Augmenting the Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using Additives
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Black cotton soil is very susceptible to detrimental volume changes, with changes in moisture. This behavior of soil is attributed to the presence of mineral Montmorillonite which has expanding lattice; Black cotton soils because of their specific physical & chemical make are subjected to volume changes. In many countries including India, these soils are so extensive that alteration of highway route to avoid the material is virtually impossible. Various remedial measures like soil replacement, prewetting, moisture control, lime stabilization etc have been practiced with varied degree of success. Extensive research is going on to find the solutions to black cotton soils. In the present work experimentation is carried out to investigate efficacy of lime, fly ash, Alkalis and other Additives in improving the properties of black cotton soil
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT), 2014
https://www.ijert.org/a-experimental-study-of-black-cotton-soil-stabilized-with-rice-husk-ash-fly-ash-and-lime https://www.ijert.org/research/a-experimental-study-of-black-cotton-soil-stabilized-with-rice-husk-ash-fly-ash-and-lime-IJERTV3IS110550.pdf An experimental investigation is carried out to study the effect of Rice husk ash, Fly ash and Lime on index and engineering properties of Black cotton soils. The properties of stabilized soil such as compaction characteristics, unconfined compressive strength and california bearing ratio were evaluated. Various percentage of Rice husk ash (5,10,15&20), Fly ash(10,15,20&25),Lime(2.4.6 & 8) have been used to improve the engineering properties of expansive black cotton soil. One ingredient at a time has been mixed with soil and index as well as engineering properties have been determined. The optimum content of each ingredient has been mixed together and the same properties have been evaluated. It has been concluded that liquid limit & plastic limit of soil is reduced by adding of any ingredient individually. However the improvement in shrinkage limit is not substantial. The standard proctor perimeter are influenced negatively i.e. OMC varies from 15% to 18% using RHA and Fly ash. The maximum dry density (MDD) is reduced from 1.71 to 1.57 gm/cc. The Ф value decreases from 19 ۫ ۫ to 10 ۫ and Cohesion value is increases from 0.5 to 1 kg/cm 2 using RHA The Ф value is decreases from 19 ۫ to 14 ۫ and Cohesion value increases from 0.5 to 1.1 kg/cm 2 using fly ash. The CBR value increases from 1.52% to 3.64% using Lime, it increases from 1.52% to1.70% using Fly ash and 1.52% to 1.70% using RHA. The CBR value is 12.74% at combination of RHA, fly ash and lime. The UCS value increases with increase in percentage of RHA, Fly ash and Lime. Swelling pressure is decreases at different percentage of Lime and Fly ash. Coefficient of permeability is decreases at different percentage of Lime and fly ash. Plasticity index of soil is decreases with increase the percentage of RHA, Fly ash and Lime. The optimum percentage of RHA , fly ash and lime is 8%,20% and 20%. On treated soil reduction in sub-base layer by 60% and reduction in DBM layer by 40.7% in comparison to pavement design on Untreated Black Cotton soil. Pavement cost also decreases on treated soil. The objective of this work is to estimate the effect of RHA, Fly ash and Lime on some geotechnical properties of black cotton soil, in order to determine the suitability of RHA, Fly ash and Lime for use as a modifier or stabilizer in the treatment of black cotton soil for roadwork. The aim of this work is to find the optimum percentage of RHA, Fly ash and Lime.
Experimental Investigation on Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil by using Lime and Fly Ash
Stabilization of soil is important to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soil like strength, volume stability and durability. The Black cotton soils are very hard when dry, but lose its strength completely when in wet condition Expansive soils (black cotton soil) are a worldwide problem that poses several challenges for civil Engineers. In this research has been made to stabilize the soil using Fly ash and Lime. Experimental work has been carried out with 10%, 20%, and 30% of Fly ash as well 5 %, 10 % and 15% of lime content. The experimental work is based on different percentages of Fly ash and lime content in soil on tests for soil Atterberg limit, California Bearing Ratio test, Unconfined Compression Test and Standard Proctor Test. The aim of this project was done by utilizing binding materials to improve the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.
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The black cotton soil is a type of problematic expansive soil which causes many problems in the construction of structures founded on them. It is having a swelling and impervious nature with poor geotechnical subgrade characteristics. In this research an approach is made towards the way of improvement in the various geotechnical properties of black cotton soil such as index properties, swelling characteristics, consolidation characteristics, hydraulic conductivity characteristics and strength characteristics by blending it with waste materials such as river sand, fly ash and marble dust. Hence, from these approaches, the impacting effect of waste materials on the environment reduced due to optimum utilization of these waste materials in the improvement in various properties of black cotton soil.
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A Study of Black Cotton Soil and its Stabilization by use of Lime and Sawdust
With rapid growth of population, fast urbanization and more construction of highway, buildings and other structures has resulted in reduction of good quality available land. The mechanical behavior of such nature of soil has to be improved by employing stabilization of Black Cotton Soil (BC soil) is studied by using Lime and Sawdust. Black Cotton soils are highly clayey soils (Montmorillonite clay mineral). The moisture changes in Black Cotton soils, compressibility and plasticity nature can be greatly improved with the addition of Lime and Sawdust. This paper includes the evaluation of soil properties like Optimum moisture content, dry density, and strength parameter (California Bearing ratio value). Different quantities of Lime and Sawdust (% by weight) are added to the BC soil and the experiments conducted on these soil mixes. The result shows that the use of Lime and Sawdust increases the California Bearing Ratio values i.e. the strength of soil to a great extent.
International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN:2454-4116, Volume-1, Issue-3, July 2015 Pages 42-45
Augmenting the Properties of Black Cotton Soil
Using Additives
Manjularani.P, Channabasavaraj.W, MdKhajaMoniuddin
Abstract— Black cotton soil is very susceptible to detrimental
volume changes, with changes in moisture. This behavior of soil
is attributed to the presence of mineral Montmorillonite which
has expanding lattice; Black cotton soils because of their specific
physical & chemical make are subjected to volume changes. In
many countries including India, these soils are so extensive that
alteration of highway route to avoid the material is virtually
impossible. Various remedial measures like soil replacement,
prewetting, moisture control, lime stabilization etc have been
practiced with varied degree of success. Extensive research is
going on to find the solutions to black cotton soils. In the present
work experimentation is carried out to investigate efficacy of
lime, fly ash, Alkalis and other Additives in improving the
properties of black cotton soil
Index Terms— Fly ash, Lime, Alkalis, Sodium Chloride,
Magnesium Chloride, O.M.C, M.D.D..
I. INTRODUCTION
Compaction is a mechanical process in which the
densification is achieved through the expulsion of air voids at
almost constant water content of the soil mass. While the
compaction is relatively an instantaneous process,
consolidation is a time dependent process. For the majority of
the activities adopted in the field to achieve soil compaction,
the major input is the results of laboratory compaction testsstandard or modified proctor or mini compaction tests. The
process of compaction, particularly of fine grained soils seem
to be a complex one as the soil may be composed of both
active and relatively inactive clay minerals.
The results of compaction tests are normally expressed in
the form of dry density v/s water content relationship. The
two important compaction characteristics are optimum
moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD).
The important factors which affect these characteristics are
the compactive effort and the type of soil. With increasing
compactive effort, the maximum dry density increases and
the optimum moisture content decreases (Lambe, 1993).
Although the fundamentals of compaction are not completely
understood, it is known that water plays an important part,
especially in the fine-grained soils.
The following are the important effects of compaction:
Manjularani.P, Civil Engineering Department, Don Bosco Institute of
Technology/ Bangalore/ India
Channabasavaraj.W, Department of Civil Engineering, Don Bosco
Institute of Technology (Affilated to VTU Belagavi), Bangalore, India
MdKhajaMoniuddin,
Civil
Engineering
Department,
BheemannaKhandreInstitute of Technology/ Bhalki/ India.
1. Compaction increases the dry density of soil, thus
increasing its shear strength and bearing capacity
through an increase in frictional characteristics
2. Compaction decreases the tendency for settlement of
soil and
3. Compaction brings about a low permeability of the
soil.
4. Reduction in shrinkage
5. Reduction of subsidence from the reduced void ratio
In the present investigation, effect of alkalis on
compaction characteristics of lime treated black cotton soil,
fly ash mixture and other additives have been presented.
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The effect of alkalis on lime treated black cotton soil
and fly ash mixture on the compaction characteristics have
been studied. The results and discussions are presented in the
following sections.
A. Effect of Fly ash
Compaction is the process of increasing the density
of the soil by packing the particles closer together with
reduction in the volume of air. Densification of soil improves
their engineering properties. The dry density of a given soil
after compaction depends on (i) water content, (ii)
compactive effort, (iii) soil type and (iv) admixtures (Bowles,
1984).The dry density and water content depends on the
amount of silica and free lime content in the fly ash.
The optimization of fly ash have been done by
adding various percentages of fly ash to the soils and based on
the various test results, it was found that 50% Muddanur fly
ash is optimum for expansive Black cotton soil. The effect of
fly ash on expansive montmorillonitic Black cotton soil has
been studied on the compaction characteristics The maximum
dry density of black cotton soil and fly ash alone were found
to be 14.74kN/m3 and 15.34kN/m3 respectively
with optimum moisture content of 31.00% and 20.30%. On
addition of various percentages of fly ash to the black cotton
soil the maximum dry density increases to 16.88kN/m3 with
decrease in optimum moisture content is 18.20% upon
addition of 50% fly ash. Beyond 50% addition of fly ash the
maximum dry density decreases with increase in optimum
moisture content as shown in figure 1 The addition of fly ash
to BC soil decreases the optimum moisture content and
increases the maximum dry density (Leonards and Bailey,
1982). This may be due to decrease in repulsive pressure of
soil, which resists compactive effort, consequently soil
particles become closer. The behaviour of black cotton soil is
controlled by diffused double layer. The addition of fly ash in
small percentage resulted in decrease of repulsive pressure of
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Augmenting the Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using Additives
soil particles. This in turn reduces the resistance to
compactive effort and the mix gets compacted to relatively
higher densities (Udayashankar and Puranik, 2012).
The optimum moisture content has reduced from 31.00%
to 18.20% upto 50% addition of fly ash. With decrease in the
repulsive pressure, due to addition of fly ash with lower water
absorption capacity, the OMC decreases. Addition of
non-plastic fly ash particles to the expansive clay the water
content required for reorientation of the particle will be less
hence optimum moisture content reduces. Increase the
repulsive forces of soil particles, thereby increasing the
resistance to compactive effort and hence the density of mix
starts decreasing (Udayashankar and Puranik)
Figure 1: Variation of dry density-water content relationship
of Black cotton soil treated with various percentage of Fly
ash
B. Effect of Lime
The tests were conducted on optimum percentage of fly ash
and black cotton soil mixture with 1% to 5% of lime content.
The maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of
optimum fly ash and black cotton soil mixture is 16.88kN/m3
and 18.20% respectively. The optimization of lime have been
done by adding various percentages of lime to the Black
cotton soil and fly ash mixture based on the various test
results, it was found that 3% lime is optimum for expansive
Black cotton soil. On addition of 1% to 5% lime content, the
maximum dry density increases upto 3% of lime with
decrease in optimum moisture content as shown in figure 2.
Thus, addition of 3% lime results in the increase in
maximum dry density beyond which the dry density decreases
with increase in optimum moisture content. This is due to the
increased flocculation and agglomeration of soil particles
having large void spaces occupied by lime leading to a
corresponding decrease in maximum dry density (Ola, 1977
and Lees et al, 1982) with increase in availability of lime
content. This would increase the repulsive forces of soil
particles, thereby increasing the resistance to compactive
effort.
The increase in OMC of expansive clays treated with
lime may be caused by flocculation so that when compacted
the soil each have an increased volume of voids compared
with untreated soil, in addition the increase in hydroxyl ions
liberated by lime, increases the affinity of the surfaces of clay
particles for water (Bell, 1987). The increase in optimum
moisture content is due to the increasing demand for water by
various cations and the clay mineral particles to undergo
hydration reaction. The increase in optimum moisture content
is probably a consequence of the additional water held within
the flocculent soil structure resulting from lime interaction
and exceeding water absorption by lime as a result of its
lower specific gravity (Muntohar and Hantoro, 2000).
Figure 2: Variation of dry density-water content relationship
of Black cotton soil and optimum Fly ash mixture treated with
various percentages of Lime
C. Effect of Alkalis
1. Effect of Calcium Carbonate
The optimization of alkalis has been done by adding
various percentages of alkalis to the lime treated Black cotton
soil and fly ash mixture based on the various test results, it
was found that 10% Calcium carbonate is optimum for
expansive Black cotton soil.
The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of Black Cotton soil is 14.74kN/m3 and 31.00%
respectively. On addition of various percentages of Calcium
Carbonate, maximum dry density increases and optimum
moisture content is decreases upto 10% which is an optimum
percentage for Calcium Carbonate. Beyond 10%, maximum
dry density decreases as shown in figure 4This is due to
flocculation between soil and calcium carbonate particles
(Venkataraja Mohan 2011). The maximum increase in dry
density is found as 14.90kN/m3. This may be due to the
density and Specific Gravity of Calcium Carbonate used is
higher than that of BC soil and decrease in moisture content is
attributed to reduction in diffused double layer by cation
exchange.
Figure3 : Variation of dry density-water content relationship
of Black cotton soil, optimum Fly ash and lime mixture
treated with various percentages of Calcium Carbonate
2. Effect of Magnesium Carbonate
Based on the various test results, it was found that
15% Magnesium carbonate is optimum for expansive Black
cotton soil. On addition of various percentages of Magnesium
Carbonate, maximum dry density increases and optimum
moisture content is increases upto 15% which is an optimum
percentage for Calcium Carbonate. Beyond 15%, maximum
dry density decreases and optimum moisture increases as
shown Figure 4.
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International Journal of New Technology and Research (IJNTR)
ISSN:2454-4116, Volume-1, Issue-3, July 2015 Pages 42-45
The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of Black Cotton soil is 14.74kN/m3 and 31.00%
respectively, Maximum dry density decreases to 12.16kN/m3
and optimum moisture content is increases to 40.20% on 15%
addition of Magnesium Carbonate. This is due to flocculation
and hydration between soil and Magnesium carbonate
particles (Venkataraja Mohan 2011). This may be due to the
light weight of Magnesium Carbonate and more water
holding capacity of the rearranged particles.
3. Effect of Sodium Salts
The maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content of Black Cotton soil is 14.74kN/m3 and 31.00%
respectively. The maximum dry density
of lime treated Black cotton soil and fly ash mixture treated
with Calcium carbonate and Magnesium carbonate is
14.90kN/m3 and 12.16kN/m3 respectively.
Figure 4: Variation of dry density-water content relationship
of Black cotton soil, optimum Fly ash and lime mixture
treated with various percentages of Magnesium Carbonate
Addition of 1% sodium salts (NaOH and NaCl) to
Black cotton soil treated with optimum percentage of fly ash,
lime and Calcium Carbonatethe maximum dry densities were
observed to be 14.92kN/m3 and 14.68kN/m3 and optimum
moisture content were 25.4% and 25.7% with NaOH and
NaCl respectively. Similarly with Magnesium Carbonatethe
maximum dry densities were observed to be 12.45kN/m3 and
12.2kN/m3 and optimum moisture content were 37.0% and
38.20% with NaOH and NaCl respectively as shown figure 5
The increase in optimum moisture content is as a result of
increasing demand for water by various cations and the clay
mineral particles to undergo hydration reaction (Moses 2008,
Osinubi 1997). This may be due to the formation of more
gelatinous compounds, which can retain high water content
as there was no much time elapsed after mixing sodium salts.
III. CONCLUSION
1. Addition of various percentages of fly ash to black cotton
soil, the maximum dry density increases with
decreasing in optimum moisture content upto 50% fly
ash addition, thereafter maximum dry density
decreases with increase in optimum moisture content
due to decrease in repulsive pressure of soil, which
resists compactive effort, consequently soil particles
become closer with lower water absorption capacity.
2. Addition of 1 to 5% lime to optimum fly ash treated black
cotton soil, the maximum dry density increases upto
3% lime addition, thereafter maximum dry density
decreases with increase in optimum moisture content
due to the increasing demand for water by various
cations and the clay mineral particles to undergo
hydration reaction. This is due to the increased
flocculation with increase in availability of lime
content. This would increase the repulsive forces of
soil particles, thereby increasing the resistance to
compactive effort.
3. On addition of various percentages of Calcium Carbonate
to the optimum mixture maximum dry density
increases and optimum moisture content is decreases
upto 10% which is an optimum percentage for
Calcium Carbonate, beyond 10%, maximum dry
density decreases with increase in optimum moisture
content. This is due to the density and Specific
Gravity of Calcium Carbonate used is higher than that
of BC soil and decrease in moisture content is
attributed to reduction in diffused double layer by
cation exchange.
4. On addition of various percentages of Magnesium
Carbonate to the optimum mixture maximum dry
density increases and optimum moisture content is
decreases upto 15% which is an optimum percentage
for Magnesium Carbonate, beyond 15%, maximum
dry density decreases with increase in optimum
moisture content. Maximum dry density achieved is
less and optimum moisture content is more than that
of Black cotton soil alone. This is due to the light
weight of Magnesium Carbonate and more water
holding capacity of the rearranged particles.
5. Addition of 1% sodium salts to Black cotton soil treated
with optimum percentage of fly ash, lime and alkalis
the maximum dry density increases with decrease in
optimum moisture content. This may be due to the
formation of more gelatinous compounds.
REFERENCES
Figure 5: Variation of dry density-water content relationship
of Black cotton soil, optimum Fly ash, lime and Alkalis
mixture (a) Calcium carbonate (b)Magnesium carbonate
treated with 1% Sodium salts
[1] Mir, (2004) - The effect of Fly ash on geotechnical Properties of soils
[2] Phanikumar and Sharma, (2004) - The effect of fly ash on engineering
properties of expansive soil through an experimental program
[3] Shukla and Kukalyekar, (2005) - The effects of compaction energy on the
Geotechnical properties of Fly
[4] Bell, (1987) - Enhancement of the properties of clayey soils by addition of
cement or lime.
[5] Hussain and Dash, (2009) - Influence of lime on compaction behavior of
soils
[6] Evans and Bell, (1978) - The phosphoric stabilization for insituloessial
soils of Banks Peninsula
[7] H.N. Ramesh et al., (2002) - Effect of muddanaur Fly ash on Index and
compaction behavior of Expansive soil
[8] NarasimhaRao et al., (2012) - Efficiency of sodium carbonate and
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Augmenting the Properties of Black Cotton Soil Using Additives
calcium carbonate in stabilizing a black cotton soil.
[9] Dr.B.C.Punmia et al., “soil mechanics and foundation”, 16th edition,
March 2005 pp849-856.
[10] SubbaRao K.S. 2000 Swell-shrink behavior of expansive
soils-Geotechnical challenges. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 30, 1-69.
[11] Katti R.K. 1979. Search for solutions for problems in black cotton soils.
Indian Geotechnical Journal, 9, 1-80.
[12] ErdalCokca (2001) “Use Of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilization – of
an Expansive Soil Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental
Engineering Vol. 127, July, pp. 568-573
[13] Foundation Analysis and Design by Bowles
[14] Soil Engineering Testing, Design and Remediation – Dr.FaHua Chen,
P.E.
2. Presented paper on “Earthquake analysis of 2D RC frames with different
aspect ratio for Masonry infill and Monolithic panel”, at “International
Conference on Recent Innovative in Civil Engineering (IC-RICE 2013)”,
P.D.A, Gulbarga.
3.Published paper on “Finite Element Analysis of Soil Bearing Capacity
Using PLAXIS”, in “International Journal for Scientific Research and
Development (IJRSD)” e-ISSN-2321 0613.
1. Reviewer Board member for “International Journal of Advanced Research
in Computer Science & Technology [IJARCST]”. e-ISSN 2347-8446;
p-ISSN 2347-9817.
2. Membership in Technical bodies of “American society for Civil Engineer
(ASCE), International Association of Engineers (IAENG), CSTA.
3. Member for National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering
[NICEE], IIT Kanpur India, Membership Number: 14SY0904.
4. Reviewer Board member for “International Journal of Research in
Engineering & Technology [IJRET]”. e-ISSN 2319-1163; p-ISSN
2321-7308.
Manjularani.P
Education:
UG: BE in Civil Engineering
PG: Master of Engineering in Earthquake Engineering
1. Published paper in the proceedings on “Soil Nail Wall for deep
excavation and its performance under seismic condition”, in “Indian
Geotechnical conference (IGC)-2014”, December 18-20 Kakinada,
India. page no- 843 to 849.
Channabasavaraj.W
Education
UG: BE in Civil Engineering
PG: Master of Engg in Geotechnical Engg
Published an international journal paper in “Applied Clay
Science” (2014) titled: Simulation of fabric in
sedimented clays, (article in press).
An international journal paper has been submitted to “Engineering
Geology”, titled: Characterization of samples from Lonar Crater,
India, (Under review).
Presented a technical paper in an international conference (Seventh
international conference on case history in Geotechnical
Engineering) at university of Illinois, Chicago, USA. Title:
“Influence of Relative Position of the Tunnels, A Numerical
Study on Twin Tunnels”, by varied soil parameters and design
conditions.
Presented a technical paper in International level Conference
(Indian Geotechnical Conference) at IIT Delhi (2012). Title:
Influence of Relative Position of the Tunnels - Numerical
Analysis on Interaction between Twin Tunnels.
Presented a technical paper in a International level Conference
(Indian Geotechnical Conference) at JNTU Kakinada (2014).
Title: Characterization of Dredged Sediments.
MdKhajaMoniuddin
Education
UG: BE in Civil Engineering
PG: Master of Engg in Geotechnical Engg
Pursuing Ph.D,
1. Presented paper on “Disaster Management” in for
“International
Conference
on
Communication,Computation,Control and Nanotechnology
(ICN2011)” at R.E.C,Bhalki.
45
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Synchronous Coexistence and Temporal Overlay
PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America
How suicidal bipolar patients are depends on how suicidal ideation is defined
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2009
O porquê do escorpião e o estudo da tradição emblemática na arte colonial latino-americana
Revista Figura. Studi sull` Immagine nella Tradizione Classica. São Paulo, 2014
Selected statistical methods of data analysis for multivariate functional data
Statistical Papers, 2016
Afrorrománico, iberorrománico y orígenes del español
Aspectos actuales del hispanismo mundial, 2018
Managing with Style: What Does It Mean in Practice Having a Knowing, Planning, or Creating style?
2007
Video Supported Flipped Classroom
Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 2018
Le crisi dell’area mediterranea e i flussi verso le coste italiane. Buone prassi e criticità del sistema di accoglienza
Dossier Statistico Immigrazione 2014, 2014
Genotoxicity of lead in lupin root cells as evaluated by the comet assay
Cellular & molecular biology letters, 2004
Motivation and Barriers of Organic Agricultural Production System Adoption in Yogyakarta-Indonesia
Delhi Business Review, 2018
Challenges of the Changing Robot Markets
Nature-Inspired Mobile Robotics, 2013
Microsegregation in open and closed multicomponent systems
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2003
Optimal statistic for detecting gravitational wave signals from binary inspirals with LISA
Classical and Quantum Gravity, 2004
Virus economics: an American tragedy
Revue de la régulation, 2021