰa he qo where EXT #R !R:R $%-/ 他 A 根子 哪儿 zə rə hĩ qʰa zə soul where EXT =?-3,/ i3->J? $%-/ 在 su m̩ GEN AVM =?-3,/ :VJ=-1 LJ.-5B$ 魂 哪儿 lo11 tɕə53 dʑy11 emphasizes the idea of 'come'. •179• 在 属格 副标 (47) qæ le qæ dig DP le qæ dig DP tɕə tɕə dig often/always bR-2 4J=-5B$ bR-2 4J=-5B$ bR-2 g$-0< 挖 连词 挖 连词 挖 一直/ 停地 'Then Han soldiers came and always dug, dug, dug where his qo11 and where his soul (were located).' o-.3$-;R%-/?-g$-0<-#R:C-!R:R-.%-i3->J?-;R.-?-5%-3-2bR?, 汉 来了, 哪儿 他的 根子和 魂, 就在哪儿 停地挖。 (48) a mi ʁa tsa ʙu mæ tʰi now ʁa tsa ʙu mæ DET .-v A-4-S-3 现在 哈 la m̩ tɕʰy ti hĩ CL time month more than AVM dig one tɕʰo %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .?-;/ $&A$ ^-2 布马 限词 词 时间 一 m̩ qæ z$ LJ.-5B$ bR-2 份 多 副标 挖 '(They) dug (into) ʁa11 tsa11 bu44 mæ44 (Mountain that exists) now, for more than one month.' (#R-5S?-)^-2-$&A$-z$-$A-<A%-=-.-v:A-(<A-2R-)A-4-S-3-.J-2bR?-0-<J., 在现在的 座哈 布马山 挖了一个多 。 (49) te tʰi ti ha te li bi DP DET one night DP back go ro FT 4J=-5B$ %J?-5B$ $&A$ 35/-3R 4J=-5B$ KA< :PR-2 3-:R%?-2 连词 限词 一 走/去 未时 晚 连词 回 •180• (50) qæ ma qæ dig NEG ro would FT ŋu ji say say bR-2 .$$-1 :.R.-0 3-:R%?-2 2>. 2>. 挖 定 想 未时 说 说 'It was said that one night (the soldiers) said, "(We) will go back and will not dig (anymore) after (that)."' .J-/?-35/-3R-8A$-=-(.3$-3A-i3?-GA?-)KA<-:PR.-/?-29%-3A-2bR-8J?-2>.-0<-P$?, 那一 , (君王家的 晚 )就想回去, 想(再)挖了。 (51) te ũ ndʑə gv̩ te ja ka la o li DP old man CL DP pipe CL there back left DP KA< 4J=-5B$ 4J=-5B$ c.-0R 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ G-4K 连词 老头子 词 连词 烟斗 5.-5B$ .J-/ 词 那儿 回 go pa =?-0 ka 掉/丢 连词 (52) tʰi la qv̩ pipe DET CL pick back went G-4K %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =J/-0 KA< 烟斗 限词 词 取 li ɕy ja ka 回 KA/ 去 'Then an old man had left a pipe there and went back to pick up the pipe.' .J-/?-c.-0R-8A$-$A-G-4K-8A$-($/?-).J<-=?-?R%-2?-KA<-=J/-.-KA/, ( , 个老 ), 老头子因为烟斗丢在那儿, •181• 以就回去取那 烟斗。 (53) te o woA ji kʰo mi da tʂha ro le ŋu DP EXC one CL rice only left PT MP say 4J=-5B$ :2R.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ :V? #R-/ 连词 叹词 一 词 米 =?-0 :.?-5B$ 5B$-!J$? 2>. 去时 仅仅 差 语气 说 (54) o kʰa tʰo su ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ ræ there speak GEN old man DET CL PRE-ATT hear PT .J-/ 2>.-0 :VJ=-1 c.-0R 那儿 说 gi %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :.?-}R/ 属格 老头子 限词 ro ,R?-0 :.?-5B$ 词 前体 听 去时 'There the old man heard (a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53's soul) saying and speaking (to himself) there, "Oh, only one distance of riceB is left (to reach me)."' .J-/?-(A-1:J-<-$?-)AR, :V?-hR$-43-(IA-5.-)3-$+R$?-=?-3J.-&J?-.J<-2>.-28A/-;R.-0-c.-0R-.J?-,R?-?R%-, 老头子听到了(阿坯冉呷)在那儿说: “ ！仅仅差一颗米了呀!” (55) ho kʰwæ tjɛ tʂwæ le kʰwæ EXC quick little return come quick ŋu tje dʐwæ le little return come say :2R.-5B$ 3IR$?-0 *%-43 KA<-;R%-2 ;R%-2 3IR$?-0 *%-43 KA<-;R%-2 ;R%-2 2>. 叹词 快 点 转/回 来 转/回 点 转 来 说 (56) tʰɛ ȵi ka ma DP soldier he li ERG call back come finish LJ.-1 :2R.-0 KA< 4J=-5B$ .3$ #R 连词 他 作格 回 dʑy pi tsaC ndʐo ;R%-2 5<-2 来 完 A o53 wo11 = sound indicating fear, e.g., "I'm nearly scared to death." B One distance of rice = the length of a rice grain, or 'very near' or 'just about to happen'. pi 4 4 tsa53 = completed action. •182• C 'He (the old man) yelled, "Return, come back quickly; return, come back quickly!" and called the soldiers back.' (.J-/?-c?-0R?)M<-.-KA<->R$ M<-.-KA<->R$-&J?-{.-2o2-/?-.3$-3A-i3?-KA<-2R?, 他(大声地)喊着: “快点回来, 快点回来!” 把 都 了回来。 (57) te ti tʰʙu da qæ DP one CL only dig AVM he GEN bR-2 LJ.-5B$ #R :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R-/ 连词 一 m̩ tʰɛ hĩ 词 仅仅 挖 副标 他 属格 (58) qo tʰi la na qʰʂə na qʰʂə m̩ qo DET CL black !R:R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ /$-0R 根子 限词 词 黑黑 o dʑy dʑy dʑy ro black AVM there come out PT /$-0R LJ.-5B$ .J-/ KA<-3%R/-0 :.?-5B$ 黑黑 副标 那儿 出来 '(They) only dug for one moment and his black, black qo11 came out there.' (#R-5S?-)&%-43-2bR?-eJ?, #R:C-/$-;J<-;J<-IA-!R:R-(YR$).J-KA<-3%R/-L%-, 挖了一会儿, 他的那根 根子就黑黑的(露)了出来。 (59) te ma DP soldier these 4J=-5B$ .3$ 连词 tʰi ki :.A-5S ȵi o mi ERG there GOAL cut LJ.-1 .J-/ =?-5B$ $&R.-0 4J=-5B$ 作格 那儿 nda 词 砍 •183• te DP 连词 去时 (60) ɕɛ xwa tho bo bo m̩ h blood xwa t o as size mdʙu o AVM gush lo there dʑy te GOAL come DP O$ K-,% (J-(%-:S-2 LJ.-5B$ :K<-2 :.A-/ =?-5B$ ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 血 黄桶 一样 副标 涌出 那儿 o ba tʰi ti ȵi soldier these all DET one day blood ERG .3$ 5%-3 %J?-5B$ $&A$ *A/ O$ 词 连词 来 (61) ma tʰi ki :.A-5S 全部/都 限词 一 ɕɛ 血 ȵi LJ.-1 ʂə qo pi tsa die finish >A-2 5<-2 作格 死 完 'These soldiers cut (it) there and blood the size of xwa11 tʰo44A gushed up there and all the soldiers were dead (drowned) by the blood that day.' .J-/?-.3$-.J-5S?-(!-<J?-/$-;J<-;J<-IAA-!R:R-YR$-.J-)2&.-0-/-K-,%-$A-$+R?-.%-3*3-0:A-O$-KA<-:K<-;R%-!J, .3$-5%-3-O$$A?-(2$2?-/?-)>A-2-<J., 然 , ( )往那儿一砍就涌出了一股黄桶B般 的血, 那 , 那 都 被(阿坯冉呷的)血淹死了。 (62) a mi ʁa tsa ʙu mæ tʰi now ʁa tsa ʙu mæ DET .-v A-4-S-3 现在 哈 A 布玛 la dʑa qʰʂə rə qa CL soil m̩ stone AVM %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ ? hR LJ.-5B$ 限词 石 副标 词 土 xwa11 t ho53 = a large container shaped like a column that stores rice chaff, rice, corn, wheat or buckwheat. B 一种半 1米 右的木制容器。 •184• (63) tʰi ti ȵi tʰɛ ɕɛ DET one day he blood ERG %J?-5B$ $&A$ *A/ #R 限词 一 ȵi O$ 他 血 LJ.-1 ʐə su dja le paint GEN BE MP 5S/-:L$-0 :VJ=-1 /A-1 作格 染 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 语气 '(It was) said now all the soil and stones of ʁa11 tsa11 bu44 mæ44 (Mountain) were painted by his blood on that one day (which explains their red color).' .-v-A-4-S-3-(<A-2R-)-!J%-$A-?-hR-(.3<-2R-;A/-0:%-)5%-3-*A/-.J<-#R:C-O$-$A?-L$?-0?-?R, 说是现在的 座哈 (红色)的土和石都是那一 布玛山 被他的血染 (64) qo tʰjo ȵi nda mi ŋgaA ȵu qo they ERG cut SUF-COM after DP !R:R #R-5S LJ.-1 $&R.-0 :.?-eJ? 根子 他们 作格 砍 te eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 体 连词 (65) mæ te after DP gv̩ mə˞ tʰi la mæ body CL catch PT eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ =?-0R DET ro %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :6B/-0 :.?-5B$ 连词 身体 限词 词 抓 去时 'After they cut the qo11 then (they) started to (chase and) catch the body.' #R-5S?-!R:R-2&.-5<-eJ?-=?-0R-:6B/-29%-L?, 根子被他们砍掉 A ,抓(他的)身体。 mi11 ŋga11 = signifies an action is completed. •185• 的。 (66) gv̩ mə˞ tʰi la mæ ha body DET CL catch also PRE-ATT catch NEG =?-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :6B/-0R G% :.?-}R/ :6B/-0 .$$-1 ,2-0 身体 限词 抓 词 抓 也 ræ mæ 前体 ma pʰa able 定 能 '(They started to chase and) catch the body but also (they were) unable to catch (him).' (#R-5S-)=?-0R:C-(eJ?-.J.-)G%-:6B/-29%-LJ.-3-,2, 抓身体也抓 到。 (67) tʰɛ te ŋæ lu tʂha ŋu a mi he DP #R 4J=-5B$ .-v ŋæ lu tʂ a call h now mɛ ljo ndoA su dja ji LOC eye GEN BE say 3,R%-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 2>. see :2R.-0 $/?-$8A 3A$ d-=-O 他 连词 现在 tʰi qv̩ 格 路岔 眼睛 看见 属格 判断 说 'It was said he was born in the place now called ŋæ44 lu11 tʂʰa11.' #R-<%-.-v:A-d-=-O-<-:2R.-0:A-?<-*J?-0<-2>., 传说, 他是出生在现在 路岔的那个地方。 (68) ɴɢæ tʰi qv̩ tɕʰə ta qʰo pa le ta ji do mo tʰi LOC from ta ji above GOAL jump over ,R$-+ =?-5B$ c=-2 chase $/?-$8A /? DP 2.:-2 4J=-5B$ +-; 格 追 连词 达 面 词 过 '(He was) chased from that place (ŋæ44 lu11 tʂʰa11) and jumped over above ta11 ji11 (Mountain).' (#R-<%-)?-.J-/?-2.?-/?-+-;-(<A-2R:A-)1<-2c=-2-<J., (君王家的 A ) 那个地方追, 经过达 山。 mɛ53 ljo53 ndo53 = 'eyes see' or 'born'. •186• (69) tʰɛ hĩ mo te he GEN horse DP #R :VJ=-1 g ti lo te one CL DP 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 他 属格 马 连词 一 词 连词 (70) ti qæ qæ da dʙu qv̩ one step only become usually say $&A$ $R3-0 #R-/ :I<-2 一 仅仅 为 ji so MP o/-0< 2>. 5B$-!J$? 会 说 语气 'It is said that usually one valley became only one step of his horse.' o/-0<-=%-0-$&A$-#R:C-g-;A-$R3-0-$&A$-#R-/:A-5.-=?-3J.-0<-2>., 据说, 他的(骏)马一 可以越过一条山沟。 (71) ɴɢæ le jump DP to te ma kʰo lo tʰi tʰo lo reach DP ma kʰo lo GOAL jump ,R/-0 4J=-5B$ 3-#R:R-=R:R c=-2 4J=-5B$ ,R:R-=R:R 过 ɴɢæ tʰo loA 连词 鸵洛 到达 连词 玛阔洛 =?-5B$ c=-2 词 过 'After jumping over and reaching tʰo11 lo11 then (a53 pʰi53 ræ53 ɴɢæ53) jumped over ma53 kʰo44 lo11.' 1<-2c=-/?-,R:R-=R:R-<-2aJ2?-eJ?-(#R-<%-)3-#R:R-=R:R-2c=, (越)过了鸵洛就 A h 11 越 过玛阔洛。 t o lo11 = Langhuan Township, Xichang City. •187• (72) ma kʰo lo a mi tʰɛ hĩ mo mɛ rə ha ma kʰo lo now he GEN horse footprint here 3-#R:R-=R:R .-v #R :VJ=-1 g 玛阔洛 现在 他 属格 马 b%-eJ? sə EXT still =?-3,/ .-<% :.A-/ 痕迹 ndʑɛ 在 儿 'Now his horse's footprints are still here in ma53 kʰo53 lo11 (on a stone).' .-v-3-#R:R-=R:R-<-#R:C-g:A-b%-eJ?-(.-<%-);R., 现在他的(骏)马的脚印 留在玛阔洛(的岩石 )。 (73) ma kʰo lo ga le tɕʰi m̩ ko tʰi to ma kʰo lo pass DP tɕʰi m̩ ko GOAL reach 3-#R:R-=R:R c=-2 4J=-5B$ (A-3A-!R 玛阔洛 经过 连词 齐木高 =?-5B$ ,R/-0 词 到达 '(He) passed by ma53 kʰo44 lo11 and reached tɕʰi53 m̩ 11 ko44.' 3-#R:R-=R:R-2c=-/?-(A-3-!R-<-,R/, (越)过玛阔洛 到达齐木高。 (74) tɕʰi m̩ ko tɕʰə ta lu ma tʰi to tɕʰi m̩ ko from lu ma GOAL reach (A-3-!R =:-3 /? 齐木高 te DP =?-5B$ ,R/-0 4J=-5B$ 词 路玛 到达 连词 (75) mɛ ru ro ka li to tɕo kæ footprint find PT DP find foot/footprint MP b%-eJ? :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ,R2-0 迹 ræ ,R2-0 得到 去时 连词 得到 b%-eJ? 迹 •188• lo ŋu ka say DP 5B$-!J$? 2>. 4J=-5B$ 语气 说 连词 (76) va te a mi lu ma da li tʂo Han DP now lu ma DAT Lizhou say/call GEN o 4J=-5B$ .-v =-.R/ =:-3 汉族 连词 现在 路玛 =AA-NR$ 格 礼 ji su dja le BE MP 9J< :VJ=-1 /A-1 5B$-!J$? 说 属格 判断 语气 'From tɕʰi53 m̩ 11 ko44 (he went on) and reached lu11 ma44 then (the Han soldiers who were pursuing him) found his footprints, (and the Han soldiers) said, "(We) found (his) footprints," so now Han call lu11 ma44 Lizhou.'A (A-3-!R-/?-=:-3<-,R/-0-/-(o-.3$-$A?-#R:C-)b%-eJ?-fJ.-0-.%-, (.J-/?-29%-).-v-?-(-.J<-=A-NR$-8J?-:2R.-0-<J., 齐木到达路玛 “找到 的时候, (君王家的 今礼 迹了,” 并给路玛 个地方取 为礼 )找到了(阿坯冉呷的) 迹, 说: 。 (77) te la ga DP LOC ɕi xwa lo te ɕi xwa GOAL went 4J=-5B$ $/?-$8A 8A%-K 连词 ɕy 格 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ KA/-0 词 华 DP 去/来 连词 (78) ɕi ɕi tsa tsa m̩ ʁu pʙu ro ka ɕi xua ŋu DP Xinhua say new AVM meet PT $?<-2 LJ.-5B$ :U.-0 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 8A%K 2>.-0 副标 遇见 去时 说 连词 华 '(They) went (further) up in the area and then met new (footprints) so (they) called (that place) Xinhua.'B .J-/?-;<-8A%-K-<-KA/-0-/, (#R-5S?-b%-eJ?-)$?<-2-fJ.-0?-(.-v-?-(-.J-=-)8A%-K-9J<-2-<J., 然 , (他们)来到 华时, 遇见了(阿坯冉呷的) ( 迹)就 (那地方) ' 华'。 In Sichuan Chinese Dialect, the pronunciation of li 礼 suggests 'found something' which explains why Lizhou 礼 was so named. B 华. = new; 华 = Han (as in Han Chinese): fancy, beautiful. •189• A (79) ɕy le lo kv̩ to went DP lo kv̩ reach went KA/-0 4J=-5B$ =:-!: ,R/-0 KA/-0 去/来 连词 泸 到 ɕy te lo tɕhu lo ŋu DP lose say DP 4J=-5B$ 2R<-2 MP ka 5B$-!J$? 9J< 4J=-5B$ 去/来 连词 丢失 语气 说 连词 (80) a mi va lo kv̩ tʰi qʰv̩ ha tɕʰə ta dʑy now Han lo kv̩ DET word here from come GEN .-v o =:-!: %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :.A-/ /? ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 来 属格 限词 现在 汉族 泸 儿 su '(They) went and went (on) and reaching lu11 kv̩53 then (they lost the footprints) so now the word (name) Lugu comes from here (this story).'A (#R-5S-3-3,.-.-)KA/-/?-;<-=:-!:-<-,R/-0-/-(#R:C-b%-eJ?-)2R<-2?-.-v<-o:A-=:-!:-8J?-0:A-;=-3A%-;%-.J-/?-29%-(.<-)L%- 2-<J., (他们)到达泸 泸 ' 的时候, 再也找 就是 到(阿坯冉呷的 迹), 以现在汉语中的 个' 来的。 (81) mæ te mæ qv̩ li later DP catch eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ :6B/-0 来 连词 抓 dʑy ro back come PT KA< ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 回 来 去时 'Later (soldiers) caught him and came back.' 3,:-3<, (.3$-$A?-#R-<%-)29%-!J-KA<-;R%-, 最 A ，(他们把阿坯冉呷)抓了回来。 lo11 is similar in sound to luo 落 in Sichuan Chinese Dialect, which means 'lose', thus the place was called lo11 kv̩53. It is Lugu 泸沽 in Chinese. •190• (82) ʂu qʰa ȵi la m̩ rə metal rope several ɴɢv̩ ta le la AVM OTM tie DP t$? ,$-0 :$: LJ.-5B$ ;=-5B$ :(A%-2 4J=-5A$ 铁 副标 宾标 捆 链子 很多 连词 (83) ʁa tsa ʙu mæ li ha to qa qa ro qv̩ te here ʁa tsa ʙu mæ back reach almost LOC :.A-/ A-4-S-3 1=-(J< $/?-$8A 4J=-5B$ 儿 哈 布玛 KA< ,R/-0 回 到达 快要 DP 格 连词 (84) jo ŋu ndzə bo fa ka SELF water thirsty say DP <%-*A. ( {R3-0 自 水 tɕʰə tɕʰə ndzə bo tɛ release/let water 9J< 4J=-5B$ :)$-0 ( 渴 说 连词 使/让 drink :,%-2 水 '(The soldiers) took several metal ropes (chains) tied him and (came) back to the place (and when they had) almost reached ʁa11 tsa11 bu44 mæ44 (Mountain he) said, "I am thirsty for water," so (they) let (him) drink water.' (.3$- $A?- )t$?- ,$- :$:- HJ<- (;R%- /?- #R- <%- )2&A%?- 0- .%- , KA<-A-4-S-3<-,R/-=-*J-{2?-#R?-%-<%-{R3-:.$-&J?-2>.-0-/- (#R-5S?-)#R-=-(-:,%-.-2&$ 很多铁链子捆着, 快回到哈 (押解他的土 )就让(他) 布玛山的时候, (阿坯冉呷)说: “ 水。 •191• 渴得很,” (85) te a waA o mi DP MP there GOAL drink know 4J=-5B$ 5B$-!J$? :.A-/ =?-5B$ :,%-2 >J?-0 4J=-5B$ 连词 语气 那儿 ndʐə 词 qv̩ te DP 知道 连词 (86) li lo tɕə ma back stand NEG qv̩ ro know PT =%?-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 KA< 回 :.?-5B$ 定 知道 去时 来 (87) ma ʁa ro ŋu NEG OK PT say there o mi .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ 9J< :.A-/ 定 好 去时 lɔ ȵi dragon two =?-5B$ v-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 说 那儿 词 看 la qʰa tsa qʰa qə˞ ta m̩ CL mouth AVM $*A? 5.-5B$ # :V$ 词 嘴 龙 wide open (J?-(J<-$.%-2 LJ.-5B$ 开 副标 (89) tʰɛ lo ho qa qa ro he GOAL swallow almost PT #R =?-5B$ 3A.-0 他 A 词 咽 1=-(J< :.?-5B$ 快要 te GOAL look went DP (88) rə bi ɕy 去时 a44 wa55 = an expression of surprise. •192• 去 连词 'Then, a44 wa55, (he put his head) down to drink (and he drank and drank and didn't) know (how to stop), didn't know (how to) stand back up again (because he was drinking and drinking), so (the soldiers) said, "It is not OK," and (the soldiers) went to look (into the water and there were) two dragons that had almost swallowed him with their wide-open mouths.' A, .J-/?-(#R?-)3$R-2R-3<-|<-/?-(-:,%-/?-353?-:)R$-3-/?, .3$-3A-5S?-($/?-5=-);$-0R-3A-:.$-2?3-!J-v-<-KA/-0-/#-(J?-(J<-$.%?-2:A-:V$-$*A?-GA?-#R-1=-(J<-HA<-3A.-L?-0-(3,R%-), 噢, (他)知道 (水)就 知道(抬) (头)来, 他们说: “ 条龙 开大大的嘴巴快要把他吞 去了。 对呀!" 往(水 )看时 两 (90) te ti tʰʙu li ma DP one CL back NEG 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ KA< 连词 一 ndo ɕy see if .$$-1 3,R%-2 $=-+J 词 回 定 见 如 (91) ȵi rə bi mi dragon ERG :V$ LJ.-1 龙 作格 ho bɛ GOAL swallow go ji le PT say MP :PR-2 :.?-5B$ 9J< 5B$-!J$? =?-5B$ 3A.-0 词 ro 咽 走 去时 说 语气 '(It is) said he would have been swallowed down by the dragons if (the soldiers) had not seen it one moment (before it would have happened).' $=-+J-(.3$-3A-5S?-).?-,R$-+-.J-3-3,R%-/-(#R-):V$-$A?-HA<-3A.-LJ.-%J?-<J.-&J?-2>.-0<-P$?, 再延误一会儿的话, (他)就要被龙吞 说是如 去了. (92) te ma ʁa ro ma ʁa ro ŋu DP NEG OK PT NEG OK PT say 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ 2>. 连词 定 好 去时 定 好 去时 •193• 说 (93) ka ʂu DP metal rope GOAL back pull rə lo li 4J=-5B$ t$? ,$-0 =?-5B$ KA< 连词 铁 链 词 tɕə ka DP 4J=-5B$ :,J/-0 回 拉/押解 连词 (94) tɕə pull li ɕy ɕə ɕə mi ŋga A back went make :,J/-0 KA< KA/-0 29R-2 拉 去 回 做/杀 su SUF-COM GEN :.?-eJ? 体 dja le BE MP :VJ=-1 /A-1 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 语气 'Then (the soldiers) said, "It is not OK, it is not OK," and pulled back up the metal ropes (chains), pulled (him) and went back (to the lord's place), and killed him.' .J- /?- (.3$- 3A- 5S?- ).J- ;$- 0R- 3A- :.$ ;$- 0R- 3A- :.$- &J?- 2>.- /?- t$?- ,$- ;<- :,J/- 0- .%- , KA<- (o=- 2R:C- )S%- .- ?R%- /?- (#R<%-)2?.-0-<J., 然 , (他们慌乱地)说: “ 了。 A 好了, 好了,” 马 'make out' = to kill. •194• 往 拉铁链, 押解回去 把他杀 THE RELIGIOUS SPECIALIST li44 ʙu55 ta11 ndi44 li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 (1) i ȵi a ʂə na li ʙu we li ʙu $/:-}-3R %-5S =:J-SR ancient 代 们 ɕɛ te family DP HA3-o. 4J=-5B$ 连词 布 家 (2) li ʙu li ʙu =:J-SR ta ndi ŋu ta ti ta ndi say like this one ^-+J ɕə za lo CL mystical MP $&A$ 5.-5B$ /?-l=-3(R$-w/ 5B$-!J$? 9J< :.A-:S 布 达帝 说 gv̩ 样 一 词 神勇 语气 'In ancient (times), one person, our li44 ʙu55's family, called li44 ʙu55 ta11 ndi11, was said to be mystical like this.' $/:-}-3R<, %-5S-=:J-SR-HA3-o.-=-(3A%-=-)=:J-SR-^-+J-9J<-2:A-3A-/?-l=-3(R$-w/-8A$-;R., 时候, 们 布家 一个神勇的人 布达帝。 (3) te pi to le tʰɛ go qʰv̩A te go dʑy DP do ritual expert DP he what call DP what come &A-8A$ :2R.-0 4J=-5B$ &A-8A$ ;R%-2 连词 什 来 4J=-5B$ (R?-GA-(R-$-12-0 (J.-3#? 4J=-5B$ #R 连词 做法 A 精通 连词 他 什 q hv̩ = 'to call'. A powerful p ha53 tsə53 is able to summon ɕi53 vi53 and such wild animals as deer, wild pigs and ghosts. •195• (4) go pi te go dʙu what do ritual DP what change &A-8A$ (R?-=$?-GA-(R-$-12-0 4J=-5B$ &A-8A$ 什 做法 连词 什 :I<-2 变 'Then, he was expert at doing religious activity and what he called (during his religious activity), then what came and what he did (during his) religious activity then (that is) what changed.A (#R-)(R?-GA-(R-$-12-0<-3#?-=, (#R?-)&A-8A$-2R?-/-.J-;R%-2-.%-, (他)精通于做法 , 什 ,什 &A-L?-/-.J-=-:I<-wR$-L%-%J?, 就来, 做什 法 都能如愿以偿。 (5) zaB go qʰv̩ te go dʑy za what call DP what come 9C &A-8A$ :2R.-0 4J=-5B$ &A-8A$ 洒 什 连词 什 ;R%-2 来 A capable p ha 53 tsə53 is able to change things, e.g., make an ill person well, make a healthy person sick and bring such disasters to a family that ensure their crops will fail, that illness comes to family members and that their livestock suddenly die. B A za11 is a manifestation of ɕi53 vi53 and is about the size of a round bean. There are various A za11. A p ha 53 tsə53 often summons za11 to help during rituals. If a p ha 53 tsə53 is very powerful, many za11 come as he chants. li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 (b. 1941) said that za11 fall one after another in front of the container when he chants, if he is powerful. C 1-2+<-+J, z-.%-$8A-2.$-?R$?-GA-$9$?-:I<-2-=?-L%-2:A-z-m?-GA-<A$?->A$ •196• (6) ti ʂəA ȵu te ti ʂə tʰɛ ȵi qʰv̩ dʑy one CL need DP one CL he ERG call come LJ.-1 :2R.-0 ;R%-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ .$R?-0 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R 词 需要 连词 一 一 词 他 作格 来 (7) ti ma qʰaB ȵu te ti ma qʰa thɛ ȵi qʰv̩ dʑy one CL need DP one CL he ERG call come .$R?-0 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R LJ.-1 :2R.-0 ;R%-2 需要 连词 一 他 作格 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 词 一 词 来 'What za11 (he) called, then what (za11) came and if (he) needed one ʂə44 (of za11), then one ʂə44 (of za11) was called and came because of his (chanting) and if (he) needed one ma11 qʰa53 (of za11), then one ma11 qʰa53 (of za11) was called and came because of his (chanting).' (#R?-)9-$%-8A$-2R?-/-.J-;R%-2-.%-(9)ZA-$&A$-.$R?-/-ZA-$&A$-;R%-=, (9-)3-#-$&A$-.$R?-/-3-#-$&A$-;R%-, 什 洒, 什 洒就来, 需要一氏(洒)的话, 一氏(洒能)被他 的话, 一码卡(能)被他 来, 需要一码卡C 来。 (8) te mæ te DP later DP ndʑy mo ɕɛ lo ndʑy mo family MP 4J=-5B$ eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ o=-0R HA3-5% 5B$-!J$? 连词 家 连词 君王 语气 ʂə44 = is a measure word used in conjunction with ʂə53 ndzə53 or a wooden container for storing rice, corn, wheat or barley. The ʂə53 ndzə53 is commonly used as a measure. It is A convenient to use when borrowing and returning grain from nearby households. In 2006, most households no longer owned ʂə53 ndzə53. B A ma11 qha53 is a container woven from long bamboo strips and used to store cooked rice. C 一种竹制容器。 •197• 'Then later, (about) ndʑy53 mo44'sA family...' .J-/?-eJ?-?-o=-0R-5%-$A-({R<-)<J., 来是因为君王家(他的人生就改变了)。 (9) va tʰi jy tʰɛ ndzə ʁo Han DET CL he o %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R 汉族 限词 zə ka right/power fight for power DP .2%-( :UR$-0 4J=-5B$ 利 争夺 连词 词 他 (10) qʰa ȵi ȵi m̩ ndʑy mo ʑi da kʰv̩ kʰv̩ often AVM king son DAT provoke /3-;% LJ.-5B$ o=-0R 2 =-.R/ :U$-nJ/-aR%-2 总是 副标 君王 儿子 格 挑衅 'A Han family was fighting for power, often provoking the king's son.' o:A-HA3-5%-8A$-$A?-.2%-(-:UR$-2?3?-2?-o/-0<-o=-2R:C-2-.%-:O$-nJ/-2a%?, 汉族(想)争夺他(君王家)的 利, 就总是 王子挑战。 (11) te mæ te va ȵi nu DP later DP Han ERG you GEN LJ.-1 HR. 4J=-5B$ eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ o 连词 A 来 连词 汉族 作格 你 hĩ ʂu mo mo tʰi metal hat DET ly na CL and :VJ=-1 t$? E-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .% 属格 铁 帽子 限词 词 和 ndʑy53 mo53 = a powerful Han family living at the same time as li44 ʙu55 ta11 ndi11. •198• (12) ŋo hĩ ȵo our GEN grass hat %-5S :VJ=-1 C- mo mo tʰi 们 属格 草 ly DET CL 8-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 帽子 限词 词 (13) la ha ndzə do mo tʰi OTM lake ;=-5B$ 35S tɕʰə qʰa above GOAL put ,R$-+ =?-5B$ :)R$-0 ? 宾标 湖 词 面 gv̩ hĩ who CL 放 GEN 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 词 属格 谁 (14) a hĩ za ma down GOAL NEG 3< =?-5B$ .$$-1 :PR-2 词 bɛ su qʰa go/sink GEN 定 走 gv̩ who CL :VJ=-1 ? ndzə ʁo pa di power say 5.-5B$ .2%-( 属格 谁 词 利 take :6B/-( 2>.-0 拿 说 'Then later the Han (people) said, "Take your metal hat and our grass hat and put (them) onto (above) the lake and whose (hat) doesn't sink down (into the lake) will take the power."' .J- /?- eJ?- ?, o-3A?-HR.- GA-t $?- GA- E- 3R- .%- %- 5S:C- C:A- E- 3R- :.A- $*A?- 35S- ,R$- +- :)R$ ?:A- E- 3R- 3<- 3- /2- /- ?- ;A?- .2%- (- :6B/8J?-2>., 汉人(对君王家的儿子)说: “( 的 沉 谁就掌握 们把)你的那个铁帽和 利。” (15) ndʑy mo hĩ mo mo tʰi ly te king GEN hat CL DP o=-0R :VJ=-1 E-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 君王 属格 帽子 限词 DET 词 连词 •199• 们的草帽往湖 放, 谁 (16) ȵi ti tʙu one thousand two $&A$ !R% 一 hĩ kʰi zə hundred CL weigh GEN dja ji le BE say MP 5.-5B$ 5.-5B$ :VJ=-1 /A-1 $*A? o 千 su 词 百 2>. 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 说 语气 'It was said the king's hat weighed 1,200 jin.' o=-0R:A-E-3R:A-uA.-5.-/A-o-3-!R%-U$-$&A$-.%-$*A?-2o-;R.-0<-P$?, 据说, 君王的帽子 一千 百斤 。 (17) va hĩ te ȵo Han GEN DP grass hat o :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ l 汉族 属格 连词 草 mo mo ȵi two kʰi ha ma CL also/even NEG $*A? 5.-5B$ G% 8-3R EXT .$$-1 =?-3,/ 词 也 帽子 dʑo 定 在 'The Han's grass hat was not even two jin.' o:A-C-E:A-(uA.-5.-)o-3-.R-;%-3J., 汉族的草帽子 两斤都没 。 (18) va tʰi ki te Han these DP o :.A-5S 4J=-5B$ 连词 汉族 (19) tʰɛ hĩ te zə he GEN DP heavy very #R :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ uA.-0 他 属格 连词 nda @-&% ka a hĩ za bɛ ʁæ ŋu DP down GOAL go FT think 4J=-5B$ 3< 非常 连词 =?-5B$ :PR 3-:R%?-0 2?3-0 词 •200• 走 未时 认为 'These Han thought that his (the lord's hat) was very heavy and would go (sink) down.' o-:.A-5S?-#R:C-(E-3R-)/A-@-&%-uA.-0?-3<-LA%?-:PR-o-<J.-2?3?, 汉人认为他的帽子非常的沉 , 以会沉 去。 (20) te va ȵi m̩ ɕy DP Han ERG cheat went LJ.-1 3$R-{R<-$+R%-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ o 连词 汉族 作格 欺骗 去 'Then (the lord) was cheated by the Han and went (to the lake where they had prearranged everything).' .J-/?-(o=-2R-)=-o-;A?-3$R-2{R<-2+%-/?-(35S-#<-)KA/, 样, (君王家)被汉族骗(到湖边)去了。 (21) ti ȵi one day AVM m̩ A $&A$ *A/ LJ.-5B$ 副标 一 lo ha wait DP 2|$-0 4J=-5B$ 连词 等 (22) va hĩ mo mo ma dʑo gi ro ha Han GEN hat EXT PT DP o :VJ=-1 E-3R 汉族 属格 帽子 A NEG .$$-1 =?-3,/ :.?-5B$ 4J=-5A$ 定 在 去时 ti11 ȵi11 = one day. ti11 ȵi11 m̩ 11 = all day. •201• 连词 (23) tʰɛ hĩ te a hĩ za bɛ he GEN DP down GOAL go #R :VJ=-1 4J=-5B$ 3< ma na NEG want/would =?-5B$ :PR .$$-1 :.R.-0 他 属格 连词 词 定 想/肯 走 '(They) waited (for the metal hat to sink) all day but the Han hat disappeared, (while) his (the lord's hat) would not go down.' ( #R-5S?-)*A/-$%-2R<-2|$?-=-o:A-E-3R-.J-3J.-0<-I<-?R%-;%-, #R:C-(E-3R-.J-).-<%-3<-LA%?-3-?R%-, , 汉族的帽子 等了一整 肯往 沉。 经( 湖面)消失了, 但是他 (24) te va ȵi ɴɢv̩ kv̩ tʰi gv̩ da DP Han ERG boat row DET CL DAT LJ.-1 P-$9A%? $+R%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 4J=-5B$ o 连词 汉族 作格 船 开 限词 词 格 (25) m̩ tsʰə rə tʰi sa tsʰə ka lip GOAL give gesture DP 3( =?-5B$ 2h-$+R%-2 词 嘴唇 姿势 ma ndo la paddle OTM 4J=-5B$ P:A-*-2 ;=-5B$ 连词 船浆 宾标 (26) ȵa dʙu ka mi o za DP there GOAL went PT brim GOAL press 3,: =?-5B$ $//-0 4J=-5B$ .J-/ 边缘 词 压 ɕy te 连词 那儿 =?-5B$ KA/ 词 •202• 去 ro :.?-5B$ 去时 君王 的铁帽 'Then the Han gestured (with his) lips to the paddler and (the paddler) used the paddle, pressed the brim (of the hat) and (the hat) went down there.' .J-/?-o-;A?- P-$9A%?-$+R%-3#/-.J- =- 3(-2h-2+%-2?- (P-$+R%-3#/-IA?-)P- *-;A?-(E-3R:C-)$J-3R-3<-3//-0-/-.J- 3<- LA%?-0<J., 时, 汉族人 那个划船的(人)做了个暗势, 于是, (划船的人) 边沿)一压就(沉)了 船浆把(铁帽的 去。 (27) ha ndzə te a mi o ndʐo tɕʰoŋ xeA tʰi ly dja le lake DP now o ndʐo tɕʰoŋ xe DET CL BE MP 35S 4J=-5B$ .-v AR-:PR (%-@J. %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ /A-1 湖 连词 现在/今 西昌 邛海 限词 'The lake is tɕʰoŋ11 xe11B in o53 ndʐo53 now.' 35S-.J-/A-.-v-AR-:PR-/-(;R.-0:A-)(%[email protected]<J., ( 片)湖就是今 的西昌邛海。 (28) te ndʑy mo ɕɛ DP king family DP 4J=-5B$ o=-2R te mɛ kʰa ro at a loss PT HA3-5% 4J=-5B$ ,2?-9.-0 :.?-5B$ 连词 君王/君王 家 连词 没办法 去时 'The king's family was at a loss.' .J-/?-o=-2R-5%-=-,2?-9.-?R%-, (面对眼前的情况, )君王家束手无策了。 A tɕʰoŋ11 xæ53 is in today's Xichang City. •203• 5B$-!J$? 词 判断 语气 (29) te rə gv̩ lɛ lɛ m̩ DP road AVM paper along tʰa ræ ja paste 4J=-5B$ =3-2 2o.-0 LJ.-5B$ >R$-2 :L<-2 连词 路 贴 沿着 副标 纸 'Then (the king's family) pasted a paper (announcing a search for someone who could get the metal hat from the lake) along the road.' .J-/?-o=-2R-5%-$A?-=3-:P3-2o.-/?-2h-,R-8A$-.<-(/?-t$?-E-35S-/%-/?-;<-=J/-3#/-IA-3A-8A$-24=), 于是, (君王家)沿着道路(到处)贴布告(找个能 湖 将铁帽捞 来的人) 。 (30) qha gv̩ jo who CL ? ʂu mo mo li SELF metal hat 5.-5B$ <%-*A. t$? 谁 词 自 铁 ka back get pʰa su able GEN E-3R KA< 4J=-5B$ ,2-0 :VJ=-1 帽子 回 捞 能 ko hæ̃ ȵu hæ̃ 属格 (31) jo ŋu ȵu ŋu ko ŋu SELF silver require silver give gold require gold give say <%-*A. $?J< .$R?-0 .%= !J<-2 $?J< .$R? $?J< !J<-2 2>. 自 需要 银 给 金 银 金 需要 给 说 '(The notice) said, "Who is able to get my metal hat (from the lake), then I will give silver (if the person) requires silver and I will give gold (if the person) requires gold."' (2h-.R<-!J%-.-:.A-v<-:VA-;R.-.J,) ??-%:A-t$?-GA-E-3R-.J-(35S-/%-/?-)KA<-=J/-,2-/-%?(3A-.J-=-)$?J<-.%=-$%-:.R.-!J<-8J?- $?%?-:.$ (布告 )说: “谁能( 湖 )捞回 的铁帽子的, (他)要银子 金子就给金子。” •204• 就给(他)银子, 要 (32) mba ŋu ta ndi te jo ta ndi DP SELF able say ji le say MP 4J=-5B$ <%-*A. ,2-0 2>. 2>. ^-+J 达帝 连词 自 能 说 5B$-!J$? 传说 语气 'It was said that ta11 ndi11 said, "I am able (to do what they want)."' ^-+J-;A?-%-<%-*A.-GA?-(12-),2-8J?-9J<-2<-P$?, 传说, 达帝(见了布告 )就说: “ 能(捞回那个铁帽)。” (33) te ta ndi ndʐo dʑy DP ta ndi call come PT 4J=-5B$ ^-+J :2R.-0 ;R%-2 连词 达帝 来 ro :.?-5B$ 去时 'Oh, then (the people of ndʑy53 mo53's family) came to call ta11 ndi11 (to help them).' AR, .J-/?-o=-0R?-3A-3%$?-/?-^-+J-$./-:SJ/-L?, 噢, 于是, (君王家派人)来邀请达帝。 (34) mo la horse OTM ta ndi ndʐo ɕy tan di call went DP g ;=-5B$ .-^A? 马 宾标 达帝 le pi do ritual :2R.-0 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ (R?-GA-(R-$-12-0 去 连词 做法 '(They) used a horse to call ta11 ndi11 (then he) went to do rituals.' ( #R-5S?-)g-(8A$-OA.-;R%-/?-)^-+J-2R?-=-.J-/?-^-+J-(R?-=$?-GA-(R-$-12-0<-KA/, (他们) 马把达帝邀请去做法。 •205• (35) te pi le za ȵi ko ʂəA DP do ritual DP za two CL 4J=-5B$ (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ F- $*A? 5.-5B$ 连词 做法 连词 洒 词 (36) tʰɛ ȵi qʰv̩ le tʰɛ hĩ pi ʑiB he ERG call DP he apprentice give EXT #R LJ.-1 :2R.-0 4J=-5B$ #R 他 作格 GEN ko :VJ=-1 aR2-U$ 连词 他 属格 徒 ta !J< =?-3,/ 给 在 (37) jo rə ŋæ ŋæ te no li tɕə SELF rope shake DP you back pull <%-*A. ,$-0 :$=-2 4J=-5B$ HR. KA< :,J/-0 自 绳子 回 拉 动 连词 你 (38) jo mo mo ræ la tʰʙu te rə ŋæ ŋæ ŋu DP rope shake say |=-2 2>. SELF hat PRE-ATT take/bring when <%-*A. E-3R :.?-}R/ :HJ<-2 {2?-? 4J=-5B$ ,$-0 自 前体 拿 时候 连词 绳子 帽子 动 说 ko44 ʂə55 = a container and measure twice the size of a ʂə53 ndzə53. B pi11 ʑi11 = apprentices/students of a p ha 53 tsə53 who assist him during rituals. A •206• '(ta11 ndi11) did rituals and called two ko44 ʂə55 of za11 and gave (them) to his apprentices and said, "You pull back the (rope) when I shake the rope and when (I) get a chance to take the hat then I will shake the rope."' (^- +J?) (R?-GA-(R-$-12-/?-F-!R-ZA-$*A?-2R?-+J-#R:C-aR2-U$-=-LA/-+J-2>.-o<, (%:A-,$-0-)|=-.?-HR.-5S?-,$-0-KA<-,R/, %-=- E-3R-:HJ<-2:A-$R-{2?-,R2-0:A-{2?-?-%?-,$-0-2|=-%J?-;A/-8J?-2>., (达帝开始)做法, 了两 绳子的时候, 你们往 氏洒给他的做法 拉, 拿到帽子 就会 子, 并(再 )嘱咐: “ 在( ) 动绳子。” (39) zə rə qha mə˞ ta vi ta straw rope many roll EXT C- ,$-0 3%-0R 2o-2 =?-3,/ 编制 在 草 绳子 很多 '(They) rolledA many straw ropes.' (#R-5S?-)C,$-3%-0R-2o?, ( 子们)编织了很多草绳。 (40) jo te SELF DP ʂə qo ɕy te za thi ki tʙy qhæ le die if DP za these crush DP $=-+J 4J=-5B$ F- :.A-5S <%-*A. 4J=-5B$ >A-2 自 A 连词 死 假如 连词 洒 Z$-$J<-$+R%-2 4J=-5B$ 碾碎 连词 Plant materials such as wheat and rice straw are rolled into lengths that are then made into rope. •207• (41) jo me ljo na ȵa ŋga ʁo tɕʰə ŋu put say SELF eye and nose LOC <%-*A. 3A$ .% $/?-$8A :)R$-0 2>.-0 自 眼睛 和 $- 格 鼻子 放 说 '(He) also said, "If I die, then crush these za11 and put (them) into my eyes and nose.' ( #R?-).-<%-2>.-o<, $=-+J-%->A-/, F-:.A-5S-Z$-$J<-2+%-/?-%:A-3A$-.%-$-/%-.-:)R$-<R$?-8J?-2>., (他) (对 子们)说: “假如 死了的话, 把 。” (42) ʂə ȵi ʂə ha m̩ seven day seven night 2./ *A/ 2./ 七 AVM 35/-3R LJ.-5B$ 七 夜 副标 tʰi ki vi le dʑy roll DP waist tie (43) zə rə straw rope these ɴɢv̩ ta ka C- ,$-0 :.A-5S 2o-2 4J=-5B$ {J.-0 :(A%-2 草 绳 织 连词 腰 系 tɕʰə su DP 4J=-5B$ 连词 (44) tɕʰə tɕʰə ha ndzə mi release/put lake GOAL SUF-COM GEN :)R$-0 35S =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 让 湖 词 体 dja BE :VJ=-1 /A-1 属格 判断 •208• 洒碾碎，放入 的眼睛和鼻子 '(They) rolled these grass ropesA for seven days and seven nights, then tied (the ropes around his) waist and put (him) down into the lake.' (#R-5S?-)*A/-8$-2./-=-C-,$-2o?-0-.%-, 七 七夜 湖 。 , ( 子们 so po .J-/?-#R:C-{J.-0-.J-.$-$A?-2#3?-/?-(#R-)35S-/%-.-3<-:PR-<-2&$ 昼夜地)编草绳, 然 , 系在(达帝的)腰 , 让他(跳入) (45) zə po sandalwood three CL o ndʑɛ te there EXT DP $?3 5.-5B$ .J-/ 4/-./ =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ 词 那儿 檀木 在 连词 (46) hĩ ŋgi tʰi middle DET po ʁo ʁu tsʰu ta ji le CL LOC cover say MP .GA=-. %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A *R/-0 中间 限词 词 格 盖/罩 EXT =?-3,/ 2>. 5B$-!J$? 在 说 语气 'It was said that there were three sandalwood (trees) there (underwater) and (the hat) was covering (the top of) the middle one (sandalwood tree).' (.J<-)4/-./-IA-#R%-2R-$?3-;R.-=, 据说, (湖 )长着 E-3R-(#R%-2R-).GA=-3R:C-3$R<-2*R/-;R.-0<-P$?, 棵檀木, (铁帽 好)罩在中间的那棵树梢 。 (47) te rə bi DP dragon three CL 4J=-5B$ :V$ 连词 龙 A so la te DP $?3 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 词 连词 Grass rope is made by rolling grass between the hands to make rope of whatever length is desired. •209• (48) zə po tʰi so sandalwood DET po three CL ʁo v̩ v̩ ta LOC wind EXT 4/-./ %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A :HA= 檀木 限词 词 格 缠绕 =?-3,/ 在 'Then there were three dragons wound (around) the three sandalwood (trees).' (35S-/%-.-):V$-$?3-4/-w/-IA-#R%-2R-$?3-0R:C-!J%-:HA=-:.$ 条龙( 别)缠绕着那 棵檀木。 (49) ɕy o tʰi DP there GOAL take/bring went ITR 4J=-5B$ .J-/ 连词 那儿 la səA te KA/-0 2*<-^R? =?-5B$ =J/-0 词 拿 复 去 (50) rə bi tʰi dragon DET so la tʰɛ tʰi three CL he :V$ %J?-5B$ $?3 5.-5B$ #R 龙 限词 词 他 tʰɛ dʑy GOAL bite sə m̩ come ITR AVM =?-5B$ ?R-o$-0 ;R%-2 2*<-^R? LJ.-5B$ 词 咬 来 复 副标 'He went there to take (the hat) again (and again) and three dragons came to bite him again (and again).' #R-;%-;%-E-3R-=J/-0<-KA/-;%-:V$-$?3-0R?-#R-=-;%-;%-?R-2o2, (达帝)一 A 一 地往那儿去拿, 但那 条龙也一 一 地 他咬来。 …sə11… sə11... = a phrase that refers to two actions being repeated again and again. •210• (51) ræ la ma PRE-ATT take/bring NEG :.?-}R/ =J/-0 前体 取 mi ȵu te pʰa able after DP .$$-1 ,2-0 eJ?-? zə rə ŋæ ŋæ ha rope shake DP |=-2 4J=-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ,$-0 定 能 连词 绳子 连词 动 (52) ndzə ha nda water deep ka li very DP back NEG ( $+A%-92-0 @-&% 4J=-5B$ KA< 水 深 很 ma sə ro ka know PT DP .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 连词 回 定 知道 去时 连词 (53) ta ndi te ha ʂə qo su dja le ta ndi DP here die GEN BE S 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ >A-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 ^-+J 达帝 连词 :2R.-1 属格 判断 助词 儿 死 'After (he) was unable to get (the hat), then (he) shook the grass rope, but the water was very deep and (his helpers) did not know (he was shaking the rope), so tan11 di11 died here (in the lake).' E- 3R- =J/- 3- ,2- 0:A- eJ?- ?-( #R?- )C- ,$- 2|=- 3R., :R/- G%- 35S- 3R- @- &%- $+A%- 92- 0?- (<R$?- <3- LJ.- 3#/- .$-) $A?- .J- 3- 5S<=, .J:A-KA<-^-+J-.J<-:(A-2-<J., (最 , 他)拿 动), 到(铁帽), 以达帝就在湖 动绳子, 可是水 深, ( 子们在岸 (被水淹)死了。 (54) te ȵi qʰv̩ sə ȵi DP noon ʂə qo le only after die DP do mo dʑy dʑy li above appear back come 3%R/-0 KA< ;R%-2 面 露出 回 来 4J=-5B$ *A/-$% $8A-/? >A-2 4J=-5B$ ,R$-+ 连词 死 连词 才 dʑy •211• ) 知道(绳子的 'Then (he) died (and his corpse) came back and appeared above (the water) only after noon.' .J-/?-(#R-)>A-=, (#R:C-2J3-<R-)*A/-$%-$A-eJ?-?-$8A-/?-(35S-)%R?-?-3%R/, 来, 死了, (尸体) 才漂出水面来。 (55) te pi ʑi DP apprentice these tʰi ki 4J=-5B$ aR2-U$ 连词 qo tɕʰə le ʁu ʂə sad before he DP ;A.-*R-2 4J=-5B$ }R/-. :.A-5S 子 ʂa m̩ how tell AVM &A-:S 2>. LJ.-5B$ tʰɛ qʰa #R 连词 前面 他 怎样 说 伤心 副标 (56) za tʰi ki tʙy qʰæ le tʰɛ qʰa tsa na za these crush DP he F- :.A-5S Z$-$J<-$+R%-2 4J=-5B$ #R 洒 tɕʰə mouth and nose LOC # .% $- $/?-$8A :)$-0 和 鼻子 连词 他 嘴巴 碾碎 ȵa ŋga ʁo 格 put 装 'Then these apprentices were sad and crushed these za11 (and put it) into his mouth and nose as like how he had told (them) before.' .J-/?-aR2-U$-5S-;A.-*R-/?-}R/-(.-#R?-2>.-0<-v<-F-:.A-5S-Z$-$J<-2+%-/?-#R:C-#-.%-$-/%-.-2&$-0-<J., 子们伤心地把那 洒按他(生)前 说的那样, 碾碎 。 (57) te tʙy qʰæ o tɕʰə pi tsa te DP crush LOC put finish DP 4J=-5B$ Z$-$J<-$+R%-2 $/?-$8A :)$-0 5<-2 4J=-5B$ 连词 碾碎 连词 格 装 完 •212• , 放入他的嘴巴和鼻子 (58) ndzə bo qha mə˞ ta mi phɕə li te water much GOAL back disgorge DP ( 3%-2 =?-5B$ KA< 水 很多 词 回 li so ro ro back/re- revive PT *$-0 4J=-5B$ KA< $?R/-0 :.?-5B$ 呕 连词 回 活 去时 '(After these apprentices) finished crushing (za11 and putting the powder) into his nose and eyes, (ta11 ndi11) disgorged back out much water and revived.' ( #R-5S?-F-)Z$-$J<-2+%-/?-2&$-5<-eJ?, (^-+J-);A?-(-3%-0R-2*$?-/?-KA<-$?R/, 碾碎了(洒), 一放完, 他 了很多水, ( 神 地)复活了。 (59) go ȵu ŋu what require say &-A8A$ .$R?-0 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 什 需要 说 te ti ga haA ma ȵu DP one CL DP NEG need 连词 一 词 连词 .$$-1 .$R? 定 需要 (60) tʂʰə so tso ræ dog three CL 词 狗 tso chicken three CL $?3 5.-5B$ L-2R HA so ha lɛ so cat $?3 5.-5B$ 8A-= tso three CL jo ko SELF give say $?3 5.-5B$ <%-*A. !J< 词 ŋu 词 自 给 2>. 说 '(The king's family) asked, "What do you require?" and (he) said, "(I) need nothing, give me three dogs, three chickens and three cats."' .J- /?- o=- 2R- 5%- $A?- HR.- =- &A- 8A$- .$R?- 8J?- SA?- 0- /, (#R?- %- =- ) HA- $?3- .%- , L-2R- $?3, 8A- =- $?3- #R- / -=?-$8/- &A- ;%- 3A.$R?-8J?-=/-2+2, (君王家)问道: “要什 )什 A 都 低”, (他)回答到: “给 条狗, 和 , (除 要。” ti11 ga11 = one kind of thing. When ha44 is added to ti11 ga11 (ti11 ga11 ha44) the meaning is 'anything'. •213• (61) ȵi tʰɛ te rə bi he DP dragon ERG #R 4J=-5B$ :V$ LJ.-1 他 连词 龙 qv̩ le ȵi mi go paA su lo scare DP heart fall GEN MP z%-2 :VJ=-1 5B$-!J$? 掉 属格 语气 :)A$?-0$ 4J=-5B$ ~A% 作格 吓 连词 心 '(He did not take anything because) he had been scared by the dragons and (had failed so) was (full of) self-contempt.' #R-:V$-$A?-:)A$?-0$-*J-<-2&$-0-.%-13-?R%-2?-<%-*A.-=-3,R%-(%-L?-(/?-&A-;%-3-]%?-2-)<J., 他是被(那 条)龙吓得自卑的呀！ (62) ka tʂʰə so DP dog three CL 4J=-5B$ HA tso ræ so chicken three CL $?3 5.-5B$ L-2R 连词 狗 tso 词 ha lɛ so cat $?3 5.-5B$ 8A-= 词 tso three CL $?3 5.-5B$ 词 (63) tʰɛ ko li ɕy he give back went #R !J< KA< KA/ 他 给 回 去 'Then (the lord's family) gave him three dogs, three chickens and three cats and he went back (to his home).' .J-/?-(o=-2R-5%-$A?-)#R-=-HA-$?3-.%-L-2R-$?3, 8A-=-$?3-LA/-0?-(#R-)KA<-(;=-=-)KA/-0-<J., (君王家)把 A 条狗, 和 给了他，(他)就回去了。 ȵi11 mi44 go44 pa53 = 'heart fall' or 'self-contempt'. •214• (64) te li dʑy te DP back come DP do mo ʁo ha ta ji po po here ta ji mountain above LOC +-; <A-2R $/?-$8A $/? 儿 达 山 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R% 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ 连词 回 来 连词 ,R$-+ 面 tɕʰə ta from 格 (65) li ʙu ɕɛ te kʰa ro kʰa roA ŋu S S say #-<:R 2>. tʰi so tʰi ga te jo after DP SELF li ʙu eJ?-KR$? 4J=-5B$ <%-*A. =:J-SR 5% 4J=-5B$ #-<:R 以 连词 自 连词 卡容 卡容 family DP 布 家 说 (66) lo li a GOAL back/again INT ɕy ŋu ndʑə do ritual if say curse :SA-5B$ (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 $=-+J =?-5B$ KA< 词 pi 疑问 做法 回 2>. 3/:-*J=-2 假如 说 咒 'Then (he) came back here atop ta11 ji11 Mountain and cursed, "Will we li44 ʙu55's family say 'kʰa44 ro55, kʰa44 ro55' and do rituals after (this) again?"'B .J-/?-#R-KA<-;R%-/?-<A-2R-+-;:A-!J%-.-%J.-=:J-SR-5%-$A?-.-/?-29%-#-<:R-#-<:R-9J<-/?-(R?-GA-(R-$-3A-12-&J?-3/:-*J=, 一回到达 山 就在山 咒道: “ 今以 , 布家 会念着'卡容, 卡容' 词做法的话(就会得到惩罚)!” A p ha 53 tsə53 chant differently when starting a ritual. kha44 ro44, kha44 ro44 are vocables li44 ʙu55 pha53 tsə44 pronounced to begin a ritual. B At this time, he killed all these chickens, dogs and cats and took a solemn oath to stop doing rituals by posing this rhetorical question atop ta11 ji11 Mountain. •215• (67) te ɛ qo li DP home back arrive DP to te mbʐə ŋgo ro wife sick PT /-2 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HA3-5% KA< ,R/-0 4J=-5B$ (%-3 连词 家庭 回 到达 连词 妻子 生病 去时 (68) tʰɛ tʂhə na ha lɛ tʙu he dog and cat kill #R HA3 .% 他 狗 8A-= 和 le ga ha ȵi mi ma xiA ji tɕa ka DP god easy in fact DP heart NEG $?R.-0 4J=-5B$ z ?J3? .$$-1 =?-a-3R .R/-.%R?-? 4J=-5B$ 杀害 连词 神 心 定 简单 原来 连词 'In fact, when (he) arrived back home (his) wife was sick (because the) god was unhappy (because) he killed dogs and cats.' .R/-.%R?-?-#R?-HA-.%-8A-=-?R$?-2?.-0?-z:A-;A.-3-.$:-2<-(#R-)KA<-,R/-.?-(#R:C-)(%-3-=-/-5-1R$-+-2&$ 原来，山神为 他 杀害狗和 的 为 愤怒, 回来 他的妻子 (69) te mɛ kʰa ma pi ma tʰa ro ka DP at a loss NEG do ritual NEG OK PT DP 4J=-5B$ ,2?-9.-0 .$$-1 (R?-GA-(R-$-12-0 .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 连词 没办法 定 做法 定 可以 去时 (70) kʰa ro kʰa ro ŋu pi ma ŋa kʰa ro kʰa ro say do ritual NEG dare AVM #-<:R #-<:R 2>. (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 .$$-1 1R.-0 LJ.-5B$ 卡容 卡容 说 A m̩ 做法 定 敢 副标 ȵi11 mi44 ma53 xi53 = 'the heart is not easy' or 'unhappy'. •216• 连词 生病了。 (71) so so la ndʐə so so la ndʐə A ŋu lo say GOAL back do ritual li pi ?:R-?:R-=-VJ 2>. =?-5B$ KA< 索索拉支 说 词 ro sə PT again (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 回 做法 去时 'Then (he) was at a loss for it was not OK to not do rituals but (he) didn't dare say ' kʰa44 ro55, kʰa44 ro55' and do rituals (because he had sworn not to) so (he) said, "so11 so11 la44 dʐə44" and did rituals back again.' .J- /?- (#R- =- ),2?- 9.- .J, (R?- GA- (R- $- 3- 12- /- 3A- :PA$- 3R., :R/- G%-( #R?-) #- <:R- #- <:R- 8J?-G%-:.R/- 3A- 1R.-0- !J, (o- 35/- #R?3/:-2*=-9A/,) .J-/?-#R?-?:R-?:R-=-VJ-8J?-2+R/-/?-;%-2*<-(R?-GA-(R-$-212?, 最 , (他)没 办法, (觉得) 做法(自 的妻子)就 了, 可 敢念'卡容, 卡容' 就念着'索索拉支'做法了。 (72) ka tʰɛ hĩ mbʐə tʰɛ ȵi pi le li DP he wife he ERG do ritual DP again well #R LJ.-1 (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ KA< 4J=-5B$ #R GEN :VJ=-1 (%-3 连词 他 属格 妻子 他 作格 做法 连词 回 kʰi ka DP )J-29%-.-?R%-2 4J=-5B$ 好转 连词 (73) mæ ka ma pi ro after DP NEG do ritual PT eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 :.?-5B$ 来 连词 定 做法 去时 'His wife was (made) well again by him doing rituals and (he) didn't do rituals after (that time).' #R:C-(%-3-(R?-GA-(R-$-212?-eJ?-)J-29%-.-?R%-2-.%-.J-/?-29%-(#R?-)(R?-GA-(R-$-3-212?, 他做法把妻子 A 治 好了就再也没 做法. Vocables pronounced at the start of a ritual. •217• (74) ka ɕə za ma pʰa DP mystical NEG able PT ro 4J=-5B$ /?-l=-3(R$-w/ .$$-1 ,2-0 :.?-5B$ 连词 神勇的 定 能 去时 'So (he) was not able to be mystical (anymore).' .J-/?-29%-(#R-)<%-/?-l=-3(R$-w/-8A$-G%-LJ.-3-1R., 以, ( 那以 , 他)就 能神勇了。 (75) ma pi le ma ɕə za su ma di m̩ NEG do ritual DP NEG mystical GEN NEG BE AVM .$$-1 (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 /?-l=-3(R$-w/ :VJ=-1 .$$-1 /A-1 LJ.-5B$ 定 做法 连词 定 神勇 属格 定 判断 副标 (76) tʂhə nda ræ dog kill chicken kill nda tʰi pʰæ mdʙu la mi ȵu su lo DET CL mistake MP HA $&R.-0 L-2R $&R.-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ /R<-:U= 狗 砍 砍 限词 词 错 finish GEN 5<-2 :VJ=-1 5B$-!J$? 完 属格 语气 'He lost the mystical power not because he didn't do the rituals, but because he mistakenly killed the dogs and chickens (when he took the oath on the mountain).' (#R?- )(R?- GA-(R-$-3-212?- 0<-/?- l=- 3(R$-w/-8A$- +- I<- 3-,2- 0- 3A/- 0- !J, (#R?- )HA- .%- L- 2R:A- YR$- $&R.- 0- /R<- :O=- 8A$-;A/- 0->J?-0:A-KA<, 是因为(他) 做法 神勇, 是错在(他)杀狗, 杀 •218• 的那点 的。 (77) li ʙu ka a mi na DP now we li ʙu %-5S =:J-SR 4J=-5B$ .-v 连词 现在 们 ɕɛ pi lineage do ritual HA3-o. 布 家族 ha ma pi also NEG do ritual (R?-GA-(R-$-LJ.-0 G% 做法 .$$-1 (R?-GA-(R-$-12-0 连词 定 做法 (78) ka pʰa tsə ha ma dʑo su dja le DP pʰatsə NEG EXT GEN BE MP also 4J=-5B$ z-2 G%-,:% .$$-1 =?-3,/ :VJ=-1 /A-1 连词 帕仔 也 定 在 5B$-!J$? 属格 判断 语气 'So now we (members of the) li44 ʙu55 lineage, do rituals... also do not do rituals and also have no pʰa53 tsə53.' .J-2?-.-v-%-5S-=:J-SR-HA3-o.-:.A?-(R?-GA-(R-$-3A-12-0-=-z-2:%-3J.-.R, 以, 现在, 们 布家族 做法也没 帕仔。 •219• MONSTERS AND HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS THE SEVEN DAUGHTERS a44 ma55 do53 dʐə53 (1) ʁo da zə mi ʂə te ancient DP girl ja seven CL $/:-}-3R 4J=-5B$ 2-3R ta ti EXT like this one 5.-5B$ =?-3,/ :.A-:S 2./ 连词 女儿 七 前 dʑo 词 在 样 jy dʑo CL EXT $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-3,/ 词 一 在 'In ancient (times), there was one family of seven girls, like this.' $/:-}-3R<-2-3R-2./-;R.-0:A-HA3-5%-8A$-;R., 前, 一户(人家) 七个女儿。 ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ te su old man DET CL DP others LOC c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ $8/-0 $/?-$8A 3R-:.J2?-0 (2) 老头子 限词 pæ tsʰə qə˞ zə mi tʰi 词 连词 别人 格 ʂə lo ʂa ȵu kill after DP you girl DET HR. 2-3R %J?-5B$ 2./ 你 女儿 限词 七 ja seven CL 卦 te 5.-5B$ $?R.-0 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 词 杀 连词 (4) nu ʑi you son li hĩ pʰa sə back/again stand/EXT able still HR. 2 你 儿子 回 KA< ŋu say =%?, ;R.-0 ,2-0 .-<% 2>. 立/ 能 再 •220• te fortune-tell went DP (3) nu ɕy 说 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 去 连词 'The old man went to others for fortune telling, then (the fortune teller) said, "If you kill your seven girls then you still will be able to have sons again." c.-0R-:.A-3A-$8/-?<-3R-:.J2?-?-KA/, (3R-2?-2>.-o<,) $=-+J-HR.-GA?-<%-$A-2-3R-2./-0R-2?.-/-HR.-=-.-<%-2-(*J-)0:A-(<J2-;R.-)&J?-2>., 老头子 掉 到别人那儿去算卦, (算卦的人)说: “你把 女人的爸爸 ,你 七个女儿杀 男孩。” 能 (5) mæ te later DP ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ te old man DET CL DP eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 连词 老头子 限词 词 连词 (6) zə mi tʰi ʂə girl DET seven CL 2-3R %J?-5B$ 2./ ja tʰɛ ȵi tɕy ɕy he ERG cheat went DP LJ.-1 3$R-{R<-$+R%-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R 女儿 限词 七 词 他 作格 骗 去 ka 连词 (7) o ljo fu tɕə bɛ up there onion pull up go ;<-/ 面 ŋu ka say DP 4S% :,J/-0 :PR 2>. 4J=-5B$ 葱 拔 去 说 连词 (8) m̩ le thso ro mi ɕɛ deceive DP tʰso ro mi family PER 3$R-{R<-$+R%-2 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J 骗 连词 措 米 ko tʰo tʙu dzə hĩ ŋu ABS kill eat say/want PER 5% {=-5B$ 12-5B$ $?R.-0 9-2 {=-5B$ 2>. 家 祈使 肯定 杀 •221• 祈使 说/想 (9) ka tɕy ɕy DP cheat went 4J=-5B$ 3$R-{R<-$+R%-2 KA/-0 连词 骗 去 'Later the old man cheated the seven daughters by saying "(Let's) go pull up onions" and (they) went (because he wanted tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's family) to kill and eat (them) so (he) cheated (them) and (so they) went. eJ?- ?, 2- 3R-2./- 0R<- c.- 0R?- 3$R- {R<- 2+%- /? -(%- 5S- )- 4S%- aR$-+- :PR- 8J?- 5?- 0- !J, o- 35/- #R?- <%- $A- 2- 3R- i3?- 5S- <R- 3J- =- 9- <:)$-2?3?-0:R, 来, 老头骗七个女儿说: “( 措容米)杀来 们)去拔葱 !” (他)想把(他们)骗到措容米家, (让 掉。 (10) tʰɛ ȵi tɕy ɕyA le ʁu ʂə ha ŋgo lo tɕʰə he ERG cheat went DP first here knee #R LJ.-1 3$R-{R<-$+R%-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ ,R$-3 :.A-/ 0?-3R 他 作格 骗 连词 开始 去 儿 膝盖 (11) pæ to ɕy LOC reach went DP $/?-$8A ,R/-0 格 ha a wo fu tɕə ʁa ro father onion pull up time to FT KA/-0 4J=-5B$ A-1 4S% :,J/-0 </-0 3-:R%?-2 拔 该 未时 到达 去 连词 爸爸 葱 lo ŋu te a qæ tʰi pʰæ te qʰa MP say DP MP DET CL DP where EXT (12) 5B$-!J$? 2>. 4J=-5B$ 5B$-!J$? %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ $%-/ 语气 A 说 连词 语气 限词 词 连词 哪儿 ɕy53 indicates a completed action. •222• dʑa =?-3,/ 在 (13) sə le a sa ʁu still MP later backpack also make carry .-<% 5B$-!J$? eJ?-? 语气 ɕə ɕə ha +-=J/ 来 背包 hũ hũ hũ sə need still G% 29R-2 :#<-2 .$R? .-<% 也 做 背 需要 要 (14) na dʐə ki pæ we/our belt/waist LOC %-5S sə ȵi reach only after pull up say $/?-$8A ,R/-0 {-<$? 们 to 格 腰带 $8A-/? 到达 才 ŋu tɕə :,J/-0 2>. 拔 说 '(The seven girls) were cheated by him and (the girls) said, "Father, Father, it's time to pull up the onions when (the water they were standing in) reached (their) knees," but (Father) said, "Oh, it is a little thing, later (we) also need to make backpacks to carry (the onions back home) and we will pull up (the onions) only when (the water) reaches your waists."'A 2-3R-2./-0R<-#R?-3$R-{R<-2+%-2-.%-, (-#R-5S:C-0?-3R:C-353?-?-2aJ2?-.?-2-3R-5S?-A-1-=$?, 5S%-:,J/-0:A-.?-=-,R/-8J?2>., .J-/?-#R?-.J<-*R/-3A-:.$ %-5R?-4S%-G%-:#<-/?-KA<-:PR-.$R?-KA<-(-%-5S:C-{J.-0<-aJ2-.?-.-29R.-4S%-:,J/-0<-LJ.-&J?5?, (七个女儿)被他骗了出来, (他让那七个女儿站在一个水池 灌水, )开始, (水 (葱)了,” (老头 )到(那七个女儿的)膝盖 )说: “ , , 自 往 面 时(女儿们)说: “爸爸, 爸爸, 该拔 嘛, 过一会儿再 ！等一会儿, ( 们) 需要 背(葱)背兜(回去), (等水)到腰间才去拔。” (15) ha to ɕy here reach went PT :.A-/ ,R/-0 KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ A-1 儿 到达 去 A ro 去时 a wo DP father pull up OK 连词 tɕə ʁa ha :,J/-0 爸爸 拔 ro lo ŋu PT MP say </-0 :.?-5B$ 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 该 去时 语气 说 The seven daughters were standing in a pond and their father was adding water to the pond to drown his daughters. This is not mentioned in the story, but understood from repeated telling. •223• (16) te ma ʁa sə na ja dʙu qʰæ ji kʰv̩ DP NEG OK still we armpit under reach only after pull up say 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 :PA$-0 .-<% %-5S 3(/-#$ :R$ $8A-/? 连词 定 该 们 腋 sə ȵi to ,R/-0 面 到达 才 tɕə di :,J/-0 2>.-0 拔 说 '(When the water) reached here (waist high, the girls) said, "Father is it OK to pull up (the onions)?" but (the father) said, "It is still not OK, we will pull up (the onions) only after (the water) reaches under (your) armpits."' ((-{J.-0:A-353?-?-)2aJ2?-.?, (2-3R-5S?-)A-1-=$?, A-1-=$?, (4S%-):,J/-</-?R%-8J?-2>., :R/-G%-(#R?-).-<%-3A-(R$ ((-)%-5S:C-3(/-:R$-+-aJ2-.?-.-29R.-:,J/-8J?-2>., (水)到(腰间)了, (女儿们)就说: “爸爸, 该拔了吗低”可是(爸爸)说: “ (等水)到腋 该拔, 。” 才去拔 (17) te tæ ræ pæ to sə later DP neck reach only after pull up say eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ {J LOC $/?-$8A ,R/-0 来 连词 脖子 格 tɕə ŋu a sa $8A-/? 到达 才 te DP :,J/-0 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 拔 说 连词 'Later (Father) said, "(We will) pull (onions) up only after (the water) reaches to (your) necks."' eJ?-?-(#R?-)2>.-o<, ((-%-5S:C-{J-<-aJ2-)/-.-29R.-:,J/-8J?-2>.-/?-3$R-2{R<-2+%-, 来, (爸爸)说(水)到脖子 才拔。 (18) zə mi tʰi ʂə girl DET seven CL 2-3R %J?-5B$ 2./ 女儿 限词 七 ja m̩ tʰɛ ȵi AVM he 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ #R la ERG OTM LJ.-1 ;=-5B$ 词 副标 他 作格 宾标 •224• (19) ti ly ʁo woŋ sə pi tsa we/our fish pond these one CL LOC drown die finish/all %-5S na jy 们 tʰa tʰi ki * mA%-2 :.A-5S $&A$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A (<-LA%-0 >A-2 鱼 塘 一 词 格 淹 5%-3 死亡 完 'All seven girls were drowned to death (in a pond), one like our fish pond, by him.' %-5S:C-*-mA%-:S-2:A-mA%-2-8A$-+-2-3R-2./-0R-#R?-(<-LA%?-?-2&$-/?->A 他把七个女儿淹死在一个鱼塘 了, 就是 门今 的 种(鱼塘) 。 (20) ti ja ka li one CL take out back come one $&A$ 5.-5B$ (-=?-;<-=J/-0 KA< 一 词 捞 回 dʑy ti ja la qæ lɛ ji le CL OTM tickle say MP ;R%-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ 9-:U$-aR%-2 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 来 一 词 宾标 挠痒痒 说 语气 '(It was) said that (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) took (the girls) one (by one) out of the water and tickled (them) one (by one).' (5S-<R-3J-;A?-2-3R-.$-)<J-<J-28A/-(-=?-;<-=%?-/?-<J-<J-28A/-9-:U$-2a%?-0<-P$?, 据说, ((措容米 池塘 把她们) 一个个地捞 来, 并且一个个地挠痒痒。 (21) ma mʙu ly tʰi ja sə ȵi NEG move CL only after take/bring back went DET .$$-1 :$=-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ $8A-/? 定 动 限词 词 才 la li ɕy :#<-2 KA< KA/-0 背 回 去 '(tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) only took back (to their home) the ones only after (the bodies) didn't move.' (5S-<R-3J-;A?-):$=-o-3J.-0:A-(2J3-0R-)i3?-$8A-/?-HA3-.-#<, (措容米) 把那个一动也 动的背回去。 •225• (22) zə mi a ȵo tʰi girl youngest DET 2-3R (%->R? 女儿 幺/小 ja te ma ʂə qo te CL DP NEG die DP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 >A-2 4J=-5B$ 限词 连词 词 连词 定 死 (23) ma ha ʙu ly ma ha qʰa tʂa NEG DP move NEG DP make noise AVM DP m̩ .$$-1 4J=-5B$ :$=-2 .$$-1 4J=-5A$ :<-1-$+R%-2 定 连词 动 ka LJ.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 定 连词 出声 副标 连词 (24) tsʰo ro mi ȵi ji xa m̩ all AVM tsʰo ro mi ERG 5%-3 LJ.-5B$ 5S-<R-3J 都 LJ.-1 副标 错容米 ɕy vo ta le li carry DP back went PT :#<-2 4J=-5B$ KA< 作格 扛 连词 回 ro KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 去 去时 'The youngest girl was not dead but neither moved nor made noise; tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 carried all (these girls) back (to their home).' 2-3R-(%->R?-.J->A-3J.-3R., :R/-G%-3R-:$=-o-3J.-=-:<-1-1R$-o-;%-3J.-0?-5S-<R-3J-;A?-.J-5S-5%-3-(;=-=-)#<-?R%-, 小女儿本来没 死， 但她 动也没 (25) væ qæ tʰi ki te tʙu dzə pi tsa others DP kill eat these finish 3A-$8/ :.A-5S 4J=-5B$ $?R.-0 9-2 5<-2 别人 连词 杀 完 •226• 出声 以都被错容米扛回去了。 (26) zə mi a ȵo tʰi girl youngest DET 2-3R (%->R? 女儿 幺/小 ja na na li ndʑə CL only ro leave/left PT ji so say MP %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R-/ =?-0 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 限词 留 去时 词 说 语气 'It was said others were killed and eaten (by tsho11 ro44 mi11) and only the youngest girl was left.' (2-3R-)$8/-i3?-(5S-<R-3J-);A?-2?.-.J-9R?-0-.%-2-3R-(%->R?-$&A$-0-z$-:.$-0<-P$?, 说是别的(女儿)都被杀来 了, 就 剩 那个小女儿。 (27) te tʰɛ hĩ DP she GEN 4J=-5B$ 3R a ja mo hĩ ja ʁu dʑa tʰi ki o ba tʰɛ sister jewel these all :.A-5S 5%-3 3R GEN :VJ=-1 YA%-3R :VJ=-1 {J-o/ 连词 她 属格 属格 链 都 pa te she EXT 她 =?-3,/ 4J=-5A$ 在 (28) tsʰo ro mi ɕɛ zə mi tʰi ja te tʰi ki mo ka CL DP these admire DP tsʰo ro mi family girl DET 5S-<R-3J HA3 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ :.A-5S 措容米 家 女儿 限词 词 连词 ;A.-(R/-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ 羡慕 (29) a we na ȵi kv̩ ta qæ S we two CL change INT $*A? 5.-5B$ 2eJ-<J? :2R.-1 %-5S 格 们 词 换 a qæ di shall say :SA-5B$ (R$-0 2>.-0 疑问 可以 说 •227• DP 连词 连词 'She had all her sisters' jewels, and the daughter of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's family admired these (her jewels) so (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's daughter) said, "a44 we55, shall we two change (our jewels)?"'A (3R-=-)3R:A-A-&J-5S:C-{J-o/-5%-3-;R.-0?, 5S-<R-3J-5%-$A-2-3R-.J?-3R-=-;A.-(R/-L?-0-.%-2>.-o<, %J.-$*A?-GA?-2eJ-<J?-L?-/-)A- :S-:.$-9J<, 她 们的 以措容米家的女儿羡慕地说: “ 链, , 俩可以换吗?” (30) te nu jo tʰi ki DP you SELF these ȵu te need DP 4J=-5B$ HR. <%-*A. :.A-5S .$R?-0 4J=-5B$ 连词 你 需要 连词 自 (31) na ȵi kv̩ jy ro we two CL bedroom change tonight say %-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ *=-#% tæ qæ 词 寝室 们 ta hũ di 2eJ-<J? .R-.$R% 2>.-0 换 今晚 说 '(The youngest girl said), "If you need these, my (jewels), then we two can change bedrooms tonight."' (2-3R-.J?-)2>.-o<, $=-YA.-HR.-=-:.A-.$-.$R?-5J-%J.-$*A?-GA?-.R-/2-*=-?-2eJ-.$R?-9J<, (小女儿)说: “你需要 的话, 今晚 俩换睡觉的地方 。” (32) te nu jy ro DP you bedroom 4J=-5B$ HR. *=-#% 连词 你 A 睡觉的地方 ŋa tæ qæ I change INT % 2eJ-<J? :SA-5B$ :.R.-0 换 疑问 愿意 a qæ would a44 we55 = a sound suggesting a person wants to make a transaction with another person. •228• (33) jy ro ŋa tæ qæ bedroom I change DP *=-#% % 2eJ-<J? 4J=-5B$ % 换 连词 睡觉的地方 te ŋa tʰi ki nu I these you give say :.A-5S HR. !J< 2>.-0 你 给 说 ko di 'Then (the younger sister continued and) said, "Would you change bedrooms with me? Change bedrooms with me, then I (will) give (you) these (jewels)."' (3R?-3-3,.-.-)2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-%-.%-*=-?-2eJ-/-%?-.-29R.-HR.-=-:.A-.$-!J<-9J<, (小女儿继续) 说: “你跟 换睡觉的地方吗？换睡觉的地方的话 给你 (34) te tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja dja ŋu ka DP tsʰo ro mi DET CL BE think DP 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ /A-1 连词 措容米 限词 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 词 判断 说 连词 (35) na zə mi tʰi ja da tæ qæ our girl DET CL DAT change PT %-5S 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 们 女儿 限词 词 2eJ-<J? 格 换 ro ji say :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 去时 说 'Then tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's daughter) thought it was right and said, "Yes," and changed (bedrooms) with the girl, our (girl).' .J-/?-5S-<R-3J-;A-2-3R?-.J-(R$-$A-8J?-2>.-/?-#R-$*A?-GA?-*=-?-2eJ?, 然 , 措容米(的女儿)以为是真的就跟 们的小女儿换了。 •229• 。” (36) ȵu tæ qæ te change after DP eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 2eJ-2 连词 换 (37) tʰɛ hĩ zə mi tʰi ja ly ta dʑy they GEN girl CL watch DP come PT #R-5S :VJ=-1 2-3R DET %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ v-2 他们 属格 女儿 限词 ro ji say 4J=-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 词 看/ 连词 去时 说 'It was said that later (they) changed (bedrooms, but tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's family) thought this (the girl) was the only one (they had got) and (they) watched (the daughter) and came to their daughter when (they) wanted to kill the girl (the youngest daughter) to eat.' (#R-$*A?-GA?-*=-?-)2eJ?-eJ?, 5S-<R-3J?-(<%-*A.-GA-2-3R-#R-<%-5S?-#<-;R%-2:A-2-3R-(%->R?-.J-<J.-2?3?-/?-)3R-$?R.-.-;R%-, , (措容米家想杀那个女儿) 就 说是换了(地方)以 来到她的 间。 着他们(自 (38) tsʰo ro mi ɕɛ zə mi tʰi ja te CL DP tsʰo ro mi family girl DET 5S-<R-3J HA3 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 措容米 家 女儿 限词 词 连词 (39) a wo a wo ŋu father father say A-1 A-1 te nɛ a wo DP your father down there far away EXT 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ HR. 爸爸 爸爸 说 A-1 连词 你们 爸爸 o mo 3<-/ 面 •230• ho dʑo ,$-<A% 处 =?-3,/ 在 )的那个女儿 (40) ma ja ŋu ma ja mother mother say A-3 te nɛ ma ja DP your mother down there far away EXT 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ HR. A-3 o mo A-3 面 ŋu dʑo say =?-3,/ 2>.-0 ,$-<A% 3<-/ 连词 你们 说 ho 在 处 说 (41) ȵi mæ daughter they ERG catch DP 2-3R LJ.-1 29%-2 4J=-5B$ $?R.-0 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 ka tʰɛ zə mi DP they 4J=-5B$ #R-5S tʰɛ #R-5S 连词 他们 女儿 他们 作格 抓 le tʙu ro ji kill PT say 连词 杀 去时 说 'It was said that the girl of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's family said, "Father, Father," then (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said, "Your father is far away." The girl of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's family said, "Mother, Mother," then (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said, "Your mother is far away," and caught their own daughter and killed (her).' (5S-<R-3J-5%-$A-2-3R-.J?-A-1, A-1-8J?-2R?-0-/, (5S-<R-3J-;A?-HR.-GA-)A-1-o%-.-;R.-&J?-2>., (5S-<R-3J-;A-2-3R?-)A-3, A-3-8J?2R?-0-/, (5R-<R-3J-;A?-HR.-GA-)A-3-o%-.-;R.-&J?-2>.-.J-#R-5S:C-2-3R-#R-5S?-29%-/?-2?.-0-<J., 措容米家的那个女儿喊道: “爸爸！爸爸！"(措容米 很 的地方 (她)喊道: “ 地方,” 就把他们(自 ! )说: “你的爸爸在那很 !” (措容米)说: “你的 在那很 )的女儿杀了。 (42) mæ ti ʂo te tʰɛ zə mi tʰi ja da lo tɕə later one CL DP they girl DET CL DAT get up eJ?-? $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ #R-5S 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ =%?-0 来 一 词 连词 他们 女儿 限词 •231• 词 格 床 很 的 (43) ʂə pʙuA da lo ŋu ha li say DP back NEG meat send come MP > ;R%-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ KA< 来 语气 *J=-2 肉 连词 说 ma sə sə ji know still say .$$-1 >J?-0 .-<% 2>. 定 知道 回 说 'It was said, later, at one (o'clock) the next morning, (the tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 parents) got up and called their daughter, "Come send meat," but (the parents) still didn't know (that they had killed their own daughter).' KA-*A/-/%?-3R<, (5R-<R-3J-5%-$A-1-3-$*A?-);<-=%?-/?-(HA3-35K?-i3?-=-)>-*J=-.->R$-&J?-(<%-$A-2-3R-)2R?-3R., :R/-G%-(#R$*A?-GA?-<%-$A-2-3R-<%-$A?-2?.-0-).-<%->J?-3J., 第 早 知道(自 , (措容米)对他们自 把自 的女儿说: “ 来, (去给邻居家们) 肉,” 时 的亲生女儿杀了) 。 (44) na zə mi tʰi ja te qv̩ ka CL DP afraid DP we/our girl DET %-5S %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 0$-0 2-3R 们 词 女儿 限词 4J=-5B$ 连词 害怕 连词 (45) ŋa hɛ mbɛ I stomach one/a NEG % 1R-2 $&A$ .$$-1 29%-2 肚子 一点 定 好 ti pʰæ ma kʰi ʂə ʂə good/well little ŋu ka say DP &%-43 2>.0 4J=-5B$ 点 说 连词 (46) lo tɕə da ma get up come NEG na would =%?-0 ;R%-2 .$$-1 :.R.-0 床 来 定 肯 A pʙu11 = send. It is customary to send meat to other homes when a family has meat. •232• 'Our girl was afraid and said, "My stomach is a little bit unwell," and (she) would not get up and come.' %-5S:C-2-3R-:.A-0$-/?-%:A-1R-2-/-:.$-&J?-2>.-.J-=%?-3-1R.-0-<J., 们的小女儿害怕地说: “ 肚子 点 舒服,” 就 肯 来。 (47) mæ sə ȵi lo tɕə later only get up come DP eJ?-? $8A-/? =%?-0 ;R%-2 来 才 dʑy te 4J=-5B$ 连词 床 来 (48) ʂə qæ le meat scoop DP tʰɛ ko she ABS bo ka ɕy vi hĩ ro neighbor divide went PER 12-5B$ HA3-5% > :(-2 4J=-5B$ 3R 肉 舀 连词 她 肯定 家 PT KA/-0 {=-5B$ :.?-5B$ 2$R-0 去 祈使 去时 '(She) only got up and came later, and (the parents) scooped meat and ordered her to divide (it) for the neighbors.' eJ?-?, (3R-3=-=?-)=%?-=, (5S-<R-3J-5%-$A-1-3-$*A?-GA?-)>-2&?-/?-3R-=-LA/-!J-3HA3-5K?-5S<-(>-)2$R-<-2&$ 来时, (措容米)舀肉给她, 并让她去 来才 给邻居家。 (49) ti qʰa qæ one CL scoop she give down $&A$ 5.-5B$ :(-2 一 词 舀 tʰɛ 3R ko !J< 她 给 o mo tʰi jy ɕɛ hũ ma ŋu DET CL family give go MP say pa 3<-/ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ HA3 面 限词 !J<-2 ?R% 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 词 家庭 给 去 语气 说 '(The tsho11 ro44 mi11 mother) scooped one ball (of soup made of their cooked daughter) to her and said, "Go give (this) to the family down there."' (5S-<R-3J-5%-$A-A-3?-)*R$?-$&A$-2&?-/?-2>.-o<, :.A-1-$A:A-HA3-5%-.J<-!J<-.-?R%-9J<, (措容米) 舀了一盆 (肉) 给她说: “去 给那一家 •233• 。” (50) te rə gv̩ ti DP road/way one ȵu te to CL arrive after DP 4J=-5B$ =3 $&A$ 5.-5B$ ,R/-0 连词 路 一 te 4J=-5B$ eJ? 词 到达 连词 (51) ndzə bo ȵi o ba tʰɛ water/soup all she ERG ( 5%-3 3R 水/汤 都 mi ŋga pʰu ka pour SUF-COM DP LJ.-1 :LRR-2 :.?-eJ? 她 作格 倒 4J=-5B$ 体 连词 (52) ʂə tʰi ki o ba tʰɛ meat these all > 5%-3 3R :.A-5S 肉 都 ȵi she ERG LJ.-1 tʂʰa qʰa pæ lo tɕə skirt root GOAL pull (.-$;R$? 3,: =?-5B$ :,J/-0 她 作格 裙子 词 根 拉 (53) li dʑy ka back come DP la le tʂʰa qʰa pæ qv̩ mi OTM DP skirt root KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ 4J=-5B$ (.-$;R$? 3,: 回 来 连词 宾标 连词 裙子 根 ɕy ɕy GOAL fill =?-5B$ w$-0 词 装 'Then after (the daughter) arrived half-way, (she) pulled up the root (bottom part) of (her) skirt and she poured (out) all of the soup and took the meat and filled the skirt root.'A =3-2<-., 3R?-(>-)#-5%-3-KA-<-LR-2-.%-, <%-$A-(.-$;R$?-;<-:,J/-/?->-5%-3-(.-$;R$?-,R$-+-]$?, 走到半路 A 时, 她把汤都倒掉, 拉 裙子就把肉都往那 塞。 When she got half-way, she pulled up her skirt a bit above her belt, poured the soup out on the ground and put the meat in the small pouch she had formed with the skirt top. After she did this several times, the small pouch she had made was full of meat. •234• (54) qha ȵi jy m̩ pʙu le pʙu several families AVM send DP pi tsa 副标 家 te send finish after DP LJ.-5B$ *J=-2 4J=-5B$ *J=-2 5<-2 HA3-5%-:$: ȵu 连词 eJ? 4J=-5B$ 连词 完 (55) tʂʰa qʰa pæ qv̩ ha bʐə ro ji le PT say MP tʂʰa qʰa root also full O-# 3,: G% $%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 裙子 根 也 满 去时 语气 说 'It was said (the daughter was) sent and after finishing (being) sent to several families, the tʂʰa44 qʰa55 root was also full (of meat).' HA3-5%-:$<-2*=-5<-.?-(.-$;R$?-.-<%->-;A?-2v3?-:.$ 完 , (她的)裙子也(塞)满了(肉) 。 家 (56) ȵu te tʰɛ after DP she ERG 4J=-5B$ 3R eJ? ȵi LJ.-1 pʙu pi tsa ȵu te send finish after DP *J=-2 5<-2 连词 她 作格 完 eJ? pæ ro run PT ji so say MP 4J=-5B$ o$ :.?-5B$ 2>. 5B$-!J$? 连词 跑 去时 说 语气 'It was said then after (she) ran away after she finished sending (the meat).' 3R?-(>-)2*=-5<-eJ?-(3R-)VR?-LR=-L?-2<-P$?, 来, 她 完 跑了。 (57) pæ ȵu te run after DP tʰi tʰʙu te bo ka DET CL DP neighbor all o$ eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5S$ 4J=-5B$ HA3-35K? 跑 跑 连词 限词 词 连词 家庭 •235• ho ŋa hĩ a qʰʂə I GEN daughter 5%-3 % :VJ=-1 2-3R 都 属格 女儿 (58) ŋa ȵi la li I ERG OTM back kill % LJ.-1 ;=-5B$ KA< tʙu 作格 宾标 回 dzə ji tɕa ndɛ pɛA tʂʰə tɕʰə tɕʰə tɕʰə eat ndɛ pɛ dog untie in fact $?R.-0 9-2 .R/-.%R?-? 2.J-SJ. HA $+R%-2 杀 狗 放 原来 徳别 (59) ŋu ndɛ pɛ tʂʰə tɕʰə tɕʰə tɕʰə kʰv̩ m̩ ndɛ pɛ dog release/untie quick AVM say 2.J-SJ. HA3 $+R%-2 3IR$?-0R LJ.-5B$ 2>. 徳别 快 狗 放 副标 说 'At this moment, after (she) ran away, (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's parents) yelled, "All neighbors, I (unknowingly) killed my daughter and ate (her flesh); untie the ndɛ11 pɛ44 dogs, quickly untie the ndɛ11 pɛ44 dogs."' (3R- )VR?- LR=- LJ.- 28A/-0:A-{2?-:.A<, (5S-<R- 3J-5%-$A-1-3-$*A?-GA?- :<-2o2-/?- )2>.- o<, HA3-35K?-5S, .R/-.%R?-?-%?-<%- $A-2-3R-(/R<-:O=-|R?-)2?.-/?-(3R:C->-)9R?, M<-.-2.J-SJ.-HA-5%-3-$+R%-<R$?-9J<, 跑了以 (措容米)喊: “邻居们, 原来 把 的女儿杀了, 快放德别狗B，快放德 别狗(追她)。” (60) ndɛ pɛ tʂʰə hĩ hoŋ hĩ hoŋ ŋu ka dʑy ndɛ pɛ dog OP DP come PT OP say ro ji le say MP 2.J-SJ. HA =.-^R? =.-^R? 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 德别 拟声 拟声 说 狗 连词 来 去时 说 语气 'It was said that the ndɛ11 pɛ44 dogs came with the sound of hi11 hoŋ53 hi11 hoŋ53.' 2.J-SJ.-HA-.$-AR%-AR%-$A-1-.%-2&?-:R%?, 德别狗汪汪地 A 着来了。 ndɛ11 pɛ44 dogs are very big, strong and ferocious and appear only in folklore. B 传说中措容米养的一种犬。 •236• (61) dʑy te pæ come DP le tʰɛ run DP səA mæ mæ qa qa she close ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ o$ 4J=-5B$ 3R 来 连词 跑 连词 她 接近 kʰv̩ kʰv̩ tɕha nearly ALTIT quickly 1=-(J< 3%-^R? ,$-*J-2 3IR$?-0R 多 要 快 (62) tsʰo ro mi ʂə ȵi tsʰo ro mi meat/flesh two ndɛ qv̩ o tʰi CL throw there 5S-<R-3J > $*A? 5.-5B$ :1J/-0 .J-/ 措容米 肉 词 丢 那儿 tʰɛ pʰa te GOAL sow/strow DP 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ $+R<-2 词 连词 洒 (63) tʂʰə tʰi ki to to tɕʰa le dzə sə dog these fight DP eat HA h%-<J?-LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ 9-2 3%-^R? :.A-5S 狗 架 连词 ti ALTIT she one tsʰu run DP sə 她 一 m̩ ALTIT AVM $&A$ o$ 4J=-5B$ 3%-^R? 3R 多 pæ 跑 连词 多 LJ.-5B$ 副标 '(The dogs) came and nearly ran close to her, then (she) quickly strewed some of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's (daughter's) flesh there and these dogs fought to eat the (flesh) and (then she) ran a little bit again.' HA-i3?-2o$?-:R%?-/?-1=-(J<-3R:C-eJ?-(R.-3R., :R/-G%-3R?-3IR$?-0R<-5S-<R-3J-(5%-$A-2-3R:C-)->-hR$-:$:-.J<-:1%?-0-/-HA-.J5S->:A-!J%-.-lR.-0-L?-/?-2#., (德别狗)快要接近时，(小女儿) 时 (她) 快 块措容米的肉过去, 狗在争着 跑一会儿。 (64) qʰo pa le qʰo pa le ʂə chase DP chase meat/flesh finish after DP :.J.-0 4J=-5B$ :.J.-0 4J=-5B$ > 5<-2 追 连词 追 完 A DP 连词 肉 pi tsa ȵu te eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 连词 sə44 used three times refers to the actions of walking, beating and biting again and again. •237• (65) o mo ndzə bo ti down there water 3<-/ 面 one qʰæ ʁo dzo CL LOC bridge one ( $&A$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A 93-0 水 一 词 格 桥 ti tsʰu pæ to CL beside arrive/reach $&A$ 5.-5B$ :P3-. ,R/-0 词 边 一 到达 '(The dogs and tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) chased and chased and reached one (wooden) bridge beside one river after finishing (eating) the flesh.' (HA-.$-$A?-)>-9R?-5<-eJ?, (3R-);%-2*<-2.?-/?-(-2R-8A$-$A-:P3-.->A%-$A-93-0-8A$-;R.-?<-2aJ2?, (狗把她)追呀追, 肉 , 来到了河边的一座桥边。 完 (66) dzo tʰi bridge DET ȵi tso tʰɛ CL she ERG 93-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3R 桥 限词 LJ.-1 词 她 作格 (67) ti rə ka lo one side lo tsʰa GOAL lift ka pʰje o DP destroy there $&A$ KR$? =?-5B$ :.J$?-0 4J=-5B$ :)A$-0 一 边 词 抬 .J-/ 连词 那儿 mi tɕʰə GOAL SUF-COM =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 词 体 '(One end of the) bridge was lifted up by her (after she crossed to the other side and it fell) down (into the river) and was destroyed. 3R?-93-0:A-$J-$&A$-;<-2G$?-/?-(-/%-.-:1%?-+J-2>A$ 她(走过桥)把桥的一边抬 来, 掉了。 •238• (68) tʰi ʙu te other side DP pɛ rə ti ʙu ha dʑa te straw one CL here EXT DP 1-<R= 4J=-5B$ C-* 对面 连词 $&A$ 5.-5B$ :.A-/ 词 草 一 =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ 在 儿 连词 (69) tʰɛ ȵi she ERG LJ.-1 3R 她 作格 pɛ rə tʰi ʙu ʁo straw other side LOC C-* 1-<R= ɕy mi ka GOAL went DP $/?-$8A =?-5B$ KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 草 对面 格 词 dʑy dʑy 去 连词 (70) pʰɛ te ȵi pʰæ do mo li sash CL above back come out two {-<$? $*A? 5.-5B$ ,R$-+ 词 腰带 面/ KA< 3%R/-0 面 回 露出 'On the other side of (the river), there was one straw pile here and she went into the straw pile (to hide but) the two sashA ends came out (above the straw pile).' ((-2R:C-)1-<R=-/-C:AA-,A=-2-8A$-;R.-=, (河)对面 一堆 3R-.J-/%-.-&?-/?-2#.-3R., :R/-G%-(3R:C-){-<$?-GA-$J-$*A?-KA-<-3%R/-:.$ 草, 她钻 那堆 草, 腰带的两端露在(草堆的) (71) ndɛ pɛ tʂʰə tʰi ki te o ndɛ pɛ dog these DP MP 2.J-SJ. HA 4J=-5B$ 5B$-!J$? 德别 A 狗 :.A-5S 连词 语气 Many na53 mʑi53 women wear a sash with two triangular ends. •239• 面。 (72) tsʰə mi ha dʑy dʑy ro ʁa væ m̩ tsʰə mi also came out PT ro spring sowing time to PT 5B-3J G% 3%R/-0 :.?-5B$ 8A%-kR-2 </-0 :.?-5B$ 茨米 也 去时 该 去时 露出 春耕 (73) ji tɕa ŋu ka li in fact say DP back went PT .R/-.%R?-? 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ KA< 原来 说 连词 回 ɕy ro KA/-0 :.?-5B$ 去 去时 'These ndɛ11 pɛ44 dogs thought, "Oh, tsʰə11 mi44A also came out so it's time for spring sowing," and went back.' 2.J-SJ.-HA-:.A-.$-$A?-AR, 5B-3J:%-KA<-,R/-;R.-0?-.-8A%-kR-</-?R%-2?3?-/?-KA<-KA/-0-<J., 那 德别狗(见了腰带)就想: “ , 茨米也长出来了, 该春耕了!”就回去了。 (74) te na zə mi tʰi ja te ɕa ndjo le DP we girl DET CL DP pity 4J=-5B$ %-5S 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ ~A%-eJ-2 连词 A 们 女儿 限词 词 连词 可怜 DP 4J=-5B$ 连词 tshə11 mi44 = plant whose emergence in spring signals the time to begin spring plowing and sowing. The diameter of the leaf whorl above the ground is about that of a pencil and the leaves extend approximately ten centimeters above the ground. The roots of this plant are about the size of common electrical cord. The roots are collected in spring, taken home, washed and cut into pieces. It is not cooked. Salt and such spices as Sichuan pepper and chili may be added. This dish is eaten with rice and potatoes. •240• (75) tʰi tʰʙu te pæ le DET CL DP run DP li dʑy back come %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5A$ o$ 4J=-5B$ KA< :R% 限词 来 词 连词 跑 连词 回 'Then, at this moment, our girl, (how) pitiful (she was), ran back (away).' .J-/?-%-5S:C-*3?-(%-2:A-2-3R-:.A-(<%-$A-;=-=-)KA<-2o$?-:R%?, 时， 们可怜的小女孩跑了回来。 (76) saA vo ti jy ɕɛ hemp spin one CL family GOAL meet o$ 4J=-5B$ o$ 4J=-5B$ ?R-3-<-4 2o-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ HA3-5% =?-5B$ :U.-0 跑 连词 跑 连词 麻 转动 一 pæ le pæ run DP le run DP ʁu pʙu lo 词 家庭 词 碰到 (77) te tsʰo ro mi ti jy ɕɛ DP tsʰo ro mi one CL family BE 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J $&A$ 5.-5B$ HA3 连词 措容米 一 dja /A-1 ji tɕa ka fact DP 3-$8A 4J=-5B$ 词 家庭 判断 原来 连词 '(She) ran and ran, and then met one family spinning hemp but, in fact, it was one tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 family again.' (3R-)VR?-/?-3,<-HA3-5%-8A$-$A?-?R-3-<-4-2o-28A/-0<-U., :R/-G%-(3-$8A-).J-;%-5S-<R-3J:A-HA3-5%-8A$-;A/-:.$ (她)跑呀跑, 碰到一家纺麻的人家, 原来 A 是一家措容米。 sa11 has three meanings: (1) the hemp plant, (2) the outside part of the hemp and (3) clothes made from the hemp plant. •241• (78) tsʰo ro mi tʰi gv̩ tʰɛ tsʰo ro mi DET CL she DAT 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3R 措容米 限词 da =-.R/ 词 她 ʁa o nu nda ro MP you good very PT 5B$-!J$? HR. 29% @-&% :.?-5B$ 格 语气 你 好 去时 很 (79) nu ʁo ʁo jo you SELF help sa ti tʰʙu lo vo hemp one CL GOAL spin HR. <%-*A. <R$?-<3 ?R-3-<-4 $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ 2o-2 你 自 帮 麻 词 一 词 da come ;R%-2 转动 来 (80) jo ɕə ɕə dʐo ga tɕʰa SELF lunch CL <%-*A. SR?-) 5.-5B$ 29R-2 自 饭 le ndʐə make/cook DP da drink/eat come say 4J=-5B$ 9-2 词 做 ŋu / 连词 ;R%-2 9J< 来 说 'The tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 said to her, "Oh, it is very good of you, you come up to help spin hemp for one moment and I'll cook lunch to eat."' 5S-<R-3J?-3R-=-HR.-@-&%-29%-0R-:.$ HR.-GA?-%-=-<R$?-LR?-.%-%-?R%-/?-SR?-)-$;R-.R<-L?-/?-9-8J?-2>., 那个措容米对她说: “噢, 你() 来得 好了, 来帮 纺一 (麻), 饭来 。” (81) ka ɕy DP went/leave DP te go ʑi ja ȵa ŋga qʰʂəA ti ndɛ child CL nose shit one CL *$-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 屎 一 4J=-5B$ KA/-0 4J=-5B$ LA?-0 连词 去/走 连词 孩子 A 5.-5B$ $-2 词 鼻子 ȵa11 ŋga44 qʰʂə11 = snot. •242• 词 去做一点 (82) dzə le tʰɛ eat she side DP 9-2 4J=-5B$ 3R pæ to dʑy ji so arrive come say :P3-. aJ2-0 连词 她 边 MP 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? ;R%-2 到达 来 语气 说 'It was said after (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) left (to fix lunch), one child came and arrived at her side, eating one piece of snot.' (5S-<R-3J?-SR?-)-$;R-.R<-LJ.-.-)KA/-0-/-LA?-0-8A$-3R:C-:P3-.-:R%?-/?-$-=.-.3-2-8A$-9-28A/-.-2#., (措容米)走 , 一个孩子 着一块鼻屎来到她面前。 (83) your mother where went father where went say $%-/ 连词 你 a da KA/-0 A-1 哪儿 去 qʰa ŋu DP A-3 qʰa ɕy nɛ 4J=-5B$ HR. ma ja ɕy te te DP KA/-0 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ $%-/ 爸爸 哪儿 去 说 连词 (84) jo a da ma ja ʂu o ȵi there steam 4J=-5B$ t$? #R-5$ .J-/A _%?-24S-LJ.-0 连词 铁 那儿 蒸 te SELF father mother DP <%-*A. A-1 自 A-3 爸爸 pʙu ȵi metal steamer 卜尼笼 (85) nu tʙu you kill dzə ji ŋu eat say say HR. $?R.-0 9-2 2>.-0 2>.-0 你 杀 说 说 •243• 'Then (the girl) asked, "Where did your father go, where did your mother go?" then (the child) said, "My father and mother are steaming the metal steamer there and saying (they) will kill you to eat."' .J-/?, (2-3R-.J?-:SA-o<,) HR.-GA-A-1-$%-.-KA/, HR.-GA-A-3-$%-.-KA/-9J<, (.J-/?-5S-<R-3J:A-LA?-0-.J?-2>.-o<,) %:A-A-1-.%A-3-$*A?-GA?-HR.-2?.-/?-#R-5$-=?-_%?-24S-L?-/?-9-o-<J.-9J<, (她就)问: “你爸爸去哪儿了低 去哪儿了低” (小孩)说: “ 。” 备蒸笼, 说要把你杀来 (86) o pæ ro MP run PT sə again 5B$-!J$? o$ :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 语气 跑 去时 'Oh, (the girl) ran again.' AR, (2-3R-:.A)-;%-2*<-VR?, , (小女孩) 就跑了。 (87) te ʂə DP die almost AVM one qa qa m̩ ji tɕa pæ te CL run DP 4J=-5B$ >A-2 1=-(J< LJ.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ o$ 4J=-5B$ 连词 死 大概 副标 一 词 跑 连词 (88) sa nda ti hemp weave one jy ɕɛ ʁu pʙu ro CL family GOAL meet lo ?R-<R-3-<-4 :,$-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ HA3-5% =?-5B$ :U.-0 麻 编织 一 词 家庭 词 遇见 •244• PT sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 的爸爸 在准 'Then (she) ran for a period of time, (which made her) almost die and met again one hempweaving family.' (3R-)>A-=-*J-2:A-|R-/?-;.-43-2o$?-0-/-;%-2*<-?R-3-<-4-:,$-28A/-0:A-HA3-5%-8A$-.%-:U.-?R%-, 她气喘吁吁地跑了一会儿， 碰到了一家织麻的人家。 (89) sa nda ti hemp weave one ʁu pʙu te jy lo CL GOAL meet DP ?R-3-<-4 :,$-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ :U.-0 麻 词 纺织 一 4J=-5B$ 词 遇见 连词 ʁo ʁo ti tʰʙu lo one CL GOAL do (90) kʰv̩ m̩ da jo quick AVM come SELF help 3IR$?-0 LJ.-5B$ ;R%-2 副标 来 快 m̩ <%-*A. <R$?-<3 $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ LJ. 自 帮 词 一 词 做/ da come ;R%-2 来 (91) jo dʐo ga ɕə ɕə da SELF lunch make/cook come eat <%-*A. SR?-) 29R-2,$;R-.R< ;R%-2 自 做 饭 ŋu dzə da come say 9-2 ;R%-2 来 来 2>.-0 说 '(She) met one hemp-weaving family and (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said, "Quickly, come help for one moment, I will go cook lunch and bring (it here and we will) come to eat." ( 3R-;%-2*<-)?R-3-<-4-:,$-28A/-0:A-HA3-5%-8A$-.%-:U.-0-/, (?R-3-<-4-:,$-28A/-0:A-5S-<R-3J?-)3IR$?-0R<-%-=-<R$?-<3- LR?-.%-, %-SR?-)-$;R-.R<-LJ.-.-:PR-8J?-2>., 碰 一家织麻的人家, (门 做一点 饭来 的措容米)说: “快点来，帮 。” •245• 一 , 去 (92) te ta ti ja DP thus/like this one CL 4J=-5B$ :.A-:S $&A$ 5.-5B$ 连词 一 样 词 (93) ȵa ŋga qʰʂə na tʂʰə le and squeeze DP ha to here arrive come PT nose shit $- *$-0 .% 24B<-2 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ 鼻子 屎 揉 连词 和 dʑy ,R/-0 ;R%-2 ro sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 儿 到达 来 'Again, like this, one child squeezed a ball of snot, arrived and came here again.' ;%-2*<-LA?-0-8A$-$A?-$-=.-hR$-&A$-HJ<-/?-:.A<-;R%-, 然 , 一个 样的(小孩)揉着一块鼻屎来到 。 (94) ma di ro sə ŋu NEG right PT again say/think DP ka .$$-1 :PA$-0 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 2?3 定 对 去时 4J=-5B$ 连词 说/想 (95) pæ le run DP li dʑy te back come DP ɛ qo li to ro home back arrive PT o$ 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ HA3-5% KA< aJ2-0 跑 连词 回 来 连词 家 到达 去时 回 ji so say MP :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 说 语气 'Then (the girl thought) again it was not right and ran back and arrived back and came (to her) home.' ( .J-/?-2-3R-.J?-2?3-0<-:.A-);%-:PA$-3-?R%-~3-/?-KA<-2o$?-/?-<%-$A-;=-=-,R/, (小女孩)想: “ 对头了,” 就( 那户人家)跑回来就到了家。 •246• (96) ɛ qo li to ti home back arrive one ka mi ʑi mo ti ja ʂə qo night DP brother CL die $&A$ 35/-3R 4J=-5B$ 1-2R HA3-5% KA< ,R/-0 家 到达 一 回 ha $&A$ 5.-5B$ >A-2 连词 晚 one 词 死 一 'At (the) night (the daughter) arrived back at home; one (of her) brothers died.' (3R)KA<-(;=-=-),R/-0:A-35/-3R-.J<-(3R:C-)%/-8A$-:.?-?R%-, , (她的)一个 回到家的那个晚 死了。 (97) ʂə qo ȵu te die after DP >A-2 eJ? ũ ndʑə tʰɛ old man she back acknowledge NEG 4J=-5B$ c.-0R 3R ʐə li KA< na would .$$-1 :.R.-0 #?-=J/-0 连词 老头子 她 回 死 ma 定 想/肯 认 'After (her brother) died, the old man (Father) would not acknowledge her back (as his daughter).' (3R:C-%/-):.?-eJ?, (一个 A-1-.J?-(3R-<%-$A-2-3R-;A/-0-)#?-=J/-/-3-:.R., )死 , 爸爸 肯认她。 (98) mæ te ũ ndʑə te th e later DP old man DP she DAT eJ? 4J=-5B$ c.-0R 4J=-5B$ 3R 来 连词 老头子 连词 她 da tʰi like this say =-.R/ :.A-v< 格 'Later the old man told her like this…' eJ?-?-c.-0R-.J?-3R<-:.A-v<-2>., 来, 老头子给她 ji 样说。 •247• 样 2>.-0 说 (99) ʁu ʂə nu first you up there above o ljo .%-,R$ HR. 首 do mo tɕʰə ta ,R$-+ ;<-/ 你 from 面 /? 面 (100) ɕə ȵi tɕʰɛ tɛ ka mʙu lɛ o mo log two CL cut DP roll >A% $*A? 5.-5B$ $&R.-0 4J=-5B$ :PA=-2 3<-/ 词 砍 木头 mi tɕʰə down there GOAL SUF-COM 连词 磙 =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 词 面 体 (101) ha ba dʙy here flat place back EXT :.A-/ ,%-2.J-? KA< 地 回 儿 li dʑa te DP =?-3,/ 4J=-5B$ 在 连词 (102) ɕə tʰi ȵi tɕʰɛ li wood DET two CL back INT >A% %J?-5B$ $*A? 5.-5B$ KA< 木头 限词 词 回 a m̩ m̩ m̩ ŋu close MP say :SA-5B$ ,$-*J-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 疑问 合 语气 说 '(He) said, "First, you cut a log (into) two (pieces) and roll (them) down from up hereA and see if (the two pieces are) close (to each other or not) in a flat place (where they stop rolling)."' ,R$-3<, HR.-GA?->A%-^3-8A$-.3-2-$*A?-?-2+%-/?-:.A-/?-3<-:PA=-+J, .J-$*A?-,%-2.J-?-8A$-/?-#R.-.?1/-5/-=-,$-*J-3A/-vR?-9J<, (#R?- )2>.- o<, “首 , 你到(山) 头能 合在一 A 砍两节木头，(将他们 山坡山)滚 来, 到 地时看两节木 。” If the two pieces rolled down the mountain and stopped rolling so that the two sawed ends were against one another, it would indicate that she was his true daughter. •248• (103) m̩ m̩ ro ha ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ li close PT DP old man DET CL back acknowledge NEG ,$-*J-2 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ c.-0R 去时 合 ʐə %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ KA< 连词 老头子 限词 ma would .$$-1 :.R.-0 #?-=J/-0 词 回 na 定 想/肯 认 '(The two pieces of the log were) close (to each other but the) old man would not acknowledge (her) back.' (>A%-.3-.J-$*A?-1/-5/-=-),$-*J-3R., :R/-G%-c.-0R-.J?-.-<%-(3R-)#?-3-]%?, (两节木头)合(在一 )了, 但是老头子( 然) 肯认回(自 的女儿)。 (104) mæ te nu later DP ȵi ro tʰo you millstone two eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ HR. 连词 你 mo pha mʙu lɛ o mo CL roll $*A? 5.-5B$ <%-:,$ tɕʰə down there GOAL SUF-COM :PA=-2 3<-/ 词 石磨 mi 滚 面 =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 词 体 (105) ʁo te ha ba dʙy DP here flat place LOC 4J=-5B$ :.A-/ 连词 儿 ,%-2.J-? 地 li $/?-$8A a back INT KA< 方 词 回 m̩ m̩ m̩ ŋu close MP say :SA-5B$ ,$-*J-0 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 疑问 合 语气 说 'Later (the old man) said, "You roll two millstone halves down (into the valley) and see if (they) are back close to (each other) or not in the flat place."' eJ?-?-(c.-0R?-)2>.-o<, HR.-GA?-:,$-hR-$*A?-3<-:PA=-2<-L?-/?-(.J-$*A?-),%-2.J-?<-(1/-5/-=)=-,$-*J-3A/-vR?-9J<, 来, (老头子)说: “你( 合在一 山顶)往(山沟) 。” •249• 滚两半石磨, 看(它们)能 在 地 (106) li m̩ m̩ back close ʐə ro ha li PT DP back acknowledge NEG KA< ,$-*J-2 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ KA< 回 合 去时 连词 ma would .$$-1 :.R.-0 #?-=J/-0 回 na 定 想/回 认 '(The two millstone halves) were back close to each other but (the old man still) would not acknowledge (her) back.' ( .J-$*A?-1/-5/-=-),%-*J-;%-(c.-0R-.J?-3R-<%-$A-2-3R-;A/-0-.-<%-)#?-=J/-/-3-:.R., (两半石磨)合(在一 )了, 但是(他) 是 肯认。 (107) pʰu mi ly la kʰa ka pot CL OTM bake DP a-% 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ YJ$-0 4J=-5B$ 词 宾标 烤 连词 (108) tsa ræ ti ʙu pʰɕə o mi saliva one CL spit there GOAL SUF-COM 3(A=-3 $&A$ 5.-5B$ :1J/-0 .J-/A 水 一 词 tɕʰə =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 那儿 词 体 (109) vʐə da ɕy nu ŋa zə mi dja di bubble come if you I daughter BE :K<-2 2-3R /A-1 女儿 判断 说 泡 ;R%-2 $=-+J HR. 来 如 你 % •250• say 2>.-0 '(The old man) took a pot and baked (it) in the hearth and said, "Spit one (bit of) saliva down (into the pot and) if it bubbles, come then, you are my daughter."' ( c.- 0R-.J?-) a-%-8A$-( ,2-!<-)2YJ$?- /?-(2- 3R<-)2>.- o<, a- %- /%-.-3(A=- 3-&%- 43- 1R%?-8A$ $=- +J- .J- <-y- 2- :K<- ;R%- /- HR.-%:A-2-3R-;A/-9J<, (老头子在 )烤了一个 火 , 说: “往 一滴 水, 如 溢出来的话, 那你就 的女儿。” 是 (110) vʐə dʑy bubble come PT :K<-2 ;R%-2 泡/溢 来 ro ʐə ha li ma DP back acknowledge NEG :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ KA< #?-=J/-0 去时 认 连词 回 na would .$$-1 :.R.-0 定 想/肯 'Bubbles came (when she spat) but (her father still) would not acknowledge (her) back.' ( y-2-):K<-;R%-;%-(#R?-3R-<%-.-<%-)#?-=J/-/-3-:.R., ( 水)溢出来了, 但是(老头子) 是 肯认。 (111) te tʰɛ DP she mother DP 4J=-5B$ 3R ma ja A-3 连词 她 te ŋa zə mi I daughter your father also nɛ a da ha 4J=-5B$ % 2-3R HR. A-1 连词 女儿 你 爸爸 也 G% (112) nu li ʐə ma you back acknowledge NEG HR. KA< #?-=J/-0 你 回 认 na te mɛ kʰa ro would DP at a loss PT .$$-1 :.R.-0 4J=-5B$ ,2?-9.-0 :.?-5B$ 定 想/肯 连词 没办法 去时 •251• (113) ŋa ha da qʰa qo pʰu su ti ga ti ja vi I here all raise GEN one CL one CL divide you give % :.A-/ 5%-3 $?R-2 :VJ=-1 $&A$ 5.-5B$ $&A$ 5.-5B$ 2$R-0 HR. !J< 饲养 属格 一 你 给 儿 哪儿/ 词 一 词 nu ko (114) te ti tsu m̩ qʰa lo DP all AVM where GOAL make noise DP 4J=-5B$ 3*3-. LJ.-5B$ $%-/ 连词 一 qʰv̩ dʑy te 4J=-5B$ =?-5B$ :<-o$-0 副标 哪儿 词 连词 唤 (115) nu qʰa lo dʙu you where GOAL become/marry HR. $%-/ 你 哪儿 ma di MP say =?-5B$ :I<-2, $*J/-21A$? 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 词 为/ 婚 语气 说 'Then her mother said, “My daughter, your father also will not acknowledge you back (as his daughter, and I am) at a loss, so I will divide (our property) and give you one of each kind of all I raise here and then (you leave) and marry where all (the livestock) make noise."' (2-3R-.J:A-)A-3?-2>.-o<, %:A-2-3R, HR.-GA?-A-1?-G%-HR.-(<%-$A-2-3R-;A/-0-)#?-=J/-/-3-:.R.-0?-%-=:%-,2?-)?-3A-:.$ %?-:.A-/-(%-5S?-)$?R?-2:A-(|R-K$?-)<J-<J-HR.-=-2$R?-/?-!J<, .J-/?, (|R-K$?):.A-5S-5%-3?-(HA3-5%-)8A$-$A-(|R-#<-):<-11R$-0:A-$/?-8A$-+-HR.-<%-(:PR-353?-28$-/?-HA3-5%-.J:A-2-.%-)$*J/-1A/-LR?-9J<, 时候, 她 (无可 何地)说: “ 养的(家畜)一样给你 当(那家人的)媳 一个, ( 的女儿, 你爸也 肯认你就没办法了, 家畜)走到哪儿一 。” •252• 都 唤, 你就去那儿 (116) ɕy te went DP wa ma ji mi EXC house attractive KA/-0 4J=-5B$ :2R.-5B$ #%-2 去 连词 叹词 su dʑa nda ro to very LOC ha arrive DP ;A.-.2%-:UR$-0 @-&% $/?-$8A ,R/-0 格 子 漂亮/好看 很 4J=-5B$ 到达 连词 (117) ɣi na cow and qʰo ræ tʰi ki ja bæ qʰv̩ dʑy goat these half :.A-5S 2-3R .%-1 < 牛 和 羊 ja bæ ma qʰv̩ dʑy make noise half NET make noise KJ.-! :<-o$-0 KJ.-! .$$-1 :<-o$-0 一半 唤 一半 定 唤 '(She) went and, wa53 ma53,A arrived at (places where there were) very attractive houses, and half of the cows and goats made noise but (the other) half didn't make noise.' .J- /?- (3R-) =3-.-(?-=-#%-2-@-&%-;A.-.2%-:UR$-0-.$-;R.- 0:A- $/?-?- ,R/-0-/-2-3R-.%-<- H-KJ.- !?-:<- 1- 21$?-0-.%-KJ.!?-:<-1-3-21$?, (她)走 , 到了 唤。 很好看的 子的地方, 但是 牛羊一半 唤了, 一半没 (118) ka ɣi DP cow and na qʰo ræ tʰi ki mæ mbæ tɕə tɕə goat these later follow often/always :.A-5S eJ? eJ?-2~J$?-0 *A/-o/ 4J=-5B$ 2-3R .%-1 < 连词 牛 和 羊 面 跟随 是 'Later (she) always followed the cows and goats.'B eJ?-?-(3R-)g$-0<-2-3R-.%-<-3:A-eJ?-2~J$?-/?-?R%-, (她)总是跟随着那 A 牛羊(往前走去)。 An expression of surprise. She could not stop in these places because her mother had told her to marry in a place where all the livestock made noises. •253• B (119) te mbæ le DP follow DP ʁo o ljo up there LOC ma ndza ha dʙy ly kʰa rə corn shelter CL beside DP 4J=-5B$ :PR 4J=-5B$ ;<-/ $/?-$8A 连词 走 连词 方 词 玉米 面 te 5.-5B$ :P3-. 4J=-5B$ 3-kR?-=R-+R$ #%-2 词 旁边 连词 子 (120) ti ja ha li one CL also/even back NEG $&A$ 5.-5B$ G% KA< 一 回 词 也 ma ndʑə m̩ kʰv̩ dʑy ro leave/remain AVM make noise PT .$$-1 =?-0 定 留/剩 LJ.-5B$ :<-o$-0 :.?-5B$ 副标 去时 唤 'Then (the daughter) went and at one corn shelter, all the (the livestock) made noise without even one remaining (not making noise).' .J-/?-(3R-)KA/-/?-3-kR?-=R-+R$-$A-#%-2-8A$-$A-:P3-.-|R-K$?-5%-3?-:<-2o2, 跟到一个玉米杆(做 时, (那 的)茅屋门 牛羊)全部都 (121) ma ja ʂa te jo jo DP SELF mother SELF tell su ŋu GEN say/think DP 4J=-5B$ <%-*A. A-3 <%-*A. 2>.-0 :VJ=-1 2?3 连词 自 自 ka 4J=-5B$ 属格 说/想 说 连词 (123) ɣi na cow and qʰo ræ tʰi ki la ha tʰo dʑo hĩ goat these OTM here ABS EXT PER :.A-5S ;=-5B$ :.A-/ 2-3R .%-1 < 牛 和 羊 宾标 12-5B$ =?-3,/ {=-5B$ 儿 肯定 •254• 在 祈使 唤了。 (124) ɕy ka ha dʙy tʰi ly lo ly te DP shelter DET CL GOAL watch/see went DP 4J=-5B$ #%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ v-2 KA/-0 4J=-5B$ 连词 限词 去 子 词 词 看 连词 (125) a mi mo ŋa ʁu ta ta gv̩ old woman I like c.-3R :S-2 :.A-:S % 老婆婆 like this CL 像 样 da ha fo ji le only here sit say MP :.A-/ #R.-0 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 5.-5B$ #R-/ 词 是 儿 说 语气 'Then (she) thought, "My mother told me (that this place, where all the livestock make noise, is where I should stay)," and (she) left these cows and goats here, and went into the (corn) shelter to see (have a look) and there was only an old woman, like me,A sitting there.' .J- /?, (3R?- )2?3?- o<, %:A- A- 3?- %- =- (|R- K$?- 5%- 3?- 1- 1R$- 0:A- ?<- #R.- &J?- )2>.-9A/-~3- /?-(3R?- )2- 3R- .%- <- :.A- 5S$/?-.J<-2*<-/?-#%-2-.J-/%-.-v-2<-KA/-0-/, c/-3R-%-:S-2-8A$-($+3-o.-2>.-3#/-IA?-<%-*A.-.0J<-S%?-/?-5-2-).J<24S$-:.$ 于是, (她)想: “那是 给 说的,” 让牛羊停 个像 一样老婆婆 在 面。 , (自 走 )茅屋去看时 (126) nu ʑi te a zə DP mother-in-law you son a dʑo ŋu te INT EXT say DP 4J=-5B$ IR?-3R HR. 2-3R 连词 婆婆 你 儿子 疑问 A :SA-5B$ =?-3,/ 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 在 说 连词 The storyteller described the old woman in the story as being about her age. •255• 一 (127) ʑi te dʑo lo te son DP EXT MP DP 2 4J=-5B$ =?-3,/ 5B$-!J$? 4J=-5B$ 儿子 连词 在 语气 连词 (128) ʑi lɔ you our son watch/like come NEG HR. 2 v-2 nu ŋɛ %-5S 你 da ma ;R%-2 们 儿子 看 qæ pa di would MP say .$$-1 :2R.-5B$ 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 定 想 来 语气 说 '(The girl) asked, "Mother-in-law, do you have sons?" and (the old woman) answered, "(I) have a son but would you come to like our son?"' HR.-=-2-;R.-.3-8J?-SA?-0-/, (c.-3R-.J?-)2-;R., :R/-G%-HR.-%:A-2-=-v-2<-;R%-:.R.-.3-8J?-SA?, (2-3R-.J?-)IR?-3R-=$?, (小女儿)问: “婆婆, 你 的儿子 儿子吗低” (婆婆)说: “ 儿子, 但是你 会看 。” (129) a wa jo no mi EXC SELF your wife m̩ lo be MP :2R.-1 <%-*A. HR. (%-3 叹词 自 妻子 当 你 29R-2 5B$-!J$? 语气 (130) ʑi a dʑo su dja le ŋu te dʑo son INT EXT GEN BE MP say DP EXT say/answer 2 :SA-5B$ =?-3,/ :VJ=-1 /A-1 儿子 疑问 在 ŋu 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ ;R.-0 2>.-0 属格 判断 语气 说 •256• 连词 说 们 '(The girl) said, "a44 wa55, I will be your (family's) wife. Do (you) have sons?" and (the old woman) answered, "(I) have (a son)."' (2-3R?-)%-HR.-GA-2:A-(%-3-LJ.-o-;A/, HR.-=-2-;R.-.3-8J?-SA?-0-/, (c/-3R?-%-=-2-);R.-&J?-=/-2+2, (小女儿对老婆婆)说: “ 子呀?” (老婆婆)说: “ (会)当你们的 呀！ 儿 媳 的, (你)到 !” (131) gɛ ræ m̩ a sa te li dʑy ro DP back come PT ji le say MP real AVM later %R-3 LJ.-5B$ &%-43-:$R<-eJ? 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 真 副标 来 去时 连词 回 来 说 语气 'It was said (the son) really came back (home) later.' &%-43-:$R<-eJ?, (3R:C-2-)%R-3-KA<-(;=-=-);R%-2<-P$?, 来, (儿子)真的回来了。 (132) ʑi tʰi ja o mo son DET CL down there GOAL back come DP 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3<-/ 儿子 限词 词 lo li dʑy =?-5B$ KA< 词 面 回 te ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 来 连词 (133) la pʰa m̩ ha dʙy tʰi pʰæ lo li lɔ ka CL GOAL back watch DP lean AVM shelter DET ~J-2 LJ.-5B$ #%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ KA< v-2 4J=-5B$ 斜 副标 茅屋 限词 看 连词 词 词 回 •257• 没 儿 (134) li da ma back come NEG KA< ;R%-2 回 来 na ro ji so ʂa ndo ka would PT say MP shy DP .$$-1 :.R.-0 :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? %R-$/R%-2 4J=-5B$ 定 想/肯 去时 语气 说 羞涩 连词 'It was said the son came back from down there (at the doorway) and looked, leaning back into the shelter; (he) was shy and would not come back (inside).' 2-.J-3<-/?-;<-;R%-/?-%R-$/R%-!J, 3$R-2R-9<-$&A$-+-2~J?-/?-/%-.-v-28A/-#%-2:A-/%-.-;R%-3-:.R., 那个儿子 (门 )回来时, 斜着眼睛一看, (见了她)就羞涩得 肯回来。 (135) te su nu tʂʰə mi m̩ DP people/she you/your wife ji li make/be say da mɛ back come MP ŋu say 4J=-5B$ 3A, 3R HR. (%-3 29R-2 2>.-0 KA< ;R%-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 连词 人/她 你 妻子 当 说 来 语气 phɕə tɕʰy tʙu li dʑy bag back come 回 说 (136) te li dʑy te DP back come DP gi ʑi ti birds one 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ L $&A$ #$-3 连词 回 来 连词 一 trap fA-<-29%-2 KA< 包 /捕捉 回 ;R%-2 来 'Then (the old woman) said, "She says (she) will be your wife, come back (inside)," then (the boy) came back (inside) with one bag of trapped birds.' .J-/?-(c.-3R?-)3R-<%-HR.-GA-(%-3-LJ.-o-;A/-9J<, /%-.->R$-&J?-2>.-0-/, (2-.J?-)fA-<-29%-2:A-LJ:-#$-3-$%-HJ<-/?-/%-.:RR%?, (老婆婆) 说: “ 来呀! 人家说要当你的妻子,” 于是, 捉了一 •258• 来。 (137) te na zə mi tʰi ja ȵi mi DP we girl DET CL ERG fire GOAL make 4J=-5B$ %-5S 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 连词 们 女儿 限词 lo 3J tɕʰə =?-5B$ 29R-2 词 作格 火 词 生火 (138) a mi mo tʰi old woman DET ȵi gv̩ tʰɛ CL she ERG c.-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3R 老婆婆 限词 LJ.-1 ta ta le mi tʰi carry DP fire GOAL get warm 29%-2 4J=-5B$ 3J 词 她 作格 抓 ko =?-5B$ 3J<-YR-2 连词 火 词 gv̩ lo tɕə CL GOAL give to eat 烤火 (139) gi ʑi tʰi ki v̩ bird these roast DP L :.A-5S YJ$-0 4J=-5B$ c.-3R le a mi mo old woman DET 连词 老婆婆 烧 tʰi %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ !J< 限词 词 词 给 (140) te ɛ v̩ DP MP roast GEN le ŋu also tasty MP say G% 8A3-0R 5B$-!J$? 2>. qʰʂə ha tasty 4J=-5B$ 5B$-!J$? YJ$-0 :VJ=-1 8A3-0R 连词 语气 烧 su 属格 好 /香 也 qʰʂə 好 /香 语气 说 'Then our girl made a fire; carried the old woman to get warm by the fire; roasted the birds and gave (them to) the old woman to eat, and then (the old woman) said, "Oh, roasted (bird) is also tasty, tasty."' .J- /?- %- 5S:C- 2- 3R?- 3J- 2.- /?- c.- 3R- .J<- 3J<- YR- <- 2&$- 0- .%- , LJ:- .$- 3J- ,R$- +- 2YJ$?- /?- (c.- 3R<- )LA/- 0- /, (c.- 3R- .J?- )AR, (L->-)YJ$-3:%-8A3-0R-:.$-&J?-2>., 然 , 给她 们的那个小女儿(在茅屋 )生了火, 抱 稻(老婆婆)说: “啊！(原来)烧的( 老婆婆往火边烤, 烧了 物)也香香的呀!” •259• 肉(递) (141) mæ te tʰɛ jo jo ka nu later DP he DP you these eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ #R with tʰi ki 3*3-. 4J=-5B$ HR. 来 连词 他 跟 qʰa qʰa where :.A-5S $%-/ 连词 你 哪儿 (142) tʙu dʑy su trap come GEN dja ŋu te ʂo ma na BE say DP tell NEG would fA-<-29%-2 ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 捕捉 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 2>.-0 .$$-1 :.R.-0 属格 判断 说 来 连词 说 定 想/肯 Later (the girl) was with him (the boy) and asked, "Where did you trap these (birds)?" but (he) would not tell. eJ?-?, (2-3R-.J-2-.J-).%-3*3-.-#R.-.?, (3R?-)-HR.-GA?-:.A-5S-$%-/?-fA-<-29%-;R%-2-;A/-8J?-SA?-0-/-#R?-=/-3-2+2, 来，(她) 跟着他问: “你 在哪儿捕来的?”但是 (他) 是 肯说。 (143) ȵi ʁo mæ te tʰɛ later DP she ERG eJ? 4J=-5B$ 3R LJ.-1 la needle CL la le kʰi tʰo ly OTM DP string ball #2 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ 4J=-5B$ {.-hR$ 来 连词 她 作格 针 词 宾标 连词 线团 (144) ʁu ba zu ka top/end thread DP la tʰɛ ba la ka tʂhu ɕy OTM he cloth edge insert went PER H-2 3,: 24$?-0 KA/-0 {=-5B$ lJ-3R 2o?-0 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ #R 头/端 穿 连词 宾标 他 衣服 衣襟 插 •260• 去 hĩ 祈使 'Later she took one needle and threaded the string (from the) ball top and inserted (the needle) into his (upper) clothes' edge and let (the string follow the boy) and went (to the place where he had trapped the birds).' eJ?-?-3R?-#2-&A$-{.-hR$-&A$-$A-$J-3R<-2o?-0-.%-, ;%-#2-.J-#R:C-H-2:A-$J-3R<-24K3?-+J-:PR-<-2&$-0?-({.-0?-2-.J-:PR-?:A$/?-?-=3-8A$-29R?,) 来，她 一根针穿过一个线团的一端， 把针 插到他的衣襟 去。 (145) kʰi tʰo ly tʰi string ball DET ly la ɛ qo CL OTM home leave tɕə ta ka DP {.-hR$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ ;=-5B$ HA3 :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ 线团 限词 放 词 宾标 家 连词 (146) tʰɛ ɕy ti zə te kʰi he went as long as DP #R KA/-0 2<-. 他 去 要 tʰi string DET ly tʰɛ ȵi tɕə CL he ERG pull LJ.-1 :,J/-0 4J=-5B$ {.-0 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R 连词 线 限词 词 他 作格 拉 (147) le ɕy ɕy ɕy m̩ DP smooth ɕy tɕə tɕə AVM went often/always 4J=-5A$ :)3-0R LJ.-5B$ KA/-0 /3-;% 连词 慢慢 副标 去 总是 '(She) left the string ball at home and the string was always pulled and went smoothly with him as long as he went.' (3R?-){.-hR$-.J-HA3-.-28$-0-.%-, (#R-)$%-?<-KA/-/-{.-0-.J-;%-#R?-:,J/-/?-:)3-0R<-KA/-0-<J., 把线团放在家 , 要他一走, 根线也被他慢慢地拉走。 •261• (148) ɕy le to ro to tʰʙu te kʰi went DP reach LOC reach when DP string DET KA/-0 4J=-5B$ ,R/-0 $/?-$8A ,R/-0 去/走 连词 到达 格 tʰi {2?-? 4J=-5B$ {.-0 la CL %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 到达 时候 连词 线 限词 词 (149) ma ʙu ly m̩ NEG move AVM here ha .$$-1 :$=-2 LJ.-5B$ :.A-/ 定 动 副标 dʑa ro EXT PT =?-3,/ :.?-5B$ 在 儿 去时 '(He) went and reached the place (he should) reach, and when the string was here it didn't move (anymore).' #R-<%-*A.-:PR-?:A-$/?-?-,R/-.?-{.-0:%-3-:$=, (他)走到了该到的地方时, 根线一动也 动地停在那儿了。 (150) zə mi tʰi ja te kʰi girl DET CL DP string DET 2-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ {.-0 女儿 限词 tʰi la tʂo tʂo ɕy CL along went often tɕə tɕə %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 2o.-/? KA/-0 /3-;% 词 连词 线 限词 词 沿着 去 一直 (151) te o tjo hæ̃ pʰu ly ly DP over there gold island DP o ndʑɛ ji tɕa ka there EXT fact DP 4J=-5A$ 1<-/ .%= \A%-U/ 5.-5B$ .J-/ 连词 那儿 金 岛屿 词 那儿 •262• =?-3,/ .R/-.%R?-? 4J=-5B$ 在 原来 连词 (152) tʰi ly ʁo gi ʑi DET CL LOC birds untie LOC pʰʂə o ndzu EXT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ $/?-$8A L PR=-2 $/?-$8A =?-3,/ 限词 解 词 格 格 在 'The girl always went along with the string; in fact, there was one gold island there and (he) was untying the birds (taking the birds out of traps) there.' 2-3R-.J?-/3-;%-{.-0:A-eJ?-.J.-/?-KA/-0-/, #R-3-$8A-.%=-IA-\A%-U/-8A$-;R.-0-.J<-;R.-=, (2-.J?-).J<-L-.$-(fA-=?-)PR=-IA/:.$ 女孩一直沿着 一块金岛, (他就在)那个岛 根线走去, 原来在那儿 (153) gi ʑi phʂə li bird untie back come after DP L PR=-2 KA< 解套/取 回 dʑy ;R%-2 ȵu te eJ? 来 ɛ qo li dʑy home back come 4J=-5B$ HA3 KA< ;R%-2 连词 家 回 来 '(The boy and girl) came back home after (he finished) untying the birds.' L-.$-(fA-=?-)PR=-eJ?-(#R-$*A?-)KA<-HA3-.-;R%-, (他)把 解 来 , (他俩一 )回来了。 (154) te ʑi tʰi ja tʰɛ DP son DET CL she DAT 4J=-5B$ 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3R 连词 儿子 限词 词 她 da ŋu tʰi =-.R/ 格 like this say/speak :.A-:S 样 •263• 2>.-0 说 解 。 'Then the son spoke to her (the girl) like this.' .J-/?-2-.J?-2-3R<-:.A-{.-2>., 然 , 儿子对她 样说。 (155) hũ ɴɢv̩ tɕə tʂæ tɕə tʂæ ŋu OP te nu say/sound DP tʰa di scare say night OP 35/-3R =.-^R? =.-^R? 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ HR. .$$-1 0$-0 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 晚 拟声 连词 你 语气 拟声 说/ you NEG qv̩ li xi ma 定 害怕 MP 说 '(The boy) said, "At night, don't you be scared when it sounds tɕə11 tʂæ11 tɕə11 tʂæ11."' (2-.J?-)35/-3R<-&A:A-NR.-&A:A-NR.-&J?-0:A-1-1R$-0:A-5K-HR.-:)A$?-$%-3-*J?-8J?-(2-3R<-.J-v<-)5?, “晚 , 叽喳, 叽喳的声音在 要害怕。” 时, 你 (156) hũ ɴɢv̩ te tɕə tʂæ tɕə tʂæ di night DP OP 35/-3R 4J=-5B$ =.-^R? =.-^R? 2>.-0 2./ 晚 连词 拟声 七 OP ʂə ȵi ha ma say/sound seven day also/even NEG 拟声 说/ dʙu m̩ pass AVM .$$-1 :I<-2 LJ.-5B$ *A/ G% 也/ 定 为 副标 (157) ji mi dʑo ma tʰa ly dʙu house beautiful one become/form PT #%-0 $&A$ :I<-2 36K?-0 子 漂亮/好看 个 为/形 ro :.?-5B$ 去时 'At night, tɕə11 tʂæ11 tɕə11 tʂæ11 sounded and, (when) not even seven days had come, one beautiful house formed.' 35/-3R<-&A:A-NR.-&A:A-NR.-GA-1-21$?-0-.%-, *A/-2./-;%-3-:$R<-0<-#%-0-36K?->A%-#$-0-8A$-20/-:.$ 晚 , (茅屋周围)xi 地)形 着叽喳, 叽喳的声音, 了。 •264• 没过七 , 一个好看的 子就(神 (158) te tsʰɛ tsə væ tʰa te tʰɛ DP rape when DP she/her mother DP bloom 4J=-5B$ =R$-$< 3J-+R$-28.-0 {2? 连词 油菜 a mi 4J=-5B$ 3R te 4J=-5B$ A-3 时候 连词 她 开花 连词 (159) tsʰɛ tsə rə gv̩ tʰi la tʂo tʂo le ʂu rape road DET CL along DP look for back went =R$-$< =3 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 2o.-/? 4J=-5B$ :5S=-2 KA< KA/-0 油菜 路 限词 回 去 词 沿着 li 连词 寻找 ɕy 'When the time of blooming rape (came), her mother went back along with the rape (flower) road to look for her.'A =R$-$<-3J-+R$-28.-0:A-.?-?, 2-3R-:.A:A-A-3-=R$-$<-IA-=3-2o.-/?-KA<-(<%-$A-2-3R-.J-):5S=-2<-KA/, 油菜花开的时节, 她的 就沿着 条油菜路找去。 (160) ti tɕo ʁa rə le li her mother there one CL visit DP back come 3R $&A$ 5.-5B$ v-{R< tʰɛ a mi A-3 她 o .J-/ 那儿 一 词 玩 dʑy 4J=-5B$ KA< ;R%-2 连词 回 来 'Her mother visited there (at her daughter's home) one time and came back…' 3R:C-A-3-(<%-$A-2-3R-#R.-0:A-?-).J<-,J%?-$&A$-=-v-{R<-.-;R%-eJ?-KA<-KA/, 她的 A 在(女儿)那儿玩了一趟回来。 It is understood that the mother gave her daughter some rape seed which she scattered throughout her travels after her father refused to acknowledge her. •265• (161) li dʑy te back come DP zə mi nu ʐə a ma jo li EXC SELF daughter your back acknowledge KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ :2R.-1 <%-*A. 2-3R HR. KA< #?-=J/-0 回 来 连词 叹词 自 你 回 认 女儿 (162) ma na su NEG would GEN a mi te su qæ le ma ʁa ro ŋu now DP rich very say .$$-1 :.R.-0 :VJ=-1 .-v DP 4J=-5B$ K$-0R 4J=-5B$ @-&% 定 愿意 属格 现在 连词 富裕 连词 PT :.?-5B$ 2>.-0 定 去时 说 '(The mother) came back and said (to her husband), "a53 ma53,A it was (that) you wouldn't acknowledge my daughter, and now (she) is very rich."' (2- 3R:C- A- 3- )KA<- ;R%- /?- 2>.- o<, &A- :S:A- 35<- 0- =:%- , HR.- GA?- <%- $A- 2- 3R- KA<- #?- =J/- 3- :.R.- 0?- .- v- (3R- )@- &%- K$- &J?- 2>., 回来 , (女儿的 )说: “ 的女儿稻你 愿意认的, 现在富得 (163) ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ ha jo old man DET CL also SELF also c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ G%-,:% <%-*A. G%-,:% 老头子 限词 词 也 ha 自 也 (164) ti tɕo ʁa rə bɛ hũ one CL visit go should FT $&A$ 5.-5B$ v-{R< 一 A 词 玩 ro di say :PR-2 :R?-0 3-:R%?-2 2>.-0 走 未时 说 该 a53 ma53 = an expression of astonishment. •266• 得了了。” 'The old man also said, "I also should go to visit once."' c.-0R-.J?-G%-%:%-,J%?-$&A$-=-:PR-:R?-8J?-5?, 老头子也 自 力地 说: “ 也该(到女儿家)去玩一趟呀!” (165) te ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ ha DP old man DET CL also 4J=-5B$ c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ G%-,:% 连词 老头子 限词 词 也 (166) tsʰɛ tsə rə gv̩ tʰi la tʂo tʂo ɕy rape road DET CL along went =R$-$< =3 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 2o.-/? KA/-0 油菜 路 限词 词 沿着 去 'Then the old man also went along the rape (flower) road.' .J-/?-c.-0R-.J:%-=R$-$<-IA-=3-.J-2o.-/?-KA/, 于是, 老头子也沿着 条油菜路((走)去。 (167) a wo a wo nu hæ̃ qʰo bo ga da father father you gold door go through INT A-3 $?J< |R 2o.-/? 4J=-5B$ 金 过/ 疑问 A-1 HR. 爸爸 爸爸 你 门 (168) ŋu qʰo bo ga le ŋu silver door through MP .%= |R 2o.-/? 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 银 门 过/ 语气 say 说 •267• '(The daughter saw him and) asked, "Father, Father, will you go through the gold door or silver door?"' ( 2-3R?-<%-$A?-A-1<-)A-1, A-1, HR.-$?J<-|R-2o.-/?-:PR-:.R.-.3-.%=-|R-2o.-/?-:PR-:.R.-&J?-SA?, (女儿见爸爸站在门 )便问: “爸爸, 爸爸, 你(想) 金门 是银门?” (169) a bo since come back come DP ;R%-2 ;R%-2 既然 来 li bo te hæ̃ qʰo bo maA gold door KA< ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ $?J< |R 回 来 连词 金 ga te ŋu NEG go through MP .$$-1 2o.-/? 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 过 语气 定 门 say 说 '(Then Father) answered, "Since (I already) came, (I) will go through the gold door.' (A-1?-%-):.A-=-,R/-L%-2?-$?J<-|R-=?-:PR-8J?-2>., (爸爸)说: “(既然)来都来了, 过金门嘛!” (170) te ɕə DP wood door qʰo bo bɛ su ȵa mi fall down man GOAL crash 4J=-5B$ >A% |R =R$-0 3A 连词 木 门 倒 人 qa qa nearly =?-5B$ $/R/-0 @-=3 词 压 接近/ 乎 (171) ɕy ti kʰv̩ lo ga one CL GOAL go through went $&A$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ 2o.-/? 一 A 词 词 过/ KA/-0 去 ma44 ga44 or 'not go through', followed by the sound word te53 emphasizes and suggests "I surely will go through the gold door." •268• 'Then (the daughter) let (him) go through one wooden door, (and the door) nearly fell down and crashed on him.' .J-/?-2-3R?-#R-@-=3-=R$-=-*J-2:A->A%-|R-8A$-2o.-/?-:PR-<-2&$ (女儿) 让他往一扇 (来)，压在人(身) 乎要倒 的木门 去。 (172) ɛ qo to home arrive DP te HA3-5% ,R/-0 a wo nu tʂhə ʂo dzə da father you goat 4J=-5B$ A-1 eat HR. < 家庭 到达 连词 爸爸 你 or li ȵi dzə le ŋu yak eat say/ask 9-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 9-2 :SA-5B$ /R< 羊 疑问 MP 牛 语气 说 (173) te a bo li bo te li ȵi ma dzə te ŋu DP since DP yak NEG eat say/answer 4J=-5B$ ;R%-9A/-0 4J=-5B$ /R< 连词 既然来了 连词 DP .$$-1 9-2 4J=-5B$ 2>. 牛 定 连词 说 'After (Father) arrived (at the daughter's) home, (the daughter) asked, "Father, would you like to eat goat (meat) or yak (meat)?" and (Father) answered, "Since (I already) came, (I) will eat yak (meat)."' (A- 1- )HA3- .-2 aJ2?- eJ?, (2- 3R?- )A- 1, HR.-GA?-<->-9-:.R.-.3-9R$- >- 9-:.R.- &J?-SA?-0-/, (A- 1?-% -);R%-9A/- 0?- 9R$->-9- %J?-8J?-2>., 到家 了, , (女儿)问: “爸爸, 你想 该 牛(肉) 羊肉 !” (174) tsʰə tʰo qʰʂə ʂu le lamb scours DP =-$ f%-2>= 4J=-5B$ 羊羔 腹泻 连词 •269• 是 牛肉？" (爸爸)说: “既然来都来 (175) lo hɛ ha GOAL stand ma also NEG pʰa ja able CL tʙu o lo kill there GOAL give to eat =?-5B$ =%?-0 G% .$$-1 ,2-0 5.-5B$ $?R.-0 .J-/ 词 立 定 能 也 词 杀 tɕə =?-5B$ !J<-2 那儿 词 给 '(The daughter) killed a scoury lamb, that was also unable to stand (because it was so weak) and gave (the lamb's meat) to him to eat.' (2-3R?-)f%-2>=-L%-/?-;<-=%?-/?-G%-:.$-3A-,2-0:A-=-$-8A$-2>?-/?-(.J:A->-#R-=-)LA/, 但是, (女儿)杀了 腹泻得站也站 (稳)的羊羔给他 。 (176) hũ ɴɢv̩ te a wo night DP father you gold bed 35/-3R 4J=-5B$ A-1 晚 连词 爸爸 你 nu HR. hæ̃ qæ jy da sleep or $?J< *=-OA $*A.-2 :SA-5B$ 金 床 睡 是 (177) ŋu qæ silver bed jy le ŋu sleep MP say .%= *=-OA $*A.-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 银 床 睡 语气 说 'At night (the daughter) asked, "Father do you want to sleep in the gold bed or silver bed?"' 35/-3R<-(2-3R?-)A-1, HR.-$?J<-IA-*=-OA-(!J%-.-)*=-2?3-33-.%=-IA-*=-OA-(!J%-.-)*=-2?3-8J?-SA?, 晚 , (女儿)问: “爸爸, 你睡金床 是银床?” •270• (178) ŋa zə mi I % a bo li bo qæ ma jy te ŋu NEG sleep MP say te hæ̃ daughter since DP gold bed 2-3R ;R%-9A/-0 4J=-5B$ $?J< *=-OA .$$-1 $*A.-2 5B$-!J$? 2>. 女儿 既然来了 连词 金 定 睡觉 语气 床 说 '(Father) said, "My daughter, since (I) came, (I) will sleep in the gold bed." ( c.-0R?-)%:A-2-3R, (%-:.A<-);R%-9A/-0?-$?J<-IA-*=-OA-(!J%-.-)*=-%J?-8J?-2>., (爸爸)说: “ 的女儿呀, 既然来都来了, 该睡金床吗低” (179) mæ te hæ̃ later DP gold bed eJ?-3 4J=-5A$ $?J< *=-OA $*A.-2 4J=-5B$ 来 连词 金 qæ 床 jy te sleep DP 睡觉 连词 (180) qæ ræ qæ ræ m̩ OP OP o AVM there =.-^R? =.-^R? LJ.-5B$ .J-/ qʰæ ji le bite say MP ?R-o$-0 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 拟声 拟声 副标 那儿 咬 说 语气 'It was said that later (he) slept in the silver bed and bit (the silver on the bed) with a qæ11 ræ11 qæ53 ræ53 sound.' .J-eJ?-(#R-<%-.%=-IA-)*=-OA-(!J%-)*=-/?-RA$-1-.%-2&?-(.%=-IA-*=-OA-)=-?R-2o2-0<-P$?, 说是 来稻(他)睡在金床 时在那儿咯吱, 咯吱地在啃(那床 •271• 的金子)。 (181) qæ ræ qæ ræ m̩ OP OP o AVM there =.-^R? =.-^R? LJ.-5B$ .J-/ qʰæ te a wo bite DP father you NEG ?R-:.J2?-0 4J=-5A$ A-1 拟声 拟声 副标 那儿 咬 nu HR. 连词 爸爸 你 tʰa qʰæ bite .$$-1 ?R-o$-0 定 咬 (182) li bi back go te jo nu ko di DP SELF you give say KA< :PR 4J=-5B$ <%-*A. HR. !J<-2 2>.-0 回 走 连词 自 给 你 说 '(Father) bit with qæ11 ræ11 qæ53 ræ53 sounds and (the daughter) said, "Father, don't you bite, I will give (silver and gold) to you when you go back (home)."' ( #R?-.J-=-?R-o$-28A/-0-2-3R?-,R?-/?-)3R?-2>.-o<, A-1, HR.-GA-.J-=-?R-3-o$ (?%-*A/-HR.-)KA<-:PR-.?-(%?-)HR.-=-($?J<- .%-.%=-)!J<-8J?-2>., (他) 在那儿咯吱, 咯吱地在啃的时候, (女儿)说光 “爸爸, 你 给你。” (183) a wo ɕy li ti father back went one A-1 ȵi te CL DP KA/-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ KA< 爸爸 回 去 词 连词 一 (184) a la mbo ʙu rə wasp pa mi ti snake frog one .$-4% 4= &=-2 马蜂 蛇 青蛙 一 bi ʑi ɕy ɕy ȵu bag fill te after DP $&A$ #$-3 w$-0 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 包 连词 装 •272• 要啃, 回去时 (185) dʐo ga dja ŋu ka la tʰɛ ko lunch BE say DP OTM he SR?-) /A-1 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ ;=-5B$ #R 饭 判断 说 give !J< 连词 宾标 他 给 'One day Father went back (got ready to leave, and the daughter) said, "This is (your) lunch," and gave (it) to him after filling one bag up with wasps, snakes and frogs.' (*A/-8A$-=-A-1-KA<-;=-.-=R$ ;=-.-):PR-.?, (2-3R?-#R-=-):.A-HR.-GA-SR?-)-;A/-8J?-2>.-/?-.$-4%-.%-4=, &=-2-.$-/%.-2&$-;R.-0:A-#$-3-8A$-#R-=-LA/, 爸爸回去的那一 稻(女儿)装了一包马蜂, 蛇和青蛙, 便说是(路 的) 饭就 (交)给了他。 (186) nu o tjo ʁæ qæ you over there pass li to te back reach/get DP HR. 1<-/ *$-$ KA< ,R/-0 4J=-5A$ 你 那儿 山垭 回 到达 连词 (187) mo la horse OTM ʂə ka ɴɢv̩ ta le dʐo ga dzə ma di leg lunch say tie DP g ;=-5B$ b%-2 #R3-0 4J=-5A$ SR?-) 马 宾标 连词 系 eat MP 9-2 5B$-!J$? 2>.-0 语气 饭 说 '(The daughter) said, "When you get back to the pass there (between the daughter's home and her parents' home), then tie the horse to your legs and eat lunch."' (2-3R?-)2>.-o<, HR.-<%-1-$A:A-*$-$-.J<-aJ2-.?, g-,$-<%-$A-b%-0<-2#3?-/?-SR?-)-9R?-8J?-2>., (女儿给他) 说: “你回到 (路 的)那个山垭 •273• 时, 把马系到 就 饭。” (188) te bi ʑi lo DP bag pʰo te GOAL open DP 4J=-5B$ #$-3 =?-5B$ #-KJ-2 4J=-5B$ 连词 包 词 开 连词 (189) a la mbo bʑi le mo tʰi wasp fly DP horse DET .$-4% :1<-2 4J=-5B$ g mi mdʙu CL GOAL sting %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ i/-0 连词 马 马蜂 pʰa 限词 词 词 蛰 (190) ʙu rə mo tʰi snake horse DET pʰa mi tʰʙu CL GOAL bite te DP 4= g %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ ?R-o$-0 4J=-5B$ 蛇 马 限词 词 词 ȵi tɕə le pæ pull DP run PT :S.-0 4J=-5B$ o$ :.?-5B$ 连词 咬 (191) ũ ndʑə mo old man horse ERG c.-0R g 老头子 马 LJ.-1 ro 作格 拉/拖 连词 跑 去时 '(When the Father reached the pass, he) opened the bag, and wasps flew (out) to sting the horse and snakes (came out) to bite the horse, then the old man was pulled by the horse and ran (pulling the old man).' (#R?-*$-$-<-)#$-3:A-#-KJ-2?-.$-4%-:1<-;R%-/?-g-=-2i/-0-.%-4=-IA?-g<-?R-2o2, (爸爸走到山垭 稻) 开包时, 马蜂 子也就被马拖着跑了。 c.-0R-(#R-<%-)g?-S.-/?-2o$?, 出来蛰马, 蛇爬出来咬马, (马一惊)老头 •274• (192) ũ ndʑə tʰi gv̩ te old man DET CL DP c.-0R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 老头子 限词 词 连词 (193) kʰi kʰi ti ka da ɛ qo li leg one CL only home back arrive say b%-2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R-/ HA3-5% KA< 词 仅仅 家庭 回 一 to ji so MP ,R/-0 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 到 说 语气 'It was said only a leg of the old man arrived back at home (pulled by the horse).' c.-0R-.J:A-b%-0-;-$&A$-3-$+R$?-KA<-HA3-.-3-2aJ2?-0<-P$?, 说是 一支 (被马拖)回家 。 (194) a mi mo tʰi old woman DET gv̩ te CL DP c.-3R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 老头子 限词 词 连词 (195) nu zə mi li ʐə ma you daughter back recognize NEG HR. 2-3R KA< #?-=J/-0 你 女儿 回 认 na su would GEN ŋu ka say DP .$$-1 :.R.-0 :VJ=-1 2>.-0 4J=-5B$ 定 愿意 属格 说 •275• 连词 (196) kʰi kʰi tʰi ka da phʂə o li leg DET CL only untie there back cremate say b%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R-/ 限词 PR=-2 .J-/ KA< 词 仅仅 解开 那儿 回 mi ta ji so MP .A/-YJ$ 2>.-0 5B$-!J$? 烧 传说 语气 'It was said that the old woman said, "(That is because) you would not acknowledge (your own) daughter," and untied only the leg and cremated (it).' .J-/?-c.-3R?-:.A-/A-HR.-GA?-(<%-$A-)2-3R-#?-3-]%?-0:A-nJ/-;A/-/R-8J?-2>.-/?-b%-0-.J-(2&A%?-=?-)PR=-/?-.A/-YJ$-L?-0<P$?, 老婆婆说: “ 是你自 肯认女儿的(报 •276• )啊!" 解开那支 烧掉了。 THE PUPPY li44 ʙu55 ʂə11 pə53 (1) i ȵi a ʂə te a da bi ʑi ancient DP father son $/:-}-3R 4J=-5B$ A-1 ȵi kv̩ dʑo ji le two CL EXT say MP $*A? 5.-5B$ =?-3,/ 2>. 5B$-!J$? 2 时候 连词 爸爸 儿子 俩 词 在 说 语气 'It was said, in ancient times, there were two, a father and a son.' $/:-}-3R-8A$-=-1-2-$*A?-;R.-0<-P$?, 传说, 时候 一对父子。 (2) a da thi father DET A-1 gv̩ te tʂhə tɕɛ ɕy CL DP hunt went often tɕə tɕə %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ <A-?$?-dR/-0 KA/ 爸爸 限词 词 连词 猎 g$-0< 去 经常 'The father often went to hunt.' A-1-g$-0<-<A-?$?-2dR/-.-KA/, 爸爸经常去 猎。 (3) ʑi th i ja te tʂhə ȵo ti ja ʂə ʂə son DET CL DP puppy CL take with there 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ 儿子 限词 词 连词 小狗 one $&A$ 5.-5B$ :HJ<-2 一 词 牵/带 'The son often took one puppy with (him).' 2-(%-$A?-g$-0<-HA-U$-8A$-OA.-;R., 儿子(在家 )经常牵着一 小狗。 •277• o .J-/ 那儿 pa tɕə tɕə EXT often =?-3,/ g$-0< 在 经常 (4) ti ȵi one day DP te th i a da father DET $&A$ *A/ 4J=-5B$ A-1 gv̩ te tʂhə tɕɛ ɕy CL DP hunt went PT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ <A-?$?-dR/-0 KA/ 连词 爸爸 限词 一 ro 词 连词 猎 sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 去 'One day, the father went to hunt again.' *A/-8A$-=-A-1-;%-2*<-<A-?$?-2dR/-.-KA/, 一 , 爸爸 去 猎了。 (5) tɕɛ tʂhə do dʐə thi ki o ba te a da hound big these all father ERG >-HA (J-2 :.A-5S 5%-3 4J=-5B$ A-1 猎狗 大 都 DP ȵi LJ.-1 ʂə ʂə ɕy ka take with went DP :OA.-0 4J=-5B$ KA/ 连词 爸爸 作格 带 去/走 连词 (6) ʑi th i ja te tʂhə ȵo zə tsə thi phæ ʂə ʂə son DET CL DP puppy little take with DP 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ 儿子 限词 词 连词 小狗 small DET (%-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :HJ<-2 4J=-5A$ 小 限词 连词 (7) ɣi na qho ræ lu tɕə tɕə livestock herd often |R-K$? :5S-2 g$-0< 牛羊 看尾放 经常 le •278• 词 带 'All these big hounds were taken and went with his father, so the son often only took the little puppy with (him) to herd livestock.' >-HA-(J-2-5%-3-A-1?-OA.-.J-KA/-0?-2-(%-$A?-g$-0<-HA-U$-(%-(%-.J-OA.-/?-/R<-=$-:5S?, 大的猎狗都被爸爸带走了,儿子经常带着 小狗 在家 放牛羊。 (8) ti ȵi one day rice ball pæ pæ ti ly la dʐo ga m̩ one CL OTM lunch make often $&A$ *A/ :V?-GA-2$-=J2 $&A$ 5.-5A$ ;=-5B$ SR?-) 一 米饭团 词 宾标 一 tɕə tɕə 29R-2 g$-0< 饭 做 经常 'Every day, (he) often took one rice ball to make (his) lunch.' (#R?-)g$-0<-:V?-GA-2$-=J2-$&A$-SR?-)-<-9R?, (他)经常每 带一个米饭团 当山 的 饭. (9) ti ȵi ȵi mi gv̩ te one day noon DP ʑi th i ja dʐo ga dzə thʙu te son DET CL lunch DP $&A$ *A/ SR?-) 4J=-5B$ 2 一 连词 儿子 限词 中 eat %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ SR?-) 词 when 9-2 {2?-? 4J=-5B$ 饭 时候 连词 (10) tʂhə ȵo thi ja ha puppy DET CL also VOB HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ G% {R%-5B$ =.-^R? =.-^R? % :V?-GA-2$-=J2 .$R?-0 小狗 限词 米饭团 词 也 ŋu ɕy kv̩ sə kv̩ sə ŋa pæ pæ ȵu OP OP I rice ball need/want 词壳 拟声 拟声 •279• 需要 (11) ŋa ȵi zo qo le ma ʁa ro ŋu I hungry DP very say % vR$?-0 4J=-5B$ @-&% :.?-5B$ 2>. 饥饿 连词 去时 很 PT 说 'Noon one day, when the son ate lunch, the puppy also said, "kv̩11 sə53, kv̩11 sə53, I want a rice ball, I am very hungry." *A/-8A$-$A-*A/-$%-.-2-.J?-SR?-)-9-{2?-HA-U$-.J-G%-(9$-/?-)%-@-&%-vR$?-:.$ %-=-:V?-GA-2$-=J2-.$R?-8J?-2>., 一 中 饿。 , 儿子在 饭时, 小狗也 着: “ 嘶, 嘶, 要米饭团, (12) ʑi tʰi ja te qo tɕʰə le son DET CL DP angry DP 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ 4J=-5B$ #R%-OR-=%?-2 4J=-5B$ 儿子 限词 词 连词 生气 连词 (13) ŋa ha dzə ma lu I also eat enough PT % G%-,:% 9-2 .$$-1 :.%-2 也 NEG 定 ro 够 ʂə te nu hũ DP you die go di say :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HR. >A-2 ?R% 2>. 去时 连词 你 死 去 说 'The son was angry and said, "I also have not (got) enough to eat, you go die."' 2-.J-#R%-OR-=%?-/?-%-=:%-:.%-$A/-3J., HR.->A-<-?R%-8J?-2>., 儿子生气地说: “连 也 够 了, 你去死 •280• !" 很 (14) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja ʁu mdʙy le ji jiA ta hũ puppy DET CL cry OP tonight DP HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ %-2 4J=-5B$ =.-^R? .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ 小狗 限词 连词 拟声 今晚 连词 DP 词 哭泣 te (15) tsʰo ro mi nu tʙu tsʰo ro mi you kill nu you eat 5S-<R-3J HR. $?R.-0 HR. 措容米 你 杀 ʁæ dzə da come FT 9-2 ;R%-2 你 di say say 3-:R%?-0 2>. 2>. 未时 来 ji 说 说 'The puppy cried and said, "ji44 ji44, tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 said, tonight, (she) will come, kill you and eat you."' HA-U$-.J-%-28A/-.-;A:A-;A:A, .R-.$R%-5S-<R-3J-;R%-/?-HR.-<%-2?.-/?-9-o-9J<-8J?-2>., 那 小狗哭着说: “咦, 咦, 措容米说今晚要来杀你, 你。” (16) ʑi tʰi ja tʰi tʰʙu te qv̩ li xi nda son DET CL DET CL DP scare 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 0$-0 儿子 限词 词 限词 词 连词 害怕 ka kʰv̩ kʰv̩ tɕʰa very DP quickly @-&% 4J=-5B$ 3IR$?-0 很 连词 立 (17) ŋa a lɛ jo qho tsʰo ro mi gɛ ræ m̩ friend tsʰo ro mi really AVM I PR$?-0R 5S-<R-3J .%R?-/? LJ.-5B$ % 朋 措容米 真的 A dzə da eat come FT 9-2 ;R%-2 副标 来 The sound of crying. •281• ʁæ ji djɛ di say MP say/ask 3-:R%?-0 2>. 5B$-!J$? 2>. 未时 说 语气 说/问 'The son, at this moment, was very scared and quickly asked, "Friend, did tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 really say (she) will come eat me?" {2?-.J<-2-.J-@-&%-0$-/?-PR$?-0R-=$?, 5S-<R-3J-;A?-.%R?-/?-%-9-<-;R%-o-;A/-9J<-<3-8J?-SA?, 问道: “朋 , 措容米真的说了要来 儿子(听了)很害怕, 立 吗?” (18) te tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja te gɛ ræ m̩ DP puppy CL DP really AVM come FT DET da ʁæ ji ŋu say say/answer 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .%R?-/? LJ.-5B$ ;R%-2 3-:R%?-0 2>. 2>. 连词 小狗 限词 词 连词 真的 副标 来 未时 说 'Then the puppy answered, "(tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said (she) would really come." .J-/?-HA-U$-$A?-5S-<R-3J-;A?-.%R?-/?-(HR.-9-<-);R%-o-;A/-9J<-8J?-2>., 小狗说: “(措容米)真的说了要来。” (19) te qha DP how/what do m̩ ʁæ ŋa a da tʂhə tɕɛ FT I father also hunt ha ɕy went PT 4J=-5B$ &A-:S LJ. 3-:R%?-0 % A-1 连词 怎样 做 未时 爸爸 也 猎 去 m̩ ro di G% <A-?$?-dR/-0 KA/ (20) ŋa ti gv̩ na na qʰa I one CL only how/what do should PT % $&A$ 5.-5B$ #R-/ &A-:S :R?-0 一 词 仅仅 什 LJ. hũ 该 做/办 •282• say :.?-5B$ 2>. 去时 ro 说 :.?-5B$ 去时 说 'Then, (the son) said, "What will (I) do? My father also went to hunt; only me, what should (I) do?" .J-/?-#R?-%?-&A-LJ.-:R?-0-<J., %:A-A-1-;%-<A-?$?-2dR/-.-KA/, %-#R-/?-&A-L?-/-:R?-8J?-2>., , (小孩可怜地)说: “那该怎 然 办, 爸爸也去 猎了, 一个人该怎 办 呢?” (21) ŋa jo qʰo nu I % ŋa ma ʁo ʁo te friend you also I NEG help DP PR$?-0R HR. G% % .$$-1 <R$?-<3 4J=-5B$ 朋 也 ha 你 定 帮 连词 (22) væ qæ qʰa gv̩ ŋa ʁo ʁo da other I help come FT % <R$?-<3 ;R%-2 3-:R%?-0 2>. 帮 未时 who $8/-0 ? 别的 谁 来 ʁæ di say 说 '(The son) said, "My friend, if you also don't help me, then, others, who else will come help me?"' ( 2-.J?-)%:A-PR$?-0R, HR.-GA?-G%-%-=-<R$?-<3-3A-LJ.-/-$8/-?-8A$-$A?-%-=-<R$?-LJ.-.-;R%-%J?-8J?-2>., (小孩想了想)说: “ 的朋 ,如 你也 帮 (23) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja te puppy DET CL DP HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 小狗 限词 词 连词 •283• 的话, 别的 谁会来帮 呢?” (24) ma qv̩ ma qv̩ li bi NEG worry NEG worry back go .$$-1 ?J3?-O=-LJ.-0 .$$-1 ?J3?-O=-LJ.-0 KA< 定 定 心 心 回 ʂa te nu DP you tell :PR 4J=-5B$ HR. 2>. 去 连词 你 说 (25) ɛ qo li to te home back arrive DP HA3-5% KA< ,R/-0 4J=-5B$ 家 回 到达 连词 (26) qʰa m̩ hũ su what do should GEN &A-8A$ LJ.-0 :R?-0 什 /怎 做/办 该 nu ʂa you tell di say :VJ=-1 HR. 2>. 2>. 属格 你 说 说 'The puppy unworriedly said, "Don't worry, don't worry, go back (home and then I will) tell you (what to do), arrive back home, then (I will) tell (you) what you should do."' HA-U$-$A?-?J3?-#<-3J.-0:A-%%-2>.-o<, ?J3?-O=-3-LJ., ?J3?-O=-3-LJ., ;=-=-,R/-eJ?-%?-HR.-=-&A-8A$-12-:R?-0-2>.- 9J<, 小狗 地说: “别 慌 心, 别 心, 回去就跟你说, 回到家 办。” (27) tʰjo ȵi kv̩ jo jo they two CL together DP #R-5S $*A? 5.-5B$ 3*3-. 他们 俩 词 一 le ɣi na qʰo ræ o ba tʙy livestock all li ɕy drive back went 4J=-5B$ /R<-=$ 5%-3 .J.-0 KA< KA/ 连词 牛羊 都 去 •284• 回 给你说该怎 'They two, together, drove all the livestock and went back (home).' #R-$*A?-GA?-3*3-.-/R<-=$-5%-3-KA<-(;=-=-).J.-/?-?R%-, 他俩一 把牛羊都 了回去。 (28) ʑi tʰi ja qv̩ li xi le son DET CL scare 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 0$-0 儿子 限词 DP 4J=-5B$ 词 害怕 连词 (29) ræ ndzu ræ PRE-ATT sit :.?-}R/ hĩ PRE-ATT stand 4S$-0 :.?-}R/ 前体 前体 ma pha NEG able PT ro =%?-0 .$$-1 ,2-0 :.?-5B$ 立 定 能 去时 'The son was scared and unable to sit or stand.' 2-.J-0$-/?-4S$-/?-:.$-3-,2-=-=%?-/?-G%-:.$-3-,2, 孩子害怕得 立 。 (30) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja te ʑi tʰi ja da puppy DET CL DP son DET CL DAT HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 2 小狗 限词 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =-.R/ 词 连词 儿子/孩子 限词 词 格 (31) nu ta hũ te you tonight DP ɣi ŋo qo lo lo tsə pæ hũ cattle stable inside GOAL hide HR. .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ 9R$ #%-2 你 今晚 连词 牛 圈 /%-. 面 =?-5B$ &-2 词 •285• 藏 go di say ?R% 2>. 去 说 'The puppy said to the son, "You, tonight, go hide inside the cattle stable."' HA-U$-$A?-2-=-.R-/2-HR.-9R$-<-<-&?-/?-#R.-&J?-2>., 小狗对孩子说: “今晚, 你到牛圈 面去藏。” (32) te tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja ʂa m̩ DP puppy CL tell AVM DET 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ 2>. LJ.-5B$ 连词 小狗 限词 词 说 副标 (33) ɣi ŋo qo lo tsə pæ ɕy lo ro cattle stable inside GOAL hide went PT 9R$ #%-2 KA/ :.?-5B$ 牛 圈 去 去时 /% =?-5B$ &-2 面 词 藏 'Then, the (son) went inside the cattle stable to hide like the puppy said.' .J-/?-(2-).J?-HA-U$-$A?-2>.-0-v<-9R$-<-/%-.-&-<-KA/, (小孩)按小狗说的藏到牛圈 面去。 (34) ȵi mi ʁo te ta hũ heart LOC DP tonight DP ?J3?-0 $/?-$8A 4J=-5B$ .R-.$R% 格 心 连词 今晚 te 4J=-5B$ 连词 (35) da ʁæ ma sə ro ŋu NEG know PT say/think go dʙu what happen come FT &A-8A$ L%-2 ;R%-2 3-:R%?-0 .$$-1 >J?-0 :.?-5B$ 2?3 什 出 来 未时 定 知道 去时 •286• 说/想 (36) ka ɣi ŋo ʁo DP cattle stable LOC 4J=-5B$ 9R$ #%-2 连词 牛 圈 tsə pæ ta hide EXT $/?-$8A &-2 格 =?-3,/ 在 藏 'In (his) heart, (he) thought "(It is unknown) what will come and happen tonight," and hid in the cattle stable loft.' ( #R?-).R-/2-&A-8A$-L%-o-;A/-0-3A->J?-~3-8R<-.-9R$-<:A-/%-.-&?-/?-2#., (小孩) 藏在牛圈楼 ，心 想: “今晚 知道会出什 呀!” (37) a za za m̩ na hũ dʑy ro slow AVM dark come PT .=-3R LJ.-5B$ ?-<2-0 ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 慢慢 副标 黑 来 去时 'Slowly darkness came.' .=-IA?-?-<2-?R%-, 慢慢地(变)黑了。 (38) tʰi tʰʙu te DET moment DP tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja te puŋ puŋ ṃ tsʰo ro mi DET CL DP OP OP AVM %J?-5B$ {2? 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ =.-^R? =.-^R? LJ.-5B$ 限词 时 连词 措容米 限词 词 连词 拟声 拟声 副标 (39) ny ny la ha ʑy breast OTM here thrash there thrash AVM come PT /-3 ;=-5B$ :.A-/ h%-2 h%-2 奶/乳 宾标 儿 o .J-/ ʑy m̩ dʑy •287• ji le say MP LJ.-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>. 5B$-!J$? 副标 来 那儿 ro 去时 说 语气 '(It was) said (that) at this moment, tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 used (her) breasts to thrash here and thrash there and came.' {2?-:.A<, 5S-<R-3J-;A?-(<%-$A-)/-3?-$%-?<-2h%?-8R<-.-:R%?, (她那对长长的)乳 时候, 措容米一边 到处 , 一边(往牛圈 (40) ɣi ŋo qʰo bo tʙy qʰæ le qo lo cattle stable door break DP 9R$ #%-0 |R $&R$-0 4J=-5B$ /% 牛 圈 门 dʑy =?-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 面 词 来 '(tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) broke the cattle stable door and came inside.' (5S-<R-3J-);A?-9R$-<:A-|R-2&$-/?-/%-.-;R%-, (措容米) 破牛圈门(冲)了 来。 (41) qo lo lo dʑy ɣi te inside GOAL come DP 词 面 来 ȵi cattle ERG =?-5B$ ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 9R$ /%-. 连词 牛 LJ.-1 作格 (42) ŋa ko you butt I HR. h% % 你 抵撞 nu ta ŋa ta nu give I butt you give !J< h% HR. !J< 抵撞 你 给 给 % ro inside GOAL come PT 连词 破 lo ko •288• 去时 冲)来。 (43) m̩ mɛ ndo te li AVM dawn come DP pæ ro back run PT LJ.-5B$ *-<J%?-,R/-0 4J=-5B$ KA< o$ :.?-5B$ 副标 跑 去时 连词 回 亮 '(tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) came inside and was butted by the cattle from one to another and (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) ran back (when) dawn came.' (5S-<R-3J-)/%-.-;R%-3R., :R/-G%-3R<-K$?-9R$-$A-3$R-2R?-h%-hJ$-L?-/?-;<-3<-$;$?-+J, /3-=%?-.?-KA<-VR?-?R%-, 来 , 被牛( 角)抵来抵去, 亮时跑了回去。 (44) ʑi tʰi ja dʐo ga pæ pæ do dʐə nda son DET CL lunch rice ball big very one 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ SR?-) 2$-=J2 (J-2 @-&% $&A$ =?-0 儿子 限词 词 饭 米饭团 大 ly 很 一 ɣi na qho ræ lu ɕy tʂhə ka press DP 4J=-5B$ 捏/做 连词 (45) mæ ti ȵi next one day DP eJ?-? $&A$ *A/ 4J=-5B$ :PR$? 以 一 te jo jo together livestock 连词 一 ro herd went PT sə again /R<-=$ :5S-2 KA/ :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 牛羊 放 去时 去 'Next day, the son pressed one very big lunch rice ball and (the boy and puppy) went to herd livestock together again.' KA-*A/, 2-.J?-:V?-hR$-(J/-0R-8A$-=?-/?-;%-2*<-(HA-U$-).J-.%-3*3-.-9R$-:5S-<-KA/, 第 , 小孩子做了一个大大的米饭团, •289• (跟小狗)一 去放牛羊了。 (46) ʑi tʰi ja pæ pæ ti mo pʰa qʰæ son DET CL rice ball one half 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ :V?-GA-2$-=J2 $&A$ KJ.-! 儿子 限词 词 米饭团 一 tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja crack/divide puppy DET 2$R-2 HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 小狗 限词 词 CL 词 (47) mi tɕə ka GOAL eat DP ŋa ta hũ I tonight DP =?-5B$ 9-2 4J=-5B$ % 词 连词 qʰa m̩ ʁæ ro what do FT PT .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ &A-8A$ LJ. 3-:R%?-0 :.?-5B$ 今晚 连词 什 /怎 做/办 未时 te 去时 (48) di ka mɛ ʙu pʰæ pʰæ m̩ say DP tear stream AVM cry PT 28<-2 LJ.-5B$ %-2 :.?-5B$ 副标 哭泣 去时 2>. 4J=-5B$ 3A$-( 说 连词 眼泪 簌簌 ʁu mdʙy ro 'The son divided one half of the rice ball down to the puppy to eat and said, "What will (we) do tonight?" and tears streamed (from his eyes).' 2-.J?-:V?-hR$-2$R?-/?-KJ.-!-HA-U$-=-LA/-+J-.R-/2-%?-&A-8A$-L-8J?-2>.-/?-(3A$-9%-=?-)3A$-(->3->3-.-28<, 小孩 说: “今晚 了一半米饭团给小狗 该怎 办呢?” 就眼泪簌簌地哭了 (49) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja te ma qv̩ ma qv̩ tʰa ʁu mdy puppy DET CL DP NEG scare NEG scare NEG cry HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .$$-1 0$-0 小狗 限词 词 连词 .$$-1 0$-0 定 害怕 •290• 定 害怕 .$$-1 %-2 定 哭泣 (50) ta hũ te tonight DP nu mo ŋo qo lo lo tsə pæ hũ you horse stable inside GOAL hide .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ HR. g #%-0 今晚 连词 你 圈 马 /%-. =?-5B$ &-2 词 面 go di say ?R% 2>. 藏 去 说 'The puppy said, "Don't be scared, don't be scared and, don't cry; tonight, you go hide inside the horse stable."' HA-U$-$A?-HR.-0$-3A-.$R?, 0$-3A-.$R?, .R-/2-HR.-g-<-/%-.-&-2<-?R%-8J?-2>., 小狗说: “别害怕, 别害怕, 别哭, 今晚你到马圈 面去藏。” (51) ta hũ ha tʂhə ȵo ʂa m̩ mo tonight also puppy say .R-.$R% ;% HA-U$ 2>. LJ.-5B$ g 今晚 也 小狗 说 ŋo tsə pæ ɕy lo AVM horse stable GOAL hide 副标 马 #%-0 =?-5B$ &-2 词 圈 藏 went KA/-0 去 'That night, (the son) also, like the puppy said, went to the horse stable to hide.' /2-3R-.J<-2-.J-HA-U$-$A?-2>.-0-v<-g-<-<-&?, 今晚, (小孩) 是照小狗说的藏到马圈 面去了。 (52) ta hũ ha ji hũ dʑo m̩ tonight also the night before like .R-.$R% G% 3.%-.$R% v< 今晚 也 像 昨晚 •291• (53) tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja na hũ tʰʙu te tsʰo ro mi DET CL dark when DP 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ ?-<2-0 {2?-? 4J=-5B$ 措容米 限词 词 黑 时候 连词 tʰi dʑy la ha ʑy pair OTM here thrash there thrash h%-2 h%-2 (54) ny ny do hæ̃ nda breast long very DET /-3 <A%-2 @-&% %J?-5B$ ( 乳 长 很 限词 ;=-5B$ :.A-/ 词 宾标 ʑy o .J-/ 儿 那儿 (55) m̩ mo ŋo qo lo lo dʑy ro sə AVM hose stable inside GOAL come PT LJ.-5B$ g #%-2 副标 马 圈 again =?-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< /% 面 词 来 去时 'That night, also like the night before, (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11), when (it was) dark, used (her) very long pair of breasts to thrash here and thrash there and came inside the horse stable again.' .$R%-3R-.J<, .J:A-}R/-*A/-IA-.$R%-3R-.%-:S-2<, 5S-<R-3J-;A?-3R:C-/-3-<A%-0R-9%-$A?-$%-?<-2h%?-8R<-.-g-<-/%-.-:R%?, 今晚, 黑的时候, 措容米也像昨晚一样, 一边 那 长长的乳 到处 往马圈 (冲)来。 (56) ʑi tʰi ja qv̩ li xi le sa son DET CL scare breath also/even breathe 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 0$-0 儿子 限词 A 词 害怕 DP ha bʑiA ma ŋa NEG dare 4J=-5B$ .2$? G% :LA/-0 .$$-1 1R.-0 连词 气 出气 定 敢 也 sa11 = breath, bʑi53 = to breathe. •292• , 一边 'The son was (so) scared that he didn't even dare to breathe a breath.' 2-.J-0$-/?-.2$?-G%-KA<-$+R%-3-1R., 孩子害怕得连气都 敢出。 (57) tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja ha ʂə ta m̩ tsʰo ro mi DET CL still like this horse ERG 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .-<% 措容米 限词 词 :.A-:S 是 ȵi mo 样 tsʰu li kick back SUF-COM g LJ.-1 马 作格 踢 :U?-o$-0 KA< 回 tɕʰə :.?-eJ? 体 'The tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 was still, like this (the same thing happened as the night before), kicked by horses and went back.' 5S-<R-3J-}<-28A/-g?-:U?-2o2-!J-KA<-:PR-<-2&$ 措容米 是 样被马踢(来踢去的, 亮时)回去了。 (58) mæ ti ȵi next one day DP eJ?-? $&A$ *A/ 4J=-5B$ #R-5S 以 一 te tʰjo ȵi kv̩ jo qʰo va qæ na they two CL friend other and with $*A? 5.-5B$ PR$?-0R $8/-0 .% 连词 他们 俩 词 朋 别的 和 (59) le ɣi na qʰo ræ lu ɕy DP livestock herd went PT 4J=-5B$ /R<-=$ :5S-2 KA/ 连词 牛羊 看/放 去 ro sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 'The next day, they two went to herd livestock again with other friends.' KA-*A/, #R-$*A?-PR$?-0R-$8/-.%-3*3-.-;%-2*<-/R<-=$-:5S-<-KA/, 第 , 他俩 跟别的朋 一 去放牛羊了。 •293• jo jo 3*3-. 跟随 (60) ʑi tʰi ja kʰv̩ kʰv̩ tɕʰa son DET CL quickly 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 3IR$?-0 儿子 限词 词 立 (61) pæ pæ do dʐə tʰi mo pʰa qʰæ rice ball big half DET :V?-GA-2$-=J2 (J-2 %J?-5B$ KJ.-! 米饭团 限词 一半 大 tʰɛ mi tɕə ka crack/divide it GOAL give to eat DP 2$R-0 =?-5B$ 9-<-:)$-0 4J=-5B$ #R 开 词 它 连词 (62) a lɛ jo qʰo ta hũ te ʁæ ro di how/what FT PT say/ask qʰa m̩ friend tonight DP PR$?-0R .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ &A-:S 3-:R%?-0 :.?-5B$ 2>. 朋 今晚 连词 怎 办 未时 去时 说 'The son quickly divided the rice ball and gave the bigger half down (to the puppy) to eat and asked again, "Friend, tonight, what will (I) do?"' 2-.J?-=3-?%-:V?-hR$-(.3-2-$*A?-?-)2$R?-/?-(J-2-HA-U$-.J<-9-<-2&$-/?-;%-2*<-PR$?-0R-=$?, .R-.$R%-%?-&A-8A$-L?/-:PA$-&J?-SA?, 小孩立 , 了一大半米饭团给它 问道: “朋 (63) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja ma kʰv̩ ma ta m̩ puppy DET CL unworried HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ ?J3?-#<-3J.-0 LJ.-5B$ 小狗 限词 副标 词 慌 AVM •294• , 今晚该怎 办呢?” (64) ma qv̩ ma qv̩ nu NEG scare NEG scare you tonight .$$-1 0$-0 .$$-1 0$-0 定 害怕 ta hũ HR. .R-.$R% 定 害怕 你 今晚 (65) ŋo te jo qo lo DP sheep stable inside GOAL hide 4J=-5B$ =$ #%-0 连词 羊 圈 /%-. lo tsə pæ hũ go =?-5B$ &-0 词 面 ŋu say ?R% 2>. 藏 去 说 'The puppy unworriedly said, "Don't be scared, don't be scared, tonight you go inside the sheep stable to hide."' HA-U$-.J?-?J3?-#<-3J.-0:A-%%-0$-3A-.$R?, 0$-3A-.$R?, .R-.$R%-HR.-=$-<<-?R%-/?-&R?-8J?-2>., 小狗 地说: “别害怕, 别害怕, 今晚你到羊圈 慌 面去藏。” (66) ɣi na qʰo ræ li ʐa bi tsa ȵu te tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja puppy CL livestock back collect finish after /R<-=$ KA< #.-0 DP 5<-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 牛羊 回 收 完 以 连词 小狗 限词 jo ŋo qo lo lo tsə pæ ɕy (67) ʂa m̩ say AVM sheep stable inside GOAL hide 2>. LJ.-5B$ =$ 说 副标 羊 #%-2 圈 /% =?-5B$ &-0 面 词 藏 •295• went KA/ 去 DET 词 'After (they) finished collecting back the livestock, (the son) went, like the puppy said, inside the sheep stable to hide.' /R<-=$-5%-3-KA<-#.-5<-eJ?, 2-.J-HA-U$-$A?-2>.-0-v<-=$-<<-&-<-KA/, 把牛羊收回去 , 按小狗说的藏到羊圈 面去。 (68) a za za m̩ na hũ dʑy tʰʙu te tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja come when DP tsʰo ro mi DP CL slow AVM dark .=-3R LJ.-5B$ ?-<2-0 ;R%-2 慢慢 副标 {2?-? 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ 黑 来/变 时候 连词 措容米 限词 词 (69) ha ʂə ta m̩ still like this come PT .-<% :.A-v< 是 dʑy 样 ro sə again ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 来 去时 'When darkness slowly came, the tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 still came again like this (as before).' ?-.=-3R<-<2-{2?, 5S-<R-3J-}<-28A/-;R%-, 慢慢地变黑的时候, 措容米 是像以前一样来了。 (70) tsʰo ro mi jo ŋo qʰo bo tʙy qʰæ le qo lo tsʰo ro mi sheep stable door break DP 5S-<R-3J =$ #%-2 |R $&R$-0 4J=-5B$ /%-. 措容米 羊 圈 门 破 连词 lo dʑy inside GOAL come DP =?-5B$ ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ 词 面 来 (71) jo ȵi nu ta ŋa ko ŋa ta nu ko sheep ERG you butt I give I butt you give =$ LJ.-1 HR. h% % !J< % h% HR. !J< 羊 作格 你 抵撞 抵撞 你 给 给 •296• te 连词 (72) m̩ ta le mɛ ndo AVM butt DP dawn come DP LJ.-5B$ h%-hJ$ 4J=-5B$ /3-=%?-0 副标 头顶 连词 te 亮 ɕy li back went 4J=-5B$ KA< KA/ 连词 回 去 'The tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 broke the sheep stable door, came inside and was butted, butted to each other by sheep and went back when dawn came.' 5S-<R-3J?-=$-<:A-|R-2&$-!J-/%-.-;R%-2-/-=$-$A?-<-MR-;A?-#R-=-h%-hJ$-L?-2?-/3-=%?-.?-(5S-<R-3J-)KA<-KA/, 措容米 了。 破羊圈门(冲 )来时, 被羊 头 顶来顶去， 亮时就 跑 回去 (73) te mæ ti ȵi dza DP next day ndzə pi tsa ȵu te tʰjo ȵi they two meal eat finish after DP 4J=-5B$ eJ?-? *A/ 9-3 5<-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ #R-5S 连词 以 饭 完 以 连词 他们 俩 9-2 $*A? (74) kv̩ jo jo CL together DP 5.-5B$ 3*3-. 词 一 le o ljo po po ʁo up there hill 4J=-5B$ ;<-/ <A-2R 连词 山 面 ɣi na qʰo ræ lu LOC livestock $/?-$8A /R<-=$ 格 牛羊 ɕy ro herd went PT :5S-2 KA/ :.?-5B$ 放 去时 去 'Then, next day, after (they) finished eating a meal they two together went to herd livestock on the hill.' .J-/?, KA-*A/-9-3-9R?-5<-eJ?, #R-$*A?-3*3-.-;<-<A-3$R<-/R<-=$-:5S-<-KA/, 第 完饭 , 他俩一 到山 放牛羊去了。 •297• (75) ta ȵi te pæ pæ ti ly m̩ tʰɛ ȵi today DP rice ball one CL AVM he .J-<A% 4J=-5B$ :V?-GA-2$-=J2 $&A$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-5B$ #R 今 连词 米饭团 la tʂhə ȵo ERG OTM puppy LJ.-1 ;=-5B$ HA-U$ 词 副标 他 作格 宾标 小狗 一 (76) tʰi ja mi tɕə ka a lɛ jo qʰo ɣi ŋo mo ŋo DET CL GOAL give to eat DP friend cattle stable horse stable %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ =?-5B$ 9-<-:)$-0 4J=-5B$ PR$?-0R /R< #%-2 g #%-2 限词 连词 牛 圈 马 圈 词 词 朋 (77) jo ŋo o ba te sheep stable all DP ŋa ȵi tsə pæ pi tsa I ERG hide finish PT LJ.-1 &-2 5<-2 :.?-5B$ % .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ 完 去时 今晚 连词 =$ #%-2 5%-3 4J=-5B$ % 羊 圈 都 连词 作格 藏 ro ŋa ta hũ I tonight DP te (78) qʰa lo tsə pæ bɛ where GOAL hide $%-/ 哪儿 =?-5B$ &-2 词 藏 go ʁæ ro di ʁu mdʙy ro FT PT say cry PT :PR 3-:R%?-0 :.?-5B$ 2>. %-2 :.?-5B$ 去 未时 去时 去时 说 哭泣 'Today, he took the whole rice ball and gave (it all) down to the puppy to eat and said, "Friend, the cattle stable, horse stable and sheep stable were hid in by me, (they are) finished so, tonight, where will I go hide?" and cried.' .J-<A%-#R?-:V?-hR$-5%-3-HA-U$-=-LA/-/?-%-8R<-.-PR$?-0R-=$?, <-#%-, g-<, =$-<-5%-3:A-/%-.-%-&?-9A/-0?, .R-/2-%-$%.-&-.$R?-8J?-2>., 今 , 他把整个米饭团都拿给那个小狗 圈 都藏过了, 今晚, 了, 然 问: “朋 到哪儿去藏呢?”于是，哭了 •298• 来。 呀, 牛圈, 马圈和羊 (79) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja te ha ʂə ma kʰv̩ ma ta m̩ puppy DET CL DP still unworried AVM NEG HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ .-<% ?J3?-#<-3J.-0 LJ.-5B$ .$$-1 0$-0 小狗 限词 词 连词 是 ma 副标 慌 kv̩ ma qv̩ scare NEG scare .$$-1 0$ 定 害怕 定 害怕 (80) tʰa ʁu mdʙy nu NEG cry ta hũ ɛ qo te you tonight DP .$$-1 %-2 定 哭泣 tɔ home/family loft ʁo lo LOC GOAL hide tsə pæ HR. .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ HA3 ,R$-#% $/?-$8A =?-5B$ &-2 你 今晚 连词 家 楼 li da 格 词 藏 (81) hũ te a da go DP father back come FT ?R% 4J=-5B$ A-1 KA< 去 连词 爸爸 回 ro di say ;R%-2 3-:R%?-2 2>. 来 未时 说 'The puppy still said unworriedly, "Don't be scared, don't be scared and don't cry and tonight, (you) go hide in (our) family loft, then Father will come back."' HA-U$-.J?-}<-28A/-?J3?-#<-3J.-0:A-%%-0$-3A-.$R?, 0$-3A-.$R?, 3-%-, HR.-.R-.$R%-HA3-IA-,R$-#%-.-&-<-?R%-.%-, A-1-(.J:AeJ?-)KA<-;R%-o-<J.-8J?-2>., 小狗 是 地说: “别害怕, 别害怕, 别哭泣, 今晚你到( 慌 们)家的楼 藏, 爸爸就要回来了。” (82) ɣi na qho ræ li te le dza DP meal eat livestock back close /R<-=$ KA< |R-o$-0 4J=-5B$ 9-3 牛羊 回 连词 饭 te tʂhə ȵo finish after DP puppy 5<-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ 完 以 连词 小狗 ndzə pi tsa 9-2 •299• ȵu 去 (83) tʰi ja qʰa m̩ DET CL how/what do hũ su tʰɛ should GEN he/him DAT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ &A-8A$ LJ. :R?-0 :VJ=-1 #R 限词 做 属格 他 词 怎 该 da =-.R/ ʂa ro tell PT 2>. :.?-5B$ 格 说 去时 'After (the son) finished closing the livestock back (up in the stables) and eating a meal, the puppy told him what (he) should do.' /R<-=$-.$-KA<-9R$-<<-2&$-0-.%-9-3-9R?-5<-eJ?, HA-U$-$A?-#R-=-&A-8A$-LJ.-.$R?-5=-2>., (他)把牛羊(都) 回(圈 ), 完饭以 , 小狗就给他说了该怎 办。 (84) ʁo te qa DP hearth LOC 4J=-5B$ 3J-,2 然 mi dʐə charcoal ABS $/?-$8A ?R=-2 格 火 tʰo 炭 li xo hĩ red PER 12-5B$ .3<-2R {=-5B$ 肯定 红色 祈使 '"In the hearth, keep the charcoal red."' 3J-,2-/%-$A-?R=-2-.3<-2R<-I<-.-($?, “首 , 让火 的炭烧的旺旺的。” (85) kʰaA ly la back-basket one OTM mi qa tɕə ta le down-hearth put DP aJ-2R 8A$ ;=-5B$ 3J-,2-GA-(.-KR$? :)R$-0 4J=-5B$ 背兜 一 宾标 方 放 连词 A kha11 is a bamboo container woven of bamboo strips carried on the back. There are two types. The smaller is woven very tightly and used most often to carry corn and rice and to store grain. The larger basket is woven more coarsely and used to carry grass and potatoes. •300• A (86) ba tsʰə la clothes one la do mo qo ta OTM above H-2 $&A$ ;=-5B$ ,R$-+ 衣服 一 宾标 cover 1A2-0 面 盖 (87) ndzə bo ti tʰʙy tʰʙy le to ʁo tɕhə ta water one CL carry DP loft LOC put ( $&A$ 5.-5B$ :#<-2 4J=-5B$ ,R/-0 $/?-$8A :)R$-0 水 一 词 挑 连词 楼 格 放 '(The son) carried one pair of buckets full of water and put (them) in the loft.' (2-.J?-)(-(9R-2-).R-#<-/?-,R$-#%-.-28$ “然 , 挑一 水放在楼 。” (88) qʰo bo kv̩ tsə kv̩ tsə m̩ tʂə ta ka DP ŋa kv̩ sə kv̩ sə ŋu I OP OP say door tight AVM bolt |R .3-0R LJ.-5B$ o$-0 4J=-5B$ % =.-^R? =.-^R? 2>. 门 紧 副标 顶 拟声 拟声 说/ 唤 连词 (89) ɕy a da li dʑy su dja nu qʰo bo pʰo ŋa pjaŋ pjaŋ if Father back come GEN BE you Door open I OP OP $=-+J A-1 KA< ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 HR. |R #-KJ-0 % =.-^R? =.-^R? 如 爸爸 回 来 属格 判断 你 门 拟声 拟声 开 (90) ŋu ɕy tsʰo ro mi dʑy say if tsʰo ro mi come GEN 2>. $=-YA. 5S-<R-3J 说/ 唤 如 挫容米 su dja qʰo bo tʰa pʰo di BE door NEG open say |R .$$-1 KJ-0 ;R%-2 :VJ=-1 /A-1 来 属格 判断 门 •301• 定 2>. 开 说 '(The puppy) said, "Bolt the door tightly, and if I say, kv̩11 sə53 kv̩11 sə53, then it is Father coming back and you open the door," (and the puppy) said, "if I say pjaŋ44 pjaŋ44, then it is tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 coming, so don't open the door."' $=-YA.-%?-!:-?:-, !:-?:-8J?-2>.-/-|R-KJ-.%-, .J-/A-A-1-KA<-;R%-2:A-g$?-;A/, $=-+J-%?0:J-;A%, 0:J-;A%-8J?-2>.-/-|R-3-KJ, .J-/A-5S-<R-3J-;R%-28A/-0:A-g$?-;A/-8J?-2>., (HA- U$-)$A?- |R-.3-0R<- oR2-&A$ “把门紧紧地顶 , 如 '咕嘶-咕嘶-'的话是爸爸回来了, 你就开门, 如 '表-表-'的话是措容米来的 , (你)别开门。” 警报 (91) dza ndzə ȵu te ʑi tʰi ja te tʂhə ȵo ʂa son DET CL DP puppy meal eat after DP s9-3 9-2 eJ?-? 4J=-5B$ 2 饭 以 连词 儿子/小孩 限词 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ 词 连词 小狗 say/tell 2>. 说 (92) m̩ qʰo bo tʂə ta ka DP tɔ ʁo tsə pæ loft LOC hide AVM door bolt LJ.-5B$ |R o$-0 4J=-5B$ ,R$-#% $/?-$8A &-2 副标 门 顶 连词 楼 格 藏 'After (they) ate a meal, the son bolted the door and hid in the loft like the puppy said.' 9-3-9R?-eJ?, 2-.J?-HA-U$-$A?-2>.-0-v<-|R-.3-0R<-2o2-/?-,R$-#%-.-&?, , 小孩就照小狗说的把门顶 完饭 藏在楼 。 (93) hũ ɴɢv̩ te tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja pjaŋ pjaŋ di qʰv̩ dʑy night DP puppy CL OP OP say make sound PT .$R%-3R 4J=-5B$ HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ =.-^R? =.-^R? 2>. :<-o$-0 :.?-5B$ 晚 连词 小狗 限词 去时 DET 词 拟声 拟声 •302• 唤 ro 'At night, the puppy made the sound pjaŋ44 pjaŋ44.' 35/-3R<-HA-U$-$A?-0:J-;A%-, 0:J-;A%-8J?-9$ 晚 ,那 小狗'表-表-'地 了。 (94) te hũ ɴɢv̩ te tsʰo ro mi tʰi ja ny ny DP night tsʰo ro mi DET CL breast OTM DP la ha ʑy here thrash 4J=-5B$ 35/-3R 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ /-3 ;=-5B$ :.A-/ 连词 晚 连词 挫容米 限词 宾标 词 乳 h%-2 儿 (95) o ʑy there thrash AVM come PT .J-/ h%-2 m̩ dʑy ro le again S LJ.-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< :2R.-5B$ 副标 来 那儿 sə 去时 语气词 'Then, at night, tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 used (her) breasts to thrash here and thrash there and came again.' .J-/?-.$R%-3R<-5S-<R-3J?-;%-2*<-/-3?-$%-?<-2h%?-8R<-.-:R%?, 晚 ，措容米 动着乳 , 右 着来了。 (96) qʰo bo tʰɛ ȵi door she ERG |R 3R 门 她 作格 LJ.-1 pʰo le qo lo open DP inside GOAL come DP KJ-0 4J=-5B$ /%-. 破 连词 lo dʑy te kʰa kʰa =?-5B$ ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ aJ-2R 面 词 连词 背兜 来 (97) tʰi ly tʰɛ dja tʂa ka ȵi mi xi le ma ʁa ro DET CL he BE think DP happy very /A-1 2?3 4J=-5B$ .$:-2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ #R 限词 词 他 判断 想/以为 连词 高 •303• DP PT 4J=-5B$ @-&% :.?-5B$ 连词 很 去时 '(The door was opened by her and she came inside, then she) thought the back-basket was him (the son) and (she) was very happy.' (3R?-|R-KJ-/?-/%-=-:R%?-+J, aJ-2R-.J-2-).J-<J.-~3-/?-@-&%-.$:-0R-:.$ 入), 以为那个背兜是他就非常高 (她破门 。 (98) qa ʁo hearth LOC 3J-,2 charcoal she/her ERG $/?-$8A ?R=-2 格 火 ȵi mi dʐə kʰə tʰɛ 炭 fu le li xo li xo ro blow DP red red PT 3R LJ.-1 1-2+2-0 4J=-5B$ .3<-2 .3<-2 :.?-5B$ 她 作格 吹 连词 红 去时 红 'The charcoal in the hearth was blown on by her and (became) red.' 3R?-3J-,2-/%-$A-?R=-2<-1-2+2-/?-.3<-2R<-I<-.-2&$ 她把火 的炭吹得红红的。 (99) te kv̩ rə kv̩ rə m̩ DP OP kʰa tʰi AVM back-basket DET ly ŋə˞ CL chew say ji 4J=-5B$ =.-^R? LJ.-5B$ aJ-2R %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ wR.-0 2>. 然 副标 背兜 限词 拟声 词 嚼 so MP 5B$-!J$? 说/传说 语气 'It was said (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) chewed the back-basket with a qv̩11 rə11qv̩53 rə53 sound.' 5S-<R-3J-;A?-!:-<-!:-<:A-1-.%-2&?-aJ-2R-:(?-0<-P$?, 说是(措容米)在'咯吱, 咯吱'地咬那个背兜。 (100) ʑi tʰi ja ȵi tɔ ʁo tɕʰə ta ja m̩ ndzə bo son DET CL ERG loft LOC from careful AVM water 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ LJ.-1 儿子 限词 ,R$-#% $/?-$8A /? 词 作格 楼 格 •304• ?J3?-(%- LJ.-5B$ ( 小心 副标 水 (101) ȵi ka qa mi tɕʰə te ha lɛ mbæ few/a little hearth GOAL SUF-COM DP &%-4% 3J-,2 一点 火 =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? cat 4J=-5B$ 8A-= tʰa tsʰə urine NEG $&A/ 词 体 na ȵi kv̩ jo jo we two CL together roast urinate urine .$$-1 $+R%-2 连词 mbæ $&A/ 定 洒 (102) tʰa tsʰə te NEG urinate DP .$$-1 $+R%-2 4J=-5B$ %-5S 定 洒 连词 $*A? 5.-5A$ 3*3-. 们 俩 词 一 ndzə ŋu v̩A YJ$-0 eat say 9-2 2>. 烧 说 'The son carefully poured a little water onto the hearth from the loft and then (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said, "Cat, don't urinate urine, don't urinate urine, then we two (will) roast (the son's flesh) to eat together."' (2-.J?-),R$-#%-/?-?J3?-(%-|R?-3<-(-&%-43-]$?-0?-5S-<R-3J-;A?-8A-=, $&A/-3-$+R%-, $&A/-3-$+R%-.%-%J.-$*A?-GA?-3*3- .-(2-:.A:A->-)YJ$-/?-9-8J?-5?, 小孩 , 楼 洒 倒了一点水, (措容米就) 说: “ 小心地往火 的话, 烧( 俩就一 个小孩的肉)来 , 小 眯呀, 别洒 噢!” (103) tʰɛ ȵi te mi dʐə DP charcoal she ERG le li xo ȵu ro te ʑi blow DP red after PT DP son 4J=-5B$ ?R=-2 3R 连词 炭 她 作格 吹 A LJ.-1 fu 1-2+2-0 4J=-5B$ .3<-2R eJ?-? 连词 红色 以 :.?-5B$ 4J=-5B$ 2 去时 Foods such as potatoes and meat are placed directly on charcoal to cook. •305• 连词 儿子/孩子 (104) tʰi ja ȵi ndzə bo ȵi ka la o mi DET CL ERG water few OTM there GOAL SUF-COM PT ( &%-43 ;=-5B$ .J-/ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ LJ.-1 限词 词 作格 水 tɕʰə ro =?-5B$ :.?-eJ? 一点 宾标 那儿 词 sə again :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 去时 体 (105) te ha lɛ mbæ DP cat tʰa tsʰə urine NEG 4J=-5A$ 8A-= te urinate DP .$$-1 $+R%-2 $&A/ 连词 na ȵi kv̩ v̩ we two CL roast eat say $*A? 5.-5B$ YJ$-0 9-2 2>. 4J=-5B$ %-5S 定 洒 连词 ndzə ŋu 词 烧 们 俩 说 'Then, after the charcoal was blown on and reddened by her, the son scooped a little water and poured (it) down (into the hearth), and then (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) said, "Don't urinate urine then we two (will) roast (the son's flesh) and eat (it)."' .J-/?-?R=-2-3R?-1-2+2-/?-.3<-0R<-I<-eJ?, 2-.J?-(-&%-43-2&?-/?-3<-]$?-0-/-3R?-8A-=, $&A/-3-$+R%-.%-, %J.-$*A?GA?-(2-:.A:A->-)YJ$-/?-9-8J?-2>., 然 ,她 小 , 小孩( 把炭吹红以 眯, 别洒 , 俩烧来 是舀了)一点水倒 去, (措容米 )说: “ 呀, 。” (106) ta m̩ fu like this blow :.A-:S 样 le fu le mɛ ndo DP blow DP dawn come DP 1-2+2-0 4J=-5B$ 1-2+2-0 4J=-5A$ /3-=%?-0 吹 连词 吹 连词 亮 te li pæ ro back run PT 4J=-5B$ KA< o$ :.?-5B$ 连词 回 跑 去时 'Like this, (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11) blew and blew and then ran back (when) dawn came.' :.A-v<-(5S-<R-3J-;A?-);%-;%-1-2+2-/?-/3-=%?-.?-KA<-VR?, 就 样, (她 了。 停地)吹呀吹, (孩子也 停地倒水, )到 •306• 亮的时候(她也)就跑回去 (107) ta ȵi te ʑi tʰi ja ʁu mdʙy ro sə today DP son DET CL cry again .J-<A% 4J=-5B$ 2 今 连词 儿子/孩子 限词 PT %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ %-2 :.?-5B$ ;%-2*< 词 哭泣 去时 'That day, the son cried again.' *A/-.J<-2-.J-;%-2*<-%?, 今 (在放 的时候, )小孩 哭了。 (108) tʂhə ȵo tʰi ja ha ʂə ma kʰv̩ ma ta m̩ puppy DET CL still unworried AVM NEG HA-U$ %J?-5B$ 5.-5B$ .-<% ?J3?-#<-3J.-0 LJ.-5B$ .$$-1 %-2 小狗 限词 词 是 tʰa 副标 慌 ʁu mdʙy tʰa ʁu mdʙy cry cry NEG .$$-1 %-2 定 哭泣 定 哭泣 (109) ta hũ te a da tonight DP gɛ ræ m̩ father real .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ A-1 今晚 连词 爸爸 真实 li da ro di AVM back come will .%R?-/? LJ.-5B$ KA< 副标 回 say ;R%-2 3-:R%?-0 2>. 来 未来时 说 'The puppy still unworriedly said, "Don't cry, don't cry, tonight your father will really come back."' HA-U$-.J?-}<-28A/-?J3?-#<-3J.-0:A-%%-3-%-, 3-%-, .R-.$R%-HR.-GA-A-1-.%R?-/?-KA<-;R%-o-<J.-&J?-2>., 小狗 是 慌 地说: “别哭, 别哭, 今晚你爸爸真的要回来了。” (110) ta hũ te a da carry DP father real :#<-2 4J=-5B$ A-1 背 gɛ rӕ %R-3 ṃ li dʑy ro AVM back come PT LJ.-5B$ KA< 连词 爸爸 真实 副标 回 ji so say MP ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 9J< 5B$-!J$? 来 去时 •307• 说 语气 'Then (they) collected the livestock and went back; Father carried much game and came back.' .J-/?-#R-$*A?-GA?-/R<-=$-.J.-/?-KA<-KA/, A-1?-*A/-.J<-dR/->-3%-0R-#<-/?-KA<-;R%-, (小孩) 把牛羊收回去时, 他的爸爸背着很多猎物回来了。 (111) ʑi tʰi ja kʰv̩ kʰv̩ tɕʰa a da son DET CL quickly 2 %J?-5B$ 5.-5A$ 3IR$?-0R 儿子 限词 tʰi tɕo ta father GOAL hug A-1 词 立 ka a da DP father =?-5B$ :,3-:H.-LJ.-0 4J=-5A$ A-1 词 爸爸 连词 爸爸 拥抱 (112) ŋa a tʂʰa ha nu ma ndo ro ŋu ʁu mdʙy ro I nearly you again NEG see PT say cry % @-=3 HR. .$$-1 3,R%-2 :.?-5B$ 2>. %-2 差点儿 你 li KA< 定 看见 去时 回/再 说 PT :.?-5B$ 去时 哭泣 'The son quickly hugged (his) father and said, "I nearly couldn't see you again," and cried.' 2-.J?-<%-$A-A-1<-:,3-:H.-L?-/?-&%-3A/-/-%?-HR.-3,R%-3-,2-&J?-2>.-.J-%?, 小孩立 抱 爸爸说: “爸爸, 差点儿就没能见到你了,” 就哭了。 (113) a da te father DP A-1 qo tɕʰə le tsʰo ro mi nda ŋu angry DP tsʰo ro mi hack say/want DP 4J=-5B$ #R%-OR-=%?-2 4J=-5B$ 5S-<R-3J 爸爸 连词 生气 连词 措容米 ka v̩ mi sə ax sharp $&R.-0 2?3 4J=-5B$ !-<J 砍 连词 斧头 磨 说/想 'Father was angry, wanting to hack tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 and sharpened an ax.' A-1-OR?-+J-5S-<R-3J-(.3-2<-)$&R.-:.R.-/?-!-<J-2h<, 爸爸生气得想砍(死)措容米, 就在磨斧头。 •308• h<-2 (114) ta hũ te dzə ȵu dza tonight DP meal eat .R-.$R% 4J=-5B$ 9-3 今晚 连词 饭 after ʁo te qa DP hearth LOC 4J=-5B$ 3J-,2 9-2 eJ?-? tɕʰə fire make $/?-$8A 3J 连词 火 以 mi 格 29R-2 火 烧 (115) ka a da DP father DP 4J=-5B$ A-1 te v̩ mi la qʰo bo a kv̩ nu tsə pæ ta ax OTM door 4J=-5B$ !-<J ;=-5B$ |R 连词 爸爸 连词 斧头 宾标 门 behind hide EXT o2-+ &-2 =?-3,/ 背 藏 在 'Tonight, after eating a meal, (they) made a fire in the hearth, Father took an ax and hid behind the door.' .R-.$R%-9-3-9R?-5<-eJ?, (#R-5S?-)3J-,2-/%-.-3J-2.-.J, A-1?-!-<J-(=$-+-)29%-/?-|R:A-o2-+-&?, 今晚, 了饭 , 烧着火, 爸爸拿着斧头藏在门背 。 (116) tsʰo ro mi dʑy le tsʰo ro mi come DP qʰo bo pʰo ta su ndo te door see DP 5S-<R-3J ;R%-2 4J=-5B$ |R 挫容米 来 连词 门 open GEN KJ-2 :VJ=-1 3,R%-2 4J=-5A$ 开 属格 看见 连词 (117) hũ ta hũ te MP tonight DP dzə pʰa ro ŋu eat PT say/think DP can ka dʑy ro come PT 5B$-!J$? .R-.$R% 4J=-5A$ 9-2 ,2-0 :.?-5B$ 2?3 4J=-5B$ ;R%-2 :.?-5B$ 语气 连词 连词 来 今晚 能 去时 说/想 去时 'tsʰo11 ro44 mi11 came, saw the door was open and thought, "Tonight, (I) can eat (the son)," and came.' 5S-<R-3J-:R%?-/?-|R-KJ-;R.-0-3,R%-eJ?-.R-.$R%-(%?-2-.J-)9-,2-o-<J.-2?3?, 措容米来了, 见到敞开着的门, 就想“今晚能 (到 •309• 个孩子的肉)了!” (118) tsʰo ro mi ʂə ka ti ka qʰo bo qo lo tsʰo ro mi feet CL door one b%-0 $&A$ 5.-5B$ |R 5S-<R-3J 措容米 tʰʙu te v̩ mi inside GOAL step DP /%-. 词 门 一 lo ax =?-5B$ %R-2 4J=-5B$ !-<J 词 面 连词 斧头 踩 (119) la mi nda OTM GOAL hack te bɛ mi qa mi DP fall down-hearth GOAL EXT ;=-5B$ =?-5B$ $&R.-0 4J=-5B$ =R$-0 0%-$&= 宾标 词 砍 连词 倒 dʑa ro PT =?-5B$ =?-3,/ :.?-5B$ 词 方 在 去时 '(As soon as) one of tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's feet stepped inside the door, (Father) took the ax and hacked down (on her foot) and (she) fell on the down-hearth.' 5S-<R-3J:A-b%-0-;-$&A$-|R:A-/%-.-%R?-3-,$-(A-1?-)!-<J?-b%-0-.J-2&.-.J-(5S-<R-3J-)0%-$&=-!J%-+-3<-=R$ 措容米的一 方的(地板 脚刚踏入门 面, (爸爸就) 斧头砍 去, (措容米)便倒在了 )。 (120) te tɕɛ tʂhə ȵi zə zə DP hound ERG fight for do 4J=-5B$ >-HA LJ.-1 :UR$-0 连词 猎狗 作格 抢夺 tɕʰa le tɕʰa kv̩ DP swallow PT LJ.-0 4J=-5B$ H<-3A. 做 连词 咽/ ro ji le say MP :.?-5B$ 2>. 5B$-!J$? 去时 说 语气 'It was said then that the hounds fought (with each other) for (tsʰo11 ro44 mi11's flesh) and it was swallowed.' .J-/?, >-HA-.$-$A?-(5S-<R-3J:A->-)lR.-0-L?-/?-(3,<-,3?-&.-)H<-3A.-L?-?R,, 猎狗抢夺着把(她) 了。 •310•