disaster

sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&) Kf|:tfagf Sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% lgodfjnL @)%^ / ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ sf] dfu{lgb]{zg Pj+ cGo k|rlnt sfg'gx¿n] o; dxfgu/kflnsfnfO{ tf]s]sf] lhDd]jf/Ld'tfljs ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f d'nk|jfxLs/0fdf gu/:t/Lo cfjlws of]hgf / ljkb\sf ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg h:tf sfdsf ;fy} klxnf] k|ltsfo{stf{ (First Responder) sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kb{5 . To;}n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^ sf] lgod @&^ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L sf7df8f} dxfgu/ kl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&) c;f/ @( ut]sf] @@ cf} gu/kl/ifb a}7sn] o; lgb{]lzsfnfO{ l:js[t u/L sfo{Gjogdf NofPsf]5 . la =;+= !(() ;fnsf] dxf e'sDk / @)$% ;fnsf] e'sDk nufot cfuhgL, af9L klx/f], ;'Vvf tyf cfsl:ds ljkb\ h:tf ljkbaf6 ePsf] wg tyf hgsf] Ifltaf6 kf7 l;Sb} , IfltnfO{ Go'gLs/0f u/L cfd gful/sdf ;'/Iff cg'e'lt lbnfpg o; lgb]{lzsfsf] sfo{Gjog ul/g]5 . p2]Zo sf7df8f} dxfgu/ If]q ;lxt sf7df8f} pkTosf e'sDkLo hf]lvd y'Qm If]q leq /x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf gful/s ;'/Iff k|d'v rf;f]sf] ljifosf ?kdf /xg cfpb5 . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] dxfgu/kflnsfn] dxfgu/ If]q leq e'sDk nufotsf ljkbaf6 x'g ;Sg] IfltnfO{ Go'gLs/0f ug{ k'j{ tof/L tyf ;r]tgf d'ns ;lxt ljkb ca:yfdf ug{' kg{] sfo{x?nfO{ Aoa:yfkg ug{] x]t'n] of] lgb{]lzsf nfu' ul/Psf] xf] . o; lgb{]lzsfn] o;sf cltl/Qm b]xfosf] k|d'v p2]Zo /fv]sf]5 . !_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Gog"Ls/0fnfO { lbuf] ljsf;sf dxfgu/sf /0fgLltx¿ tyf of]hgf th'd{ fdf PsLs/0f ug,{] @_ ljkb\x¿df k/]sfx?nfO{ hLag :t/ psf:gsfnflu ;+:yf, ;+oGq tyf Ifdtfx¿sf] ljsf; tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{, #_ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cfktsfnLg k"j{–tof/L (Preparedness), k|ltsfo{ ug{] . (Response) tyf k'g{nfe (Recovery) ;DaGwL sfo{qmddf Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{] . $_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] k|fyldstf x'g] / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;zQm ;+:yfut Joj:Yff ;'lglZrt ug,{] %_ ljkb\sf ;DefJo hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf, klxrfg, cg'udg / k"j{–r]tfjgL k|0ffnL ;'b[9 ug]{, ^_ ;a} txdf ;'/lIft ;+:s[lt Pj+ pTyfgzLntfsf] ljsf; ug{ 1fg, gjLgtd ;f]r / lzIffsf] pkof]u ug],{ &_ JofKt hf]lvdsf sf/s tTj x¿nfO{ Gog" ug{,] / *_ k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{sf nflu ljkb\ k"j{tof/LnfO{ ;zQm agfpg] . 2 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/De ælgb{]lzsfsf] gfdÆ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&) x'g]5 . æk|f/DeÆ M sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf gu/ kl/ifbaf6 jf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cg';f/ :jLs[t u/]sf] ldlt b]lv t'?Gt k|f/De x'G5 . æP]P]g EfGgfn] EfGgfn Æ M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . ælgodfjnL lgodfjnL eGgfn] eGgfn Æ M :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . ækl/ifb kl/ifb Æ M sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] gu/kl/ifbnfO{ a'dmfpb5 . æ/0fgLlt /0fgLlt eGgfn] eGgfn Æ M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt, @)^^ nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . æsf=d=kf= sf=d=kf= eGgfn] eGgfn Æ M sf7df8f} dxfgu/ kflnsf nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . ædxfgu/Lo ;ldlt eGgfn] eGgfn ÆM dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . æj8f :t/Lo ;ldlt eGgfn eGgfn] ÆM j8f ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt nfO{ a'dmfpb5 . 3 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ Vf08 -s_ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DalGw ;+u7g ;+/rgf Dfxfgu/ kl/ifb sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf K|fd'v Dfxfgu/kflnsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt Jf8f :t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt :j+od ;]js ;d'x sf7df8f} dxfgu/ kl/ifb\ \sf] ljkb ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfd– kl/ifbsf] sfd–st{Jo lgDgadf]lhd x'g]5g\g\ s _ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DjGwL gLlt, lgb{]lzsf tyf dfb08x¿sf] :jLs[t,cg'df]bg,;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{, v _ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL of]hgf tyf o:t} If]qut bL3{sflng of]hgfx¿ :jLs[t ug]{, u_ ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, k"j{–tof/L, ;xof]u tyf k'gnf{e (recovery) sf nflu cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf /]vb]v ug]{, 3 _ ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf If]qx¿df låkIfLo, pkIf]qLo, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf nflu gLltut lgbz]{ g lbg] . sf7df8f} sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf sfo{x? ug{]5 . -s_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL :jLs[t gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{],u/fpg]5 . -v_ j8f :t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6L ;ldltaf7 k]z e} cfPsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{ / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{, -u_ ;DalGwt j8f :t/Lo ;ldltaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg cg';f/ ljkb\ ;DefJoIf]q 3f]if0ff ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, 4 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ -3_ ljkb\af6 a[xb\ ¿kdf k|efljt If]qnfO{ ;Í6u|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO { l;kmfl/; ug,{] -ª_ ljkb\;DaGwL ;Dk0"f{ ljj/0fx¿ ;Íng ug]{ u/fpg], gbL lgoGq0f, af9L, klx/f], es"Dk, e–" d08nLo pi0fLs/0f, xfjfkfgL kl/jtg{ , e–" pkof]u cflb ljleGg ljifox¿df cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/fpg] / ljkb\ ;DaGwL dxfgu/Lo ;|f]t ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug],{ -r_ s'g} klg lsl;dsf ljkb\af6 x'g;Sg] wghgsf] IfltnfO{ Go"g ug{ k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg], -5_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df sfo{ ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/] sfo{bn u7g u/L sfo{ ug],{ u/fpg], -h_ ljkb\ hf]lvd cNkLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f Pj+ sfof{Gjogsf ;fy} ;a} ;DjlGwt lgsfo aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf] cg'udg Pj + lg/LIf0f ug],{ u/fpg], -em_ Jofjxfl/s tyf ;fdlos gLltut Joj:yf u/L ljkb\ kLl8tx¿nfO{ p4f/ tyf /fxt k|bfg ug],{ -`_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cf}krfl/s Pj+ cgf}krfl/s lzIff, tflnd, k|rf/, k|;f/, k|sfzg, ;r]tgf, ljkb\sf] ;fdgf;DaGwL k"jf{Eof; h:tf sfo{x¿ ug{], u/fpg], -6_ p4f/ tyf /fxt sfos{f nflu :yfgLo ljkb\ p4f/ ;d"x u7g ug{] / ;fd'bflos :jo+;]js tof/ u/L ;+nUg u/fpg], -7_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf låkIfLo, ax'kIfLo, ;/sf/L Pj+ u/} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿;uF sf] ;Dks{, ;dGjo / ;xsfod{f clejl[ 4 ugs{ f nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug{], u/fpg], -8_ d'n'sleq jf aflx/af6 ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L jf JolQmut tj/af6 k|fKt gub jf j:t'ut ;xof]ux¿ lgodfg';f/ k|fKt u/L ;f]sf] kl/rfng ug{], u/fpg], -9_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DalGw ljkb\ Joa:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff sf]if u7g u/L 5§'} vftf vf]nL ;Grfng ug],{ -0f_ a[xb\ k|efj kfg{] ljkb\;DaGwL ljj/0fx¿ ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Lsf nflu tTsfn pknAw u/fpgfsf ;fy} cfk"mn] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL Pj+ n]vfk/LIf0f ;lxtsf] cfly{s ljj/0fx¿ jflif{s ¿kdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|sflzt ug{], -t_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf cfjZos sfo{ ug{ ;ldlt tyf j8f ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg], -y_ gu/ Pj+ :yfgLo:t/sf ;ldltx¿dfkm{t ;Defljt ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu ;Í6sfnLg kj" {tof/L of]hgfx¿ thd'{ fsf] ;'lglZrttf ug,{] 5 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ -b_ ;Í6sfnLg Joj:yfkg s|G]bs| f] :yfkgf ug {] tyf cGo lgsfox¿nfO { klg ;f] cg¿' k :yfkgf ug { k|f]T;fxg ug]{, -w_ ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg;DaGwL pbfx/0fLo sfo{ ug{] pTs[i6 JolQm jf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ a;]{lg k|f]T;fxg:j¿k ;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ lbg], lbnfpg], -g_ cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1 ;ldltx¿sf] u7g u/L sfo{ ug{], u/fpg], -k_ :yfgLo ljsf; / zx/L ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;'emfj lbg], -km_ ljkb\sf] k"j{tof/L, Go"gLs/0f p4f/ tyf /fxt, k'g?Tyfg, k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ k'glg{df{0f cj:yfdf ug'{kg ]{ ;a } sfd ug {] / o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf cGo cfjZos ;a} sfo { ug]{, u/fpg], o; If]qsf k|d'v ljkbsf k|sf/x? k|fs[lts ljkb\ ljkb\ (Natural Disaster) sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf If]qdf cfuhgL af9L, klx/f], e"sDksf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg xfjf–x'/L tyf cl;gf, d';Nwf/] jiff{, ;'Vvf, clgsfn h:tf ljljw k|s[ltsf k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿af6 ;+s6f;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dxfdf/L, cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, lj:kmf]6g, ;8s b'3{6gf tyf ljiffn' kbfy{;Fu ;DalGwt ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L j;]{lg k|fs[lts tyf u}/k|fs[lts ljkb\sf 36gfx¿sf] ;fdgf ul//xg' k/]sf] 5 . != e"sDk (Earthquake) g]kfn ;fdfGotof af/Daf/ bf]xf]l/O/xg] e"sDksf] pRr hf]lvdsf] :s]n MMI IX / XI df k/]af6 g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ e"efu e"sDk hfg] ;+efljt If]qleq kb{5 . g]kfnsf] e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qsf] gS;fsf] cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ tLg efudf afFl8Psf] 5 . pQm gS;f cg';f/ oL efux¿ pQ/tkm{af6 klZrd–blIf0f, blIf0f–k"jL{ lbzftkm{ km}lnPsf 5g\ / g]kfnsf] pQ/L tyf blIf0fL e"efueGbf dWo e"efu e"sDksf] a9L hf]lvddf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;df klg sf7df8f} pkTosfnfO{ e'sDkLo pRr hf]lvddf dflgG5 . k|fs[lts ljkb\ cyjf dfga lgld{t ljkb oL b"O{ k|sf/sf ljkb\ dfgjn] ef]lu/x]sf x'G5g . ljut Oltxf;nfO{ bf]xf]Xof/ x]bf{ k|fs[lts ljkb\df e'sDkaf6 x'g] IfltnfO{ a9L hf]lvddf lnOPsf]5 . clw/fHosf] ljleGg 7fFpdf e'sDkaf6 k|efj kf/]sf / e'sDksf] s]Gb| ljGb' eP/ ;do ;dodf e'sDk uPsf] 36gf / To;af6 Iflt ePsf] tYox? k|df0fsf] cfwf/df e]l6Psf]5 . o; 36gf af6 wg hgsf] klg plTts} Iflt ePsf]5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6 tyf e'ue{sf] b[li6sf]0fn] main central thrust / Main Boundary Thrust (MCT ) af6 k'j{ klZrd sf6]/ km}nLb{} uPkl5 h'g e' ue{sf] lb;faf6 hf]lv k'0f{ If]q dflgGg5 . To;sf/0f g]kfndf ;;fgf e'sDk b]lv 7'nf e'sDk uO/x]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ 6 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ dWogh/ ug{} sf7df8f} pkTosf klg o; af6 cnu x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / w]/} hf]lvd If]q dWodf kb{5, o;} u/L hg ;+Vof j[l4 b/n] cGo dfgjlo Ifltaf6 x'g] hf]lvdx? cfunfuL, dxfdf/L, af9L klx/f] cflbL n] klg a9L hf]lvd x'b} uO/x]sf]5 . o:tf] hf]lvd k'j} ca:yfnfO{ x]b{} ljutdf ePsf 36gfx? k|:t't ug{ ;fGb{les x'g] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f} pkTosfdf ljleGg ;dodf cfPsf ljkb\x? / To;af6 ePsf Ifltx?sf ljifodf pNn]v ug{ dgfl;a x'G5 . !@%% ;fn b]lv !*^^ ;Dd e'sDkn] k|efj kf/sf] / !*## df a9L Iflt ePsf] Oltxf;df pNn]v ul/Psf]5 . !*() df &=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] e'sDk uPsf] kfO{G5 . !(*% b]lv !((@ ;Dd ; ;fgf e'sDk b]lv 7'nf e'sDk uPsf] lb]lvG5 . o; dWo] !(() lj= ;+= ;fndf *=$ /]S6/ :s]nsf] k'j{sf] r}gk'/ s]Gb| ljGb' eO{ sf7df8f}sf] dWo efudf a9K IftL ePsf] lyof] .$#)) hgf dfga Iflt , @) k|ltzt ef}lts k'jf{wf/ Iflt, $) k|ltzt 3/x? Iflt ePsf] tyf pkTosfsf] tLg a6} zx/x?df ef}lts, dfgjLo / 3/ tyf ejg Iflt / ax'd'No ;f+s[lts ;Dkbf ,d7 , dlGb/ cflb gi6 ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)$% sf] efb| dlxgfsf] % ut] k'j{ pbok'/sf] l;bfnL s]|Gb| ljGb' eO{ uPsf] e'sDkn] pkTosf leq / eQmk'/df a9L Iflt ePsf] lyof] . o;/L ;+lIfKt tYofÍaf6 pkTosf e'sDkLo b[li6sf]0fn] cln a9L hf]lvdo'Qm If]q dflgb} cfO{Psf]5 . ;g\ @))# ;fnsf] April dlxgfdf ldgejgdf ePsf] O{Gwg af]s]sf] ;jf/L ;fwg tyf k]6«f]n kDkdf ePsf] cfunflu tyf Uof; l;lnG8/ k8\sLo/ nfUg] cfunflu ;+u} tf/x? hn]/ x'g] cfunflusf] pRr hf]lvd /x]sf] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . k|b'if0f, kmf]xf]/, kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;DalGw hgr]tgf, kz' ty k+lIf hGo hgfa/af6 ;g{] /f]ux? dxfdfxf/Lsf?kdf pkTosfdf km}lnPsf kof{Kt pbfxf/0f / ;+efjgf ;d]t b]lvG5 . @ cfuhgL (Fire) Dfxfgu/ If]qdf cfuhgLsf] ;d:of k|fo ;a} jfSnf a:tLx¿ / sRrfvfnsf afSnf ;fgf dmf]k8Ldf 5 . 3/]n' k|of]hgsf] nflu c;fjwfgLk"j{s cfuf]sf] k|of]u / To;sf] Joj:yfkgdf x]nr]qmofOFn] ubf{ cgf}krf/Ls a:tLx¿df cfunfuLsf 36gf k|;:t} x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm xfnsf lbgx¿df cJojl:yt tf/ c;fjwfgL k'j{s k|of]u ul/Psf Uof;sf l;lnlG8/af6 cfuhgL eO{/x]sf]5 . dxfgu/ If]q leqsf ;fgf ;fgf jg afl6sfx?df nfUg] u/]sf] jg 89]nf] klg ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . dxfgu/ If]q leqsf c;'/lIft Joj:fflos efG5fx? ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf]5 . #= af9L (Flood) ljkb\sf 36gfx¿sf] dfqf, k|s[lt, ef}lts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k|efj / Ifltsf] kl/df0fsf b[li6n] af9L Ps cfsl:ds k|d'v ljkb\sf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] blIf0fL e"efu t/fO{sf] ;dy/ hldg / dWo kxf8L tyf pRr lxdfnL e"efu 7 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ af9Lsf] hf]lvd If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . lxdfnsf] kfgLnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg] k|fs[lts afFwx¿ gi6 x'g', lxpsf leqL l9Ssf tyf lxdgbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] 9'Ëf–df6f]sf y'k|f]sf sf/0faf6 ag]sf lxdtfnx¿df lxpF kUn]sf] sf/0faf6 afFwsf] dflyNnf] efudf x'g] hnrfkn] lxdtfnx¿ ljikmf]6g x'g] u/]af6 af9L hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/L df};ddf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] lxdgbLsf] cu|efu tLj|¿kdf kUng] / lxdtfnx¿ k|fs[lts afFwsf] lgoGq0fdf /xg g;sL rfF8f] rfF8f] ljikmf]6 x'g'n] klg af9Lsf 36gfx¿ tLj| ¿kdf x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . Ol;df]8 / o"PgO{kLn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf tof/ kf/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf #,@%@ j6f lxdIf]qn] s'n %,#@# ju{lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L oxfF /x]sf @,#!% j6f lxdtfndWo] @@ j6f ljikmf]6 x'g] vt/fdf 5g\ (ICIMOD /UNEP 2000) . o;sf] k|efj sf7df8f} pkTosfdf ;d]t kg{ uPsf]5 . o; If]qsf] tfn, tn}of, kf]v/L , s'08 , gbL lsgf/sf] c;'/lIft al:t / 9'Ë] wf/f ;'Sg' n] g} k'li6 ub{5 . $ klx/f] (Landslide) Dfxfgu/ If]q leqsf] e' ;tx Hofb} sdhf]/ 5 , le/fnf] kxf8–kj{t, cj}1flgs Zfx/Ls/0f, dg;'gsf] ;dodf x'g] d';nwf/] jiff{ / To;kl5sf] k|r08 tfkdfgsf sf/0faf6 dxfgu/sf] kxf8L e"efudf af/Daf/ ;fgf ltgf klx/f] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/g] ;8s, 7"nf ejg tyf k'nx¿ ;'/Iffsf] pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L l7s 9+uaf6 lgdf0{ f ug{] gul/Paf6 klg o; e"efudf af/Daf/ klx/f] hfg] u/]sf] 5 . % dxfdf/L (Epedemic) sf7df8f} dxfgu/ If]qsf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f, :jR5 vfg]kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ Ps If]qdf b]vf k/]sf] /f]u 5f]6f] ;dod} km}lnP/ cg]klIft ¿kdf w]/} dflg; ;+qmldt xg'] / dg{] cj:yf dxfdf/L ?kdf /x]sf]5 . kz' klG5, dflg; cGo hgfa/, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf sf/0f emf8fkvfnf, x}hf, sdnlkQ, Zjf;k|Zjf;;DaGwL /f]uaf6 a;]{gL xhf/+} dflg;x¿ / ljz]if u/L afnaflnsfsf] d[To' x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ^ ;'Vvf (Drought) ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo cGt/;/sf/L ;d"xn] k|sflzt u/]sf] æhnjfo' kl/jt{g @))& k|efj, ;dfof]hg / ;+s6fled'vtfÆ gfds k|ltj]bg cg';f/ jfo'd08nsf] tfdqmd lbgk|ltlbg a9L /x]sf] / o;n] v8]/L, ;'Vvf nufotsf k|sf]ksf cfj[lQnfO{ ljgf;sf/L agfpg e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4n] st} cltj[li6, st} cgfj[li6 / st} nfdf] ;do;Dd x'g] ;'Vvfkg jf v8]/Ln] vfBfGg pTkfbgsf] ofd / o;sf] j[l4:t/df k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . nfdf] ;dosf] ;'Vvf df};d / clglZrt jiff{n] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ;'Vvf jf v8]/Lsf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; lgs} hl6n ljifo 8 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ ePsf]n] ;d'bfonfO{ w]/} k|sf/sf ;+s6tkm{ pGd'v u/fO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;'Vvf jf v8]/Lsf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ ;+:s[ltsf] k"0f{ ljsf; gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ o; tkm{ sfo{ ug{' kg{] b]lvG5 . sf7df8f} pkTosfdf hldg d'gLsf] kfgL ;'Sg uPsf] / kof{Kt kfgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ Ps lsl;dsf] ;'Vvf ca:yfsf] ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf]5 . ljkb Aoj:yfkgsfnflu ul/g] sfo{x? M !_ k'j{ tof/L !=! hgr]tgfd'ns sfo{s|dx? !=@ ;d'bfo kl/rfngd'ns sfo{s|dx? !=# v'nf If]q ;+/If0f ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=$ :jo+ ;]js tof/L tyf kl/rfng ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=% ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/ ;+lxtf k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=^ c:ktfn hGo kmf]xf]/ ;lxt kmf]xf]/ Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=& ljkbsf ;dodf sfo{:yndf ;'/lIft /xg] ;DalGWf sfo{s|dx? !=* ljkbsf ;dosfnflu cf}iflw, vfg]kflg / c:yfoL af;sf] k|aGw ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=( ;8s, k'n tyf cGo k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ;+lxtf k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ;DalGw sfo{s|dx? !=!) ljkb Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] Aoj:yf !=!! p4f/ tyf cfsl:ds lgdf{0f ljifos tfnLd ;~rfng ;DalGWf sfo{s|dx? !=!@ kmf]x/d}nf Aoa:yfkg, k'jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, gbL ;+/If0f / aftfj/0fLo ;'wf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{s|dx?df ljkbnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{ gLlt tyf sfo{s|d lgdf{0f ug{ kxn, uf]li7 nufotsf cGo cfaZos sfo{s|sx? ug{] . 9 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ @_ p4f/ tyf ;'wf/ @=! ljkbsf ;dodf p4f/sfo{sf nflu ;'/IffsdL{, :jo+;]js, ;~rf/sdL{ cflbsf] ;dGjofTds sfo{ x]t’ ljkb p4f/ ;dGjo ;ldlt lgdf{0f . @=@ ljkb kl5sf] k'g lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/sf nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfo{ ug{] @=# cfsl:ds :jf:Yo lzla/ ;~rfng ug{] . @=$ Wofg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfd'vL sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{] . @=% c:yfoL a;f]af;sf] Aoj:y fug{] . @=^ vfgf, kfgL, nQf sk8fsf] Aoj:y fug{] . #_ k'g{:yfkgf tyf ljsf; ljsf; #=! ljkbaf6 k|efljt gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ub{} k'j{jt ca:yfdf Nofpg] k|of]hgsfnflu :jf:Yo nufotsf sfo{x? ug{] . #=@ ejg tyf ef}lts k'jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/ ug{] . 10 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ Vf08 -v_ >f]t tyf kl/rfng !_ >f]t sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g lgodfjnL @)%^ sf] lgod @&^ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L, cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL @)^$ sf] =## sf] -s_ adf]lhddf Joj:yf ePsf] / gu/kl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&)÷#÷@( sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ u7g ePsf] b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ ljz]if sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd g} ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;DalGWf k'j{ tof/L , p4f/ / k'g{ :yfkg tyf ljsf; ;DalGwsfo{df vr{ ul/g]5 . ljkb Joj:yfkg sf]ifdf b]xfo adf]lhd ;+slnt /sd /xg]5 . ;+slnt /sd o; sf]ifd hDdf ug{] lhDj]jf/L tyf bfloTj sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] x'g]5 . !=! k|To]s 3/ hUuf s/bftf / gofF ejg lgdf{0f gSzf :jLs[t ubf{ ljkb\ Joj;yfkg z'Ns afkt ;+slnt /sd . !=@ ljkb Aoj:yfkg k|of]hgsfnflu g]kfn ;/sf/ jf lgsfo, lab]zL ;/sf/ jf lgsfo, cGt/f{li6« ;+3 ;+:yf jf Aol|Qm / g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yf jf AolQm af6 k|fKt x'g cfPsf] gubL, lhG;L jf o:t} k|sf/sf] ;xof]u jf cg'bfg . !=# k|To]s axfn / Joj;fo s/ bftfaf6 k|fKt ljkb\ ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg z'Ns jfktsf] /sd . !=$ sf]if ;~rfng M sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ ug{] clwsf/ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tnfO{ x'g]5 , lghn] tf]s]sf] clws[t :t/sf] sd{rf/L / n]vf dxfzfvf k|d'vsf] ;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6 o; sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ n]lvg]5 . !=% sf]ifsf] /sd vr{ tyf kl/rfng M j8f :t/Lo ;ldltaf6 sfo{s|d tyf of]hgf dfu eO{, :jLs[t eP kl5 b]xfosf] sfo{ k|ult k|fKt eP kl5 b]xfo adf]lhd lgsf;f lbg' kg{]5 . 11 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ sfo{s|d :jLs[t eP kl5 sfo{ k|f/De ug{ :jLs[t sfo{s|dsf] clwstd aL; k|ltzt ;Dd /sd k|yd ls:tf ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefusf] l;kmfl/zdf lgsf;f lbg ;lsg]5 . k|yd ls:tfsf] sfo{ kl/0ffd zt k|ltzt k|fKt ePsf] l;kmfl/z j8f :t/Lo ;ldlt / ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefun] u/]df bf]>f] ls:tf :jLs[t /sdsf] rfnL; k|ltzt ;Dd lgsf;f lbg ;lsg]5 . bf]>f] ls:tfsf] zt k|ltzt kl/0ffd k|fKt ePsf] l;kmfl/z ;ldlt / ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefun] u/]df afFsL /sd lgsf;f lbg]5 . !=^ ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefun] cfkm'n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{s|d jf sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfsf] :jLs[t ah]6 gLlt tyf sfo{s|ddf pNn]v u/]sf] pQm ;DalGwt sfo{s|dsf] nfut o;} sf]ifaf6 Aoxf]l/g]5 . jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{s|ddf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;DalGw sfo{s|d l:js[t ubf{ vr{ Joxf]g{] >f]t b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ ljz]if sf]if pNn]v u/L :jLs[t ug{' kg{]5 . !=& sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf] bdsn ;]jf , PDa'n]G; ;]jf / zaafxg ;]jf ;~rfng, :t/f]Gglt afktsf] vr{ o;} sf]ifaf6 Aoxf]/Lg]5 . !=* o; sf]ifaf6 eP u/]sf vr{sf] lgodfg';f/ n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg' kg{]5 . 12 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ Vf08 –-u _ ;ldlt u7g @_ j8f tyf dxfgu/ :t/Lo ljkb\ ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g tyf sfo{ ljj/0f @=! sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] cfkm' cGtu{tsf j8f cGtu{t /xg] u/L b]xfosf] ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gfu/Ls ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 . sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf ===========j8f sfo{no ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt o; ;ldltdf ljleGg If]qsf AolQmx? dWo] slDtdf bO{ hgf dlxnf ;lxt kfFr hgfsf] Ps ;Nnfxfsf/ ;d'x /xg]5 . ;ldlt != j8f cWoIf jf @ j8f ;ldlt 4f/f dgf]lgt JolQm pkfWoIf # j8f ;ldlt 4f/f dgf]lgt JolQm ;lrj $ j8f ;ldlt 4f/f dgf]lgt JolQm sf]iffWIf % j8fk|x/L lghn] tf]s]sf] j8f ;b:o k|d'v jf ^ j8f ;ldlt 4f/f dgf]lgt JolQm & j8f ;lra ;fd'bfoLs =cWoIf k|x/Lk|d'v ;b:o ;b:o ;b:o ;lra j8f cWoIo gePsf] ca:yfdf lghsf] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg] kbflwsf/L g} o; ;ldltsf] cWoIf x'g]5 . j8f ;ldltn] ;j} ju{ If]q tyf ljkb\ ;DalGw hfgsf/L /fVg] AolQm af6 dgf]lgt ug{' kg{] 5 . o; ;ldltsf] sfo{ ;dofjlw kfr jif{sf] x'g]5 . 13 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ @=@ pk/f]Qmfg';f/sf] ;ldltdf j8f If]q leq :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf gful/sx? dWo]af6 ljleGg kbdf dgf]gog ul/g]5 . ;ft ;b:oLo ;ldltdf slDtdf tLg hgf dlxnf x'g' kg{]5 . ;Nnfxfsf/ ;d'x u7g ubf{ ;fdfGotof ljifo ;+u hfgsf/L ePsf ;dfh;]jL, k|fWofks, lzIfs, Nsa ;b:o, pkef]Qmf ;ldlt kbflwsf/L jf o:t} AolQmaf6 ;ldltn] dgf]gog ug{' kg{]5 . @=# pQm ;ldltn] o; lgb{]lzsfdf cfwfl/t eO{ sfo{s|d tof/ u/L ;ldlt tyf ;Nnfxfsf/ ;d'x ;d]t ;+nUg eO{ pQm sfo{s|d :jLs[t u/L cfaZos /sd dxfgu/kflnsf ;+u dfu ug{' kg{]5 . @=$ pQm sfo{s|d slt cfaZos tyf pko'Qm xf] egL ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefuaf6 hfrL l;kmfl/z ;lxt l:js[ltsfnflu k]z ug{]5 . @=% o;sf cltl/Qm ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Ao clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lh x'g]5 . @=%=! Iflt Go'gLs/0fsfnflu b]xfosf] ;fy} pko'Qm pkfo ckgfpg] . v'Nff If]q ;Dd hfg ;Sg] dfu{ klxrfg x'g] u/Lsf] ;'rgf ;lxtsf] dfu{ klxrfg af]8{ x/]s uNNfL tyf ;8sdf /fVg] . ljkb\sf] ca:yfdf cfaZos kg{] cTofaZos ;fdfgx?sf] ;'rL ;lxtsf] ljj/0f 3/sf] d'Vo 4f/df 6fF; ug{ x/]sf gful/snfO{ k|]l/t ug{] / ;f] c'g;f/sf] ;fdfg dmf]nfdf ;w} tof/L ca:yfdf /fVg cfu|x ug{] . x/]s rf]s uNnLdf glhssf] bdsnsf], PDa'n]G;, za jfxg / ;'/Iff rf}sLsf kmf]g gDa/ ;lxtsf] ljj/0f /x]sf] af]8{ 6fF; ug{] . e' sDkLo k|lt/f]w ejg lgdf{0fsf nflu 8sdL{ tfnLd bLg tyf bLnfpg] / cfd gful/sdf To;sf] dxTj bzf{pg] xft]k'l:tsf ljt/0f ug{] / tfnLd k|fKt 8sdL{af6 dfq 3/ lgdf{0f ug{] l;kmfl/z sfof{nonfO{ ug{] . k'/fgf ejg, ;Dkbf , dlGb/ kf6L, b]jnx?sf] /]6«f] lkml68= k|ljlw ckgfO{ ;'/lIft agfpg] . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf sfo{no , a}s, ;xsf/L, jf cGo o:t} jf ;d'xdf cfa4 eO{ sfo{ ul/g] :yn, kf7zfnf, nufotsf If]qdf sfo{:ynd} ljkbsf] 14 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ ;dodf cfkm' / a/k/sf hg / wgsf] Iflt Go'g u/L s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg] tfnLd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{] . ;fgf uNnL rf]sx?nfO{ ;+ej eP ;Dd PDa'n]G;, bdsn / zaafxg cfjt hfjt ug{ ;Sg] u/Lsf] rf}8f ug{] tyf ug{nfO{ kxn ug{] jf ;xof]u ug{] jf k|]l/t ug{] . ljkbsf] ;dodf ;'rgf lbg] k'j{ ;'rgf ;'rs oGq h8fg u/L sfo{Gjog Nofpg] . -early warning system .) vfgL tyf e'ue{ ljefun] klxrfg u/]sf e'slDko /]vf c+lst hfgsf/L af]8{ To:tf :yfgdf 6fF; ug{] . gful/snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg e'sDk, cfunfluaf6 Go'g Iflt x'g] If]q / clws Iflt x'g] If]qsf ljifodf cg]s dfWod 4f/f hfgsf/L u/fpg] . pkTosf :t/Lo sf7df8f} pkTosf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ug{ kxn ug{] :j+od ;]js ;d'xnfO{ pkTosf :jt/Lo agfpg kxg ug{] . sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf, ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefun] tf]s] cg';f/sf sfo{x? ;d]t ;ldltsf] sfo{ ljj/0f leq kg{]5 . @=%=@ ;ldltn] cfKfm\ \gf] If]q leq :j+o ;]js ;d'x lgdf{0f u/L sfo{ ug{ cfKfmgf] ;Sg] M j8f :t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltn] j8f l:yt Nsa, ;fd'bfoLs ;+:yf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf jf o:t} cGo ;+:yfdf cfa4 ePsf jf cfd gful/ssf] ;+nUgtfdf Ps :j+o ;]js ;d'x u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;f] sf] u7g sfo{ ljlw tyf kl/rfng ;ldltn] tf]Sg]5 . t/ b]xfosf Go'gQd cfwf/nfO{ dfu{ lgb{]z dfGg' kg{]5 . s_ :j+o ;]js ;d'x cGtu{t slDtdf !! a9Ldf @% hgf ;Ddsf] b]xfosf] pk ;d'x lgdf{0f x'g]5 . 15 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ search and rescue team, communication team and management team . v_ :j+od ;]js ;d'x aLr ;ldltn] ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff / Iflt Go'lgs/0fsf nflu b]xfo adflhdsf] tfnLd tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{]5 . • search and rescue • Temporary management • communication flow and management • lah'nL, vfg]kfgL cfk'lt{ ug{] jf ljkb\sf] ;dodf aGb ug{] . • Uof; l;lnG8/ ;'/lIft /fVg] tyf k|of]u ug{] . • sfo{no, 3/, Aofkfl/s ejg tyf ;fj{hlgs :yndf ;'/lIft /xg] pkfox? • Iflt GogLs/0f x'g] k'j{ tof/L ;DalGw pkfox? • ;ldltn] cfaZos 7fg]sf cGo sfo{s|dx? . Uf_ c:ktfnsf :jf:YosdL{, kf7zfnfsf 5fq 5fqf, sn]h tyf SofD;sf ljwfyL{ / lzIfs, 6f]n ljsf; ;ldlt jf pkef]Qm ;ldlt jf o:t} k|sf/sf ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L, ;fd'bfoLs k|x/L cGo ;'/Iff sdL{, lghL If]qsf ;'/Iff sdL{ lghL jf ;/sf/L sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ o; ;ldlt jf sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] tof/ u/]sf] sfo{s|ddf cfwfl/t eO{ :j+od ;]js ;DalGw tfnLd ;~rfng ug{]5 . @=^ ;ldltsf] j}7s o; ;ldltsf] a}7s cfaZostf cg';f/ a:g ;Sg]5 t/ tLg dlxgfsf] Ps k6s clgafo{ a}7s a:fL sfo{ k|ult , sfo{s|d 5gf}6 / ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgf tyf sfo{ tflnsf agfpg] ;f] sf] lnlvt hfgsf/L ljkb\ Joa:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefunfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg{]5 . 16 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ @=& dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] b]xfosf] ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gfu/Ls ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 . sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt ;Nnfxfsf/ ;d'x != >L u[x dGqfno , @= >L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, #=zx/L ljsf; dGqfno $= pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0f %= >L /]8s|; g]kfn, ^= >L l8kLg]6 g]kfn, & = >L e'sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh g]kfn / *= cGo cfaZos 7fgLosf ;+:yfx? o; ;Nnfxfsf/ ;d'xnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f, /0f gLlt lgdf{0f, sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfo{Gjogdf d'Vo ?kdf ;xefuL u/fO{g]5 . ;ldlt M ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg /fli6«o /0fgLlt @)^^ df ePsf] Aoj:yf adf]lhdsf] sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt /xg]5 . s= ;DalGwt gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v v= j8fcWoIf dWo]af6 gu/ kl/ifb\n] dgf]gog u/]sf tLg hgf j8f cWoIfx¿ cWoIf u= ljkb\ k/]sf j8fsf] j8f cWoIf ;b:o 3= j8f;b:ox¿ dWo]af6 gu/ kl/ifb\n] dgf]gog u/]sf b'O{hgf j8f;b:ox¿ ;b:o ;b:o ª= /fli6«o:t/sf /fhgLlts bnsf gu/kflnsf :t/Lo ;ldltsf cWoIf ;b:o r= :yfgLo u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf, ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf jf k|ltli7t ;dfh;]jLdWo] dxfgu/kfnsfn] dgf]lgt u/]sf rf/ hgf - o;df dlxnf / blnt clgjfo{ ?kdf x'g' kg]{5_ ;b:o 5= :yfgLo:t/df pknAw ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lj1dWo] 17 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ gu/ kl/ifb\n] dgf]gog u/]sf b'O{ hgf ;b:o h= gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L k|d'v ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj dm= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefusf] k|d'v o; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] k|d'vsf] lhDj]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf] ca:yfdf ;b:o ;lrasf] sfo{ ;lrjfno k|d'vn] ug{]5 . sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] cfjZostfg';f/ ;b:ox?sf] x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 . ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lqmofsnfkx? dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g j8f :t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t pknAw u/fpg] . ;+oGqsf] :yfkgfnufot o; lgb{]lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;dli6ut ¿kdf pQ/bfoL eO{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{] . sf7df8f} dxfgu/ ljkb\ ;xof]u tyf Go"gLs/0f, hf]lvd /lxt k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljkb\ Go"gLs/0fsf cGo sfo{nufot k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ lgodg ug{] . cfˆgf ;a} gLlt, sfg'g tyf k|fyldstfk|fKt sfo{qmdx¿df ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ dfu{lgb{]z ug{] . lhDd]jf/L sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf kl/ifb / sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt / j8f :t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ 18 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ ultljlwx¿sf Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL ;|f]tx¿sf] kl/rfngsf cj;/x¿df j[l4 ug]{ . sf7df8f} If]qdf ljkb\ Go"gLs/0f Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf nufgLsf nflu dfu{bz{g ug]{ . dxfgu/kflnsfsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu 5'6o\ fOPsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0fdf clej[l4 ug{] . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ë7g, u}/– ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfodf cflwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;fdm]bf/x? ;kmn k|of;x¿sf] k|sfzg M dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;kmn k|of;x¿ / o;sf nflu lhDd]jf/ ;ldlt ;F:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f ;j{;fwf/0f tyf ;~rf/ hut ;dIf ;fj{hlgs ug5{] . sfoz{ fnf, k|lzIf0f tyf ;+rf/ dfWodaf6 ljj/0f ;fjh{ lgs ug{]5 . cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg (Monitoring sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf and Evaluation) dxfgu/ ljkb ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf sfo{x¿nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] / o;sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n ;ldlt ug]{ sfo{df ePsf k|ultsf] dfkg ug{ / o;sf] k|efjx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpgsf nflu o; lgb{]lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg jflif{s ¿kdf ul/g]5 . k|To]s jif{ dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt cfkm\gf] sfo{k|ultsf] jflif{s ljj/0f k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|sflzt ug]{5 . sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] sfdsf] cg'udg, d"NofÍg / lgoGq0f ug5{] . ljleGg j8f :t/sf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfo{d"Nof+sg dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ 19 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt dfkm{t sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfaf6 x'g]5 . o;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;"rsx¿ dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltn] ;DalGwt ;fem]bf/sf] ;+nUgtfdf ljsf; ug]{5 . dxfgu/ ljkb\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] sfo{ lja/0f s _ k"j{tof/L Joj:yfkg Joj:yfkg ;DalGw M • j8f :t/Lo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] sfo{s|d k|fyldsL/0f ub{} :jLs[t u/L , ;f] sf] l;kmfl/z sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf ;dIf k]z ug{] . • sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsf j/k/sf ufpm ljsf; ;ldlt, sf7df8f} pkTosfsf ;Dk'0f{ gu/kflnsfx? / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ;+u ;xsfo{ u/L ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg ;DalGw PsLs[t sfo{s|d tof/ ug{] / ;Dk'0f{ ;fdm]bf/sf] cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;fwg tyf >f]t ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtf ;lxt sfo{s|d sfo{Gjogsfnflu l;kmfl/z ug{] . • sfo{s|ddf cGo lgsfo ;+nUg ePdf sfo{s|d sfo{Gjog cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg ;d'x lgdf{0f ug{] . o; ;d'xn] l;kmfl/z u/]sf ljifox? sfo{Gjog ug{] . • k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] ;Defljt c;/nfO{ Go"g ug{ hf]lvdo'Qm :yfgx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ Pj+ To:tf :ynsf] gS;fÍg ug]{, u/fpg], • hgr]tgf clej[l4, hf]lvd d"NofÍg, k"j{r]tfjgL ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{, u/fpg], • ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{ :yfgLo Ifdtf Pj+ bIftfsf] clej[l4, ;"rgf k|jfx Pj+ PsLs[t ;Ghfnsf] ljsf; ug,{] u/fpg,] c:ktfn Pj + :jf:Yorfs} Ldf cfktsfnLg pkrf/sf nflu kofK{ t ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf tyf ljsf; ug{,] u/fpg], • cf}krfl/s Pj+ cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ljleGg txsf] kf7\oqmddf ljkb\;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z ug]{, u/fpg], 20 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ · ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf, ljkb\ ;dfof]lht ljsf; of]hgf, e"–pkof]u of]hgf, clUg ;+lxtf tyf ejglgdf0{f ;+lxtf cflb thd{' f u/L sfofG{ jog ug{ ;+of]hg ug],{ u/fpg], · ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfjZos of]hgf agfpg] / cfjZostf cg';f/ k|lt/f]wfTds ;+oGq Pj+ ;fdu|Lx¿ ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿df tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] / ;Dks{ ljGb' tf]Sg kxn ug,{] u/fpg,] · dxfgu/ leq sfof{Gjog ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ ljsf; Pj+ lgdf{0fsf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ljkb\ k|efj d"NofÍg clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug{ nufpg], · ljkb\sf] c;/ PseGbf a9L gu/x¿df kg]{ b]lvPdf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf of]hgf tof/ u/L tbg'¿k sfof{Gjogsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], · ;fj{hlgs ejg tyf cGo ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf ;ldlt ;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo u/L ljkb\ k|lt/f]wfTds pkfosf] cjnDag ug,{] u/fpg], lgdf0{ f e;} s]sf ;+/rgfx¿sf] ;f] cg'?k k|anLs/0f ug{ kxn ug]{, u/fpg], · c;'/lIft :ynx¿df a:tL lj:tf/ ug{ lgoGq0f ug]{, c;'/lIft a:tLsf] ;+/If0fsf ;fy} cfjZostf cg';f/ :yfgfGt/0f ug],{ u/fpg] / :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ ul/a, dlxnf, Hoi] 7 gful/s tyf lk5l8Psf ju{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], · ljkb\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cfktsfnLg :jf:Yo ;]jf, p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{ :yfgLo Ifdtf clej[l4 h:tf tflnd ;~rfng u/fpg] / o:tf tflnddf ul/a, dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{x¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], · ;fd'bflos txdf cfktsfnLg cf>ou[x tyf cGo cfjZos ;l' jwfsf] Joj:yf ug,{] u/fpg], · cfjZostf cg';f/ P]g, sfg'g, lgod, lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] Joj:yf u/L cBfjlws ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ tyf k|zf;lgs sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf k|of]usf nflu b'¿:t /fVg], /fVg nufpg], · ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos kofK{t ;fwg, ;|f]t / ah6] sf] Joj:yf ug],{ u/fpg,] · pko'St :yfgx¿df e08f/u[x lgdf{0f u/L kof{Kt dfqfdf tf]lsPsf] dfkb08 cg';f/ vfBfGg, cf}iflw Pj+ cGo p4f/ tyf /fxt ;fdu|L e08f/0f ug]{, u/fpg], · ljkb\af6 hf]lug] k'j{fEof; sfoq{ mdsf] of]hgf agfpg] / sfofG{ jog ug,{] · ljkb\;DaGwL sfo{df ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;dGjo Pj+ ;xsfo{ clej[l4 ug]{, · hgwgsf] IfltnfO{ Go"g ug]{ p2]Zon] ljkb\sf 36gf 36\g' k"j{ ul/g] cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{ cflb . 21 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ p4f/ tyf /fxt Joj:yfkg ;DalGw M · k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] k|f/lDes hfgsf/L lnO{ cfjZos ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ u/fpg], · ljkb\af6 k|efljt JolQmx¿sf nflu ;'/Iff lgsfo, g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO{6L, g]kfn :sfp6, :jo+;]js, ljkb\ p4f/ ;d"x, k|fljlw1, gful/s ;dfh, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d'bfo cflb ;lDdlnt vf]hL tyf p4f/ 6f]nL tTsfn kl/rfng ug,{] u/fpg,] · cfktsfnLg vf]hL, p4f/, ;"rgf k|jfx nufot ljkb\ Joj:Yffkgsf ;Dk"0f{ cfjZos sfo{x¿ Jojl:yt ug{ Pj+ k|efljt hg;d'bfonfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg c:yfoL sIf :yfkgf ug]{, u/fpg], · /fxt:j¿k vfgf, aRrfsf] cfxf/, vfg]kfgL, nQfsk8f, efF8fs'F8fnufot cfly{s ;xof]u tTsfn ljt/0f ug,{] u/fpg,] · c:yfoL cfjf;, :jf:Yo;]jf, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, zf}rfno, ;'/Iff cflbsf] tTsfn Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg], · afnaflnsf, dlxnf, a[4 tyf cGo k|sf/n] ;Ifd JolQmx¿sf] p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug,{] u/fpg,] · /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, 6]lnkmf]g, km\ofS;, Od]n h:tf ;~rf/ ;'ljwf ;'rf¿ ug]{, u/fpg], · /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;d:t dfWodnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, u/fpg], · :yfgLo:t/df g} pkrf/ ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{] / uDeL/ cj:yfsf 3fOtx] ¿nfO{ ;'ljwf;DkGg c:ktfnx¿df tTsfn :yfgfGt/0f ug,{] u/fpg,] · 36gf:yn;Dd kx+r'F k'¥ofpg cj¿4 ;8s oftfoft, ljdfg:yn cflbnfO{ ;'rf¿ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ ofpg] tyf p4f/ sfo{ / /fxt ;fdu|L Pj+ k|efljt hg;d'bfo jf JolQmx¿sf] cf];f/k;f/sf nflu oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yf ug,{] u/fpg], · p4f/ tyf /fxt sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;a} ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;xsfo{ ug]{, cfjZos ;fwg, ;/;fdfg, ;|f]t / kofK{t ah]6 cflbsf] Joj:yf ug,{] u/fpg,] · z}lIfs ;+:yfsf ejg, ;fj{hlgs ejg tyf hUufnfO{ cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ cfjZos ;dGjo ug,{] u/fpg,] · s'g} lhNnfdf ljkb\ k/]sf] cj:yfdf cGo lhNnfx¿n] ;d]t cfjZostf cg';f/ p4f/ tyf /fxt Pj+ cGo ;a } cfjZos sfo{df ;xof]u ug,{] · ljkb\af6 c;/ k/]sfx¿sf] dgf];fdflhs cjl:ylt Pj+ hLjgofkgnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg ;xof]uL x'g] sfo{x¿ ug{], · ljkb\ k/]sf If]qx¿df pknAw ;|f]t, ;fwg, ;Lksf] clwstd ¿kdf pkof]u ug{] tyf Joj:yfkgsfodf :yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf ;xefuL agfpg], · ljkb\sf] 36gf 36\gf;fy} To:tf 36gfaf6 tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf kg{ hfg] c;/nfO{ sd ug{ o:tf If]qaf6 c;/ kg{;Sg] hg;d'bfonfO{ p4f/ ug]{, u/fpg], 22 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ · ljkb\sf cj:yfdf cfjZos kg{] vfBfGg Pj+ cGo ;/;fdfg hu]8fsf] ¿kdf /fVg] k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;d]t ;dGjo sfod ug{], · ljkb\df k/s]f :yfgsf afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 hLpwgsf] e/kbf]{ ;'/Iff pknAw u/fpg clanDa kxn ug{] . · p4f/ tyf /fxt cj:yfdf cfO{kg]{ cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{, u/fpg] . k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f Joj:yfkg ;DalGw M cfˆgf] gu/ If]qsf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'd{ f, sfofG{ jog / cgu'dg ug{] . lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt tyf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], · :yfgLo lgsfox¿df sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljkb\ ;DaGwL k|lzIf0f lbg], lbnfpg], · lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf ljkb\;DaGwL k|lzIf0f, tflnd cflbnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{, · ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu gu/kflnsf / ufpF kl/ifb\af6 kfl/t u/fO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{, · ljkb\;Da4 ;a} cfly{s ;|f]tx¿ tTsfn k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] u/L tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg], · ;/sf/L tyf :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{], u/fpg], · k|efljt If]qdf p4f/ tyf /fxtsf] Joj:yf ug],{ · k|flws/0fsf] lgb]z{g cg';f/ kg':yfk{ gf, k'g lgdf{0f tyf kg'?Tyfgsf sfo{x¿ ug{], u/fpg] · :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf, hg;d'bfo, ;fdflhs sfo{stf{, JolQm tyf ljkb\jf6 k|efljt jf ;DefJo k|efljt ;d'bfox¿;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf b]xfosf cjwf/0ffx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6L :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'd{f u/L sfofG{jog ug{] M s_ :yfgLo If]qdf ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf cjwf/0ff tyf l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;d]6\g], v ljkb\ hf]lvd Gog"Ls/0fdf :yfgLo kbflwsf/Lsf] el"dsf tyf pQ/bfloTj k|ltljlDat ug,{] u :yfgLo kbflwsf/Lsf] el" dsf tyf pQ/bfloTj k/"f ug{ cfjZos Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{] sfoq{md /fVg], 3 ljkb\ hf]lvd cNkLs/0fsf /0fgLltx¿ :ki6 x'g] u/L agfpg], 23 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ 8= k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0fsf] cj:yfdf nfUg] vr{;lxtsf] ;Í6sfnLg /0fgLlt k|i6 x'g] u/L agfpg], · ;Da4 ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfx¿l;t ;dGjo u/L ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f sfo{of]hgf th{'df ug]{ tyf th{'df ePsf of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{], u/fpg], · ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgfsf] lgoldt ;dLIff u/L cBfjlws /fVg], · cfkm"n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] :yfgLo ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f of]hgfsf] hfgsf/L lhNnf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fpg], · lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] tf]lslbP adf]lhd lhNnf:t/Lo of]hgf;Fu ljkb\ Joj:yfkg of]hgf ;dfof]hg ug,{] · ;Í6sfnLg tof/Lsf] nflu ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{, · :yfgLo :t/sf] cfktsfnLg of]hgf tyf sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu' ug]{, u/fpg], · :yfgLo :t/Lo k|sf]k hf]lvdsf] gS;f agfpg], agfpg nufpg], · plNnlvt sfo{of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt Pj+ ;Da4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ . · ljkb\af6 ePsf] Ifltsf] lj:tt[ d'NofÍg ug,{] u/fpg,] · of]hgf th{'df u/L Iflt ePsf] e"ld, ejg tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ h:t}M vfg]kfgL, l;+rfO{, k'n, ;8s, ljB't, ;~rf/ cflbsf] dd{t;Def/ tyf gofF lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], · ljkb\ k|efljtIf]qdf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/sf] ;[hgf Pj+ hLjgofkgsf nflu cfod"ns sfo{x¿ ;Grfng ug]{, u/fpg], · k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ k'glg{df{0f sfo{ ;Grfng ug]{ / ljkb\ cNkLs/0f Pj+ Go"gLs/0f ;DaGwL k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{, u/fpg], · ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ul/g] k'g:yf{kgf, k'glg{df{0f Pj+ k'g?Tyfgsf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/L tbg'¿k sfo{fGjog ug],{ u/fpg,] · k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ k'glg{df{0f sfo{df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghLIf]q Pj+ hg;d'bfonfO{ pko'Qmtf cg';f/ clwstd ¿kdf ;+nUg u/fpg] Pj+ ;fd'bflos cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], lbg nufpg], · ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f, cg'bfg tyf cGo ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{, ug{ nufpg] / o;/L ;xof]u k|bfg ubf{ ul/a, dlxnf, Ho]i7 gful/s tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], · kof{Kt ah]6 tyf cGo ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg], · ljkb\af6 c;/ k/]sf JolQmx¿sf nflu ul/g] dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ ;xof]u ug]{ nufotsf cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{, u/fpg], · k'g:yf{kgf, k'glg{df{0f Pj+ k'g?Tyfg ;DaGwL cGo ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{ . 24 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ v08 -3 _ bdsn, PDa'n]G; / zaafxg ;~rfng M #_ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] h'4 af?0f oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ug{ b]xfosf] sfo{ sfo{ ul/g]5 . #=! cfunflu lgoGq0f M zx/sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] h'4 af?0f oGqnfO{ 3gf a:tL lasf; eO{/x]sf :yfgdf lj:tf/ ub{} nlug]5 . sf7df8f} dxfgu/ If]q leq kfFr :yfgdf bdsn s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . #=@ bdsnsf] ;+Vof yk M ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg sf]ifsf] /sd jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ;xof]u jf bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]u jf a}b]lzs ;xof]u dfkm{t bdsnsf] ;+Vof bz xhf/ 3/ a/fa/ Ps bdsnsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . #=# bdsn ;~rfngdf vl6Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljkb\ sfo{ ;DalGw tfnLd lbO{g]5 . #=$ cfunflu l56f] lgoGq0f ug{ vfg]kfgL cfk'lt{ ug{] Joj;foLx?sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L kfgLsf] cfk'lt{ Aoj:yf ldnfO{g]5 . o; sfo{df bdsn sfof{nonfO{ ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefun] ;xof]u ug{]5 . #=% h'4 af?0f oGq / cGtu{tsf bdsn s]Gb|x? o; ;+u ;DalGwt b]xfosf sfo{sfnflu ljkb\ Aoj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefu cGtu{t /xL sfo{ ug{] 5g . s_ af?0f oGq tyf cGo pks/0f k|flKt / vl/b v_ hgzlQm ljsf; tyf Ifdtf ljsf; tfnLd / cWoog canf]sg e|d0f u_ sfo{s|d tyf sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f / 3_ hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{ / :j+od ;]js lgdf{0f tyf kl/rfng . 25 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ #=^ PDa' PDa'n]G; tyf za afxg ;]jf M s_ sf7df8f} dxfgu/kflnsfn] o; If]q leq ljleGg lgsfo tyf ;+:yfsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf PDa'n]G; tyf za afxg ;~rfns To:tf lgsfo ;+u ;xsfo{ u/L Ps ;~hfnsf] lgdf{0f ub{} cfd gful/sdf ;j{ ;'ne ;]jf k|jfx ul/g]5 . v_ o; ;]jf ;~rfngsf] vr{ To:tf ;+:yf ;+usf] ;xsfo{df lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . o; ;DalGw sfo{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltn] ug{]5 . @=& h'4 af?0f oGq sfo{no / bdsn s]Gb|sf] sfo{ ljj/0fx? M !_ af?0f oGq h'g ;'s} ;dodf sfo{Gjogdf cfpg ;Sg] u/L tof/L ca:yfdf /fVg] . @_ dd{t ;Def/ ug{' kg{] af?0f oGq ;dod} dd{t u/L b'?:t ca:yfdf /fVg] . #_ cfunflu lgoGq0f s|ddf cfaZos kg{] kfgL, eXofª, kfOk nufotsf ;fdfgx? cfaZos dfqfdf ;~rfngdf cfpg] ca:yfdf /fVg] / cltl/Qm ;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/L /xg] . $_ cfunflu lgoGq0fdf vl6g] sd{rf/Lsf] ;'/Iff x]t' k|of]u x'g] ;'/IffTds ;fdfgx?sf] kof{Kt hf]xf] ug{] / k|ofudf Nofpg] . %_ zx/df ljleGg kfFr :yfgdf bdsn s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{] / ;~rfngdf Nofpg] . ^_ eliodf cfaZos kg{] bdsn tyf ;f] nfO{ cfaZos kg{] ;Dk'0f{ ;fdflu|x?sf] cg'dflgt cfsng u/L vl/b sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L k]z ug{] . &_ bdsnsfnflu kof{Kt kfgLsf] Joj:y fug{] . 26 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ Vf08 - ª _ ljkb Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff zfvf÷dxfzfvf÷ljefusf] sfo{ lja/0f • 8sdL{ tflnd hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;DjGwL sfo{ ug{] . • hf]lvd If]q klxrfg ul/ ;fdflhs kl/rfng ;DjlGw sfo{ ug{] . • k"j{ tof/L / hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ;DjlGw sfo{qmdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfo{ ug{] . • ejg lgdf{0f cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfngf gu/L lgdf{0f u/]sf ejgdf ;f] ejg ;DalGw ljj/0f ;lxt c;'/lIft ejg jf dfkb08 ljkl/t lgld{t ejg n]lvPsf] kl/ro kf6L /fVg] . • e'sDk k|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{] . • e"sDk :d[lt lbj;÷ k|To]s jif{ df3 @ ut] sfo{qmd ;lxt hgr]tgf clej[l4d'lv sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{] . • Risk Sensitive Land Use Plan tof/ ug{] . • Emergency Operation Plan tof/ ug{] . • sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf cGtu{tsf ljefu÷dxfzfvf÷zfvfx?n] ljkbsf ;dodf ug'{kg]{ sfo{x? / lhDd]jf/Lx? tf]lsPsf] cfsl:ds sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug{] . • Ef}fuf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL]sf] ljsf; ug{] . • E'fsDk k|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f ;DalGw cg'udg tyf k|f]T;fxg ;DjlGw sfo{ ug{] . • p4f/ sfo{ tfnLd ;~rfng ug{] . • jf?0f oGq ;+rfng ug{], jf?0f oGq yk ul/ ;+rfngdf Nofpg] . • ljkb hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ;DalGw jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/L sfo{Gjog ug{] . 27 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ • j8f :t/L ljkb\ Joj:Yffkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldlt u7g ug{] . ;ldltsf] sfo{x?sf] lgoldt cg'udg ug{] tyf k|lta]bg lbg] . o; lgb{]lzsfsf] Aoj:yf ljkl/t sfo{ ug{] ;ldlt e+u u/L tLg dlxgf leq csf{] ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg ug{] . • e"sDk k|lt/f]b ejgsf] gd"gf ljleGg j8f, ;fj{hlgs :yfg lji0f'dlt ln+s /f]8 lsgf/, afudtL lsgf/ nufotsf :yfgdf /fVg] . • PDa'n]G; tyf ;]jf ;+rfng ug{] lgsfo jf ;+:yfx?sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug{] / k|efjsf/L ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug{] . • v'Nnf If]q ;+/If0fsfnflu :yflgo jfl;Gbfx?nfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ sfo{ ug{] . • dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] sfo{ ljj/0f cGtu{t u/]sf] lg0f{o sfo{Gjog ug{] / ;lrjfno ;DalGw sfo{ ug{] . • dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] sfo{ ljj/0f cGtu{tsf sfo{x?sf] sfo{ of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L k]z ug{], :jLs[t sfo{s|d sfo{Gjog ug{] , cg'udg / k|ult k|lta]bg k]z ug{] . 28 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ cg';'lr ! hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ;'rs dxfgu/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff ;ldltn] b]xfosf] hf]lvd If]qsf] ljZn]if0f ug{]5 . pQm ljZn]lift ;'rsx? o; cg';'lrdf ;'lrs[t x'g]5g . ;'rs ljleGg ;fdm]bf/x?sf] ;+nUgtfdf tof/ ul/g]5 . b]xfo M !_ ejg M a. Structure design, b. Fire escap c. Building material d. @_ ef}lts k'jf{wf/ Utility a. Road standrad b. Drain c. Water supply Epedemic a. urban disecese, Cholerc-Jandis etc. Draught a. Water etc. Fire a Man made structure, b Squater, c slams, d Gasstrotions, e petroleum , f clUgL hGo a:t' tyf kbfy{ 29 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ cg';'lr @ ljkb\;DaGwL cª\u]h|L–g]kfnL kfl/eflifs zAbfjnL (English-Nepali Vocabulary of Disaster Terms) qm= ;+= c+u|]hL zAb 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. k|fljlws zAb lgSof}{n ul/Psf] g]kfnL zAb Acceptable Risk :jLsfo{ hf]lvd Adverse Condition ljkl/t cj:yf After shocks k/sDk Building code ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf Capacity Ifdtf Capacity analysis Ifdtfsf] ljZn]if0f Capacity Development Ifdtf clej[l4 Coping Capacity ;fdgf Ifdtf Cost Benefit Ratio nfut k|ltkmn cg'kft Counter measures /f]syfdsf pkfox? Danger vt/f Degradation x|f; Desertification d?e"lds/0f Disaster ljkb\ Disaster Mitigation ljkb\ cNkLs/0f Disaster Risk Management ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg Disaster Risk Reduction ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f Duck, Cover and Hold 3+8' f 6]s u+8' N' s, cf]t nfu ;dft Early warnings k"j{r]tfjgL Earthquake “Go Bag" “em6k6 emf]nf” Ecological kfl/l:ylts, kfl/l:yltsL Emergency cfktsfn Emergency Management cfktsfnLg Joj:yfkg Environmental Degradation jftfj/0fLo x«f; Exposure ;Dd'vtf Fore Shocks/ Pre-shocks k"j{sDk Forecast k"jf{g'dfg Geographic information systems (GIS) ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL Geological hazard ef}ule{s k|sf]k Hazard k|sf]k Hazard Risk k|sf]k hf]lvd Infrared rays cNk/Qm ls/0f 30 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _ 32. Intensity 33. Land use Planning 34. Mitigation 35. Need 36. Needs Assessment 37. Non-structural 38. Oscillation 39. Prediction 40. Preparedness 41. Prevention 42. Public awareness 43. Recovery 44. Reduction 45. Reinforcement of structures Reinforcing 46. 47. Relief 48. Resilience / Resilient 49. Resistant/Resistance 50. Response 51. Retrofitting 52. Risk 53. Risk Analysis 54. Risk identification and Assessment 55. Risk Mitigation 56. Shaking Table 57. Social and Economic Disruption 58. Structural 59. Sustainable Development 60. Technological hazards 61. Vulnerability, Vulnerable 62. Vulnerable Section tLa|tf e"–pkof]u of]hgf cNkLs/0f cfjZostf cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u}/–/rgfTds bf]ng k"jf{g'dfg k"j{tof/L /f]syfd hgr]tgf k'gnf{e Go"gLs/0f ;+/rgfsf] k'gM b[9Ls/0f ;anLs/0f /fxt pTyfgzLntf, pTyfgzLn k|lt/f]wL, k|lt/f]w k|ltsfo{ k|anLs/0f hf]lvd hf]lvd ljZn]if0f hf]lvd klxrfg tyf n]vfhf]vf hf]lvd cNkLs/0f sDkg d~r ;fdflhs, cfly{s ckqmd ;+/rgfTds bLuf] ljsf; k|f}Bf]lus k|sf]k ;+s6f;Ggtf, ;+s6f;Gg ;+s6f;Gg ;d"x 31 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf gful/s ;'/Iff lgb{]lzsf @)&), @@ cf} gu/kl/ifbaf6 l:js[t - @)&) c;f/ #) _