Vision, Eye Diseases and Visual Impairment

The Lancet Global Health, 2021

Eye health is essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals; vision needs to be reframed as a development issue There is extensive evidence showing that improving eye health contributes directly and indirectly to achieving many Sustainable Development Goals, including reducing poverty and improving work productivity, general and mental health, and education and equity. Improving eye health is a practical and cost-effective way of unlocking human potential. Eye health needs to be reframed as an enabling, cross-cutting issue within the sustainable development framework. Almost everyone will experience impaired vision or an eye condition during their lifetime and require eye care services; urgent action is necessary to meet the rapidly growing eye health need In 2020, 1•1 billion people had distance vision impairment or uncorrected presbyopia. By 2050, this figure is expected to rise to 1•8 billion. Most affected people live in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) with avoidable causes of vision impairment. During the life course, most people will experience vision impairment, even if just the need for reading glasses. Because of unmet needs and an ageing global population, eye health is a major public health and sustainable development concern which warrants urgent political action. Eye health is an essential component of universal health coverage; it must be included in planning, resourcing, and delivery of health care Universal health coverage is not universal without affordable, high quality, equitable eye care. In line with the WHO World report on vision, we urge countries to consider eye care as an essential service within universal health coverage. To deliver comprehensive services including promotion, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, eye care needs to be included in national strategic health plans and development policies, health financing structures, and health workforce planning. Coordinated intersectoral action is needed to systematically improve population eye health, also within healthy ageing initiatives, schools, and the workplace. Integration of eye health services with multiple relevant components of health service delivery and at all levels of the health system is of central importance.

It is my great pleasure to present you February issue of Critical Space with different research topics which make the journal more contemporary and relevant to read. I also express my sincere thanks to all those who contributed their valuable research papers and trust us as an authentic publishing forum. As the articles contained in the issue can be categorized under the disciplines like Cultural Studies, Mythology, Subaltern Studies, Sociology, Politics, Diaspora Studies, and Linguistics make it interdisciplinary. Advocacy of patriarchal mode of social power, Hindu Epics and Puranas reflect women as a weaker sex that can be used only for the physical pleasure. As a result of that most of the women characters depicted in these mythological discourses are secondary and passive. In the modern period, the intelligentsia starts thinking about this duality of truth and in response it creates parallel discourse that gives exposure to these suppressed voices. Dilshad Kaur’s research paper “Breaking New Grounds: Listening to the Silent Echoes of Draupadi in The Palace of Illusions” explore the feminine dimension of truth. The textual references and convincing analysis make the paper more interesting to contemplate. The similar kind of deconstructive line of logic can be seen in the research article of Dr. Jyoti Rane who analyses Sun’s Seventh Horse and reveals that how the identities were created by the society that predominantly regularize the social behaviour of man and woman. In the article Dr. Rane illustrates the process of identity creation and how the different channels were set for the socialization of man and women according to sex. Dr. Sujata Bamane in her article “Comprehension in a Graphic Style: A Study of Fumi Yoshinaga’s All My Darling Daughters” NRI Registration No. MAHENG/2012/55583 Critical Space iv Volume V Issue II: February 2017 ISSN: 2319-3689 analyses the narration containing diagrammatic and decorative with words combined with different colour-combinations, funny pictures and mesmerizing images in order to comprehend the meaning reflected by Yoshinaga. The research scholar has minutely and meticulously observed the graphic novel and presented her scholarly analysis. Dr. A. M. Sarawade in his research article “Appropriating Pragmalinguistics and Sociopragmatics for Teaching Literature in S L Classroom” reveals that how the branches of Pragmatics can be employed in actual language teaching practice. It is a good attempt to combine the technical aspects with the socio-cultural conventions of language in the actual teaching practice in SL context. Therefore, it is a good contribution towards the most debated issue of language teaching in SL situation. In the language component of the present issue we have another interesting article by Dr. Preeti Joshi who analyses the role of English Language in Postcolonial Era as a lingua franca to promote Globality, Locality and Hybridity. The article analyses the actual hybrid linguistic expressions that has surpassed from the category of Creole and designated itself as a language of the world. The article gives review of all these changes and very interestingly comments on the sociocultural processes. Dr. Seema Maraje in her research paper “Honour Killing: A Stigma on Modern Society” deals with another significant and burning issue of the contemporary modern society. The paper takes into account all the basic notions related to the concept of ‘Honour Killing’ and analyses it in the socio-cultural contexts. In contemporary period there are several literary expressions that depict the situation of Honour Killing and therefore it becomes necessary to understand it in its socio-cultural context which is adequately provided by Dr. Maraje. NRI Registration No. MAHENG/2012/55583 Critical Space v Volume V Issue II: February 2017 ISSN: 2319-3689 Sardar B. Jadhav and Dr. P. R. Shewale in their article “Keki N. Daruwalla’s “Crossing of Rivers”: An Absolute Visualization of Landscape” reflect how the poetic vision is capable of the photographic presentation of the landscape. The analysis of the poem is also a good demonstration of how to analyse the poem in its contextual frame for the new researchers and students. Maruti Vairat’s article “A Heap of Broken Images in T. S. Eliot’s Poem The Waste Land” depicts that how Eliot has created a simulacrum of Broken Images in order to create a prefect image of the modern society. The analysis of the poem is interesting as it takes into consideration the broken images which in fact create oversized image of disillusionment and despair of the contemporary period. The Diasporic critical context is dynamic as it is inseparably relies on the socio-political realities of the age. As a result it observed in the discourse of criticism that term ‘Diaspora’ has been analysed from different perspective. The Critical Space has published several research articles in this direction in order contribute in this never ending discussion. Abhishek Chandel also deals with the term but his point of view is not from the region of literature but is from the other branches of Humanities like Sociology and Political Science. The article underlines the recurring need of interdisciplinary studies in order to understand the complex realties of the age. Ebrahim Mohammed Mod discusses the theme of Alienation in Arun Joshi’s The Foreigner which also came under the category of Diaspora Studies. The textual examples and the analysis in the light of the Psychological theories make the article more interesting. Dr. Sangita Ghodake in her research article “Transcending Life through Romance: Mumbai Tiffinwalas and The Lunch Box” analyses Ritesh Batra’s romantic comedy situated in metropolis Mumbai. The paper very interestingly reveals that how two NRI Registration No. MAHENG/2012/55583 Critical Space vi Volume V Issue II: February 2017 ISSN: 2319-3689 strangers came into contact, who were living a lonely life in the overcrowded city. The observation and the analysis are helpful to understand the movie with all its possible dimensions. Dr. Uday P. Shirgave’s article “[Re]vision Home and Identity in Buchi Emecheta’s the New Tribe” deals with the issue of identity and home. The age of globalization has witnessed huge social migration, for different reasons, that has created different issues related to the identity. Nandkumar Shinde in his article “Mahatma Gandhian Concepts of Ethics and Morality in Contemporary Humanism” is another interdisciplinary article addressing to nonliterature issue. But the issue analysed in the research article is important to understand the contemporary phenomena which is reflected in the literature.

What consumed Pericles as a thinker and a public figure was how to get out of this trap, how to be truly rational in an arena dominated by emotions. The solution he came up with is unique in history and devastatingly powerful in its results. It should serve as our ideal. In his conception, the human mind has to worship something, has to have its attention directed to something it values above all else. For most people, it is their ego; for some it is their family, their clan, their god, or their nation. For Pericles it would be nous, the ancient Greek word for "mind" or "intelligence." Nous is a force that permeates the universe, creating meaning and order. The human mind is naturally attracted to this order; this is the source of our intelligence. For Pericles, the nous that he worshipped was embodied in the figure of the goddess Athena. Athena was literally born from the head of Zeus, her name itself reflecting this-a combination of "god" (theos) and "mind" (nous). But Athena came to represent a very particular form of nous-eminently practical, feminine, and earthy. She is the voice that comes to heroes in times of need, instilling in them a calm spirit, orienting their minds toward the perfect idea for victory and success, then giving them the energy to achieve this. To be visited by Athena was the highest blessing of them all, and it was her spirit that guided great generals and the best artists, inventors, and tradesmen. Under her influence, a man or woman could see the world with perfect clarity and hit upon the action that was just right for the moment. For Athens, her spirit was invoked to unify the city, make it prosperous and productive. In essence, Athena stood for rationality, the greatest gift of the gods to mortals, for it alone could make a human act with divine wisdom. Inflaming Individuals There are people in the world who by their nature tend to trigger powerful emotions in almost everyone they encounter. These emotions range among the extremes of love, hatred, confidence, and mistrust. Some examples in history would include King David in the Bible, the longer you can resist reacting, the more mental space you have for actual reflection, and the stronger your mind will become. Accept people as facts. Interactions with people are the major source of emotional turmoil, but it doesn't have to be that way. The problem is that we are continually judging people, wishing they were something that they are not. We want to change them. We want them to think and act a certain way, most often the way we think and act. And because this is not possible, because everyone is different, we are continually frustrated and upset. Instead, see other people as phenomena, as neutral as comets or plants. They simply exist. They come in all varieties, making life rich and interesting. Work with what they give you, instead of resisting and trying to change them. Make understanding people a fun game, the solving of puzzles. It is all part of the human comedy. Yes, people are irrational, but so are you. Make your acceptance of human nature as radical as possible. This will calm you down and help you observe people more dispassionately, understanding them on a deeper level. You will stop projecting your own emotions on to them. All of this will give you more balance and calmness, more mental space for thinking. It is certainly difficult to do this with the nightmare types who cross our path-the raging narcissists, the passive aggressors, and other inflamers. They remain a continual test to our rationality. Look at the Russian writer Anton Chekhov, one of the most fiercely rational people who ever lived, as the model for this. His family was large and poor, and his father, an alcoholic, mercilessly beat all of the children, including young Chekhov. Chekhov became a doctor and took up writing as a side career. He applied his training as a doctor to the human animal, his goal to understand what makes us so irrational, so unhappy, and so dangerous. In his stories and plays, he found it immensely therapeutic to get inside his characters and make sense of even the worst types. In this way, he could forgive anybody, even his father. His approach in these cases was to imagine that each person, no matter how twisted, has a reason for what they've become, a logic that makes sense to them. In their own way, they are striving for fulfillment, but irrationally. By stepping back and imagining their story from the inside, Chekhov demythologized the brutes and aggressors; he cut them down to human size. They no longer elicited hatred but rather pity. You must think more like a writer in approaching the people you deal with, even the worst sorts. At last I have what I wanted. Am I happy? Not really. But what's missing? My soul no longer has that piquant activity conferred by desire.. .. Oh, we shouldn't delude ourselves-pleasure isn't in the fulfillment, but in the pursuit.-Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais Keys to Human Nature By nature, we humans are not easily contented with our circumstances. By some perverse force within us, the moment we possess something or get what we want, our minds begin to drift toward something new and different, to imagine we can have better. The more distant and unattainable this new object, the greater is our desire to have it. We can call this the grass-is-always-greener syndrome, the psychological

AJOB: Empirical Bioethics, 2019

Background: Recent literature on addiction and judgments about the characteristics of agents has focused on the implications of adopting a ‘brain disease’ versus ‘moral weakness’ model of addiction. Typically, such judgments have to do with what capacities an agent has (e.g., the ability to abstain from substance use). Much less work, however, has been conducted on the relationship between addiction and judgments about an agent’s identity, including whether or to what extent an individual is seen as the same person after becoming addicted. Methods: We conducted a series of vignette-based experiments (total N = 3,620) to assess lay attitudes concerning addiction and identity persistence, systematically manipulating key characteristics of agents and their drug of addiction. Conclusions: In Study 1, we found that US participants judged an agent who became addicted to drugs as being closer to ‘a completely different person’ than ‘completely the same person’ as the agent who existed prior to the addiction. In Studies 2-6, we investigated the intuitive basis for this result, finding that lay judgments of altered identity as a consequence of drug use and addiction are driven primarily by perceived negative changes in the moral character of drug users, who are seen as having deviated from their good true selves.

2014

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto

Com o fluxo cada vez maior dos dados, há preocupação com a proteção desses dados, fala-se também em capitalismo de vigilância, infocracia e obscuridade quanto ao uso dos algoritmos nas plataformas digitais. É visível a forte influência das Big Techs (Google, Apple, Facebook/ Meta, entre outras) no comportamento da sociedade, bem como na tomada de decisões, inclusive nas eleitorais. Assim, o estudo foi realizado pelo método hipotético-dedutivo, mediante pesquisa bibliográfica, diante do problema a respeito da infocracia e sua influência nas eleições na sociedade da informação, com questionamento quanto à existência de um coronelismo algorítmico condutor da formação da decisão eleitoral. Palavras-chave: democracia; desinformação; infocracia; coronelismo; eleições.

Superb examples of orthographic fusion of graphemes to account for & realise a Meluhha trade glossary. --Sign 147 on K-79 and on M-112 Sign 147 documented on K-79 and also on M-112 signifies furnace & workshop for metal cast ingots. Sign 418 on K-79 signifies metalwork gallery, meluhha trade glossary (also detailed on M-112) Superb examples of orthographic fusion of graphemes to account for & realise a Meluhha trade glossary. Cargo (of) minerals, metals merchant, alloymetal, smelter, ferrite ore unwrought metal, cast metal ingot workshop, furnace produce

Sistem adalah suatu kebulatan atau keseluruhan yang terorganisasi dan kompleks, suatu himpunan atau perpaduan ha-hal atau bagian yang membentuk suatu kebulatan atau keseluruhan yang kompleks. Terdapat komponen yang terhubung dan mempunyai fungsi masing-masing terhubung menjadi sistem menurut pola. Sistem merupakan susunan pandangan, teori, asas yang teratur.