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Materials Science Forum ISSN: 1662-9752, Vol. 1123, pp 59-74 doi:10.4028/p-8EM8Um © 2024 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland Submitted: 2024-01-08 Revised: 2024-02-04 Accepted: 2024-02-07 Online: 2024-07-18 Effect of Magnetic Water on Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete Saaid I. Zaki1,a*, Mohamed Shawky2,b, Basma A. Abd El Rahman3,c, M.H. El-Nashar4,d, Ehab Zakrya5,e and M. G. Zaki6f 1 Professor in Material Research and Quality Control Institute. 2 Magnetic Water Consultant, Green Desert Company. 3 PhD, Dep. of Civil Eng., Higher Future Institute for Eng. and Tech, Dakahlia, Mansoura, Egypt. 4 Building physics and Environment Institute, HBRC. 5 Material Research and Quality Control Institute, HBRC. 6 Material Research and Quality Control Institute, HBRC. Lab. Engineer in Material Research and Quality Control Institute HBRC a [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] d Keywords: Magnetic Field Treated Water, Workability, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Curing Ages, Scanning Electron Microscopy. Abstract. This study involves the investigation of influence of magnetic water on the workability and compressive strength of fresh and hardened concrete. “The water is initially magnetized with the help of 0.5 horse power motor having a 1 and 3Tesla magnets at its inlet pipe. Concrete samples are then prepared and cured with magnetic water and normal water in four main different cases. About 36 concrete and mortar cubes are casted and tested for 7, 14 and 28 days.” Results show that the compressive strength of concrete samples mixed with magnetic water is higher than those prepared with normal water. The compressive strength of concrete samples mixed with magnetic water at a magnetic strength of 1T increases by 10-20% more than that of normal water”. Also, the consistency of fresh concrete is improved in case of magnetic water than that of normal water. Introduction Without including any additional admixtures in the concrete mix, Magnetic Field Treated Water (MFTW) enhances the mechanical properties of concrete and boosts strength by 10–22% when compared to concrete made with regular water [1]. “In the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), research on the use of magnetic fields in construction began in 1962. Up until 1980, other nations—including the USA—barely participated in this field. Authorized Soviet and Russian scientists, including the scientific research institute "VNII Jelezobeton," however, received believable and indisputable results”. In order to save money on cementing and ferro-concrete reinforcing, increase the strength and lifespan of projects, and improve productivity, the Russian federation's government adopted Decree No. 1058 in October 1993 [2]. The word "magnet" comes from the “Greek island of Magnesia, where magnetic metal deposits were discovered as early as 600 B.C”. “Magnetic field treated water” is referred to water being exposed to a magnetic field of a specific intensity. Magnetic water technology was developed by Russia and China during the past two decades to enhance the characteristics of concrete [3]. The reason why MFTW increases strength is that the large water molecule cluster is broken down into smaller ones, 13 into 5 (or) 6, which makes it easier for magnetic water to penetrate cement particles, speeding up the hydration process and lowering water surface tension (see Fig.1 a, b [4]). As a result, the “hydration process will proceed effectively, increasing the strength of the concrete [5]. MFTW” surrounds cement particles with similar electrical charges, which oppose one another and break apart cement clusters, allowing confined mixing water to flow more easily [6]. All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech Publications Ltd, www.scientific.net. (#654744535-18/07/24,10:20:44) 60 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials a b Fig. 1 (a) Water molecules before magnetic treatment; (b) Water Molecules after magnetic treatment [4]. Water magnetizes due to hydrogen bonding, forming clusters of molecules that cling together, and as tap water travels through a persistent magnetic field, the size and number decrease. [7-9]. As a result, the water molecules become more active. According to [8], the magnetic fields reduced the hydrogen bonds within the intraclusters, causing the larger clusters to split apart and create smaller clusters with stronger intracluster hydrogen connections. Authors [10–11] confirmed that the magnetic field has the impact of increasing hydrogen bonding. Regular tap water passing through a magnetic field also has the effect of lowering water surface tension, which helps to prevent the buildup of cement particles and also makes it easier for water molecules to enter cement particles, advancing the hydration of the concrete mix [12] and enhancing the mechanical properties of the concrete mix [13]. “The impact of magnetic water on the workability and compressive strength of concrete was examined by Malathy et al. (2017) [14]. A 0.5 hp motor with a 0.8 T magnet at its inlet pipe is used to initially magnetize the water. Water's physical and chemical characteristics were investigated. In comparison to normal concrete, magnetized water-based concrete delivers stronger, more effective workability and a higher compressive strength percentage, with samples being 20% more effective. The major benefits of employing magnetized water in concrete over traditional concrete include an increase in strength qualities and a reduction in cement content of up to 11%. At 20.14 °C and 21.26°C, concrete samples prepared using magnetic water will be more hydrated than samples prepared with regular water. Four concrete mixes were created by Isam et al. (2017) [15], three of which included magnetized water and one did not. On the final two mixes with magnetized water, a 12.5% and 25% cement reduction was imposed. All four mixes were subjected to testing for slump and compressive strength, and it was discovered that the magnetic method produces concrete that is simple to work with without compromising its compressive strength. Additionally, it was shown that cement is lowered by up to 25% while magnetized water boosts the compressive strength of concrete. Concrete can be worked more easily using magnetized water (up to 400%). Utilizing magnetized water can lower the weight of a concrete cube by about 3%. Using magnetized water increases compressive strength by up to 10%. Experimental experiments are carried out by Saddam et al. (2021) [16] to determine the best way of magnetic treatment for the mixes, and they offer recommendations for concrete mix design. There were six magnetic flux densities taken into consideration: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 500 mT. The compressive strength of the concrete mixes increased by up to 16%, according to the experimental data. The increase in workability ranged from 7% to 26%, with 400 mT flux density treatment recording the largest gains. Compressive and tensile strengths of the final concrete significantly enhanced by around 29% and 27%, respectively. When treated and untreated samples were examined under a microscope, it was evident that the magnetized treated mix has fewer voids and is denser, while the treated cement gel”. Using potable water and magnetic water, Dharmaraj et al. (2021) [17] created four distinct concrete mixtures. According to the study, the use of chemical admixtures is reduced while the compressive strength of concrete is increased by 14.86% when it is cured in magnetized water, as well as its tensile and flexural strengths. In general, they discovered that concrete samples with magnetized water are more resistant to acid attack and water absorption than the control concrete. Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 61 Arihant et al. (2017) [18] investigated the impact of magnetic water, also known as magnetic field treated water (MFTW), on samples made with magnetic water in terms of compressive strength, water absorption, porosity, and sorptivity. The strongest magnetic field of treated water, 1T, produced the greatest results for water absorption and porosity; the strongest magnetic field, 0.9T, produced the best results for sorptivity. “The impact of magnetized water on the workability, strength, and quality of M20 grade concrete was investigated by Ramachandran et al. (2018) [19]. Normal tap water is transformed into magnetized water by being exposed to a magnetic field. Some of the physical characteristics of water change as it travels through the magnetic field. The magnetic field causes the water clusters to break up, increasing the water activity. The results obtained demonstrate that mixing with magnetized water increases workability. Additionally, the concrete's compressive, split tensile and flexural strengths are higher than those of concrete made with regular water for both mixing and curing at age 28. The impact of magnetic water on the workability and compressive strength of concrete was studied by Prakash et al. (2019) [20]. With the aid of a magnet, the water is first magnetized, and they also magnetize the primary processed dye waste water. Water's physical and chemical characteristics were investigated. Their study's primary goal is to raise water quality to meet regulations and lower the water-to-cement ratio, which will lower cement use. According to the findings, concrete samples mixed with magnetic water have compressive strengths that are 15% higher than those made with regular tap water. Additionally, industrial waste water, such as dye waste water, can be utilized successfully for casting concrete to produce the same strength.” Reddy et al. (2017) [21] conducted research on how magnetic water affects concrete's workability and strengths. When the magnet's various poles are in contact with water. When compared to concrete made with regular water, the workability and compressive strength of the Mixed Pole Water (i.e. 50% North Pole water + 50% South Pole water) are improving. Despite its unsuitability for concrete, researchers examined the use of magnetized dangerous seawater in concrete and discovered that it boosts strength owing to enhanced hydration in magnetic water concrete (MWC). Zhao et al. (2021) [22] developed electric and magnetically triggered water for cement mortar, enhancing compressive by 26% and flexural strength by 31%. The MFTW also preserved mechanical strength and workability, even with reduced cement content, and increased pH and absorbance levels. According to research by Sun et al. (2000) [6], the best increase occurred between 0.8 and 1.2 T when master specimens were mixed with magnetic water, which improved compressive strength by 10–23% compared to samples that were mixed with tap water. Arabshah (2011) [23] found that concrete mixed with MFTW had a 23% higher compressive strength and 35% higher slump test compared to regular water. Saddam (2008) [24] looked into the impact of magnetic water on the engineering characteristics of concrete and discovered that samples made with magnetic water have compressive strengths that are 10–20% higher than those made with regular water (1.2T), while the velocity of regular water current passing through magnetic fields is only 0.7 m/s. It was also discovered that using magnetic water improves the consistency of freshly made concrete. When examining the characteristics of concrete mixtures using magnetized water, Metwally (2005) [25] discovered that: ready mix plants may be encouraged to further investigate this method, to consider its potential benefits, and to investigate possibilities of magnetizing water in concrete patch plants. Three major sections make up the organization of the paper. The materials utilized in the study and the details of the experiments are covered in the first section. The results and discussions are covered in the second section, followed by the conclusions and suggestions. The paper's goals are to describe the behavior of magnetic water in concrete, establish the strength value for both freshly poured and already-hardened concrete using a compressive strength test, and identify the sample with the highest strength value. 62 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials Experimental Work Materials To evaluate the influence of magnetic water on fresh and hardened concretes, cement, coarse sand, crushed dolomite, magnetic and conventional water were employed in this investigation. The raw ingredients used in this study were specifically stated as follows: Cement “The cement used in this study was Ordinary Portland cement (CEMI 42.5N) from Beni swif cement factory. Testing cement is conducted according to (ESS4756-1/2006) [26]. Table 1 illustrates physical and chemical properties of used cement. Table 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Portland Cement (CEMI 42.5N). Properties Test results Limits Specific gravity 3.15 ----Initial setting time (min.) 114 min. Not less than 45 min. Final setting time (min.) 240 min. Not more than 10 hours Fineness of cement 0.04 Not more than 10% (sieve No.170 𝝁𝝁m) Expansion of cement (mm) 2mm Not more than 10mm. Compressive strength of standard 2 days (MPa)=23.3 Not less than 10 MPa mortar 28 days (MPa)=51.4 ≥ 52.5MPa Aggregates Fine aggregate All test specimens were prepared using natural sand as fine aggregate in accordance with (ESS1109, 2001) [27]. Table 2 shows the physical parameters of fine sand utilized in the complete combinations. Table 2 Physical Properties of Sand. Properties Test results Limits Specific gravity 2.5 2.5 Absorption test (%) 1.523 Not more than 2% Fineness modulus 2.6 ------Coarse aggregate In this research investigation, crushed dolomite with nominal maximum sizes (NMS) of 1 and 2 cm was procured from the Ataka quarry and used as coarse aggregate according to (ESS1109, 2001).” Water For the creation of the appropriate concrete mixes, ordinary tap water with a PH of 7.27 and magnetic water with a pH of 7.47 were utilized, and ordinary tap water was used for curing. Admixtures Sulphonated, naphthalene formaldehyde superplasticizer (plastiment RXSR, in compliance with ASTM C494 type A, D). Experimental Methodology (Setup) Proposed Mix Design for Concrete In general, 18 mixes of concretes 9 mixes of control mix were developed from Portland cement, fine sand, ordinary tap water and dolomite of 1 and 2 cm of ratios 1:1. “The other 9 mixes were also developed from the same materials but magnetic water was used. For all mixes, mechanical mixing, standard water curing and uniform water-binder ratio of 0.45 were used. A 18 mortar mixes 9 mixes Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 63 of control mix were developed from Portland cement, fine sand, ordinary tap water and the other 9 mixes were also developed from the same materials but magnetic water was used.” Tables 3 and 4 shows mix design for 18 mixes concrete under this study. Table 3 Mix Design for 18 Concrete Mixes under This Study. Mix no. CEM 400 400 M1-9 M10-18 Sand 680 680 Mix Proportions for 1 M3 of Concrete kg/m3 Dolomite 1cm Dolomite 2 cm water 560 560 186 560 560 ----- Magnetic water ------186 Table 4 Mix Design for 18 Mortar Mixes under This Study 4x4x16 cm Mortar. Mix no_ M1-9 M10-18 CEM 550 550 Mix Proportions for 1 M3 of kg/m3 Sand Water 1650 220 1650 ----- Magnetic water ------220 Specimen Preparation and Curing Procedure Concrete specimens were made in accordance with (ECP 203-2020) [28] by making watertight and non-absorbent 15×15×15 cm cube and 4×4×16 cm prism molds. Figures 2 and 3 show the prepared specimens. Fig. 2 Concrete specimens with tap and magnetic water. Fig. 3 Mortar prisms specimens with magnetic and tap water. “In order to prepare specimens, dry mixing of ingredients is done for 1 min. Following that, wet mixing was performed by adding water to the combined dry components and mixing for another 1 minute until a visually satisfactory combination was created. Mechanical mixing, as illustrated in Figure 4, is used throughout the specimen preparation process. After getting a uniform mix and placing layer by layer on molds, compaction is employed in three layers by standard steel compacting rod. After leveling the surface with steel floats, the specimens were left in the molds for one day to dry. After removing the specimens from the mold, they were marked without being damaged. The test specimens are then routinely cured in tap water at a temperature of 20 ± 2°C for 7, 14, and 28 days until testing days.” 64 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials Fig. 4 Mechanical mixing for all specimens. 2.3 Testing Program For testing, before placing the test specimens centrally in the testing machine, any excess moisture from the surface of the specimen were wiped. Then, three specimens are tested for the mechanical properties of concretes and mortars as per the Egyptian Standard testing procedure for hardened concrete (ECP 203:2020) in Housing and Building National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Compressive strength is determined using the autonomously controlled testing machine at 7, 14, and 28 days after conventional water curing, and the average results are obtained. For testing the flexural strength at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, in the universal testing machine, two supporting steel rollers and one upper roller are employed to apply loads at a constant load rate. Magnetic Water Treatment “Normal water (NW) is passed through a magnet to obtain magnetic water (MFTW) for different exposure periods. The magnetic field induced by the magnet has a certain intensity, as well as flow velocity. The experimental setup, which consists of a 0.5 HP motor that works on shifting the available water in a container and makes it pass through the magnetic flux attached to the tube.” a. Using Nefertari Device A magnetic water treatment system is established for producing MFTW for studying the cases B1, B2, and C3. The MFTW is obtained by using Nefertari Device shown in Fig. 5, which consists of a stainless steel tube with 75 cm length, 7 cm diameter and 8 kg weight through which the NW is passed. This tube is supplied by strong magnets, with (1-3 Tesla) intensity. This device plays a significant role in developing an intense and well-focused magnetic field for the water flowing through the pipeline. The motor pump is used to recirculate the water 0.5 HP with constant velocity (1m/s). The recirculation process consumes from 3 to 4 hours alternatively. The amount of exposing area = 0.164 m2 Velocity of water current v = 1m/s So the Magnetic flux is calculated as, Ф = BA [29] Ф = 2 (Tesla) * 0.164 (m2) = 0.33 webs. Nefertari Fig. 5 Nefrtari Device. b. Using Green Desert device: A typical water magnetic treatment unit is tube as shown in Fig.6 made from stainless steel, with length 20 cm, diameter 2.5 cm, installed on the main water supply and contains powerful, specific magnets with Russian Technology. In this system, the applied magnetic field was 1 tesla was created. Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 65 The Green Desert device was applied in the experimental work of this paper in the following cases A, C1, C2, D, while Nefertari Device, and was applied in cases B1, B2, C3. Fig. 6 Green Desert Device. Surface Morphology: The tensile of blends and fractured surfaces for selected control and MFTW samples were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) (model xT810 Inspect S/2007 electron microscope) operated at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. Results and Discussion Introduction In the present study, to find the effect of magnetic water on the compressive strength and workability of concrete, for main cases of mixes were prepared, these mixes are, [A, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, D] where, Nefertari Device was used in cases B1, B2, C3, while green desert device was used in cases A, C1, C2, D. Case A: “Represents the cement paste mixes. The sample sized 2x2x2 cm, with two groups of regular or normal tap water, NR with magnetic water MFTW (with magnetic flux 1T). Table 5 shows the mix design and its results. Case B1: Represents cement mortar sample cubes 5x5x5 cm, with two groups like case A and magnetic flux 1T and 3T. Case B2: Represents cement mortar sample size prisms 4x4x16 cm, with two groups like case A, B and magnetic flux 1T and 3T. Case C1: Study the impact of magnetized water (of flux 1T) on the workability and compressive strength of concrete without admixtures. Case C2: Study the impact of magnetized water (of flux 1T) on the workability and compressive strength of concrete with admixtures. Case C3: Study the impact of magnetized water (of flux 1 and 3T) on the workability and compressive strength of concrete without admixtures.” Case D: Study the impact of magnetized water (of flux 1T) on the workability and compressive strength of concrete with admixtures in ready mixed patch plant in 6th of October City (Application study). Case A (cement paste without adding admixtures) Compression Test The compression test was carried out for three ages for 1, 3, and 7 days on 2x2x2 cm cubes for two groups. First group a, NR, second group b, MFTW (1T). Table 5 shows the results of the tests. Fig.7 shows the influence of magnetic water on the compressive strength of cement paste. At ages 3, 7 days, there is an increasing in compressive strength due to magnetic water. Using magnetic water with 1T resulted in enhancement of the compressive strength by 99 %, 5% at ages 3,7 days respectively compared to control, while compressive strength decreasing by 12.5% at age 1 day. It may be inferred that employing magnetic water with 1T led in greater compressive strength increase at age 3, 7 days when compared to the control. 66 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials Table 5 Compressive Strength Result for Cement Paste. Compressive strength MPa Mix ID 1 day 3 days 7 days NR 18.33 19.7 48.3 MFTW (1T) 16.29 39.2 50.7 Mix No Compressive Sterngth (MPa) 1st group (a) 2nd group (b) 60 Compressive Strength Variations of samples with and without Magnetic Water. 50 48.3 40 50.7 39.2 30 20 10 19.7 18.33 16.29 0 1 Day 3 Days 7 Days Cubic Samples ( 2*2*2) cm Age (Days) Group A- Non Magnetic Group B- Magnetic ( 1Tesla ) Fig. 7 Compressive Strength Variations of samples with and without MTW at ages 1, 3, and 7 Days. Case B-1 (cement mortar without adding admixtures) Compression Test The compression test was carried out at three ages for 3, 14, and 28 days on 5x5x5 cm cubes for three groups which are: First group a NR, Second group b, MFTW (1T), Third group c MFTW (3T). The readings are tabulated in Table 6 respectively. The effect of magnetic water on the compressive strength of cement mortar is shown in Fig. 8. An increase in compressive strength is noticed. “Using magnetic water with 1 tesla resulted in enhancement of the compressive strength by 247 %, 147% and 142% at ages 3, 14, and 28 days respectively compared to control, while compressive strength increasing by 205 %, 133% and109 % at ages 3, 14, and 28 days respectively compared to control when using magnetic water with 3T. It can be inferred that using MFTW with 1T led to an obvious improvement in compressive strength improvement at all cement mortar ages than using MFTW with 3T. Table 6 Compressive strength results for cement mortar using nonmagnetic and magnetic water. Compressive strength MPa Mix No Mix ID 3 days 14 days 28 days st 1 group (a) NR 9.2 19.7 23 2nd group (b) MFTW (1T) 22.8 29 32.7 3rd group (c) MFTW (3T) 18.9 26.2 25 Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 67 Compressive Strength (MPa) Compressive Strength Variations of Samples with and without Magnetic Water. 35 30 32.7 29 25 26.2 20 23 22.8 19.7 18.9 15 25 10 5 9.2 0 3 Days 14 Days 28 Days Cubic Samples ( 5*5*5) cm Age (Days) Group A- Non Magnetic Group B- Magnetic ( 1Tesla ) Group C- Magnetic ( 3Tesla ) Fig. 8 Compressive Strength Variations of Samples with and without TMFW. Case B-2 (cement mortar prism samples) Compression Test The compression test was carried out in two ages for 7, 28 days on prism samples 4⤫4⤫16 cm for three groups. First group (a) NR, second group (b) MFTW (1T), third group (c) MFTW (3T). The readings were tabulated in Table 7 respectively. The effect of MFTW on the compressive strength of cement mortar is shown in Fig.9. At all ages, there is an increasing in compressive strength due to using MFTW in mix. Using MFTW with 1T increasing the compressive strength by 16%, 11% at ages 7, 28 days respectively compared to NR, while using MFTW with 3T increasing the compressive strength by 10%, 1.2% at ages 7, 28 days respectively compared to NR. It can be concluded also that using MFTW with 1T resulted better enhancement on compressive strength at all ages than using MFTW with 3T compared to NR for cement mortar.” Table 7 Compressive Strength Results for Mortar Prisms. Compressive strength MPa Mix No Mix ID 7 days 28 days 1st group (a) NR 27 32.9 nd 2 group (b) MFTW (1T) 31.3 36.4 3rd group (c) MFTW (3T) 29.6 33.3 68 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 7 Days 28 Days 7 Days 28 Days Prism Samples ( 4*4*16) cm Bending Strength (MPa) Compressive Strength (MPa) Compressive and Bending Strengths Variation Prism Samples with and without Magnetic Water at 7 and 28 Days Age (7-28 Days) Group A- Non Magnetic Group B- Magnetic ( 1Tesla ) Fig. 9 Compressive and Flexural strength for Prism samples with and without magnetic water at 7 and 28 days. Flexural strength for cement mortar prism samples: “The flexural strength was carried out in two ages for 7 days and 28 days for three groups. First group (a) is NR second group (b) MFTW (1T), third group (c) MFTW (3T).” The readings are tabulated in Table 8. The effect of MFTW on the flexural strength of cement mortar is shown in Fig. 10. At all ages, there is an increasing in flexural strength due to using magnetic water. Using MFTW with 1T resulted in increasing of flexural strength by 20%, 9.6% at ages 7, 28 days respectively compared to control, while using MFTW with 3T resulted in increasing of the flexural strength by 3.6%, 4% at ages 7, 28 days respectively compared to control NR. It can be concluded also that using MFTW with 1T resulted better enhancement in flexural strength at age 7, 28 days than using MFTW with 3T compared to NW. Mix No 1st group (a) 2nd group (b) 3rd group (c) Table 8 Flexural Strength Result. Flexural strength (MPa) prism samples (4*4*16) cm Mix ID 7 days 28 days NR 7.5 8.3 MFTW (1T) 9 9.1 MFTW (3T) 7.8 8.6 Case C3 (Concrete samples without adding admixtures) Compression Test The compression test was carried out in three ages for 1, 28, and 90 days on 150x150x150 mm cubes for three groups. First group a is NR, Second group b MFTW (1T), Third group c MFTW (3T). “The readings are tabulated in Table 9, the effect of MFTW on the compressive strength of concrete samples is shown in Fig. 11. At ages 1, 28, and 90 days there is an increasing in compressive strength due to magnetic water. Using MFTW of 1T resulted an enhancement of the compressive strength by 19 %, 7% and 14% at ages 1, 28, and 90 days respectively compared to control NR, while compressive strength increasing by 9 %, 4% and 13 % at ages 1, 28, and 90 days respectively compared to control when using MFTW with 3T. It can be concluded that using MFTW of 1T resulted better enhancement compressive strength at all ages than using MFTW of 3T for concrete samples also.” Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 69 Table 9 Compressive Strength Result for Cubic Concrete. Compressive strength MPa Mix No Mix ID 1 day 28 days 90 days st 1 group (a) NR 14.7 40.5 45.5 2nd group (b) MFTW (1T) 17.5 43.3 51.7 rd 3 group (c) MFTW (3T) 16 42 51.4 Compressive Strength (MPa) Comptressive Strength Variations of Samples with and without Magnetic Water. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 Day 28 Days 90 Days Cubic Samples ( 15*15*15) cm Age (Days) Group A- Non Magnetic Group B- Magnetic ( 1Tesla ) Group C- Magnetic ( 3Tesla ) Fig. 10 Compressive strength values at ages 1, 28, and 90 days for concrete samples with tap and MFTW without admixtures. Case C1 (Cubic Concrete samples without adding admixtures) Compression Test The compression test was carried out at two ages for 7 and 28 days on 15x15x15 cm and 10x10x10 cm concrete cubes for two groups. First group a is NR, Second group b MFTW of (1T). “The readings were tabulated in Table 10. The effect of MFTW on the compressive strength of concrete is shown in Fig.11. At all ages 7, 28 days, there is an increasing in compressive strength due to magnetic water. Using MFTW of 1T resulted in an enhancement of the compressive strength by 15 %, 6.5% at ages 7 and 28 days respectively compared to control NR when using cubes15x15x15 cm, while compressive strength increased by 9% and 4% at ages 7 and 28 days respectively compared to control when using cubes10x10x10 cm. It can be concluded that using MFTW of 1T resulted better enhancement compressive strength at age 7 and 28 days compared to control depending on cubes15x15x15 cm, cubes10x10x10 cm.” Table 10 Compressive Strength Results for Concrete Cubes Using Tap and MFTW without Admixtures Cubes. Compressive strength MPa Cubes 15x15x15 cm Cubes 10x10x10 cm Mix No Mix ID 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days 1st group (a) NR 26.1 33.8 23.6 32.9 nd 2 group (b) MFTW (1T) 30.1 36 25.7 34.2 70 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials Compressive Strength Variation Samples with and without Magnetic Water at 7 and 28 Days 36 Age ( 7-28 Days) 32.9 25.7 23.6 Cubic Samples ( 10*10*10) cm 34.2 33.8 Cubic Samples ( 15*15*15) cm 26.1 0 10 20 30.1 30 40 Compressive Strength (MPa) Group B- Magnetic (1 Tesla) Group A- Non Magnetic Fig. 11 Compressive Strength at ages 7, 28 days for concrete samples tap and MFTW without admixtures. Case D (Cubic Concrete samples with admixtures cast at central ready mixed patch plant samples (Application study). Introduction The Experimental work was extended to cover application study mixed patch plant in 6th of October called Egyptian Company for Ready Mixed Concrete. Compression Test: “The green desert device was but on the main pipe line of the patch plant the compression test was carried out at two ages for 7 and 28 days on 15x15x15 cm concrete cubes for two groups. The First group a is NR, while the Second group b is MFTW of 1T. Table 11 contains the recorded results. Fig.12 illustrates the influence of MFTW on the compressive strength of concrete. MFTW causes an increase in compressive strength at all ages 7, 28, days. Using 1T MFTW increased compressive strength by 10% and 4% at ages 7, and 28 days, respectively, as compared to the control.” It could be concluded that utilizing MFTW of 1T led to an obvious improvement in compressive strength at age 7, 28 days in ready-mixed concrete patch plants compared to control NR. Table 11 Compressive Strength Result for ready mixed patch plant samples (Application study). Compressive strength MPa Cubes 15x15x15 cm Mix No Mix ID 7 days 28 day st 1 group (a) NR 15.6 20.7 2nd group (b) MFTW (1T) 17.2 21.6 Compressive Strength (MPa) Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 71 Compressive Strength Variations of Samples 25 20 10 21.6 20.7 15 17.2 15.6 5 0 Group A- Non Magnetic Group B- Magnetic ( 1Tesla ) Age ( 7-28 Days) Comprssive Strength ( MPa ) Cubic Samples ( 15*15*15) cm 3 Days Comprssive Strength ( MPa ) Cubic Samples ( 15*15*15) cm 7 Days Fig. 12 Compressive Strength results at ages 7, 28 days for ready mixed patch plant samples (Application study). Case C-2 (Cubic Concrete samples with adding admixtures in the lab of patch plant). Compression Test The compression test is carried out on 15x15x15 cm and 10x10x10 cm concrete cubes for two groups at the ages of 7 and 28 days. First group a is NR, while the Second group b is MFTW of 1T. Table 12 contains a summary of the readings. Fig. 13 illustrates the influence of MFTW on the compressive strength of concrete. At all ages 7, 28 days, there is an increasing in compressive strength due to magnetic water. Using MFTW of 1T resulted in enhancement of the compressive strength by 6 %, 15% at ages 7 and 28 days respectively compared to control when using cubes15x15x15 cm, while compressive strength increasing by 9.4% and 5.8 % at ages 7 and 28 days respectively compared to control when using cubes10x10x10 cm. It can be concluded that using MFTW of 1T resulted better enhancement on compressive strength at ages 7 and 28 days compared to control when using cubes 10x10x10 cm and cubes 15x15x15 cm, in ready mixed patch plant. Table 12 Compressive Strength Results for Cubes of Patch Plant. Compressive strength MPa o Cubes 15x15x15 cm Cubes 10x10x10 cm Mix N Mix ID 7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days First group (a) NR 31.7 37.8 33.9 39.1 Second group (b) MFTW (1T) 35.5 43.4 37.1 41.4 72 Functional Nanomaterials and Advanced Engineering Materials Age ( 7-28 Days) Compressive Strength Variations Samples with and without Magnetic Water at 7 and 28 Days Age. Cubic Samples ( 10*10*10) cm Cubic Samples ( 15*15*15) cm 0 10 20 30 40 50 Compressive Strength (MPa) Group B- Magnetic (1 Tesla) Group A- Non Magnetic Fig. 13 Compressive Strength at ages 7, 28 days for cubes of ready mixed patch plant in the lab of patch plant. Microstructure Study: Fig. 14 show the SEM images are presented for the samples of MFTW as follows: Pores Deposited CH on CSH (a) (b) (c) Fig. 14 SEM Image for: a) Control mix at a magnification of 4000x. b) Magnetic, 1T c) MFTW, 3T. Fig. 14 a, b, c shows the SEM images of the specimens in which the presence of CH crystal and fractional voids were observed, whereas larger voids and a lack of CH crystal had been observed in tap water concrete. “Fig. 14 a However, the MFTW concrete showed a higher dispersion of CH crystals and minimal fractional voids that made the structure stronger and capable of resisting cracks [12]. Also it was noted that the highest amount of pores in the concrete structure was occurred in the control mix Fig. 14 (a) (concrete mixed with normal or tap water). Replacing tap water by MFTW led to a significant improvement in the microstructure of the concrete mixes, Fig. 14-b, c which agrees with authors [6, 12, 14, and 30]. Conclusions and Recommendations: Cement pastes, mortars and concretes made with MFTW have several advantages than those made by ordinary water as follows: a. The most important advantage, it increases the compressive strength of all mixes (cement pastes, mortars and concretes), beginning from 7-days, by (10 to 20) %, when magnetic flux density was 1.0 T.” b. The 2nd important advantage of magnetic water, it enhances the workability of fresh concrete, all the results of slump test emphasis that result, since magnetic field has considerable effect on clusters of water molecules, which means that water molecules scattered more than each other, this causes more participation of water molecules in cement hydration reaction, which leads to Materials Science Forum Vol. 1123 73 enhancement in strength and other properties in addition to saving of admixtures in concrete patch plants. c. It was noticed that the duration of exposing water to magnetic field is very important which can be achieved if constant velocity of water is maintained 1.0 m/s. d. 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