Segurança da informação - uma abordagem social
Joao Luiz P Marcianovisibility
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description
216 pages
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1 file
The ever increasing use of network-integrated information systems is an Information Society's landmark. This universe of digital contents and media is prone to some threats that seriously compromise the security of the user-system-information relationship. Information technology can sugest part of this problem's solution, but cannot solve it integrally. The information security policies must observe the balance between the human and technology issues about information security, in contrast with current policy models, extremely devoted to technological questions. This work had for purpose the analysis of the required backgrounds for the treatment of the information security, by means of information security policies proposal, based on a strategy of phenomenologic analysis. This approach aims to give to the policies a social boarding, of humanist perspectives, focused in the users's points of view and in opposition to the current technologic models. For such, the author proceeded to the analysis of a wide collection from articles and works in the elds of information security and public and corporate policies, applying a hermeneutic analysis on these materials. Also, a characterization of the various epistemology approaches to the Information Science was released. The found results suggested a model for the design of information security policies, based on social sciences requisites and builded with emphasis on the overviewing of information systems and in the context in which they exist.
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Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❉✉ P✐♥ ❈❛❧♠♦♥
▼❡♠❜r♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ✭■P❖▲✴❯♥❇✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ P♦rt❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦
▼❡♠❜r♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ✭❈■❉✴❋❆❈❊✲❯♥❇✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●❡♥t✐❧ ❏♦sé ❞❡ ▲✉❝❡♥❛ ❋✐❧❤♦
▼❡♠❜r♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ✭❯❈❇✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❚❛r❝✐s✐♦ ❩❛♥❞♦♥❛❞❡
❙✉♣❧❡♥t❡ ✭❯♥❇✴PP●❈■♥❢✮
➚ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡
♠❡✉ ♣❛✐✱ ❏♦❛q✉✐♠✱
❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦✱ ❏♦❛q✉✐♠ ▲✉✐③✳
❆ ● ❘ ❆ ❉ ❊ ❈ ■ ▼ ❊ ◆ ❚ ❖ ❙
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❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ✉s♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡
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❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ s❡r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✲s✐st❡♠❛✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡
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❆s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞♦s
❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s
❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s às q✉❡stõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
✈✐s❛ ❛ ❞❛r às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛
♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥❤❛ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳
P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✉✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛s ár❡❛s
t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡s
❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ t✐♣✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s s✉❣❡r✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠♦❧❞❡s ❛❢❡✐t♦s ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡
❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡
s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦✲
❣✐❛❀ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛❀ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❡✈❡r ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✲✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ✐s ❛♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙♦❝✐❡t②✬s ❧❛♥❞♠❛r❦✳ ❚❤✐s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❡ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐❛ ✐s ♣r♦♥❡ t♦ s♦♠❡ t❤r❡✲
❛ts t❤❛t s❡r✐♦✉s❧② ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡r✲s②st❡♠✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❝❛♥ s✉❣❡st ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✬s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❝❛♥♥♦t s♦❧✈❡ ✐t ✐♥✲
t❡❣r❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ♠✉st ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥
❛♥❞ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✐ss✉❡s ❛❜♦✉t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♥tr❛st ✇✐t❤ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♣♦❧✐❝② ♠♦❞❡❧s✱
❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❞❡✈♦t❡❞ t♦ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❤❛❞ ❢♦r ♣✉r♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞s ❢♦r t❤❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t
♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥
❛ str❛t❡❣② ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❣✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❛ s♦❝✐❛❧
❜♦❛r❞✐♥❣✱ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡rs✬s ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♦♣♣♦s✐t✐♦♥
t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
❋♦r s✉❝❤✱ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤♦r ♣r♦❝❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❛♥❞
✇♦r❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✱ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ❛
❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ❛ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❡♣✐st❡✲
♠♦❧♦❣② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ t❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s r❡❧❡❛s❡❞✳
❚❤❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✱
❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t❡s ❛♥❞ ❜✉✐❧❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡② ❡①✐st✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②❀ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s❀ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s❀ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡✲
♥♦❧♦❣②❀ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s❀ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
♣✳ ✶✼
✷
❖❜ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
♣✳ ✷✵
✷✳✶
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵
✷✳✷
▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✶
✷✳✷✳✶
❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✷
✷✳✷✳✷
❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣✳ ✷✷
✸
✹
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
♣✳ ✷✽
✸✳✶
❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✽
✸✳✷
❆s ❜❛s❡s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✷✳✶
❍✉ss❡r❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✷✳✷
❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r
♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✷✳✸
▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✸
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✸✽
✸✳✹
❍❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
♣✳ ✸✾
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♣✳ ✹✹
✹✳✶
♣✳ ✹✹
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✹✳✶✳✶
❆ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✳✷
❆t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶✳✸
❆♠❡❛ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✽
✹✳✶✳✹
❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✶
✹✳✶✳✺
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✷
✹✳✶✳✻
❆t❛q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✷
✹✳✶✳✼
❘✐s❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✷
✹✳✷ ❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✺
✹✳✷✳✶
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✹✳✸ ■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✻
♣✳ ✺✼
✹✳✸✳✶
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✼
✹✳✸✳✷
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✵
✹✳✹ ❆ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✸
✹✳✺ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✻
✹✳✺✳✶
❖s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✼
✹✳✺✳✷
❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✽
✹✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✻✳✶
❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✻✳✷
■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✶
✹✳✻✳✸
❱♦t❛çã♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✶
✹✳✻✳✹
●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✷
✹✳✻✳✺
❉✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✸
✹✳✼ ❆ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✹
✹✳✽ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✺
✺ ❋♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✼✼
♣✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✷
✺✳✸
❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✹
✺✳✹
❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✹
✺✳✺
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✻
✺✳✻
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✼
✺✳✼
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✽
✺✳✽
❖r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❧❡✐s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✾
✺✳✽✳✶
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✾
✺✳✽✳✶✳✶
◆■❙❚
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✾
✺✳✽✳✶✳✷
❈❊❘❚
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✵
✺✳✽✳✶✳✸
❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
✺✳✽✳✶✳✹
❉❘▼
✺✳✽✳✶✳✺
❉▼❈❆
✺✳✽✳✶✳✻
❙❉▼■
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✵
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✵
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✷
✺✳✽✳✶✳✼
❈P❘▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✷
✺✳✽✳✶✳✽
❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✷
✺✳✽✳✶✳✾
❍■P❆❆
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✸
✺✳✽✳✶✳✶✵
❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✹
✺✳✽✳✷
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✹
✺✳✽✳✸
❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✺
✺✳✽✳✹
❖❈❉❊
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✻
✺✳✽✳✺
❇r❛s✐❧
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✽
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶
◆❇❙❖
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✷
❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽
✺✳✽✳✺✳✸
❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧ ✲ ❉❡❝r❡t♦✲▲❡✐
n◦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✽
♣✳ ✾✽
✷✳✽✹✵ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦
❞❡ ✶✳✾✹✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✾✾
✺✳✽✳✺✳✹
❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✲ ▲❡✐
✺✳✽✳✺✳✺
❉❡❝r❡t♦
✺✳✽✳✺✳✻
n◦
✶✵✳✹✵✻ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷ ✳
♣✳ ✾✾
n◦
✸✳✺✵✺ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✵
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✸✳✺✽✼ ❞❡ ✺ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✵
✺✳✽✳✺✳✼
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✸✳✽✼✷ ❞❡ ✶✽ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✶
✺✳✽✳✺✳✽
▼❡❞✐❞❛ Pr♦✈✐sór✐❛
✺✳✽✳✺✳✾
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✸✳✾✾✻ ❞❡ ✸✶ ❞❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✵
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✹✳✵✼✸ ❞❡ ✸ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷ ❡ ▲❡✐
n◦
✷✳✷✵✵✱ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶
✳
♣✳ ✶✵✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✶
n◦
✽✳✶✺✾✱
❞❡ ✽ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✶
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✹✳✸✼✻ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷ ❡ ▲❡✐
✾✳✽✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾
✺✳✾
n◦
n◦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✷
❉❡❝r❡t♦
✹✳✺✺✸ ❞❡ ✷✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✸
▲❡✐
n◦
✾✳✻✶✵✱ ❞❡ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✾✽
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✹
▲❡✐
n◦
✾✳✾✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵
♣✳ ✶✵✶
♣✳ ✶✵✷
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✷
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✷
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✷
P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♣✳ ✶✵✸
✺✳✾✳✶
■❚❙❊❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✸
✺✳✾✳✷
❈❖❇■❚
♣✳ ✶✵✸
✺✳✾✳✸
❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛
✺✳✾✳✹
❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
✺✳✾✳✺
❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾ ❡ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✷✼✵✵✶✿✷✵✵✺
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✹
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✻
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✻
✺✳✶✵ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✽
✺✳✶✵✳✶
❆ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✵✾
✺✳✶✶ ❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻
♣✳ ✶✶✶
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s✲
❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s
♣✳ ✶✶✷
✻✳✶
■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻✳✷
■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❞r❛♠❛t✉r❣✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✶✷
♣✳ ✶✶✹
✻✳✸ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✺
✻✳✹ ❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✼
✼
P♦❧ít✐❝❛s s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✲ ❣ê♥❡s❡✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
♣✳ ✶✶✾
✼✳✶ ❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✶✾
✼✳✷ ❆ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸
✼✳✸ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✹
✼✳✹ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✼
✼✳✹✳✶
❋♦♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✾
✼✳✹✳✷
❋✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✷
✼✳✺ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✸
✼✳✻ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✺
✽
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
♣✳ ✶✹✵
✽✳✶ ❯♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✵
✽✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✶
✽✳✸ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✷
✽✳✹ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
♣✳ ✶✹✹
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♣✳ ✶✽✶
❆✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✶
❆✳✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✷
❆✳✷✳✶ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✷
❆✳✷✳✷ ❋❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✹
❆✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❖ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✺
❆✳✷✳✷✳✷
❖ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✽✺
❆✳✷✳✷✳✸
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
♣✳ ✶✽✻
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❆✳✸
❆s♣❡❝t♦s ét✐❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
❆✳✹
❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
♣✳ ✶✽✽
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✵
❆✳✹✳✶
❖ ✏❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝♦✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✷
❆✳✹✳✷
❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛❝ã♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✸
❆✳✺
Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✹
❆✳✻
❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✺
❆✳✻✳✶
❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✺
❆✳✻✳✷
❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✺
❆✳✻✳✷✳✶
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✺
❆✳✻✳✷✳✷
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✻
❆✳✻✳✷✳✸
❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✾✼
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✲✲ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♣✳ ✶✾✾
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ ✲✲ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❈✳✶
❆ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵✸
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵✼
▲ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵✼
❈✳✷✳✶
❯♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵✽
❈✳✷✳✷
❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✶✶
❈✳✷✳✸
P❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦
♣✳ ✷✶✸
❈✳✶✳✶
❈✳✷
♣✳ ✷✵✸
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❘❡♠✐ss✐✈♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✶✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶
❊♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✾
✷
❈♦♥tr❛st❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦✳
♣✳ ✸✻
✸
◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✴♠ês ♣♦r ❛♠❡❛ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✶
✹
❈✉st♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✻
✺
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✵
✻
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✶
✼
❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✽✾
✽
❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❘❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳
✾
❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
✶✵
❚❡r♠♦s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✷✵
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✶✽✷
✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✵✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶
❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
♣✳ ✷✺
✷
❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠✐ss♦r✲❝❛♥❛❧✲r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✷✼
✸
❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✶
✹
❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✼
✺
❉❡s✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✇❡❜
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✹✾
✻
P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚■ ❣❛st♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✺✽
✼
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛♦ ◆❇❙❖ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❛ ✷✵✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✷
✽
❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛♦ ◆❇❙❖ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✷
✾
❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
♣✳ ✻✻
✶✵
❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✽
✶✶
❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛♠❜í❣✉♦ à ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✲ ▲✐t♦❣r❛✈✉r❛ ❞❡ ❊s❝❤❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✻
✶✷
❋❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✼
✶✸
❈✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❚■ ✲ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
■❊❚❋ ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
❖❙■ ✲ ❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
❈❙■ ✲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
❋❇■ ✲ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❇✉r❡❛✉ ♦❢ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
◆❇❙❖ ✲ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❈❡♥t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❖✣❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥✴ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❧❡❝tr♦✲
t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
❆❇◆❚ ✲ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ◆♦r♠❛s ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
◆❇❘ ✲ ◆♦r♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
◆❆❙❆ ✲ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆❡r♦♥❛✉t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❙♣❛❝❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
❖❘❘❇❆❈ ✲ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❘♦❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
❖◆●s ✲ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ◆ã♦✲●♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
❇■❉ ✲ ❇❛♥❝♦ ■♥t❡r❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
❖❈❉❊ ✲ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵
❘❋❈ ✲ ❘❡q✉❡st ❢♦r ❈♦♠♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
●❆❖ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❖✣❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾
◆■❙❚ ✲ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾
❉♦❉ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
❈❊❘❚ ✲ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❊♠❡r❣❡♥❝② ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❚❡❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
❙❆◆❙ ✲ ❙②s❆❞♠✐♥✱ ❆✉❞✐t✱ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✱ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
❉❘▼ ✲ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❘✐❣❤ts ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
❚❈P❆ ✲ ❚r✉st❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❆❧❧✐❛♥❝❡
❉▼❈❆ ✲ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✐❧❧❡♥♥✐✉♠ ❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ❆❝t
❙❉▼■ ✲ ❙❡❝✉r❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✉s✐❝ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✷
❈P❘▼ ✲ ❈♦♥t❡♥t Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❘❡❝♦r❞❛❜❧❡ ▼❡❞✐❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✷
❍■P❆❆ ✲ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ■♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ P♦rt❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t❛❜✐❧✐t② ❆❝t
❯❊ ✲ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✺
❈P❇ ✲ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✾
■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧ ✲ ■♥❢r❛✲❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛
❈❖◆❆❘◗ ✲ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s
❙■◆❆❘ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s
❙❇■◆ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✷
■❚❙❊❈ ✲ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛
■❚●■ ✲ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸
❈❖❇■❚ ✲ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❈❈ ✲ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✹
❈▼▼ ✲ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼❛t✉r✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵✸
✶✼
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✉s♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱ é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s
❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s✱ ❢ís✐❝❛s ♦✉ ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♠ s❡r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛s
♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ ❡❧❛s ❛t✐♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✲s✐st❡♠❛✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡
❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r❛✈á✲❧♦✳ ◆♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱
❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ár❡❛s
❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❡r♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡
❧♦❣íst✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛✱ ❡ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛
❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛
✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ à ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡
té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
✈♦❧t❛❞♦s às q✉❡stõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳
❖
❖ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❞✈♦❣❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦s t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞✈é♠ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ✉s✉❛✐s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛
♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♠ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♦s s❡✉s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡♠✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❡s✲
t❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ ❛❣✐r ❞❡st❛ ♦✉ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♣♦r ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♠✐❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡✲
✶✽
♠❛s s❡♠✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛
❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡♥❢♦q✉❡
q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ sã♦ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣ú✲
❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ✈❡rá ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ s❡❥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦s à s✉❛
♣ró♣r✐❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡st❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡❧❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱
❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ t❛✐s
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❛❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡rã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❡
❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛
❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡r✲s❡ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐✲
③❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s é ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❇✉s❝❛✲s❡✱ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱
♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❛r✲
t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣❛r❛
❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞❛ ✲ r❡s♣❡✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡♣♦rt❛r✲s❡
às s✉❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠
❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦t❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❥á ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❛r❛❝❡✈✐❝ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ❡ ♣♦r ❇❛t❡s ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛
♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s
♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱
❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛
❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✈✐st❛s
q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ t✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✶✾
❈♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❡st❛s ár❡❛s✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❡st❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❡ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s
♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳
❆ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r✲
❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r
✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜ ✉♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
❆ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✈✐st❛ ♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳
❆s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
❖ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♥✢✉❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✳
❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱ ❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦
❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❛❞✈ê♠ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s s❡❣✉✐❞♦s à ❧✉③ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s✱ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s
♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳
❈✉♠♣r❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡stã♦
❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❛rs❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❛♣♦♥t♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡
❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♣❛ss♦ ❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛
♣❡❧♦ ❛✉t♦r é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❡ s❡
♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r✳
✷✵
✷
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✷✳✶
❖❜ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡✈❡ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳
❚❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ❞❛r às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r
❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥❤❛ ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s
t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳
❊
❈♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛ t❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❛ss♦s✿
✶✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡
❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ é tr❛t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❧❛t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✹ ❡ ✺❀
✷✮ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❖s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸❀ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✹ ❡ ✺❀
✸✮ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ t✐♣✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s
♦r✐❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺❀
✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥❤❛ à ✉s✉❛❧✱ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀ ❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦
é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✻ ❡ ✼❀
✺✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❡
é ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✳
✷✶
✷✳✷
▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❙❛♥❞❡rs ✭✶✾✽✷✮✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦❣✐t❛❞❛s ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✭q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✮ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❢❡r✐r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡r✲
❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s
✭três ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❞✉❛s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♦❜t❡✈❡ r❡s♣♦st❛
❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ ❆s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛❧❡❣❛❞❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❤♦✉✈❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦
❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡❜❛t✐❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ à ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛r✲s❡
♦ ✏♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
♣❛ss❛✈❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❡♥tr❛ss❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧í✲
t✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❣ü✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s
❡ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ♣r❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ❡❧❛s ❞❡✉✲s❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈❡rá ♥❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❥á r❡❛❧✐③❛✈❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
♥❛s ár❡❛s t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st❡s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡s✲
q✉✐s❛✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡✐❛ s✉❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦
♥❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✭
❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛çã♦✱ ❡✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ ✶✾✽✷✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✸✲✶✺✱♣♣✳ ✷✶✺ss✮✳
❧❡❣ít✐♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦ ✭
❊st❛s ❛❝❡♣çõ❡s
s❡rã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
❆♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❢❡♥♦✲
♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❙❛♥❞❡rs ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ ❡ ❛s ♦♣çõ❡s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
❛✳
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ ❞❡ q✉❡♠ s❡rá ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦✿
❡s❝♦❧❤❡✉✲s❡ ♦
✷✷
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥✲
t❛❧ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡❧❡✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡
r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ sã♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s❀
❜✳ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✿ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛tó✲
r✐♦s ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦✳
❝✳ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✿ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛♦
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✷✳✷✳✶
❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
P❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♣♦✲
t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦
❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝✲
t♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦s ✭✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
❛❢❡✐t♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮✳
✷✳✷✳✷
❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝❡♥✲
tr❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠
♠❛❥♦r✐t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦r❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♠ ❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❞ã♦ ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❡ss❡♥✲
❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✱ ❛♦ ❞❡✐①❛r❡♠ ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱
❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡r ❡♠ ✭❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✱ ✭❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ✭❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡
❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✭s❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✮ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✈♦❣❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r r❡❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦
à ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡
s❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r♦✈❡r s❡✉
❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ♦ ❡t❤♦s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❞❡s✲
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ à s✉❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ s♦❜ ❛ ♥♦✈❛
ót✐❝❛✳
✷✸
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♦✉ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s à
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❞ã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡ss❛❧t❛❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s
q✉❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r✐r ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s
❝♦♥str✉t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛
❡♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ✏s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ✏s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ✏✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❵✬✱ ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✑ ❡ ✏✉s✉ár✐♦s✑✱ ❛q✉✐ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦s
❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❞♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ s✐✱ t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❛q✉✐
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛✱ r❡t❛r❞❛✲s❡ ♣♦r ♦r❛ ❛
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ❞❡
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❆ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭♦ q✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡
✈✐r✱
❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✐✱
❛ s❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛
✶
❡ q✉❡ é✱ ❞❡s❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡✱ s✉s❝❡tí✈❡❧ à
❢❛❧✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✮ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧❛
♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦
❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞♦ ✏s❡r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ s❡r✑✱ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆
❝❛❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦
❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝❛❜❡ à
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✱
♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛❧íst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛q✉✐ é
❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✜❧♦só✜❝❛ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛
♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ✈❡rs❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s
❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ♦✉ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❛
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛ss❡rçõ❡s tr❛③✐❞❛s
à ❧✉③ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✉s♦✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♣✐stê♠✐❝❛✳
❉❡st❛
❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡
✈ár✐❛s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s
❡ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ♦ ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧✐s♠♦✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ ✸✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✶ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P♦♣♣❡r✱ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✿ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱
t❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✱ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ✭❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦s ✏❢❛❧s♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✑ ❡
♦s ✏❢❛❧s♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✑✮ ❡ s❡r tã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛ q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ r✐✈❛❧✐③❡
✭▲❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✷✹
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❊✐s ❛í ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✿ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
♥❡st❛s ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡✲
♥♦s ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡✐s✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❛❧✐❧❛✐❝♦✲❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦✱ ♥❛q✉❡❧❛s ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲
❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ss❡rçõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s
❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ♦✉ ❛❜str❛t♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝✉❥❛s ♦r✐❣❡♥s r❡♠♦♥t❛♠ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♣❧❛t♦✲s♦❝rát✐❝♦
❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❛❞♦✲
t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s é ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱
q✉❡
t❡♥❞♦ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s s❛❣r❛❞♦s✱ ❛♠♣❧✐♦✉ s✉❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛
t♦❞❛s ❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ à q✉❛❧ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡
❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r é✿ ❞❛❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡stã♦ s✉✲
❥❡✐t♦s ✲ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❡st❡s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ✲ ❝♦♠♦ s❡
♣♦❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦rr❡t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ✈❡r✐✜❝á✈❡❧ ✐♥✲
❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s❄ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ q✉❡stã♦
❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ❞✐❛♠❡tr❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✐❡♥✲
t✐st❛ ✏♣♦♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦✑ ❛ s✉❛ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠♦ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈♦✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦
❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s✱
♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛❧❤❡✐♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❍✉♠❡ ✭▲❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❞❛
♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥❡①❡qü✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ❍❛♥s✲●❡♦r❣ ●❛❞❛♠❡r✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛ss❛③ ✐♥st✐❣❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦✿ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✲
t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❛ss✉♠✐r✲s❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ❡♠
s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s à ❧✉③ ❞❛ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲
r❛❞❛ ✭●❆❉❆▼❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❆▲❈❖❋❋✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❉♦✐s ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ●❛❞❛♠❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❝♦♠♦ ♦♥✐♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ tr❛❞✐çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ✈❡rá✱
t❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ às
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ s❡rã♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♥t❡❝✐♣❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛
q✉❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ▼❛rt✐♥ ❍❡✐❞❞❡❣❡r ✭❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ✶✾✽✺✮ ❡ ❞❡ P❛✉❧ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r ✭P❊❚■❚✱
✷✵✵✸❀ ❱■▲▲❊▲❆✲P❊❚■❚✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s ❛t✐♥❡♥t❡s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞♦ ♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❛ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦
♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✲s❡ à ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s
♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s
q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲
❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦❡s♦ ❡
❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡
♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✭✏❦♥♦✇✲❤♦✇✑✮ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s
✷✺
❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s✳
❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛✱ ♠❛s ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ♠❡✲
t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✲ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r✲s❡✲á ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉çã♦✳
❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦
♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❆❧✐✱ ✐❧✉str❛✲s❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦
♦✉ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡
✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦
é ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛♠ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r
♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ▼❛✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛
r❡❝❛✐✉ s♦❜r❡ ❡st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈✐sã♦ s✉✐ ❣❡♥❡r✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❡ ❞❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
P♦r ♦r❛✱ ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✱ ❡♥①❡r❣❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡
q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ✐st♦
é✱ ♣❛ss✐✈❛✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ t❛✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✲❧♦s ❞❡
❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t✐❞❛✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ✜❧♦só✜❝♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❡✈❛
❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛❞♦t❛
✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣♦st✉r❛✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ✜❧♦só✜❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡✲
✷✻
♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✏❝♦✐s❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✑✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱
♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❛♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ s✉❛
❡ssê♥❝✐❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ❖ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡
♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐st♦ é s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ✲ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❢❛t♦s sã♦ ♠❡✲
❞✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❛♥t♦ ♣r❡❣r❡ss❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✳ ◆❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ✜❧♦só✜❝❛✱
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❏❛♥✐❝❛✉❞ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦s ú♥✐❝♦s ♣ré✲❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❛❜st❡r
sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞♦①ást✐❝♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡r❡s ❡ ♣r♦✐❜✐çõ❡s
q✉❛♥t♦ à tr❛❞✐çã♦ ♦✉ às t❡♦r✐❛s ♦✉ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s q✉❡ ❛❝❛s♦ ❞❡s❡❥❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡r✳
P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦✱ ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛
❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❛ ❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ❊stá✲s❡✱ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱
❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ trí❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿
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❛
♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦✉ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s❀
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❛
♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦❀ ❡
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❛
❧ó❣✐❝❛✱
q✉❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠
❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠
s❡ ❜❛s❡❛r ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r s♦❝✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❣r✉♣❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛
❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦✱
❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ❜❛s❡❛r ❛s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡♥t❡s à ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s✱ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ s❡
s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ♦♣t♦✉
♣♦r r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❞❛❞❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛❢❡✐t❛s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛
❡st✉❞♦s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✳
P♦r s❡✉ t✉r♥♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ✭✶✾✹✽✮ ❡ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ❡
❲❡❛✈❡r ✭✶✾✼✺✮✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛ ♦✉ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ s❡❥❛♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s à ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦
❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ à ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ s✐
✷✼
❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♦✉ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧✐ três
q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✿
• ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
té❝♥✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮❀
• ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ✭♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡♠â♥✲
t✐❝♦✮❀
• ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✭♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✮✳
❖ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ✭✶✾✹✽✮✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛♦
❝♦♥t❡①t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠✐ss♦r✲❝❛♥❛❧✲r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ✭✶✾✹✽✮✮✳
❖ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ té❝♥✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❡stá ❛❢❡✐t♦ às
ár❡❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❘❡st❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛r ❛❝❡r❝❛
❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s✉❜s❡qü❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦
s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✭♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ s♦❜
❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭✈✐st❛ s♦❜ ❛ é❣✐❞❡ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦
s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦✮✳
✷✽
✸
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱
❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
♦♠♦ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✱
s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝❛r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ só❧✐❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦✲
❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐❢❛❝❡t❛❞♦ ❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s
q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❢❛❧❤❛♠ ❛♦ s❡ r❡♣♦rt❛r à s✉❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛♠ ✉♠❛
❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ às ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡✲
t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡st❛s q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣♦st❛s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡
❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❧✐❞❛ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ❛
❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s
❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❈
✸✳✶
❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✭✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶ ✲ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛
▲■❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ✶ tr❛③ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s
❯♠❛ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞♦
♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛✱ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳
❊st❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡stã♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s✉❝✐♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛
✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s✳
✶
▲■❙❂▲✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
✳
✷✾
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ❊♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✳
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦
❍❥ør❧❛♥❞
■♥tr♦❞✉③ ❛ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ✿
✏♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✭✷✵✵✺❝✮
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦
♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❝❡çõ❡s ❛ ❡st❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧✑✳
❲✐❦❣r❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
Pr♦♣õ❡ ♦ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ❝rít✐❝♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❇❤❛s❦❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r✲
❞❛❣❡♠ ✜❧♦só✜❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♦r✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
r❡ss❛❧t❛ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
▼✐♥❣❡rs
✭✷✵✵✹❜✮ ❡ ▼✐♥❣❡rs ✭✷✵✵✹❛✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ❝rít✐❝♦
❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❙❙▼ ✭❙♦❢t ❙②s✲
t❡♠s ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✮✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❤á s❡✈❡r❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❢✉♥❞❛✲
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ s❡✉
tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✱ ❛♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♥✲
❑▲❊■◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦ ✭
❙✉♥❞✐♥ ❡ ❏♦❤❛♥✲
❆♣♦♥t❛ ♦ ♥❡♦✲♣r❛❣♠❛t✐s♠♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘♦rt②✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛
♥✐ss♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❱②❣♦ts❦②✱ ❝♦♠
♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛s ❡ s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s
♣♦r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❢ís✐❝♦✲❧✐♥❣üíst✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦
❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ❍❥ør❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✹✮
s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❛ ❛♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡♣✐s✲
t❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♠❛s r❡ss❛❧t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦
✜❧♦só✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦✳ ❍❛♥ss♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦✮ q✉❡s✲
t✐♦♥❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❞❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ♥❡♦✲♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛✳
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♥❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛
✸✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❇✉❞❞ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦
❊①❛♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛
❡st✉❞♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❍✉ss❡r❧✱
❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❡ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❙❛❧✐❡♥t❛ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✳ ❊s✲
t❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s✳
❘❛❞❢♦r❞ ❡ ❘❛❞✲
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s r❛í③❡s ❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♣ós✲❡str✉t✉r❛❧✐s♠♦✱
❢♦r❞ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❞❡ ❙❛✉ss✉r❡ ❡ ❋♦✉❝❛✉❧t✳ ❙✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✲
çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s
❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❧✐♥❣üíst✐❝❛s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦
♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡r✈♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳
❚❛❧❥❛✱ ❚✉♦♠✐♥❡♥
❉❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈✐s♠♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✭P✐❛❣❡t✱
❡
❑❡❧❧② ❡ ❱②❣♦ts❦②✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡
❙❛✈♦❧❛✐♥❡♥
✭✷✵✵✺✮
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ sã♦ s❡♥s✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦
s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s❀ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡
❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ é ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡✲
t✐✈✐s♠♦❀ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ tr❛t❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ ✭❱♦❧♦s✐♥♦✈✱
❇❛❦❤t✐♥✱ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥✱ ❋♦✉❝❛✉❧t ❡ ●❛r✜♥❦❡❧✮✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦
❞✐s❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ sã♦ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛✲
❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝rít✐❝❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❡st❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡
❝♦♠♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✲
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✏✐s♠♦s✑✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡r❡ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ tít✉❧♦
❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦✳
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♥❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛
✸✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦
❍❛♥ss♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ✭❘✐❝♦❡✉r✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠♦✲
❞❡r♥♦ ❡ ♦ ♣ós✲♠♦❞❡r♥♦ ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆♣♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❡
s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s tr❛t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
é ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ✸✳✹✳
❙❡❧❞é♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❘❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❛
✭●❧❛s❡r ❡
❙tr❛✉ss✮✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥✲
❞❛s r❛í③❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♥♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦✱
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ é r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❍❥ør❧❛♥❞
✭✷✵✵✺❜✮
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝✐s♠♦ ✭▲♦❝❦❡✱ ❇❡r❦❡❧❡②✱
❍✉♠❡✱ ❙t✉❛rt ▼✐❧❧✮✱ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ✭❉❡s❝❛rt❡s✱ ❙♣✐♥♦③❛ ❡ ▲❡✐❜✲
♥✐③✮✱ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠♦ ✭❈♦♠t❡✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❋r❡❣❡✱
◗✉✐♥❡✱ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥✮✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❛✐s ❡♣✐s✲
t❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛
♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❍❥ør❧❛♥❞
✭✷✵✵✺❛✮
❙✉♠❛r✐③❛ ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ❝✐t❛ ♦ ❡❝❧❡t✐❝✐s♠♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❡♠
✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s✱
r❡ss❛❧✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉s❝❡t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❝rít✐❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡
à ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✳
●r♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❚❤❡♦r②
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠
❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❙❡✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✐st♦ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛
❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❜❛s✐❧❛r❡s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ❛ ❡st❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❞á
♠❛❧❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❛
✐♠✐s❝✉✐r✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦✲❧❤❡s ❡ ❞❡❧❡s ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱
✸✷
♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
s♦❜r❡ ❛❧✐❝❡r❝❡s ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡✐s✳ ❆♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❡❧♦
✈✐és ✜❧♦só✜❝♦✲♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✜❧ós♦❢♦s ❡ ♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❜❛s❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s ❞❡st❛
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✷❜✱ ✷✵✵✸❜✮ t❡♥t❛ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛r ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ✜❧♦só✜❝♦s
❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲♦s
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✏✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦✑✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❛✉t♦r ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❡r♠♦s✿
❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✜❧♦só✜❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❛✿ ❛✮ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛✲
çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡ ❜✮ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s t❡ór✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
✜❧♦só✜❝♦s ✭❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✼✮✳
❆ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞✐③ r❡s✲
♣❡✐t♦ à ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡ à ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛❧❣♦rít♠✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss✉❛❧✱ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡
❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♥ã♦ s✉❜s✐st❡ s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦s
t❡♠❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✱ ❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ três t✐♣♦s
❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s✿ tó♣✐❝♦s ✭❢❛t♦s✱ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s✮✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ✭té❝♥✐✲
❝❛s✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✮ ❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ✭❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çõ❡s✮✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
✭❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❞❡③♦✐t♦ ❞❡❧❡s✮ ♥♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛
♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ é ❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❉✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s
à ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✸❛✮✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ à ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧❛♥❝❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♠❡t❛❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ à ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❡ à r❡✐♥t❡r✲
♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊✉ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡
❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦r❛ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❢ís✐❝♦s✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡s à ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ✭t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮ ❡ ❲✐❡♥❡r ✭❝✐❜❡r♥ét✐❝❛✮ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❄❄✮✱
♠❛✐s ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✜❧♦só✜❝♦s ❞❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ✭
❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦
▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s
✭✈✳ ✶✸ ♥✳ ✹ ✲ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✸ ❡ ✈✳ ✶✹ ♥✳ ✶ ✲ ❋❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
▼✐♥❞s ❛♥❞
✸✸
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♠✉✐t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❝✐✲
ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠
♦✉tr♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦✱
▲✐❜r❛r② ❚r❡♥❞s ✲ ▲■❙ ❛♥❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ✭✈✳ ✺✷ ✲ ♥✳ ✸ ✲ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✲ ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛❝❡r❝❛
❞❡st❡s t❡♠❛s ♠♦str❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❡❢❡r✈❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦✱ ❞♦✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♠❡r❡❝❡♠
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❈♦r♥❡✲
❧✐✉s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛ ♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✷❛✮ t❛♥t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❧♦r✐❞✐✱ q✉❡ ❈♦r♥❡❧✐✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✏✐♥♦❝❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ❝❛rát❡r s♦❝✐❛❧✑
❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ◆♦ s❡✲
❣✉♥❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ✭✷✵✵✹❛✮ r❡❛✜r♠❛ s✉❛s ❛ss❡rçõ❡s✱ ❛❧❡❣❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s
❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡s❝✐♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠❜❛s❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ❛♦
♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❧❞❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝♦s
♥ã♦ ❡①❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ t❡❞✐♦s❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ✏♦ q✉❡ é ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r
✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧❛✱ ♣r❡❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✏♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡stá✑ ✲ ♥❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦❄ ❊♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✲ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ❞❡ r❡st♦✱
❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✳
❖ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stá ❧♦♥❣❡ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛r✳
◆❛ ✈❡r✲
❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛❧ ♣❛r❡❝❡ t❡r s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ✜♥s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ t❡♥❞♦
❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❡st✉❞♦s
❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❥á r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❲✐❧s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❢❡✲
♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛❞♦t♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛
♣♦st✉r❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❝✉❥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✸✳✷
✸✳✷✳✶
❆s ❜❛s❡s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
❍✉ss❡r❧
❆ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ s❡❞✐✲
♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡✳
◆❛q✉❡❧❡
♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♥q✉✐r✐çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❥❡t✉r❛s ❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ sã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛s
❛ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❡ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡s ❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❞❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❡
✸✹
▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✳
❊❞♠✉♥❞ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ✭✶✽✺✾✲✶✾✸✽✮ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛
♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ s❡r✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❛❧✉sã♦
à ♠á①✐♠❛ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛✿ ✏P❡♥s♦✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡①✐st♦✑ ✭❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❍✉ss❡r❧
♣r♦♣õ❡ r❡❥❡✐t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❡r✲
❊✐♥❦❧❛♠♠❡r✉♥❣ ✮✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s✮✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦✲♦ ✏❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rê♥t❡s❡s✑ ✭
❡♣♦❝❤é ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭
▲Ü❇❈❑❊✱
✶✾✾✾✮✿ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
❡stã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡r s❡❥❛♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ✭♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✮
♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛
❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ q✉❡ r❡st❛✱ ❛♣ós ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ é ♦
s❡❧❢
q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❝❤❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❊❣♦ ❚r❛♥s✲
❝❡♥❞❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ r❛③ã♦ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✳
P❛r❛ ❍✉ss❡r❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✉çã♦ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡t❛♣❛s
✭❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ✶✾✾✻❀
❋❘❆●❆❚❆✱
✶✾✺✾❀
❙❆◆❉❊❘❙✱
✶✾✽✷✮✿
♥♦❡♠❛ ✮ ❡ ❛ s✉❛
✶✳ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✏✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✑ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ✭
♥♦❡s✐s ✮❀ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❝✉♥❤♦✉ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✑ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r
❛♣r❡❡♥sã♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ✭
❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❥✉♥t♦ à ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
s❡✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦❀
✷✳ ❛
❡♣♦❝❤é✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡❀
❡✐❞♦s
✸✳ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❡✐❞ét✐❝❛ ✭
❂ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛✮✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❛❜str❛❡♠ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛s
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡✴♦✉ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s
❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛çã♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛s r❛í③❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ r❡s✐❞❡ ♥♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ♥❡♠ t❛♠♣♦✉❝♦
♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✳
❍✉ss❡r❧ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✭❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✮ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ é ❞❛❞♦ ✭♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✮✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛✐s
✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✈✐st♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛
❡♣♦❝❤é
✭❙❚❊●▼Ü▲▲❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✼✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✲✾✶✮✳
❈♦♠ ❡st❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♦✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐✲
ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡♠ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭P❆❯▲✱ ✷✵✵✶❀
▼❨▲❊❙✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❛♥t♦ ❝❧í♥✐❝❛ ✭❈❆■❘◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✷❀
❝♦♠♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❙❈❍❆❇❘❆❈◗❀
❈❖❖P❊❘✱
✶✾✾✽❀
❙❑❘❆P❊❈✱
✷✵✵✶❀
❉❆❱■❙✱
✶✾✾✼❀
❇❯❘❑■❚❚✱
✷✵✵✸✮
❑❆❘▲❙❙❖◆❀ ❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆❙❖◆✱
✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❛
✸✺
❲❍■❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ✭
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛té ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛
♣♦st✉r❛ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛✱ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
✭
❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ✶✾✼✵✮✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ s✉❝✐♥t♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♥❞❡rs ✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠
q✉❛tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❡stõ❡s✿
✶✳ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♦✉ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦❄
✷✳ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠✉♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♦✉ t❡♠❛s
❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t❛✐s ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s❄
✸✳ q✉❛✐s ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡st❡s t❡♠❛s❄
✹✳ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ❡ssê♥❝✐❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❡s t❡♠❛s ❡ r❡✢❡①õ❡s❄
❈❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡ ❞❡❜r✉ç❛ s♦❜r❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❣❡r❛✲
çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛
❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛ ♣ró✲
♣r✐❛ s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛ à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠
❝❧áss✐❝♦✲❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♦✉ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ♥♦ ❞✐③❡r ❞❡ ❲✐❧s♦♥ ✭✶✾✼✵✮✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✳
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❞✐st✐♥çõ❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❙❛♥❞❡rs ✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s
❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦✳
✸✳✷✳✷
❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r
▼❛rt✐♥ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ✭✶✽✽✾✲✶✾✼✻✮✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡♠ ✏✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ é ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ❡♠ s✐
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱
♠❡s♠♦✑ ✭
✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✮✱ ❡①t❡♥❞❡✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣✉r♦✱ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❛ ✈ê ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
❛çã♦ ❡♥❣❛❥❛❞❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥t✉✐r q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥t❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡✱ t❡♠ s❡✉ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡r
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱
❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜❀ ❈❘❖❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❝❤❛♠❛
✭
●❊❖❘●❊✱
❊♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♦❜r❛✱
✶✾✾✽❀
❙❡r ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✱ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❞❡❧✐♥❡✐❛
❉❛s❡✐♥✱ tr❛❞✉③✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣ré✲s❡♥ç❛ ✭❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ♦✉ s❡r✲♥♦✲♠✉♥❞♦
✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❝❧❛r❛ s✉❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ✲ s✉❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱
♠❛s ❛❜❛r❝❛ ♦ ❙❡r ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ✭✶✾✹✸✮✱ ❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ s❡r ❡ ❞❡✐①❛r s❡r✳
✸✻
P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦
✶✳❆♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
❖ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❡♥①❡r❣❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞❡✲
❖ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ✈ê ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❖s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s s♦❜
♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❊s✲
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ sã♦ ✈✐st♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦
❝♦❧❤❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✲
r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s✱ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛✲
❝✐❞✐r q✉❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s
❞♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✳
❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✳
✷✳ ❋❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦s
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ❛ ✏❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✈✐✈✐❞❛✑ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❞✐✲
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡
✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ t❛♥t♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦❜✲
❡♥✉♠❡rá✈❡✐s ❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝á✈❡✐s✳
s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❡r❝❡✲
❜✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✳
✸✳ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❡♣♦❝❤é✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s
■♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝❛✉s❛❧✳
♣r❡❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ❝r❡♥ç❛s ❡ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s s♦✲
❆ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ é ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
❜r❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛✐s ♦✉ s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s sã♦ s✉s♣❡♥✲
✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛ ✜♠
s❛s ♦✉ ✏❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rê♥t❡s❡s✑✳ ◗✉❡stõ❡s
❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✲s❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
sã♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✳
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✭✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✮✳
■♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡
✹✳ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
❉á✲s❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ à ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦♥t♦
❆♠♣❧❛s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❛❜str❛t❛s ♦✉ t❡♦r✐❛s sã♦
❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♦ ✈✐✈❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲❞❡❞✉t✐✈❛ ♣♦r
❡♥❝✐❛♠✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠
♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r✲
♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡✲
❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳
❝♦♠ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦✳
✺✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
❈❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ♣✉r❛s✳
❆ ❧ó✲
❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ r❡✲
s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s
✐♥s✐❣❤ts
♦✉ r❡❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳
■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡
❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♦✉ ♥♦r♠❛s✳
❆ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ s❡r✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✳
✻✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❆s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♦s
●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s s♦❜ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✳
❆s
❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♦✉ t❡♥✲
❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s s❡r✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s
❞ê♥❝✐❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❞❡ ✉♠
♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s✳
♠♦❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ✭❝❛✉s❛✴❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ s✐t✉❛✲
çã♦✴❛çã♦✱ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦✮✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✿ ❈♦♥tr❛st❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ✭❛❞❛♣✲
t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞❡rs ✭✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✽✮✮✳
❆ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❡st❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❡ ❛ ❡♥❢❡r♠❛❣❡♠
✭❉❘❆❯❈❑❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❙❆❉❆▲❆❀ ❆❉❖❘◆❖✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❚❍❖❘◆❚❖◆❀ ❲❍■❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❛té ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✈✐st❛ ♥❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ s✉❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✿
• ❛ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠❡♥t❛✐s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s❀ ❢❛③❡♠✱ ✐st♦ s✐♠✱ ♣❛rt❡
❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛♦ s❡r✲♥♦✲♠✉♥❞♦❀
• ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱
❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s❀ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❞✐st✐♥çõ❡s✱
♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♥✉♠❛
❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦❀
✸✼
•
❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ tr♦❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ tr❛❞✐çã♦ ❡ ♥❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s
♣r❡❣r❡ss❛s✱ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s
✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s❀
•
❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r
✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱
♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♠❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡♥♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r é ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♦ s❡ tr❛t❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝♦s
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ✈❡rá ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✸✳✹✳
✸✳✷✳✸
▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②
▼❛✉r✐❝❡ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t② ✭✶✾✵✽✲✶✾✻✶✮ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜r❛s ✏❋❡♥♦✲
♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦✑ ✭▼❊❘▲❊❆❯✲P❖◆❚❨✱ ✶✾✼✶✮✱ ❡♠ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r❡❢á❝✐♦ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ é ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛♣❡❣❛r✲s❡ ❞♦
♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ✉♠ r❡t♦r♥❛r ❛ ❡❧❡✳ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t② s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛
r❡✢❡①ã♦ ✜❧♦só✜❝❛ ✭❍❊■◆➘▼❆❆✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❡✱ ♥❡♠ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♥❡♠
❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❡ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥❡r✈♦s♦ ❞♦
❤♦♠❡♠✱ ❞❡❧❡ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ✲ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ♠✉t✉❛♠❡♥t❡
❧✐❣❛❞❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛çõ❡s ♠♦t♦r❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s
✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t② é ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡
❊♠❜♦❞✐♠❡♥t ✭✏❛ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❛❧ ❡
❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❛t❛s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✑ ✭❉❘❊❨❋❯❙✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✮✱ r❡t♦♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦
❡♥❛❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✮✱
❱❛r❡❧❛✱ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ❡ ❘♦s❝❤ ✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❡♠ s✉❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦ ❛t✉❛♥t❡ ✭
❝✉❥♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✿
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❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❣✉✐❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐✈❛ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡
❢❛t♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦s s✉❜s❡qü❡♥t❡s✮❀ ❡
•
♥♦✈❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s s❡♥s♦✲♠♦t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ à
❛çã♦ s❡r ❣✉✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♥✉♠
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❡st❛s ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛çõ❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r
❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t② ✐♥t❡❣r♦✉ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ à ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ à ♥❡✉r♦❧♦❣✐❛
❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❢♦ss❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❜❛r❝❛♥❞♦
✸✽
❡st❛s ❞✉❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✭●❆▲▲❆●❍❊❘❀ ❱❆❘❊▲❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✈ê ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③
♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ✭❇❘❯❩■◆❆✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ●❖❉❋❘❊❨✲❙▼■❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✈✐st❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s
❛✜♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✉❛s ♦❜r❛s ❡ ❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❙❡❛r❧❡ ❡ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉
✭▼❆❘❈❖❯▲❆❚❖❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✸✳✸
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
❆ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠♦str❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛
♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡
❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ s✐t✉❛ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦♥t❡
❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ❛♠❜❛s s❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛♠✱ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❞♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦ ✭❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✮ ❡ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ é
♥✐t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❡ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥✲
❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦
à ❛çã♦ ❥á ❢♦r❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❲❡rs✐❣ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❡♥tr❡
♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r s❡✉ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧✐③❛ s✉❛s ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛
❛ ❡❧❛s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s
❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ t❡rã♦ s✉❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✐✜✲
❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❝é♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ ❞❛rá ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ♥♦✈❛s ❛çõ❡s✱
♥✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡ r❡♥♦✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s❡rá t❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❢♦r❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛t✐✈♦ ❢♦r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ❡str❛♥❤❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡❥❛♠ ♦✉✲
tr❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛
❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❲✐❧s♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ❡ ◆❣ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛
s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❝❤✉t③✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐✲
♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇❧✉♠❡r ❡ q✉❡ é ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ ✏s❡♥s❡ ♠❛❦✐♥❣✑ ❞❡ ❉❡r✈✐♥ ✭❲■▲❙❖◆✱
✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛❞✈♦❣❛ ❛q✉✐ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡r❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲
♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r✉♣t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✿
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♦✉ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ❡❧❛ ❡♥❝❛❞❡❛❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛♠ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦
✸✾
✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ s✉rt❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦
♠✉♥❞♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✱ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠ ✏♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✑ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱
✷✵✵✶❜✮✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❛
s✉❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳
❈♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛ s❛♥❛r✲s❡ t❛❧ ❞✐s♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛r
✐♠♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✉s✉❛❧✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥tã♦ ♣r♦✲
❥❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✱ r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✲ ❡♥✜♠✱ ❞❡ ❝♦✲
♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❤✉♠❛♥✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r✲s❡ ❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s
✭❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡✱ ♣♦r
✜♠✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭▼❊❘❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r é ♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ s✐t✉❛r✲s❡ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡
❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✭❈■❇❖❘❘❆✱
✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❞ã♦ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❇❆❚❊❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s
✭❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❩❍❆◆●❀ ▲■✱ ✷✵✵✹✮
✷
✳
▼❛s t❛❧✈❡③ ❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ s❡❥❛ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r✲s❡ ✉♠❛
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ✏♣✉r❛s✑ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
❙♦❜ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ s✐♠✐❧❛r à ❞♦ r❡❛✲
❧✐s♠♦ ❝rít✐❝♦✱ t♦❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦
❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❆s ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s tr❛③✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦
❡st❡♥❞❡♠✲s❡ ❞❡ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥ ❛ P♦♣♣❡r ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✹❜✱ ✷✵✵✹❛✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✳
✸✳✹
❍❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛
❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r ✭✶✾✼✺✮ ❡ ●❛❞❛♠❡r ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠
r❡❧❛①❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞♦s s❡✈❡r♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❍✉ss❡r❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❡♣♦❝❤é✱
✐♥✲
❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ é ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ s❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣ré✈✐♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s
✷ ❚r❛t❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❑✐♠ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ s❡r✲❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
✹✵
s✉❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ é ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡r✲♥♦✲♠✉♥❞♦ ✭❲❍■❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳
❊st❡ s✉❜s✲
tr❛t♦ ❧✐♥❣üíst✐❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♦✉ ♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡
❞á q✉❛♥t♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❡r✲♥♦✲♠✉♥❞♦
✭❈❆P❯❘❘❖✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ➱ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠✉✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✭❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡
✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭❘■❙❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✼❀
❲■▲▲■❙✱
❱■▲▲❊▲❆✲P❊❚■❚✱
✷✵✵✸❀
✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ q✉❡ é ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ✭●❊❆◆❊▲▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✵✵❀
❲■❑▲❯◆❉❀ ▲■◆❉❍❖▲▼❀ ▲■◆❉❙❚❘Ö▼✱
✷✵✵✷❀
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❈❆P❯❘❘❖✱ ✷✵✵✵❀
▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖✱
❍❆◆❙❙❖◆✱
✷✵✵✸❀
❇❊❊❇❊✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛
✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❝♦♥tr❛st❛✲s❡
❢r♦♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r❛❣♠❛t✐s♠♦ ❡ ♦ r❡❛❧✐s♠♦ ✭❇❆❊❘❚✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❛♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ é ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r
❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐t♦s
✇❤✐t❡❤❡❛❞❡❛♥♦s
✸
✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡
s✉❝❡❞❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦
❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠❛
♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çã♦ ❛❝✉r❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡
r♦t✐♥❡✐r❛s ✭❉❊❊❚❩✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳
❖ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♥❛
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠
♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ t♦r♥❛r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s q✉❡
♣❛ss❡♠ ❞❡s♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ✭❉❊❊❚❩✱ ✶✾✼✸✮ ✭❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ✶✾✽✺✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✽ss✮✳
P❛r❛
t❛♥t♦✱ três ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❛♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ✭❉❊❊❚❩✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✿
✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✿
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡r✲♥♦✲♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛✲s❡ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠
✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ✲ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s q✉❛♥❞♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♥❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛
❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠❀
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✿
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱
❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s✱ ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✉❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s❀ é
✉♠❛ ✏❧❡✐t✉r❛✑ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛t♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♦❧❤❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❣❡r❛✱
♠❛s s✐♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦✮ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛✳
✸ ❉❡
❆❧❢r❡❞ ◆♦rt❤ ❲❤✐t❡❤❡❛❞✱ ✶✽✻✶✲✶✾✹✼✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❧♦❣✐❝✐st❛ ❡ ✜❧ós♦❢♦ ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛
❞❡ ❇❡rtr❛♥❞ ❘✉ss❡❧✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ♦s três ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡
✱ ♦❜r❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡
♠❡t❛❢ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✳
Pr✐♥❝✐♣✐❛ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛
✹✶
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✿
❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ ✉♠❛
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠
❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✱
❥á ✐♥t❡rs✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❡✐❛ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ✭s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉r❡②❢✉s
✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ t❡♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
❥á ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ q✉❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ q✉❡ é s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝r❡s✲
❝❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✭❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦✮✱
❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✮ ❞❡
✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ s❡❥❛ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛ ♥♦♠❡✲
❛çã♦ ✲ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ é ♦ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡✱ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛r
s❡✉ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✳
❆ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ✉♠
♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
✭
❉❊❊❚❩✱
✶✾✼✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✵✮✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏❝ír❝✉❧♦
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝♦✑ ✲ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐r ❡ ✈✐r ❡♥tr❡ ✐❞é✐❛s ♣ré✲❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛s ✭♣ré✲❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✮ q✉❡
sã♦ tr❛③✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❡ ♦s
✐♥s✐❣❤ts
P■❊❘❈❊❨✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❞❛í ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ✭
❯♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛
❞❡st❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❡stá ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦✳
◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ s❡ ❞á ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱
♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦s✱ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦✉ s❛❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r ❝❤❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✏❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❡①t♦✑ ✭
✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✷✮✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r ✭✶✾✾✵✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✮✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡st❡s t❡①t♦s✱ ♠❛s ✏❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ♥ã♦
✹✷
é ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ✐♥❡rt❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❧❡ ❡st❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦✱ ♠❛s r❡✈❡❧❛r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
s❡r
✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡①t♦✑✳
❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
❛ ✏t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s✑
✭
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ ✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✮ ❡ s❡❣✉❡ ❛✜r♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✏♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠
❞✐s❝✉rs♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♥í✈♦❝♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♣♦❧✐ssê♠✐❝❛s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡♥✲
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱
çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐✈♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✑ ✭
✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✮✳ ▼❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✱
❘✐❝♦❡✉r s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥s✉♣❡rá✈❡❧ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦s✐✲
çã♦ ❞❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r s❡♠
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ ✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✶✮✳
✉♠❛ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ✭
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ❡stã♦ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s✳
◗✉❡stõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡✱ ♣❧❛✉s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦
♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉❡❡t③ ✭✶✾✼✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✮✱ sã♦ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡
❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❞❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✲ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ s❡♠ ❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❛❞❛✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r✲❧❤❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s
❉❊❊❚❩✱ ✶✾✼✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✸ss✮✿
❝r✐tér✐♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ✭
•
♣♦r ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♦✉ ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st♦s ❝♦♠♦
❛çõ❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡ ✐♥s❡r✐✲
❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ♣♦r t❛✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❀
•
♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥✲
❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡❀
•
❛❧❣✉♥s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿
✕
❧❡❣✐t✐♠✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❛
❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡❄
✕
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✿
t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦
♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦❄
✕
❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣ê♥❡r♦✿ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s❀
✕
•
❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s sã♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣í✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❧❛✉sí✈❡✐s❄
♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❧✐t❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r
✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✲ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡①✲
♣r❡ss❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s❀
✹✸
• ❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛❞♦✱
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥tr♦s♣❡❝çã♦ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❞♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐s♠♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥✐st❛❀
• ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ s♦❜ ❡s❝r✉tí♥✐♦✱ ♠❛s
q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✲❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✲❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r ❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛✉tê♥t✐❝♦ ❛
❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛s✳
◆♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ✉s✉❛✐s ❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❛s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❤❛r❞✇❛r❡
❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr❛s ❞ã♦ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❜❛r❝❛r ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦
✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á s❡ ❞✐ss❡✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✲ ❡❧❡ ✈✐✈❡
❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✭♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡✱
❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ s❡♥❞♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡
❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✸✳✶
❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ s❡
❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♣❛ss❛✲s❡
❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✹✹
✹
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✹✳✶
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s
❢✐♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲
❆
t❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡✈✐t❛r✲s❡ ♦ r❡❞✉❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
s♦❜ ♦ q✉❛❧ é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡❥❛ ✈✐s❧✉♠❜r❛❞❛ à ❧✉③
❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ é tr✐❜✉tár✐❛ ✲ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆♠❜❛s ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡✲
❝❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✑✱ ✏✈❛❧♦r✑ ❡ ✏r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✑✱ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ s❡✉s
❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡
s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ♦✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ s♦❜ ❛s
♥✉❛♥❝❡s ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈❡rá ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s
❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
❉❡ ❛♥t❡♠ã♦✱ ❝✉♠♣r❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✿ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✏✈❛❧♦r✑ ❡ ❞❡
✏r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✑ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ❞❛
✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ é
❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛ ✉♠ s❡♠✲♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ r❡❧❛t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛ss❡rçõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s
♣♦r ❙❛r❛❝❡✈✐❝ ✭✶✾✾✺✱ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❡ ▲❡s❦ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ q✉❡r✲s❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r ❛q✉✐ ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛
❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❇❛t❡s ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❛♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ às
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ s❡✉ t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛
q✉❡ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞❛✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛
❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✱ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✹✺
❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠
q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡s❝✐♥❞✐r ❞❡❧❡s
♣❛r❛ s✉❛ s✉❜s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳
▼❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♥✉♠ ❛r❝♦ s✐♠étr✐❝♦✱ é ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ q✉❡
✈✐s❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ❡st❡s ♠❡✐♦s ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❡st❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❝r✐❛r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r✲s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞ê✲❧❛ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥✉❛♥❝❡s✱
❝❛❜❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡♥t❡s ❛♦ t❡♠❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛
❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳
✹✳✶✳✶
❆ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛
❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛❝❡t❛s ♣♦r
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çã♦✳ ❉❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦
❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛❝❡t❛ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r às ❞❡♠❛✐s✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱
❙❤❛♥♥♦♥ ✭✶✾✹✽✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡
s❡✉ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❡ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ❍❡♥❡ss② ❡ ❇❛❜❝♦❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ s✐t✉❛♠
❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛✲s❡
q✉❡ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s✐t✉❛✲s❡ ♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦✱
❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❇r❛❣❛ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ q✉❡r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❙❛r❛❝❡✈✐❝ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡
ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞♦s✳
❆♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❞✉t♦r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é
❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❛❜❡♥❞♦✲
❧❤❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❛s♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏❊r❛
❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✳ ❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞❛s sã♦
❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
❱❛❧♦r
✿
✈❛❧♦r✐③❛✲s❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ s❛❜❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛té
♠❛✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ s❛❜❡✳ ❚r❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s sã♦ ❝❛❞❛
✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ s✉❜st✐t✉❡♠ ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s t❛♥❣í✈❡✐s ❡ ♦
♣❛♣❡❧✲♠♦❡❞❛✳ ❖ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❜❡♥s ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦
❞♦s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s
♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❝❦❤❛✉t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ❍❡♥❡ss② ❡ ❇❛❜❝♦❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳
❊♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
✹✻
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✱ q✉❡r ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s♦r❝✐❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡r ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
❞❡ r✐✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳
❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
✿ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✏♦ q✉❡✑ s❡ s❛❜❡ é ✏q✉❛♥❞♦✑ s❡
s❛❜❡✳ ❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦t✐❝✐♦s❛s é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❣❛♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞❡
❝✐t❛r✿ ♦ q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ é ✉♠ ✏❢✉r♦✑ ❛♠❛♥❤ã t♦r♥❛r✲s❡✲á ✉♠❛ ♥♦tí❝✐❛ ✈❡❧❤❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡
❝r✐tér✐♦✱ ✈❛r✐❛✲s❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡
❡①❛t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡❧❛ s❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡ ✭❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛✮ à s✐t✉❛çã♦
❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ ✭❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
✈❡❞❛❞❛✮✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stá✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✐♥str✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
❆❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛
✿ ♠❡❞❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐✲
③❛❞♦s✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡
s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✳ ❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛✱ ♠❡♥♦r
s✉❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❤á ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✿ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛
❧❡✐ ❞❡ ▼❡t❝❛❧❢❡✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐✲
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ✲ ♦❜s❡r✈❡✲s❡ q✉❡
♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭
❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣❛r❛
❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✳
❊①t❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
✿ ♠❡❞❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✱ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rá✈❡✐s ♦✉ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s
♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡st❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛❜❡rt♦✱
♠❛s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❣r❛t✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❞✐s✲
s❡♠✐♥❛❞❛✳
❆ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ à
♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✱ é ♦✉tr❛ ár❡❛ ❛❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✳
❖ t❡①t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇♦r❦♦ ✭✶✾✻✽✮✱ ❛♦ s✐t✉❛r ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛
♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱
❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❣❡♠✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❚♦❞❛s
❡st❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛❢❡✐t♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠
♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♣r❡❝♦❝❡s ♦✉ t❛r❞✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❞❡ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ s❡♠ ❞❡s♣r❡③❛r
♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳
❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s
r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✮ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s
✹✼
s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✐♥❞✉③ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞ê ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡st❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥ã♦ é r❡❝❡♥t❡ ✭❙❆▲❚❩❊❘❀ ❙❈❍❘❖❊❉❊❘✱ ✶✾✼✺✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱
♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♥✉❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛ ✲ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❆ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ▼❡tr♦♠❡tá ❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦♥tr❡❛❧ ✭❚❯❘◆❊❘❀ ▼❖❆▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❝❡♣çã♦✱ t♦❞♦s
❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❚✉r♥❡r ❡
▼♦❛❧ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ s✐t✉❛r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✳
✹✳✶✳✷
❆t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
➱ ✉s✉❛❧ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ♣❡r s❡ ✉♠ ❛t✐✈♦ ✭♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠
❜❡♠ ❛ s❡r ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦✮ ✭❙✃▼❖▲❆✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣♣✳ ✶✲✷✮✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ ❛t✐✈♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é
❝♦♠✉♠ ❝❤❛♠❛r✲s❡✮ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ ó❜✈✐❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r q✉❡ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✿ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❛r✲s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦
✹✽
❛ ❛t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❝❛r♦s ♦✉ ♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s❀ ♠❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛
❢♦r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❛q✉❡❧❡
❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛✳
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦
❝✉st♦ ♦✉ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣❡r❛r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ à q✉❛❧ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
✶
✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦s
♣ró♣r✐♦s ✢✉①♦s s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲
r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ P❡r❝❡❜❛✲s❡ q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③
q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲
t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ✭q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ss❛s✱ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❛❝❡r✈♦s✳
❊st❛♥❞♦ ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ s✉✲
❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦❝✐✈♦s à s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ três
❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s✱ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ♦s
r✐s❝♦s✳
✹✳✶✳✸
❆♠❡❛ç❛s
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ é ✏❡✈❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ✭r♦✉❜♦✱
✐♥❝ê♥❞✐♦✱ ✈ír✉s✱ ❡t❝✳✮ q✉❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♠♦✈❡✱ ❞❡s❛❜✐❧✐t❛✱ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛ ♦✉ ❞❡stró✐ ✉♠ r❡✲
❝✉rs♦✑ ✭❉■❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✮✳ ❆ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛✉t♦r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ✐t❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✏❝♦♠✲
♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r r❡❝✉rs♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♦✉
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑ ✭❉■❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✮✳ P❡r❝❡❜❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ✲ ❛
❡st❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❥á s❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ t❡♠
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛❢❡✐t♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛
✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞❛♥♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s❡
r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ✈ít✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛t♦✱ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❝❛♣❛③
❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ❛ ❡❧❡ ♦✉ à ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡♥sí✈❡❧✳
❆❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✲s❡ ❛
✐st♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❛❧❡❣✉❡♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❝♦♠♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❧❤❡ é ❞❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✱ ❡ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ♥ã♦
♠✉✐t♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❞♦r s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛
✶ P♦❞❡✲s❡
❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ à sú❜✐t❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥s✉♠♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❜❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r✈ã♦ ♥✉♠❛ ✉s✐♥❛ s✐❞❡rúr❣✐❝❛✳
✹✾
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✿ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛✮
❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡✳ ❯♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡✱ ❡♠ t❡s❡✱ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛ss❛r ♣♦r ✈✐rt✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡t♥✐❛✱ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡
❡st❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ t❛✲
r❡❢❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡①í❣✉♦s✳ ❚❛❧ s✐t✉❛çã♦ é ❛ t❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s
❝❛s♦s✱ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ à ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s s❡❣✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ❛
❝❤❛r❣❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡❞♦r❛✳ ❈✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱
q✉❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s sít✐♦s ❞❡
❜✉s❝❛ ♥❛ ✇❡❜✱ s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡①t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ✷ ✱ ♦ ❆❧t❛✈✐st❛ ✸ ♦✉ ♦ ❨❛❤♦♦
✹
✱ s❡❥❛♠ ♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❑❛rt♦♦ ✺ ♦✉ ♦ ▼♦♦t❡r ✻ ✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♥♦♠❡ ♦✉ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿
❉❡s✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✇❡❜✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙t❡✐♥❡r ✭✶✾✾✸✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠✲
♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝✐t❡✲s❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷ ♣♦r ❲❤✐t♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉
r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ três q✉❡stõ❡s ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛✐s✿
✷ ✇✇✇✳❣♦♦❣❧❡✳❝♦♠
✸ ✇✇✇✳❛❧t❛✈✐st❛✳❝♦♠
✹ ✇✇✇✳②❛❤♦♦✳❝♦♠
✺ ✇✇✇✳❦❛rt♦♦✳❝♦♠
✻ ✇✇✇✳♠♦♦t❡r✳❝♦♠
✺✵
✶✳ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❄
✷✳ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞❛♥♦s❛s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❄
✸✳ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❡❧❛s sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s❄
❊♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❧✐st❛❞❛s ❞♦③❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ♣♦t❡♥✲
❝✐❛✐s✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠ três s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦✣❝❡rs✳
❊st❛s ❞♦③❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ ❥á ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡✈❡r✐❞❛❞❡
♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✉r✈❡② ♦♥❧✐♥❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦rt❡s ❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ✭♦ ❛✉t♦r ♥ã♦ ❝✐t❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s
♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✮✿
✶✳ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭✈ír✉s✱ ✈❡r♠❡s✱ ♠❛❝r♦s✱ ♥❡❣❛✲
çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✮❀
✷✳ ❡rr♦s ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❜✉❣s ✮❀
✸✳ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ❡rr♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ✭❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♥❣❛♥♦s ❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✮❀
✹✳ ❛t♦s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣✐♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❛sã♦✱ ❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❀
✺✳ ❛t♦s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❛❜♦t❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ✈❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠♦ ✭❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✮❀
✻✳ ❡rr♦s ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✮❀
✼✳ ❛t♦s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢✉rt♦ ✭❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮❀
✽✳ ❢♦rç❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭t❡rr❡♠♦t♦s✱ ❡♥❝❤❡♥t❡s✱ r❡❧â♠♣❛❣♦s✱ ✐♥❝ê♥❞✐♦s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✮❀
✾✳ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ✭♣✐r❛t❛r✐❛✱ ✐♥❢r❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s✮❀
✶✵✳ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✲ ◗♦❙ ✮ ♣♦r ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦
❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s r❡♠♦t❛s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✮❀
✶✶✳ ♦❜s♦❧❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛❀ ❡
✶✷✳ ❛t♦s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡①t♦rsã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❝❤❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ r❡✈❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❲❤✐t♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳
✺✶
◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦r ♠ês
✶✳ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡
✷✳ ❊rr♦s ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
✸✳ ❋❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ❡rr♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s
✹✳ ❊s♣✐♦♥❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ✭❤❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✮
✺✳ ❙❛❜♦t❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ✈❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠♦
✻✳ ❊rr♦s ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡
✼✳ ❋✉rt♦
✽✳ ❋♦rç❛s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛
✾✳ ❈♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ à ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧
✶✵✳ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙
✶✶✳ ❖❜s♦❧❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛
✶✷✳ ❊①t♦rsã♦
◆❡♥❤✉♠
✶✻✱✼
✸✵✱✷
✷✹✱✵
✻✽✱✽
✻✹✱✻
✸✹✱✹
✺✹✱✷
✻✷✱✺
✻✶✱✺
✹✻✱✾
✻✵✱✹
✾✵✱✻
❆té ✺✵
✻✷✱✺
✻✹✱✻
✻✻✱✸
✷✸✱✾
✸✹✱✹
✻✷✱✺
✹✺✱✽
✸✻✱✺
✷✽✱✶
✺✷✱✶
✸✼✱✺
✾✱✸
❉❡ ✺✶ ❛ ✶✵✵
✾✱✹
✺✱✷
✷✱✶
✸✱✶
▼❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✵
✶✶✱✺
❙❡♠ ❘❡s♣♦st❛
✺✱✷
✹✱✷
✶✱✵
✶✷✱✺
✸✱✶
✷✱✶
✶✱✵
✶✱✵
✶✱✵
✶✱✵
✼✱✸
✶✱✵
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✿ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥s❛❧ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦r ❛♠❡❛ç❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✭❛❞❛♣✲
t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❲❤✐t♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✮✳
✹✳✶✳✹
❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❯♠❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ é ♣❛ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ ✲ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦✉
✉♠ ❣❡st♦r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❡
às ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ ❡❧❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈♦✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❢r❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡✈❡r❛✿ ❡stã♦
❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡
✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♥♦✈❛s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s tê♠ s✐❞♦ t❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s
✭●❯P❚❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♠❛s ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stá ♣♦r s❡r ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦
♣r♦❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ár❡❛s ♦✉ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛r ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱
❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❡❜✉❧♦s❛ ✭❱❊◆❚❊❘❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
❍á q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s
❝♦♠♦ sã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ✈❡r✱ ♣♦r s✐ ♠❡s♠❛s✱ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ r❡❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ■❚ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
✭✷✵✵✹❝✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛
■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ❚■ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ✹✶✪ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛
❡st❡ s✉r✈❡② ✈ê❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ✐♥❛❝✉r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ tê♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❝❧❛r♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡♠ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
✺✷
✹✳✶✳✺
❖
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡
✲ ■❊❚❋✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ à
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ à ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
❙❍■❘❊❨✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
✏✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✑ ✭
❯♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s
✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛♦ t✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ é ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❍♦✇❛r❞ ❡ ▼❡✉♥✐❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮✿ ✏✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡
♦✉ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛t❛q✉❡s ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❞♦s
❛t❛❝❛♥t❡s✱ ❛t❛q✉❡s✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱
✹✳✶✳✻
s✐t❡s
❡ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦✑✳
❆t❛q✉❡s
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐✲
❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ✭❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡✮✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛ ❡
♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ♠❡t✐❝✉❧♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s é ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❙❝❤❡❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ r❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛
♦♣çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ♦s ❛t❛q✉❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ à
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ❙❝❤✉❧t③ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✱ q✉❡✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦
❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡❣♦❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲
❝✐❛❞❛s✳
✹✳✶✳✼
❘✐s❝♦s
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛
❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞♦✱ é ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❞✐❞♦
❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s✉❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦✳
❖ r✐s❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡♠ ✈✐❞❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ q✉❡
♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡♠
t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ❣❛♥❤♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳
➱ s❡♥s♦
✺✸
❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❥❛♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✭●❯❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆♦ s❡
❡♥❣❛❥❛r ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s tê♠ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛
❡st❡ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳
❆ ♥♦r♠❛ ❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❡ q✉❡ ✐♥s♣✐r♦✉ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛
■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✼ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛
◆❇❘ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡
♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ❢♦❝❛♠ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦
❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭●❯❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
• ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❢r❛q✉❡③❛s ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
• ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ t♦♠❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦✱ ❡✈❡♥✲
t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s♣❡s❛s ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠❀ ❡
• ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ♥♦✈❡ ♣❛ss♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ✭●❯❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
✶✳ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀
✷✳ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s❀
✸✳ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s❀
✹✳ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s❀
✺✳ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s❀
✻✳ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦❀
✼✳ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s r✐s❝♦s❀
✽✳ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❀ ❡
✾✳ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
✼❆
s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦❜ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✷✼✵✵✶✿✷✵✵✺✳
✺✹
●✉❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡✱ ❝❛s♦ ❤❛❥❛ r❡❣✐str♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡
❞❛❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ♣❧❛✉sí✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ✭❝✉st♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❞❛s✮✿
R=W ×X ×V
V (10C+W −3 )
R=
3
✭✹✳✶✮
✭✹✳✷✮
♦♥❞❡ R é ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ r✐s❝♦✱ W é ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❛t❛q✉❡s✱ C é ♦ ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❡ V é ❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦ ♦ ❛t✐✈♦✳
◆❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s✱ é ✉s✉❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❡st✐♠❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ W ❡ V ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠
❞❛❞♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉r❛❞♦r❛s ♦✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦rt❡ ♦✉ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✳
❆ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛♠ à ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠
s❡♠✲♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡
❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥ ❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❋❆❘◆❀ ▲■◆❀ ❋❯◆●✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱
♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉r✲
✈❡②s ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✭❑❆❘❆❇❆❈❆❑❀ ❙❖●❯❑P■◆❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛té ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ✭❆▲❇❊❘❚❙❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱
✷✵✵✷✮✱ s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜ ✉♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ tr❛♥s❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ✭❍❖❘▲■❈❑✲❏❖◆❊❙❀ ❙■▼❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❛
♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❡t♦r❡s
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❝❛ ✭❆▲❇❊❘❚❙❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❚♦❞❛s ❡st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡s❜❛rr❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✿ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣✲
çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❛✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❄ ❙t❡✇❛rt ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛❧❡rt❛
♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❏❛s❛♥♦✛ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ s✉s❝✐t❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦✿ s❡r✐❛ ♦ r✐s❝♦
♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ r✐s❝♦ r❡❛❧ ❄
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ✐♠♣õ❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
♥♦✈♦s r✐s❝♦s✱ ❛♥t❡s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✜♥❞á✈❡❧ ✭❈■❇❖❘❘❆✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳
❆ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡st❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
tê♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛ss❡rçã♦ tã♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡
q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❝❛r❡❝❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s q✉❡ ❞ê❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛s ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦s
✺✺
✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✭❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s✱ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❡ r✐s❝♦s✮ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✳
✹✳✷
❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é ♣ró❞✐❣❛ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
é✳
❢❛③
❡ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦
❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛❜✉♥❞❛♠ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♠❛s sã♦ ❡s❝❛ss❛s ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛s ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
P❡♠❜❧❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛s
❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❡❧❛✳
❖ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ três ❡s❢❡r❛s ❞❡
❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛❞❛ ❡
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛✿
•
❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣❡r❛r à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉st❡♥t❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦❀
•
❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s tê♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛
✏♠❛r❝❛✑ ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦❀ ❡
•
❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❝✉st♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡ ♥❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠
✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡✳
❆r❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✸❛✮ ❧❡♠❜r❛ q✉❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦✲
❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛t✉❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦✲♦✳ ❆ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❡ ❛ ❢❛❧s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦s ❞❡
s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❡s ❛t❛q✉❡s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✲
t❡❝çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❛t✉❛♠ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ s✐♥tát✐❝♦✿ ❡❧❛s tr❛t❛♠ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛
❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♦✉ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥t✐✲✈ír✉s ♦✉ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥tr✉sõ❡s✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ❞❡s❝♦♠♣❛ss♦
❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✏❝❛ç❛✑ ✭❛t❛❝❛♥t❡✮ ❡ ✏❝❛ç❛❞♦r✑ ✭♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✮✿
❡❧❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s
❞❛s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❢r❛s❡s ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é q✉❡ ✏✉♠❛
❝♦rr❡♥t❡ é tã♦ r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ s❡✉ ❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝♦✑✳
➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ❛ss❡rçã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❧♦
♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s
✺✻
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❥á ❡st❛r✐❛♠ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❛❝❡r✈♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳✳✳ ❆r❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✸❜✮
s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡r✐❛♠ ♦s ♠❛✐s
✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡✐s ❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦s ✲ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á s❡ ✈✐✉✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ q✉❡ ❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ r❡q✉❡r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ q✉❡ s❡ t❡♠ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ é ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ●❡❡r ❏r✱ ❍♦♦ ❡ ❏❛q✉✐t❤ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ♠♦str❛♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦
❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳ ❈♦♠♦ s❡ ✈ê✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛s
❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r é ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡✳
❊stá❣✐♦
❈✉st♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦
Pr♦❥❡t♦
✶✱✵
■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
✻✱✺
❚❡st❡s
✶✺✱✵
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦
✶✵✵✱✵
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✿ ❈✉st♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●❡❡r ❏r✱
❍♦♦ ❡ ❏❛q✉✐t❤ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❱❡♥t❡r ❡ ❊❧♦✛ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♠ r❡❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣r♦❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
r❡❞❡s ❡♠ s❡t❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛
❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✲ ❖❙■✳
❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ♦✉ ❞❡r✐✈❛♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡
r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s
✈❡③❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❊✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
✹✳✷✳✶
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦
❆ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡①❛t♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❛❜♦r✲
❞❛❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♣♦r ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❖ ❛✉t♦r ❝✐t❛ ✈ár✐♦s t❡①t♦s q✉❡ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛
❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♦✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s✲
♣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✿
✏❯♠ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❡♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❡ r✐s❝♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡stã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✑✱ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ à q✉❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛r✲s❡✲á ❡♠ ❜r❡✈❡✳
✺✼
❍✐t❝❤✐♥❣s ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛✱ ❥á ❤á ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲
❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ t✐✈❡ss❡ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛
r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❛t❛q✉❡s✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s✲
♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳
▼❡s♠♦ ♥♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡r❣✐♦✉✱ ▲❡❡s♦♥ ❡ ●r❡❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✹✮
❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❖❙■✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❥❛r❡❤ ❡ ❘♦ss✐t❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡✳
✹✳✸
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ é r✐❝❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❧❡✐❣♦✱ ❡st❡ é ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠❛✐s s❛❧✐❡♥t❡
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✿ ❡❧❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡❧♦s s✉❝❡ss♦s
q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ✈✐r ❛ ❝♦❧❤❡r✳
❋✉r♥❡❧❧✱ ❈❤✐❧✐❛r❝❤❛❦✐ ❡ ❉♦✇❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ s❡♥✲
sí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♣❡tr❛r ❛t❛q✉❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢❡r✲
r❛♠❡♥t❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s✱ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ sã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❣r❛t✉✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦✱
♣♦r s✐♥❛❧✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♦♣♦s✐t♦r❡s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ♠❛s
❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♣r❡s✉♠✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s✳
✹✳✸✳✶
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧
❯♠❛ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❊✳❯✳❆
é ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✲ ❈❙■ ❡ ♣❡❧♦
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❇✉r❡❛✉ ♦❢ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥s ✲ ❋❇■✳ ❆ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❛ ♥♦♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❝✉❥♦s r❡✲
s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ❛♥♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ✹✾✹ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐✲
çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❝❛s ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✭●❖❘❉❖◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✿
✶✳ ♦ ✉s♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡stá ❡♠ ❞❡❝❧í♥✐♦✱ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦ q✉❡
❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♣❡r❞❛s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡❀
✺✽
✷✳ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐♦s♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ❛ ♥❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦
♦✉ ❉♦❙ ✭❉❡♥✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✮✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s
s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✉♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r à s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐tá✲❧♦❀ ❡st❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡✱ ♥❛
♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ♦✉ ❉❉♦❙ ✭❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞
❉❡♥✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✮❀
✸✳ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ❛♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥tr✉sõ❡s
♣♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛❀
✹✳ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡♥①❡r❣❛ ♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♠❛s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡t♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r❛♠
♥ã♦ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ s✉❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥✈✐st❛ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✳
❖ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚■ ❣❛st♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s✱
♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ é ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡✲s❡ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦
❡♠ ❢❛t✐❛s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ ✺✪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❛st♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭✷✵✵✸✲
✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●♦r❞♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t♦✉✱ ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡✲
s✉♠❡ ❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s✳ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ tê♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❜❧❛❝❦♦✉ts ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s
✺✾
♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r♦❜ôs ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭◆❊❯▼❆◆◆✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦
♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭●❊❊❘ ❏❘❀ ❍❖❖❀ ❏❆◗❯■❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ t❛♠❜é♠
❛♣♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡♠ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♥❛
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡ ❡♠ ❡❜✉❧✐çã♦ ❞✐③
r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥s✲
t✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr❛ ✭❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❢❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
❛ ❣❡r❛r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r✐❛ ❊r♥st ✫ ❨♦✉♥❣✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦
❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✳✻✵✵ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✻✻ ♣❛ís❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛✉s♣✐❝✐♦s♦s ✭❊✫❨✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
✶✳ ✾✵✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❞❡
❛❧t❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❥❛♠ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s❀
✷✳ ✼✽✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❝✐sór✐❛
s♦❜r❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
P♦ré♠✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s✉r✈❡② ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✭❊✫❨✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
✶✳ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✸✹✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s s❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡✲
♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ s♦❜ ❛t❛q✉❡❀
✷✳ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✸✸✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ t❡r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r
❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✸✳ ✺✻✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛❧❡❣❛♠ t❡r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦
❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✹✳ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✸✺✪ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛❧❡❣❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
❡ ❛❧❡rt❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❖ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱
✻✵
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❣r❛✈❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✭❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❙❈❍✲
◆❊■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ s✉❛
✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✳
❆♦ s❡ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡
❝✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱
❛ r❡❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡❧ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s✱ ♥ã♦ só ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠✉✐t♦s
❞❡st❡s ❛t❛q✉❡s sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✈✉❧t♦s❛s ✭❑❖❘❩❨❑ ❙❘✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♦✉✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♠♦♥❡✲
tár✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❞❛♥♦s ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ✐rr❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s à ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦
s✐t❡ ❞❡❢❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✮ ❛té ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦
✈❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✏♣✐①❛r✑ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✭
❉♦❙ ♦✉ ❉❉♦❙ ✮✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛
❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ✭
♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠í❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡s✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡ á✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ✭❙❈❍❯▲❚❩✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✹✳✸✳✷
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
❆ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r✐❛ ■❉❈ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹ s❡✉ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ✏❚❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s
❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❛♥♦ ✭▼❖❚❚❆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❋♦r❛♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ✷✽✻ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦
❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❛st♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡✱
♣❡❧❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✱ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣♦r ✈ír✉s ❡♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦✐ ♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡
♠❛✐♦r ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛
P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧
❱ír✉s ♥♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r
✺✾
❉♦✇♥t✐♠❡ ✭✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✹ ❤♦r❛s
✸✻
❯s♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛
✷✹
▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦
✶✽
❆❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛
✶✺
❱❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✇❡❜
✾
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✿ ■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼♦tt❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❊♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❛ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❙✳❆✳✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ◆♦♥❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ✻✽✷ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡s❡s
❞❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✐♥✲
❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✭▼Ó❉❯▲❖✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
✶✳ ✹✷✪ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦s s❡✐s ♠❡s❡s
❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❀
✻✶
✷✳ ✸✺✪ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❛♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ t❛✐s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s❀
✸✳ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ t❡r s♦❢r✐❞♦ ❛t❛q✉❡s s✉❜✐✉ ❞❡ ✹✸✪ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷
♣❛r❛ ✼✼✪ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸❀
✹✳ ✸✷✪ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ ❤❛❝❦❡rs ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦r✲
t❛❞♦s❀
✺✳ ♣❛r❛ ✼✽✪ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❡ ♦s ❛t❛q✉❡s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r✐❛♠ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹❀
✻✳ ✹✽✪ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉í❛♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛sõ❡s ❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s❀
✼✳ ✻✵✪ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s❀
✽✳ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦s é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✷✸✪ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✶✽✪ ❛❧❡❣❛r❛♠ s❡r
❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✶✻✪ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✻✪ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡♠♣r❡✲
s❛s✱ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳
❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛
P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧
❱ír✉s
✻✻
❋✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s
✺✸
❉✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s
✺✶
❆❝❡ss♦s ✐♥❞❡✈✐❞♦s
✹✾
❱❛③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
✹✼
❋r❛✉❞❡s✱ ❡rr♦s ❡ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s
✹✶
❍❛❝❦❡rs
✸✾
❋❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❢ís✐❝❛
✸✼
♥♦t❡❜♦♦❦s
✸✶
❯s♦ ✐♥❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❞❡
❋r❛✉❞❡s ❡♠
❡✲♠❛✐❧
✷✾
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
▼ó❞✉❧♦ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ s❡♠ ✜♥s ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ é ♦ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❈❡♥t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❖✣❝❡
✲ ◆❇❙❖✱ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ór❣ã♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❯♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛t❛❞♦s ❛
❡st❡ ❝❡♥tr♦✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❛ ✷✵✵✻✱ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✳
❖s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣♦r t✐♣♦✱ ❡stã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♥❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✳
✻✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛♦ ◆❇❙❖ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❛ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ◆❇❙❖ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛♦ ◆❇❙❖ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ◆❇❙❖ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖✉tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ s❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s é ♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❤✐s❤✐♥❣✱
♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛✲
t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s✉♣♦st❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❛❧❡❣❛❞❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♦✉ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ✉♠ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✲
t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛ à ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❛❧❡❣❛ r❡q✉❡r❡r✲s❡ ✉♠
❝❛❞❛str❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✐♥❝❛✉t♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❡♥tã♦ s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s
s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦s✱ q✉❡ é ❡♥tã♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡✳ ❉❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞❡st❛
s❡♥❤❛✱ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✱ ♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛té
q✉❡ ❡st❡ ✈❡r✐✜q✉❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛✈✐s❡ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ é ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ às r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭✇✐r❡❧❡ss
♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✮✳ ◆❡st❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛s ❞❡
rá❞✐♦✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❧♦❝♦♠♦çã♦ ❡ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✉♠❛
✻✸
✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ét❡r é ✉♠ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ t♦♠❛r ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s
❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡♠ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦
♦❜t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✳
❊♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s
♦♥❞❡ ❡st❛s r❡❞❡s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❛♠ t❛✐s ❛❝❡ss♦s ❡r❛♠ s✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛r❝❛s ❞❡ ❣✐③✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛
✇❛r❝❤❛❧❦✐♥❣✱
♣❛r❛ q✉❡
❤❛❝❦❡rs
s♦✉❜❡ss❡♠ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡st❛r✐❛
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❘❡❣r❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦
❞❡ r❡❞❡s ✭P❖❚❚❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t s❡ ✈ê❡♠ às ✈♦❧t❛s ❝♦♠
✐♠❡♥s♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
s♣❛♠✳
❙❡✲
❣✉♥❞♦ ●♦♦❞♠❛♥✱ ❍❡❝❦❡r♠❛♥ ❡ ❘♦✉♥❞t❤✇❛✐t❡ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡rç♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛
r❡❞❡ tê♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s
❝♦♠♦
s♣❛♠✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡✱ ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ s♦❧✐✲
❝✐t❛❞❛s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❝❛rt❡✱ ❛❧é♠
❞❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦
♣❤✐s❤✐♥❣✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦
❞❡ ❡♥✈✐♦ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ♠❛s✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦
✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡st❛ ❛ ❛♥❣✉st✐❛♥t❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱
♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛ ✉♠❛✳
✹✳✹
❆ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ ❛❧♠❡❥❛♠
s❛t✐s❢❛③ê✲❧❛ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦❞❡✲
s❡ ✈❡r ❡♠ ❙❝❤♥❡✐❡r ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❑r❛✉s❡ ❡ ❚✐♣t♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ❡ ❆❧❜❡rts ❡ ❉♦r♦❢❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱
❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ss✐st❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ♥♦ ♠í✲
♥✐♠♦ ♣❡ss✐♠✐st❛✿ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✐st❡♠❛s
❝✉❥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛
♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡ às ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦✑
✽
✭P❘❊❙✲
❙▼❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✺✮❀ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❛ss✐st❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s ♠❛❝✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✭❋▲❖❘❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦
❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡
✽ ❆ ❡st❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛❞❡♥❞♦✿ ✏♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦✐
❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛s✑✳
✻✹
rá♣✐❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡①♣õ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s
❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❛✐s
s✐st❡♠❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ r❡str✐t♦ ❛♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛✈❛ à ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧
❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ P♦❞❡r Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦ ✭❚❆❑❆❍❆❙❍■✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛ ✏s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✑ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦
✾
✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
♣❡r♠❡✐❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✐t❡♠ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠
s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ♦✉ s♦❧✉çã♦
♣❛r❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ sã♦ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❡ t❡♥✲
❞❡♠ ❛ sê✲❧♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛✉ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r✱ ❤❛❥❛ ✈✐st❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s s❡
❜❛s❡❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ s♦✜st✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✵❀
❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱
✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊st❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡✱ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✱
♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣õ❡♠ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥✉❧❛♠ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í✲
❝✐♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ s❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
s♦❜r❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r tr❛③❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❣♦ ♦✉tr❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s✱
♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ s❡ t❡♥t❛✈❛ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ✭❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡❞❡♠
❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡ ❛♠✐❣á✈❡❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
✈♦❣❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥✴ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❊❧❡❝tr♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥
❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ❞❛
✲ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ s❡ ❞❡✉ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ◆♦r♠❛s ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ✲ ❆❇◆❚
◆♦r♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✲ ◆❇❘ ✶✼✼✾✾ ✭❆❇◆❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♦✉ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t♦s ❞❡
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✭❇❆❙❙✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♣❛rt❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✏♠❡❧❤♦r❡s
♣rát✐❝❛s✑ ✭❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛❞♦t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✏ ❛❞
❤♦❝ ✑✱
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❞♦
❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠✳
❈✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♠♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❛♠♣❧❛
✈♦❣❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥✈♦❧t♦s ♣♦r
❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❛❢❡✐t❛s
✾ ❚❆❑❆❍❆❙❍■✱
♦♣✳ ❝✐t✳✱ ♣✳ ✾✾
✻✺
à s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♥❡❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❢r❛✉❞❡s✱ r♦✉❜♦s✱ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❛sã♦✱
❝♦rr✉♣çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❤♦st✐s ✭❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✷❛❀ ❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱
✷✵✵✷✮✳
❊♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡st❛s ❤♦st✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s
❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ✉s♦ ❡ trâ♥s✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❊st❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r
r❡s✉♠✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ três ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✐t❡♥s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ✭❆❇◆❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛❣r❡❣❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✭❑❘❯❚❩❀ ❱■◆❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❑❘❆❯❙❊❀ ❚■P❚❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✿
❈♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛✉✲
t♦r✐③❛❞❛s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ t❛❧ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭❏❖◆❙❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮❀
■♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ✈✐♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ✶✵ ❀
❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦s ♦❜t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦
à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦❀
❆✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥ár✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❡✲
❣❛❞❛❀
■rr❡tr❛t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ r❡♣ú❞✐♦✿ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥❡❣❛r ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ s❡ ❢❛③ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♥❡❧❡s ✐♥s❡r✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡
♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❋r❛✉❞❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❢✉rt♦s
❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s✱ ❝❛✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ tró✐❛ ✭❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥♦❢❡♥s✐✈♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡
❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❛♥♦s❛s ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❛♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❛♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦✮✱ ✈ír✉s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s
❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s tê♠ s❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✈❡rt✐❣✐♥♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✳
◆❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✱ ♠♦str❛✲s❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✮✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ♥ã♦
✶✵ ➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐r✲s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡✱ ♠❛s ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❜❛♥❛❧ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❛♠❜❛s✿ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s❡❥❛ ✏✷✰✷❂✺✑❀ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛♦ s❡r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✱ t❛❧
♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❝❤❡❣✉❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❡❧❛ ♠♦str❛✲s❡ í♥t❡❣r❛✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦rr❡t❛✳
■st♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ❛♦ q✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á s❡ ❞✐ss❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
♥ã♦ ❡stá ❛❢❡✐t❛✳ ◆♦t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✿ s✐♥tát✐❝♦
❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝♦✳
✻✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✿ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐t❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
r❡♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽ ❛ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❈❊❘❚✱ ✷✵✵✹❛✮✳
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❞ã♦ ❡♥s❡❥♦ à ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❊st❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s às ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠❡s♠♦
♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ r❡✐t❡r❛❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s
✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡✲s❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❥❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s
✭❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❢❡❝çã♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈ír✉s ❡♠ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮ é ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦✳❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦
❞❡st❡s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❛t❡st❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦r s✐ só✱ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦
❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✈✐❝✐♦s♦✿ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ✲ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✲s❡
♠❛✐s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✲✱ às q✉❛✐s ♣r♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡r ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♣♦rt❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❊st❡
❡♥❢♦q✉❡ é r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝❛♥❤❡str❛ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ tã♦✲s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s
❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛❧✐ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✲s❡ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦✲
♥❛✐s✳
✹✳✺
❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡rã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡stá ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ♦
✻✼
s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛✱ s❡❥❛ ❡st❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠
❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s
❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡st❡✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r
q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡
❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡
t❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s s❡✉s ♣❡r❝❛❧ç♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡
✈❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❑♦❝❤❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❘❡st❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ tr❛t❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r
s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❛♠❜♦s ♥❛
❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❛ ❛
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛✱ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
❛çã♦ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●♦❧❞❦✉❤❧ ❡ ➴❣❡r❢❛❧❦ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊st❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦
❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧
❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡rá s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦✳
✹✳✺✳✶
❖s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
P✢❡❡❣❡r ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✲s❡ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
♥♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡rã♦ ❛t❡♥✲
❞✐❞❛s✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r ❛♣♦♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ■❙❖ ✾✶✷✻✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ s❡
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞♦ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✏♣❡♥s❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡✑ ❡ ✏s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛
❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✑✳
❈❛rr✱ ❚②♥❛♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐s ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛♠ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛
♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ ❝✐t❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛
❛♥❞ ❙♣❛❝❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆❡r♦♥❛✉t✐❝s
✲ ◆❆❙❆ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ q✉❡✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✳
❲❛♥❣ ❡ ❲❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡
♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❡
♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳
✻✽
❚r②❢♦♥❛s✱ ❑✐♦✉♥t♦✉③✐s ❡ P♦✉❧②♠❡♥❛❦♦✉ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠✱ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖s
❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❞✈♦✲
❣❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ tát✐❝♦ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆♥tó♥✱ ❊❛r♣ ❡ ❈❛rt❡r ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛❧❡rt❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡✲
♠❛s✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s s❡r ❤❛r♠♦♥✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠
❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á✲
❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐❝❤t❡♥st❡✐♥ ✭♣❛r❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❤♦❧íst✐❝❛ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦✮ ❡ P❋■❘❊❙ ✭P♦❧✐❝②
❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♣r❡t✐♥❣ ❘✐s❦ ✐♥ ❡❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✮✳
❆r❜❛✉❣❤ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛❧❡rt❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡
✐♠♣❡❞❡♠ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❘❡ss❛❧t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✱ ❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ s❡♠
q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈❛✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❛✉t♦r✿
q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛ q✉ã♦ ✐♥ó❝✉♦ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♦s
♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ❧♦❣♦✱
❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛♠✲s❡ r✐s❝♦s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r✲s❡ ♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛✱ ❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s àq✉❡❧❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s✳ ❈♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦
❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❛❧❡rt❛ q✉❡ q✉❛s❡ ✺✵✪ ❞❡❧❛s sã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ❛ ❜✉✛❡r ♦✈❡r✢♦✇✱ ♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦s ✐♥✈á❧✐❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❛♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱
❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳
✹✳✺✳✷ ❖ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❳❡♥✐t❡❧❧✐s ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡
♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❛ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❛✈❛❧♦ ❞❡
tró✐❛✮✱ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡ s❡r ❛t❛❝❛❞♦ é ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❖ ❛✉t♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✉❝✐♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ✭tr❛❝✐♥❣ ✮ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛
❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♦✉ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠
♠❡♠ór✐❛✳
✻✾
❩❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❨❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ♣❛♣é✐s ❡ ♣r✐✈✐❧é❣✐♦s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✳
❈❤♦✉ ✭✷✵✵✹❜✮ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❛♣é✐s ✭❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❛ss✉♠✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✮
✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✲ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❘♦❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥✲
tr♦❧ ✲ ❖❘❘❇❆❈✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭❈❍❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖✉tr❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ♠❛r❝❛ ❞✬á❣✉❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✭◆❆●❘❆❀ ❚❍❖▼❇❖❘❙❖◆❀ ❈❖▲▲❇❊❘●✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❛♥á✲
❧♦❣♦ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣r❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s
❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
✹✳✻
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s às ❛♠❡✲
❛ç❛s ♦✉ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♦✉ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ♦✉ r❡♠❡❞✐❛r✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱
♠❡s♠♦ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ é tr✐✈✐❛❧✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛♣ós
❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❡✳ ❑♦r③②❦ ❙r ✭✶✾✾✽✮ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✱ ♠❡♥♦s
❞❡ ✶✪ ❞♦s ❛t❛q✉❡s ❡r❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❈♦♠ ❛
❛♠♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✈❛ss❛❧❛❞♦r❛✳ P❛r❛
❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s s❡rã♦
♠♦str❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
✹✳✻✳✶
❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦
❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t t❡♠ ❝r❡s❝✐❞♦ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s
ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♥♦ ✈❛r❡❥♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❛ r❡❞❡ s✉❜✐✉ ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❯❙✩✻ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵ ♣❛r❛ ❯❙✩✷✸ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡
✷✵✵✺✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✷✱✹✪ ❞♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ♥♦ ✈❛r❡❥♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís ✭❯❙✲❈❊◆❙❯❙✱
✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❆♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■❇●❊ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡
✷✵✵✸✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❘✩✶✱✽✺ ❜✐❧❤ã♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ❛♥♦ ❡♠ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s
✈❛r❡❥✐st❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✭■❇●❊✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❡st❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡
❛t✐♥❥❛ ♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❘✩✸✱✾ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s✳ ❆s ❝✐❢r❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛
❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛✐s tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✳
✼✵
❇❧❛t❝❤❢♦r❞ ✭✷✵✵✵❛✮ ❡st✐♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛❞❛str♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❝✉r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❧✐✲
❡♥t❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛❧❡r ❛té ❯❙✩✶✺✵✵✱✵✵ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✈❡♥❞❡❞♦r ✐♥❡s❝r✉♣✉❧♦s♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡s
❛s ♦❢❡rt❛s ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛
r❡❞❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦✲
✈❛❞❛ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ é ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛s s✉r❣❡♠ ❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ✭♣✳
❡①✳✱ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣✉t❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛❄ ❖✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♥✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐③❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛ ✜❧✐❛✐s ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s
✈✐❛ r❡❞❡❄✮ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦
❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r ♥ã♦ sã♦ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❣✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢r❛✉❞❡s s❡♥❞♦
r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦st♦ à ♣r♦✈❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡s
❝❛s♦s✱ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✭❇▲❆❚❈❍❋❖❘❉✱ ✷✵✵✵❜✮ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠❛♥❡✐r❛
❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐s♣ê♥❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ♣r♦✐❜✐t✐✈♦✱ s❡❥❛
♣♦r r❛③õ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r r❛③õ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ✲ ✈❡❥❛✲s❡ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧ê♥❝✐❛s
❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ❜♦♦♠ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵✳ ◆♦t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡
♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s s✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s s✉❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❞❛r ❛♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✉♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡
q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❧✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ✭▼❈❘❖❇❇❀ ❘❖❇❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s s❡ ✈ê❡♠ ♥✉♠ ❞✐❧❡♠❛✿ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r✲s❡ à ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❛✉✲
♠❡♥t❛ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r✲
s❡ à r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛r ♣❡r❞❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ❊st❛
r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❛t✐♥❣❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❆s s♦❧✉çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✭❍❆❲❑■◆❙❀ ❨❊◆❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✵❛✮ q✉❡✱ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s✱
♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❝ô♠♦❞❛ ✲ ❛ ❢❛❧s❛ s❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛
❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢❛❧❤♦s✳
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ❛s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❧❡✈❛ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛♣❛r❛t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲
❣✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✭❙❍❆❖❀
❍❲❆◆●❀ ❲❯✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♥ã♦
✐♥❝♦rr❡r❡♠ ♥❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡✳ ❏á s❡ t♦r♥♦✉
❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡st❛
❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳ ❆ ✉♠❛ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦s❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡♠✲s❡ s♦♠❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ✭❣❡st♦r❡s✱ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡
❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❝✉r❛❞❛ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡ s❡r
✼✶
♠❡r♦ ❛❝❡ssór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ss✉♠✐r ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❩❯❈❈❆❚❖✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✹✳✻✳✷
■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝❛
❈♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡✲s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s✐t✉❛çã♦✿ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡r✐♥❣❛ ✉♠❛
❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ s❛♥❣✉❡ ♦✉ ❞❡ s✉❛ s❛❧✐✈❛✳ ■♥s❡r❡ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥✉♠ s❝❛♥♥❡r ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦ ❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ à
❝❧í♥✐❝❛ ♠é❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡ àq✉❡❧❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❊♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ♦ ♠é❞✐❝♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧
♦❜té♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♣r❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞♦s❛❣❡♠ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♥✈✐❛♥❞♦
❛ ♣r❡s❝r✐çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ s❛✐✉ ❞❡ s✉❛
r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❛ ❝❡♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s ❛trás ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧♠❡ ❞❡ ✜❝çã♦
❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❥á é ✈✐✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ tr♦✉①❡ ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rt♦
❛♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦s ♥❡♠ tã♦ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ✈✐❡r❛♠✿ é
♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦
❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧ést✐❛s ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛♥t❡s✮❀ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠
❝❛♣t❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❡r❝❡✐r♦s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧ést✐❛s s♦❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s✮❀
❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦✉ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞♦ ♠é❞✐❝♦✱ ❡t❝✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦
✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❥á ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛
✈✐❞❛ ✈ê♠ ❛❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ♣rát✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❧✐ tr❛t❛❞❛ ✭❈❖▲❊▼❆◆✱
✷✵✵✹❀ ❈❆❱❆▲▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❈P❘■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ❥á ❡stã♦
s❡♥❞♦ ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ✭❍❊▲❱❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❖ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡ ♥♦r♠❛s tr❛rã♦
❛♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✐♥❝❡rt♦✳
✹✳✻✳✸
❱♦t❛çã♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛
❖ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✈♦t❛çã♦ ♠❛✲
❥♦r✐t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛
❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✭s♦❢t✇❛r❡✮ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ♥❛s ✉r♥❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❛
❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✈♦t♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❛✢✐❣❡♠ ❛ ✈♦t❛çã♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❛♦s ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝❛s✿ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦
✼✷
s❡❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❞♦ ❡❧❡✐t♦r✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡✐t♦r ✈♦t❡
s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✳ ❊st❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐❛✇ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❙❡❧❦❡r ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❡ s✉❛ s♦❧✉çã♦
❛tr❛✈❡ss❛ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ♦s ❡s❣♦t❛✿ ♦s ❡❧❡✐t♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ s❡♥t✐r
❝♦♥✜❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛✳
✹✳✻✳✹
●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦
❆ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ▲❡♥❦ ❡ ❚r❛✉♥♠ü❧❧❡r ✭❛♣✉❞ ▼❆❘❈❖◆✲
❉❊❙❀ ❏❆❘❉■▼✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✿
✶✳ ❆ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✈✐s❛✲s❡ à ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❛♦
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥t❡❀
✷✳ ❆ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ r❡♣❡♥s❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦s ❡①✐s✲
t❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡
❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛s ✭♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❡✲♣r♦❝✉r❡♠❡♥t ✮❀
✸✳ ❆ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✈✐s❛ à ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱
❡ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ◆ã♦✲●♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✲
❖◆●s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛❣✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❝✐sór✐♦ ❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ór❣ã♦s❀ ❡
✹✳ ❆ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❡♠
s✉❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s✱ ❝r✐❛r✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ t♦r♥❛r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ❡♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✱
t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡✉s ✈ár✐♦s ór❣ã♦s✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ P❡rr✐ ✭❛♣✉❞ ▼❆❘❈❖◆❉❊❙❀ ❏❆❘❉■▼✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
ár❡❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s✱
r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦✲❊♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡
♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ t❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s❀
❋♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✿
r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✈♦t❛çã♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛
❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❛♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s❀
❉❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ✭❡✲❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝② ✮✿
✼✸
●♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✿ ❙❡r✐❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳
■♥❝❧✉✐
♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱
❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ♦ ✇♦r❦❣r♦✉♣ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❡s❝❛❧õ❡s ❡ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✈♦t❛çõ❡s ♦✉ r❡❢❡r❡♥❞♦s✳
❊st❡ tó♣✐❝♦ ✈♦❧t❛rá ❛ s❡r ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳
❆ ♠❛❝r♦✲❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❢♦✐ tr❛ç❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✏❆ P♦✲
❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✑ ✭P■◆❚❖✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ q✉❡ ♣❛✉t❛✈❛ ♦ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s
✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❡❧❡✐t❛
♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✳
❚❛❧ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❡r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❚❆❑❆❍❆❙❍■✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❆ss♦❝✐❛✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐st♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s
✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏▲✐✈r♦ ❇r❛♥❝♦✑
✭▼❈❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ P❛❝❤❡❝♦ ❡ ❑❡r♥
✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥✲
t❛✐s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳
◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❝✐❜❡r❡s♣❛ç♦ ✭❝②❜❡rs♣❛❝❡ ✮✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦
❞❡ ♣❡s❛❞♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡
❝❤❛✈❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭▲❆▼❇❘■◆❖❯❉❆❑■❙
❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✸✮✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ àq✉❡❧❛ ❡♠ ❛❞♦çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱
❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❢♦ss❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦✲♦ ❝♦♠♦
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
◆❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡❧❡trô✲
♥✐❝♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦
❙❆●❆ ✲ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❡✲●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✭❙❆●❆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦♥❞❡
❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡✲
t❛♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ❜❡♠
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦s✳
✹✳✻✳✺
❉✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s
❆ tr♦❝❛ ♠❛❝✐ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t
❛ss✉♠❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❛rt❡✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♠ús✐❝❛s
❡ ✜❧♠❡s✱ tr❛❢❡❣❛♠ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s à r❡✈❡❧✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♦✉ ❞♦s ❞❡t❡♥t♦r❡s
❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ t❛✐s ♣❡ç❛s✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ✈❛r✐❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
✼✹
♣❛ís❡s ✭❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✉ ♦ ❡st❛t✉t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛
♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❞♦✐s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s✱ t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✏♠♦r❛✐s✑✱ sã♦ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✿
❛
❛✉t♦r✐❛ ♦✉ ♣❛t❡r♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡r r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧✱ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✱
q✉❡ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ à ❤♦♥r❛ ♦✉ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳
❆♠❜♦s sã♦
s❡r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❋❊❘◆➪◆❉❊❩✲▼❖▲■◆❆❀ P❊■❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❙♦♠❡✲s❡ ❛ ✐st♦ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛✲
t✐✈♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦
❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭▲❖❈❍❀ ❈❖◆●❊❘❀ ❖❩✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✐♠❡♥s♦ ✢❛♥❝♦ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ q✉❛♥❞♦
s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡st❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡
❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦✳
✹✳✼
❆ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆✐♥❞❛ é ✉s✉❛❧ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦
✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✭▼❆❘❚■◆❙✱
✷✵✵✸✮✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐t♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✈❡r q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
r❡q✉❡r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞♦✱ ❡ ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝✐á✲❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✲
✜♠ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
❙✉r❣❡♠ ❡♥tã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ✏❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡
♣rát✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①❡r❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❞✐r❡çã♦
❡str❛té❣✐❝❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s✱ ❛t❡st❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s s❡❥❛♠
❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧✑ ✭▼❖❯▲❚❖◆❀ ❈❖▲❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ s❡rá ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳
❊❧♦✛ ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❊❧♦✛ ❡ ❊❧♦✛ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝❛❧❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡♥tr♦♥✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝❡r♥❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r
❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ét✐❝♦✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❢❡✐t❛s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
✼✺
✹✳✽
❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ s✉❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠
✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ s❡❥❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛
♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳
●❛r❣✱ ❈✉rt✐s ❡ ❍❛❧♣❡r ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛❧❡rt❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✭t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛
s✉❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❝♦♠ r❡✢❡①♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳
P❡♠❜❧❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ r❡❧❡♠❜r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ tr❛t❛r✿ ❞❡✈❡ ❤❛✈❡r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥✲
✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛t✐✈♦s✳
▼❡r❝✉r✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s✱
♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐✈r❡s ♦✉ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛s✳ ❆ ❛✉t♦r❛ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✳
●♦r❞♦♥ ❡ ▲♦❡❜ ✭✷✵✵✷❜✮ ❡ ❲♦♦❞ ❡ P❛r❦❡r ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❧❡♠❜r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ P♦r
❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❘❡t✉r♥ ♦♥ ■♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ✲ ❘❖■ ✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛
♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛✲
♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛ ❛ ❜❡♥s t❛♥❣í✈❡✐s ♦✉ ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
●♦r❞♦♥ ❡ ▲♦❡❜ ✭✷✵✵✷❛✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ót✐♠♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é
♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▲❡♠❜r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱
❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s✳
●♦r❞♦♥✱ ▲♦❡❜ ❡ ❙♦❤❛✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ●♦r❞♦♥✱ ▲♦❡❜ ❡ ▲✉❝②s❤②♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ●♦r❞♦♥
❡ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛❧❡rt❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r✐③❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦✲❛
❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s✱ ♦♣çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
❍á q✉❡ s❡
♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♣♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞❛ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱
❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❛ t❡rá ❛♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛✲
t❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r ❧❡♠❜r❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❝❤❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✏❛ tr❛❣é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❜❡♥s ❝♦♠✉♥s✑ ✲
q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦✱ ✉♠ ❛ ♠❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❢❛③
✼✻
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❤á q✉❡ s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳
❖ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡①t♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ três ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
•
♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛❞♦t❛✲
r❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦❀
•
❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❡♠✱ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉st♦s ✜①♦s ❛❧t♦s ❡ ❝✉st♦s ♠❛r❣✐♥❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s✿ ❛
♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❤✐♣ ♣♦❞❡ ❝✉st❛r ♠✐❧❤õ❡s✱ ♠❛s ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s
♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❝✉st♦s q✉❛s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡③í✈❡✐s❀ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦s ❜❡♥s sã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠
❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦❀ ❡
•
♦s ❝✉st♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ sã♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛t❛✲
❢♦r♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❧✐✈r❡s ♦✉ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛s✳
❊st❛s três ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠♦♥♦♣ó❧✐♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱
♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✐♥❛❧✱ ❛❞♦t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❞✉t♦s✿ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ é ❛♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦ só s❡rá ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦✳
P♦r t✉❞♦ ✐st♦✱ ♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✉st♦✱ ♣r❡ç♦ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r é
❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝✲
♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s tó♣✐❝♦s ✈♦❧t❛rã♦ ❛ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳
❍❡♥❡ss② ❡ ❇❛❜❝♦❝❦ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r
❞❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ r✉♠♦ à ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛✳
❈❛♠♣❜❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❛♥ú♥❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ t❛✐s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ tr❛❞✉③✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r
❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ à r❡✈❡❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱
❄❄✮
❛❧❡rt❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ✏❛ t✐r❛♥✐❛ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✑ ❡♠ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐✲
❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛çã♦✳
✼✼
✺
❋♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✺✳✶
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
♦
◆
s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ ♦ ✈♦❝á❜✉❧♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ t❡♠ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛r ❛
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♣ó❧✐s✱ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ♣♦❧✐t✐❦ós ✮ ♦✉ ♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ❛❜❛r❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉r❜❛♥♦
❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ q✉❡ é s♦❝✐á✈❡❧ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛
❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✏❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❞♦✉tr✐♥❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✑ ❡ ✏❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✑
✭❇❖❇❇■❖❀
▼❆❚❚❊❯❈❈■❀ P❆❙◗❯■◆❖✱
✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳ ✾✺✹✮✳
Pr❡s❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦❧♦q✉✐❛❧✱ ❛
♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ✈❛❣♦ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦✱ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ♠❛✐s
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ss✉♠❡ três s❡♥t✐❞♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ✭❈❍❆❯■✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✻✽✲✸✻✾✮✿
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♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r
♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡
à ❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥t❡s✱ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s é ❝♦♥❢❡r✐❞❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐r✐❣✐r ❛
❝♦❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❊st❛❞♦❀
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♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①❡r❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ✭s❡❥❛♠ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ♣♦✲
❧ít✐❝♦s✮✱ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛❣r❡♠✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣✉t❛♠ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡
❣♦✈❡r♥❛r✱ ❡①❡r❝❡♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣♦s ❡ ♣♦st♦s ♥♦ ❊st❛❞♦❀
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♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞✉✈✐❞♦s❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ às ❡s❝✉r❛s✱
♣❡r♠❡❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♥trár✐♦s ❛♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❛
s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✜♥s ✐❧í❝✐t♦s ♦✉ ✐❧❡❣ít✐♠♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❝❡♣çã♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦
✉s♦ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✏♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❣❡♠✑ ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛ t❛✐s ♣rát✐❝❛s✳
◆✐t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡st❡s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ s❡rá ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛✳ ❘❡st❛ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ✈❛❣♦
❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛
✼✽
✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r
q✉❡stõ❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ sã♦ ✉s✉❛✐s
❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✑ ♦✉ ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛✑ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s
❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦s s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s✱ ✈♦❧t❛✲
❞❛s ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✜♥s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ✭❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❞✐♣❧♦♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s
❝✐t❛❞♦s✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✈♦❝á❜✉❧♦ ❡s❝❛♣♦✉ à ❡s❢❡r❛ ❞♦ ❊s✲
t❛❞♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ à ❛❧ç❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣✑ ♦✉ ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s✑✮
♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭✏❢✉❧❛♥♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐st♦ ♦✉ ❛q✉✐❧♦✑✮✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❡st❛
ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛❝❡♣çã♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ✏❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✑ ♦✉ ✏♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✑✱
♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡♣r❡❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♣♦r ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✑ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♠
✈✐st❛s ❛♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦✳
◆♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ✭❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✮✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ✉s✉❛❧ é ♥ã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡ s✐♠
tr❛tá✲❧♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✭✐st♦ é✱ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛✮
♦r❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✲
s❡ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❤❛✈❡rá s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✑ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r ❛
❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár❡❛ ✭❇❘❖❲◆❊✱ ✶✾✾✼❛✮✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s é ♦ ❞❡
✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♥♦r♠❛s✱ r♦t✐♥❛s ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✱ q✉❡
♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛s ✭◆❖❘❚❍✱ ✶✾✾✶❀
❖❙❚❘❖▼✱
✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✲✸✼✮✳ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡❝✐sór✐♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ♦
q✉❛❧ é ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭❑❆❨✱ ✷✵✵✺✱
♣✳ ✺✺✺✮✳
❆s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✱ sã♦ ✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡
tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛t♦r❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ✭ór❣ã♦s ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ❝✐✲
❞❛❞ã♦s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❧❛ss✐st❛s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✱ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❡st❛s q✉❡
sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛s
q✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❤✐stó✲
r✐❝❛ ✭❙P■▲▲❊❘❀
❚❖▼▼❆❙■✱
✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❜❛s❡s ❤✐stór✐❝♦✲✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s
✐♥✢✉✐ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ✐r ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛♦ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡♠
✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦✳
❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s ♠❛♥té♠ ❛s
❜❛s❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❧❛str❡✐❛♠ ❛s s✉❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡stá✈❡❧✱
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧t❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦✮✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐✲
✼✾
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛
✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s r❡❛❣❡♠ ❞❡♠♦r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♣♦❧í✲
t✐❝❛s ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s✮✱ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s tê♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❧❡✈❛♠ ✉♠
t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✮ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❡♠ ❛❧✲
❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛✲s❡
❣r✉♣♦s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✮ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡♠
✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ▲❛t✐♥❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛ ✉♠ r❡❝❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛tór✐♦
❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ■♥t❡r❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❇■❉✱ ✈✐st♦ ❡♠ ❙t❡✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖
r❡❧❛tór✐♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s✱ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛t♦r❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s tê♠
❧✉❣❛r ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣❛♣é✐s
❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳
❙♦♠❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✶ ❞❡ s❡✲
t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❞❡r❛♠ ♦r✐❣❡♠ à r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s
à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♥ã♦ só
♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s
t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ❣❧♦❜♦✳
◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞✐❛s ❛♣ós ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❞❛t❛✱ ❝r✐♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ❖✣❝❡ ♦❢ ❍♦♠❡❧❛♥❞
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✭❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛✮✱ ❝♦♠ st❛t✉s ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐stér✐♦ ✭❘❊▲❨❊❆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❈♦♠ ♣♦❞❡r❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ s❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ss❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♣ré✈✐❛ ❥✉♥t♦ à
♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ ór❣ã♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❜❛✐①❛r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ✲ ♦s
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛♠ ❞♦s ❡♣✐só❞✐♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❝❛❞❛str❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❛✲
❥❛♥t❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❛♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡
❣❡r♦✉ ❧♦♥❣❛s ✜❧❛s ❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳✳✳
❊st❛ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ s❡ r❡♣❡t❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❡♥r✐❥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❡♣♦✐s q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❢❛t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ t❡♥❤❛ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦✳ ◆♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ s✉♣♦r✲
s❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ tr❛t❛❞❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛
❡ ❝♦♥tr❛✲✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠ r❡✢❡①♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛✱
♠❛s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ é ❡st❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✭❉❊❙❖❯❩❆❀ ❱❆◆❆P❆▲▲■✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❚❆◆❆❑❆❀ ▼❆❚❙❯❯❘❆❀ ❙❯✲
❉❖❍✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❚♦❞♦s✱ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ tê♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛
✽✵
♣❡r❝♦rr❡r✳
❖✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣õ❡ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às
❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❊st❛r✐❛♠ t❛✐s ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡sr❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛s ❡♠ tr♦❝❛ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✭❙▲❊❊▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮❄
◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❛❧♦r❛❞❛ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❧✐❝✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡
❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✈✐st♦r✐❛r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱
❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❧❡❣❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ✭❙❍❆❘P❊❀ ❘❯❙❙❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❡ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛
✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❱❡❧❤♦ ▼✉♥❞♦✱ t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛♥t♦
à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣❛r❧❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ à ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❇❆❯▼❊❘❀ ❊❆❘P❀ P❖■◆❉❊❳✲
❚❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❙❚❘❆❯❙❙❀ ❘❖●❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛s ❧❡✐s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ s❛❧✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧
❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✱ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ♠❛❝✐ç❛
❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞♦s ♠❛❣✐str❛❞♦s t♦♠❛r✲s❡ ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s
❝❛❜í✈❡✐s✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛t✐♥❥❛✲s❡ ❡st❡ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❆ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✲ ❖❈❉❊ t❡♠ ❡♠ s❡✉
s✐t❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛
❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✶❛✮ ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ t❛♥t♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛r ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛
♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r✳
❯♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
é ❞✐t♦ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦✳ ❉✐③✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ é ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠
❡st❛❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞✐t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
❛t✐♥❣✐r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥s❡❣✉r♦✳
◆♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦
❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ s❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦✿ ♣r♦✈❡r ♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♠♦t✐✈♦
♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢♦❝♦✳
❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡
✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣✐r✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❞❡ ❤á❜✐t♦✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❜r❡❝❤❛s
✽✶
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✳ ❆♥t❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r
❛ ❢✉♥❞♦ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✭❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✮ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r✲s❡ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦s ❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠
❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ♦✉ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r
❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡ ❡❧❡s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❡ ✐st♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡
❡♠ ❣r❛✉ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✮✳ ➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r✲s❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s✐✲
t✉❛çã♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r❡✈✐st❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ ❞♦s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦❧í✲
t✐❝❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦r✈❡r ❡ tr❛t❛r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✱
♠❛s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ sã♦ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
✭❖❘❚❆▲❖✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✿
• ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s
❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦
✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛❀
• ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ r❡s✲
♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡st❛ ✭❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥t❡✲
❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮❀
• ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♠♦✲
❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧❡✈❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s
❝♦♠♦ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦s
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ ❡st❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐③❛çã♦✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣rát✐❝♦✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠
♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛♣é✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦s✿ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
s♦❜ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡✲s❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥✲
t♦s ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❊st❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❡ ♥♦r♠❛s sã♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
✽✷
r❡✜♥❛❞❛s ❛té q✉❡ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧ ❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ s❡
❝❤❡❣✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
r❡str✐çã♦ ♦✉ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✳
❆❧❣✉♥s t❡r♠♦s sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r♦s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ s❡♥❞♦✱
♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ ♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r
❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝✉♠♣r❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✿
✶✳ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦r✐❣❡♠ às
❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ✭♥í✈❡❧ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✮✱ ♥♦r♠❛s ✭♥í✈❡❧ tát✐❝♦✮ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭♥í✈❡❧
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❞♦
q✉❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✱ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✷✳ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛♥❞❛tór✐❛s
❡ ❞✐s❝r✐❝✐♦♥ár✐❛s ✭❙❈❍❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s é ❛
♠❡s♠❛✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❡♠ q✉❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦❜r❛❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦❀
✸✳ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ✭❈❯PP❊◆❙❀ ❙❆❯❘❊▲✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✿ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ r❡str✐t✐✈❛ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s à
❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝✉❥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❧❤❡s é ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠❡♥t❡
♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐ss✐✈❛ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢r❛♥q✉❡❛❞❛s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝✉❥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡❞❛❞♦✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛
♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✈❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ t✐♣♦✱ ♥✐❝❤♦
♠❡r❝❛❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
✺✳✷
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛r✲s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s❣♦t❛ ❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❛❢❡✐t❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❯♠❛
✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s ♦✉ ♣r♦❛t✐✈❛s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r✲s❡ ❛ s✉❛
❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛✳ ❯♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ é s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ às ♠❡s♠❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
q✉❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s
✽✸
s♦❜ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✏❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✑ ✭s❡r✈✐❝❡
❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t ✮ ✭❍❊◆◆■◆●✱
✷✵✵✵✮✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ s❡❥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛
♣♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦s à s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛ ❡❧❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✳
P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱
❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥♦s ♠♦❧❞❡s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛
s❡❣✉✐r✳
❙✐♣♦♥❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ s♦❜ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✿
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♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ s❡✉ ♠♦❞♦ ❡ ❣r❛✉✱ ❞❡✈❡♠
t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
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♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛❧✿ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠
t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛❀
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só❝✐♦✲♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✿ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ só❝✐♦✲♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡✈✐✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❡s❢❡r❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱
❛❞✈♦❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❥✉r✐st❛s❀
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ét✐❝♦✲❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ét✐❝❛ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❢❡✐t♦s ❛♦ t❡♠❛ ✭♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✱
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✮❀ ❡
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❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿
❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦
❞❡ s❡✉s ♠❡♠❜r♦s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡ ét✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱
✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥♦s â♠❜✐t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ✭✈✐❛ ❞❡
r❡❣r❛✱ ♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♠✲s❡ à ❡s❢❡r❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✮✳
◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s sã♦ ❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s❛s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦
❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
✽✹
✺✳✸
❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡❥❛ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡
❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ à r❡✈❡❧✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝♦✲
P❘❊❙❙▼❆◆✱
♠✉♥s ✭
✶✾✾✺✮✳
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐t♦s s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r
s✉❛ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❛♠✐❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❩✉r❦♦ ❡ ❙✐♠♦♥ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ três ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✿
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❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡❣✉r♦s❀
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♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♠✐❣á✈❡✐s
✭✉s❡r✲❢r✐❡♥❞❧② ✮❀ ❡
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❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧
♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡❣✉r♦s✳
❆s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥❢♦❝❛r ❡st❡s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
t❛❧ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦
✉s✉ár✐♦✳
✺✳✹
❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡r ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞✐t❛♠❡s
❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s✳
P❛②♥❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛
r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦✿ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r ❛♣♦♥t❛✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✿ ♦ ❝✉st♦✱
❛ ❞✐s❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r
❛♣♦♥t❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏❜✉❣ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵✑ ✭❨✷❑ ✮✱ ❡♠ ❝✉❥♦ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦
✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵ s♦❜r❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❧❡♠❜r❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ é ♥♦t❛❞❛✳
❖ ❛✉t♦r
q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❛
✽✺
▲❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❆r❜❛✉❣❤ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱
♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✐s ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧❛s ❡ ✈❛❣❛s ❝r✐♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❛♥t♦
à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ✭❄❄✮✳
❱❛♥ ❞❡r ❍❛❛r ❡ ❱♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❞❡✈❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛s ♠❡t❛s ❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❧✐st❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣❡r✜s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s✳
❖s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ sã♦✿
• ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❡t❝❀
• ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡❞✐✲
t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
• ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❣r❛s✱ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s✱
q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
Pr❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r✲s❡ à ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧
❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ♠❡t❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ r✐s❝♦s✱
s❛❧✈❛❣✉❛r❞❛r ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❧❡♠❜r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡
r✐s❝♦ é ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛✳
❖✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ sã♦ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❋❯▼❨✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡
♣rát✐❝❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❘❡q✉❡st ❢♦r ❈♦♠♠❡♥t ✲ ❘❋❈✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❘❋❈ ✷✶✾✻ ✭❙✐t❡ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ✮ ✭❋❘❆❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ❡ ❛ ❘❋❈ ✷✽✷✽ ✭■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ●❧♦ss❛r② ✮ ✭❙❍■❘❊❨✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❚♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ár❞✉♦
❡ ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥á✈❡❧✳ ➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ t❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ s✐❣✲
♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡st❡❥❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛té q✉❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐✲
♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❣❧ór✐❛✿ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ♦❝✉♣❛r ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s
♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛♦ ❛t❛❝❛♥t❡ ❜❛st❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s
✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ ❆ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ♥♦✈♦s r✐s❝♦s✱
✽✻
❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛s✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ✲ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦r✲
r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✭▲■◆❉❯P✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛✈❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞❛
♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r✲s❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ✲ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
❡st❡❥❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✭❑❖❑❖▲❆❑■❙❀ ❑■❖❯◆❚❖❯❩■❙✱
✷✵✵✵✮❄ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❧❡✈❛r à ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♠♦str❛♠✲s❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ✭❙▼■❚❍❀ ◆❊❲❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s t♦♠❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✺✳✺
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s
❆ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ ●❡r❜❡r✱ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ❡ ❖✈❡r❜❡❡❦ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳
❩❤❛♥❣ ❡ ❨❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲
♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❚s♦✉♠❛s ❡ ❚r②❢♦♥❛s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ r❡❢♦rç❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❞❛r ✈❛③ã♦ à ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡
✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱
❡♠ s✉❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ é ❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❖❈❚❆❱❊ ✲ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❚❤r❡❛t✱ ❆ss❡t✱ ❛♥❞
❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭❆▲❇❊❘❚❙❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈❊❘❚ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦
❞❛ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡ ▼❡❧❧♦♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❡ ❝✉❥❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ é ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳
❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❖❈❚❆❱❊ ♣r❡✈ê ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉❛s
t❛r❡❢❛s✿
• ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛çã♦❀ ❡
• ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ♥♦s ❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♦s
♠❛✐s ❝rít✐❝♦s✳
✽✼
❊st❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛s❡s✿
• ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s✉❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s ❛t✐✈♦s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈á✲❧♦s❀
• ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s❀ ❡
• ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡
s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s✳ ❈r✐❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♣r✐♦r✐tár✐♦s✳
❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❢❛s❡ ❡stã♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s
❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s
♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✳
✺✳✻
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s
❖ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s é ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s
❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s sã♦ ✭❍❆❲❑■◆❙❀ ❨❊◆❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✵❜❀ ▼■❖❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮ ✶ ✿
• ❞❡s❛str❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡rr❡♠♦t♦s✱ t❡♠♣❡st❛❞❡s✱ ✐♥❝ê♥❞✐♦s❀
• ♠❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡❀
• ♠❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡❀
• ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛❀
• ✈ír✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀
• ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛♥❞❛❧✐s♠♦ ♦✉ s❛❜♦t❛❣❡♠❀ ❡
• ❢❛❧❤❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡rr❛♠❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧í✲
q✉✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳
✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡✲s❡ ❡st❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦st❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳
✽✽
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s ❡stã♦ ✭❍❆❲✲
❑■◆❙❀ ❨❊◆❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✵❜✮✿
• ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❡ ❡rr♦❀
• r❡❞✉③✐r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s às ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦❀
• ♣r♦✈❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❛str♦s♦s❀
• r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s❀
• ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦❀
• ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧❀ ❡
• ❛♣♦✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡st❛✉r❛çã♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳
◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❝✉st♦s✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ss❛❧❡♥t❡s✳
✺✳✼
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s é ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
çã♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ ❛✜♥❛❧✱ s❡♠ ♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s
❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ s❡♥t✐❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✭▼■❖❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✮✳
❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛s✱ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ q✉❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝rít✐❝♦
q✉❡ ✜q✉❡ ✐♥♦♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♣♦r s❡✐s ❞✐❛s s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ✭❜❛❝❦✉♣ ✮ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛
♣❡r❞❛ ❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛té ✷✵✵✪ ❞♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞✐ár✐♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆♣ós ✶✷ ❞✐❛s✱ ❛
♣❡r❞❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛té ✽✵✵✪ ❞♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞✐ár✐♦s✳
❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝r✐t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ❛s✲
s♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐r s❡♠ ♦ ❛t✐✈♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ❣❡r❛ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✳ ❊st❛ ♠❛tr✐③ é
❡♥tã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ s✉♣♦rtá✈❡❧
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❢♦rç❛♠ ✈❡❡♠❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡
❞❡s❛str❡s✳
✽✾
✺✳✽
❖r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ❧❡✐s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐t♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡✜❝❛③❡s✱
❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡s à ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❡ às r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▲❡✐s ❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
✺✳✽✳✶
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
❖s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣ó❧♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣❛ís ❞❡
♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ t❛①❛ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ❤❛❜✐t❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼✱
❞✐t❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❞❡st❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦
❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❖✣❝❡ ✲ ●❆❖ ✭●❆❖✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛r ♦✉
❛t❡♥❞❡r à s✉❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❡
❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛
✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ◆❡st❡ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ◆■❙❚✱ ♦ ❈❊❘❚ ❡ ♦
❙❆◆❙✳
P❛ís
❯s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t
P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦
❆❞♦çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t
P❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞♦s
✭♠✐❧❤õ❡s✮
✭❡st✳ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s✮
✭✪✮
✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭✪✮
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛
✷✵✸✱✽
✷✾✾✱✵
✻✽✱✶
✷✵✱✵
❈❤✐♥❛
✶✶✶✱✽
✶✳✸✵✼✱✵
✽✱✺
✶✵✱✾
❏❛♣ã♦
✽✻✱✸
✶✷✽✱✹
✻✼✱✷
✽✱✺
❮♥❞✐❛
✺✵✱✻
✶✳✶✶✷✱✷
✹✱✺
✺✱✵
❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛
✹✽✱✼
✽✷✱✺
✺✾✱✵
✹✱✽
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦
✸✼✱✽
✻✵✱✶
✻✷✱✾
✸✱✼
❈♦ré✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧
✸✸✱✾
✺✵✱✻
✻✼✱✵
✸✱✸
■tá❧✐❛
✷✽✱✾
✺✾✱✶
✹✽✱✽
✷✱✽
❋r❛♥ç❛
✷✻✱✷
✻✶✱✵
✹✸✱✵
✷✱✻
❇r❛s✐❧
✷✺✱✾
✶✽✹✱✸
✶✹✱✶
✷✱✺
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼✿ ❘❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❋♦♥t❡✿ ❡✲❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳❖r❣ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✮✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✶
◆■❙❚
❖ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✲ ◆■❙❚ é ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✈♦❧✲
t❛❞❛ à ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ór❣ã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦
♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝✐t❡✲s❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛ss ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡
✾✵
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❑✐♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ é ✉♠ t❡①t♦ q✉❡ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ✏♠❡❧❤♦r❡s
♣rát✐❝❛s✑ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s
r❡❛✐s✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ t❡♦r✐❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❘❛❣❣❛❞ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛
❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠♦❧❞❡s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦
❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢
❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ✲ ❉♦❉✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✷
❖
❈❊❘❚
❈❊❘❚✱ ✷✵✵✹❜✮ é ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❊♠❡r❣❡♥❝② ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❚❡❛♠ ✲ ❈❊❘❚ ✭
s❡♠ ✜♥s ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈♦s✱ s❡❞✐❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡✲▼❡❧❧♦♥✱ ♥❛ P❡♥♥s②❧✈❛♥✐❛✱ ❝✉❥♦s
r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❈❊❘❚
r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❖❈❚❆❱❊✱ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✱
✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✸
❖
❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
❙②s❆❞♠✐♥✱ ❆✉❞✐t✱ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✱ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✲ ❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ é ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✾✽✾✱ ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡
✶✻✺✳✵✵✵ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ s❡✉s ❛✜❧✐❛❞♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡
❝✉rs♦s ❡ t❡①t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ✈❡rs❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♣✉✲
❜❧✐❝♦✉ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s
t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s
❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✱ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡
❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s✉❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❛s ✷✵ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s
❙❆◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
s✐st❡♠❛s ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡ ❯♥✐① é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❞❛ ✭
❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s t❡①t♦s✱ ♦ ❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛✲
●❯❊▲✱
çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛
❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st ✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾
✭
❚❍■❆●❆❘❆❏❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✹
❉❘▼
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛
❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❘✐❣❤ts ▼❛✲
✾✶
♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✲ ❉❘▼✳
❍á ♠✉✐t❛ ❝♦♥tr♦✈érs✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛
❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✳ ❈♦❤❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❝✐t❛ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s à ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧❡✐ ♣r♦í❜❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s
❝❛s♦s ❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❉s ❡ ✜❧♠❡s ❡♠ ❉❱❉s ✷ ✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s s❡♥t❡♠✲s❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s
❞✐r❡✐t♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ t❡♥❞♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♠í❞✐❛✳ ▼❛s ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ♠❛✐s
❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs♦✿ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r❡✈ê q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡t❡♥t♦r❡s ❞♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s r❡❝❡❜❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣♦r s✉❛s ♦❜r❛s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❛té ❛ r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s s♦❜ ❛ ❚r✉st❡❞
❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❆❧❧✐❛♥❝❡ ✲ ❚❈P❆✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❍P✱ ■❇▼✱ ■♥t❡❧ ❡ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ♣r❡✈ê❡♠ ❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❘▼ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✭❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❖s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s ❝✐♥❡♠❛t♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❚❱✮
❛❧❡❣❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s s✉❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣✐r❛t❛r✐❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
❝♦♠♦ ❉❘▼ ✭▲■❯❀ ❙❆❋❆❱■✲◆❆■◆■❀ ❙❍❊PP❆❘❉✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♣♦r tr❛t❛r✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠
❧✐❝❡♥ç❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛❢❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳ ❊st✉❞❛✲s❡
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❘▼ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❆ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✈❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱
❝♦♠ ❝rít✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ à q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ à r❡str✐çã♦ à ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦
❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r
❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✭❙❆▼❯❊▲❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ♦ t❡♠❛ s✉s❝✐t❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ❝♦❣✐t❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❆❘❑❊◆❇❖❯❚❀ ❉■❏❑❀ ❲■❏❈❑✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
◆ã♦ ❜❛st❛ss❡♠ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❤á ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛
♣❡❧♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❧❡♥t♦ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ♦
♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s ✭❑❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✺
❉▼❈❆
❆♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✽✱ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
▼✐❧❧❡♥♥✐✉♠ ❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ❆❝t ✲ ❉▼❈❆✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ✭●■❇❇❙✱
✷✵✵✵✮✱ tr♦✉①❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❊❧❛
✷ ❊♠
❣❡r❛❧✱ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❈❉s ❡ ❉❱❉s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ é ✈❡❞❛❞❛✳
✾✷
❞✐③✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ s❡çã♦ ✶✷✵✶✱ q✉❡ ✏◆❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣♦❞❡rá ❧✉❞✐❜r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❛ ❧❡✐✑ ✭❈▲❆❘❑✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡✲s❡ ❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♣♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥❛✐s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳
❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s s♦❜ ❛ ❉▼❈❆ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
❞❡❝r②♣t ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❙❝r❛♠❜❧✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ✮ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❉❱❉s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s
❉❡❈❙❙ ✭
❛❜❡rt♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ▲✐♥✉① ✭❞♦s três ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ♣♦st❛❞♦ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❞♦✐s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❙❤❛✇♥
❋❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞♦ ◆❛♣st❡r✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛ ❞❡
❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♠✉s✐❝❛✐s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❧✐❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡
❛s ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r❛s✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛❣♦s✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✻
❆
❙❉▼■
❙❡❝✉r❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✉s✐❝ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ✲ ❙❉▼■ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ❉❘▼ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✭❑❲❖❑
❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛s ❞✬á❣✉❛
❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❙✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡stá
❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞❡sã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❙♦♥②✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❡ ❲❛r♥❡r✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✼
❈P❘▼
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦
❈♦♥t❡♥t Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❘❡❝♦r❞❛❜❧❡ ▼❡❞✐❛ ✲ ❈P❘▼ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶ ♣❡✲
❧♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ■❇▼✱ ■♥t❡❧✱ ▼❛ts✉s❤✐t❛ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❡ ❚♦s❤✐❜❛✱ ❡♠ ❛❞❡sã♦ à ❙❉▼■ ✭◆❊❚❲❖❘❑
❙❊❈❯❘■❚❨✱
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦rtát❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❧❡✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦s ♥♦
❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❩■P ❡ ❧❡✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ▼P✸✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡
❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭●❊◆●▲❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✽
❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t
❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛t❡♥t❛❞♦s t❡rr♦r✐st❛s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ❡♠ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦
♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✶ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧❡✐s ❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜✲
❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛ r❡❢♦rç❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛t♦s ❞❡ t❛❧ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❧❡✐s
❯♥✐t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❙tr❡♥❣t❤❡♥✐♥❣
❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ❜② Pr♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❆♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❚♦♦❧s ❘❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ■♥t❡r❝❡♣t ❛♥❞ ❖❜str✉❝t ❚❡rr♦r✐s♠
❆❝t ✲ ❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t✱ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s
♠❛✐s ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs❛s ❛ t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛
❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛çõ❡s t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s
✾✸
❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳ ◆ã♦ t❛r❞❛r❛♠ ❛ s✉r❣✐r ❛❧❡❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❡
❡st❡s ♥♦✈♦s ♣♦❞❡r❡s ❡st❛r✐❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜✉s♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
❡s♣✐♦♥❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❞✈❡rsár✐♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s r❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ✭▼❆❉❙❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❇✉s❤ s✐♥❛❧✐③❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❧❡✐✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛ ♠❡♥♦s
♣r♦♣❡♥s❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à
r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐t❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ s❡r✈✐r❡♠
❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s t❡rr♦r✐st❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❡sq✉✐✲
s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❞❡❢❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦✱ ✐st♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛
à ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❡ ❥á ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦
❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✭◗❯■◆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❊♠ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♦ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧❡✐s ❡
r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛té ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❧❡✲
❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♦
❝ré❞✐t♦ ✭❏❆❊●❊❘❀ ❇❊❘❚❖❚❀ ▼❈❈▲❯❘❊✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❘❊●❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆s ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡st❛ ♠♦❞✐✲
✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✉❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛çõ❡s ❝r✐♠✐♥❛✐s
❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stã♦ ♣♦r s❡r ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✾
❍■P❆❆
❆ ❧❡✐ ❍❡❛❧t❤ ■♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ P♦rt❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t❛❜✐❧✐t② ❆❝t ✲ ❍■P❆❆✱ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡♠
✶✾✾✻ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦
s❡t♦r ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ís✱ tr♦✉①❡ ❞♦✐s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s
❡♠ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s✿ ✉♠❛ r❡❢♦r♠❛ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦s ❞❡
s❛ú❞❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ✐♠♣❡❞✐t✐✈❛s ❛♦
s❡❣✉r♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à
r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s
❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ✭▼❊❘❈❯❘■✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❇✉s❝❛✈❛✲s❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ♦ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠é❞✐❝❛s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡ tr❛❢❡❣❛❞♦s ✭❍❊▲❱❊❨ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r✲
s❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❛❧✈❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡
✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✮✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛s ♣r❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞❛s✱
❛s ♠✉❧t❛s ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡①❝❡❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❯❙✩✷✵✵✳✵✵✵ ❡ ❛s ♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♣r✐sã♦
♣♦❞❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛té ✶✵ ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r à ❧❡✐✱ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s tê♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐❞♦
à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ s❛❧✈❛❣✉❛r❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s à ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ tr❛t❛♠✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❛t❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛s
✾✹
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s à ❧❡✐ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞✐❛ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣r❛③♦ ❢♦✐ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r
♠❛✐s ✶✷ ♠❡s❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ✶✷ ♠❡s❡s
♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣♦rt❡✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❡♠ ✈❡③
❞❡ s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ r✉✐♠ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s
♠❛❧ ❢❡✐t❛s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ ✉♠ ❡♥✲
t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ à
✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ✭❈❖▲▲▼❆◆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❆▲✲
❇❊❘❚❙❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❡♠ ✈✐❣♦r✱ ♣♦r s❡r
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ r✉♠♦ à ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦♠é❞✐❝♦s ❡ à ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❝✐❜❡r❡s♣❛ç♦✳
✺✳✽✳✶✳✶✵
❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡②
❆♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷✱ ♥❛ ❡st❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝â♥❞❛❧♦s ✜✲
♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❛s ❣✐❣❛♥t❡s ❊♥r♦♥ ✭❡♥❡r❣✐❛✮ ❡ ❲♦r❧❞❝♦♠ ✭t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✮✱ ❛ ❧❡✐
❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡② ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❛❜❡rt♦ ✭q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡r✲
❝✐❛♠ s✉❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜♦❧s❛s ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✮✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s é ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s
❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠ ❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ✏✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s
❞❡ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✑ ✭❙❈❍❯▲❚❩✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❆ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞á ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ ❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st❡s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛♦
♣r♦✈❡r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❣♦r❛ ✈ê❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❧❡❣❛❧ ❛♦s s❡✉s ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦s✿ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r✲s❡
q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉ q✉❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠❛
tr✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡✲
❧♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭■❙❆❈❋✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱
✷✵✵✹❜✮ ❡ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✲ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝✉r✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❊①✲
❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✲ ❙❊❈✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✱ ♥✉♠❛
❛çã♦ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛❞❛ à ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ▼♦❜✐❧✐ár✐♦s ✭❈❱▼✮ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❆ ❧❡✐ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛♠ ❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❜♦❧s❛s ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♠ s❡❞❡ ❡♠
♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s✳
✺✳✽✳✷
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦
❖ P❛r❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝♦ ❛♣r♦✈♦✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽ ♦ ❉❛t❛ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆❝t✱ ❧❡✐ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ❛s
✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ♥❛t✉r❡③❛s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡♥❤❛♠ ❡ ✉s❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s
✾✺
♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ♦ ❢❛ç❛♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ✭❯❑✲❉❚■✱ ✷✵✵✹❝✮✳ ❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❇❙✼✼✾✾
✭♥♦r♠❛ ✼✼✾✾ ❞♦ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ■♥st✐t✉t❡✱ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛ s♦❜ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾
❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ s♦❜ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ◆❇❘✴✶✼✼✾✾ ❞❛ ❆❇◆❚✮✳ ❈✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❉❛t❛
Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆❝t ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s
♠í❞✐❛s✳
❖ ❯❑ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❚r❛❞❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❞✉str② ✲ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦
❡ ■♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ❝r✐♦✉ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦
❞❛ ❧❡✐✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
✈ír✉s ❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ✭❯❑✲❉❚■✱ ✷✵✵✹❞✮ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛s
❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❯❑✲❉❚■✱ ✷✵✵✹❛✮✳
❖✉tr❛ ❧❡✐ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ é ♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼✐s✉s❡ ❆❝t ✭❯❑✲❉❚■✱ ✷✵✵✹❜✮✱ ❞❡
✶✾✾✵✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡✈✐♥❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s
❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ✉s✉❛❧✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❛❞♦t❛♠ tê♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐r ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✭❋❯▲❋❖❘❉❀
❉❖❍❊❘❚❨✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ▼❛② ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦✱ ✽✽✪ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✶✺✵ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ❛✜r♠❛r❛♠ q✉❡
❛❞♦t❛r✐❛♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✽✪ ♦ ❢❛③✐❛♠ ✲ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✜✲
❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❇❙✼✼✾✾ é ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
♦✉✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐t❛r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✜❝❛r ❛ ❝❛r❣♦ ❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜♦tt♦♠✲✉♣ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡s✲
s♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❧❡s ❛s❝❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛té ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✮ ❡ ♦♥❡r♦s❛✳
✺✳✽✳✸
❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛
❆ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛
❊✉r♦ ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧
tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❜♦❥♦
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ✲ ❯❊ ❡ ❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❡❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦
s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭❇❘❆❉▲❊❨✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♠❛s
✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❊ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s
✾✻
à ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡r❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛
✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à ♠❡s♠❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛s
❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✲ ❝✐t❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ▼♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣
❢♦r ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✭●▼❊❙✮✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❝✐✈✐❧ ✭❍❆❘❘■❙❀ ❇❘❖❲◆■◆●✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡♠❡♥t❡s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s é ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠
♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛
❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❡st❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱
❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❜❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❡❊✉r♦♣❡✑ ✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ q✉❡ t❡✈❡
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣❛ss♦s ♠❛✐s ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❯❊ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❝♦♠
♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❧í♥❣✉❛s ❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s✲♠❡♠❜r♦s ✭❯❊✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
◆♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❯❊ ❛❞♦t♦✉ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s
♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✿
• ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s❀
• ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♥✲
❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♥♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❜✮❀
• ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡✉r♦♣❡✉ ❞❡ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
• ♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦❀
• ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦❀
• ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❧❡❣❛❧ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s
❢♦✐ ❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ P❛r❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊✉r♦♣❡✉ ❞❛ ❉✐r❡t✐✈❛ ✾✺✴✹✻✱ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆
❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❛✮✱ ✭❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✺❜✮❀
• ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s❀
• ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❯❊✳
✺✳✽✳✹
❖❈❉❊
❆ ❖❈❉❊ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✸✵ ♣❛ís❡s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ✲ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧
♥ã♦ s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ✲ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❣❧♦❜♦ ❡ t❡♠ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦
✾✼
✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡♠❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡
✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✳ ❙❡❞✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ P❛r✐s✱ ♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s
♦♥❞❡ s❡ r❡q✉❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ís❡s ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♥t❡♠ã♦ s❛❧✐❡♥t❡♠✲s❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡
❝✐✈✐❧ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✷❛❀ ▼❈■◆❚❖❙❍✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ●❘❆▼❇❊❘●❊❘✱
✷✵✵✶✮✱ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡
❛♦ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ à ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✶❝✮✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❚■ ♥♦s
♣❛ís❡s✲♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✭❄❄✮✳ ❉❡st❛q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠ r❡❧❛tór✐♦
❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❖❈❉❊✱
✷✵✵✶❞✮✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥t❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ♥♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♥❞♦
✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❖ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ♣❛ís❡s✲♠❡♠❜r♦s ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à
♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❡♠ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s à ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠
♥♦✈❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✿
✶✳ ❛t❡♥çã♦✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❛❧❡rt❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠
s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ✭♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r
♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✷✳ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡✲
♠❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s❀
✸✳ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛❣✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥❛ ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✹✳ ét✐❝❛✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t❛r ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❧❡❣ít✐♠♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥✲
t❡s❀
✺✳ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❛✿ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s
❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝❛❀
✻✳ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡
r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜ s✉❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛❀
✼✳ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✾✽
✽✳ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❞❛
❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✾✳ r❡❛✈❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡✈❡r ❡ r❡❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡
r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♣rát✐❝❛s✱
♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
✺✳✽✳✺
❇r❛s✐❧
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵ t❡♠✲s❡ ❞❛❞♦ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❡ ❥✉rí❞✐❝♦s
q✉❡ ♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✳ ❆té ❡♥tã♦✱ ♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s s♦❜ ❛ ó♣t✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠
q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❛♠✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❢r❛✉❞❡ ♦✉ ❢❛❧s✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❥✉r✐st❛
r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧✳
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❧❡✐s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠❛s r❡✲
❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✱
♠❛s t❛✐s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ tr❛♠✐t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈❡rá ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝❛r❡❝❡
❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s à s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶
◆❇❙❖
❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ❈❊❘❚ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ t❡♠❛ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♦ ◆❇❙❖ ✏é ♦ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡✲
❝❡❜❡r✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ r❡❞❡s
◆❇❙❖✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s à ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✑ ✭
❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈❊❘❚ ❡♠ â♠❜✐t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱
♦ ◆❇❙❖ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s✱ ❝✉rs♦s✱ t❡①t♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ â♠❜✐t♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✷
❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽
❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❈❛rt❛ ▼❛❣♥❛ ♦✉t♦r❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✲
✈❡r♥♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ✭✶✾✻✹✲✶✾✽✺✮✱ ❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✽ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s
à ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛✜❛♥ç❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♠❛s
❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s t❡❧❡❣rá✜❝❛s✱
✾✾
❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛s✱ s❛❧✈♦ ❛ s✉❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ♣♦r ♦r❞❡♠ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ✭❇❘❆✲
◦
❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❆rt✳ ✺ ✱ ❳■■✮✳ ❘❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦✉✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞♦
❤❛❜❡❛s✲❝♦r♣✉s ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱
◦
◦
❆rt✳ ✺ ✱ ▲❳❱■■■✮ ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐✲s❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❤❛❜❡❛s✲❞❛t❛ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❆rt✳ ✺ ✱ ▲❳❳■■✮✱ ❞❡st✐♥❛✲
❞❛s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ à ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❡tr❛♥t❡ s♦❜ ❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ❞♦ P♦❞❡r Pú❜❧✐❝♦✳
❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ é ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐st♦ ♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛
r❡❝❡♥t❡ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ é ♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✏♥✐♥❣✉é♠ s❡rá
♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♦✉ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ s❡♥ã♦ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐✑ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱
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❆rt✳ ✺ ✱■■✮✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡st❛ ♠á①✐♠❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ♦✉tr❛s
❛çõ❡s ❝♦❡r❝✐t✐✈❛s ❞❡✈❡rá s❡ ❛t❡r ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s t❡①t♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s✳
❆s ❞✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s sã♦ r❡♠❡t✐❞❛s à ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦
✐♥❢r❛❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✏♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✑ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦
t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✑ é ❣r❛❢❛❞♦ ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛♠❜❛s ♥♦ ❆rt✳
✶✹✹✱ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ à ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✸
❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧ ✲ ❉❡❝r❡t♦✲▲❡✐
❖ ❉❡❝r❡t♦✲▲❡✐
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✷✳✽✹✵ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✹✵
n◦ ✷✳✽✹✵✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✹✵✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐ ♦
❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦
✲ ❈P❇ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✹✵✮✳ ❙ã♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈P❇✱
s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❧❡✐ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝á✲❧♦ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛ tr❛♠✐t❛r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
◆♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ❢♦✐ ❛ ▲❡✐
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✾✳✾✽✸✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ às ❞❡♠❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❈P❇ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦
♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ❥✉r✐st❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❛❝rô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡
r❡q✉❡r s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❡ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✹
❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✲ ▲❡✐
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✶✵✳✹✵✻ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷
❖ ♥♦✈♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✮ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦
✲ ♦ P♦❞❡r ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈♦ ❡①t❡♥❞❡✉ ❛té ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✻ ♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡♠ ❛♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦✳
r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s à ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❊♠ s❡✉ t❡①t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á
✶✵✵
✺✳✽✳✺✳✺
❉❡❝r❡t♦
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✸✳✺✵✺ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵
❊st❡ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛ ❛ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱
❝✉❥♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s sã♦ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✵❛✱ ❆rt✳ ✶ ◦ ✮✿
✶✳ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❛♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ à ✐♥✈✐♦✲
❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ✐♥t✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♦ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉✲
♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♥♦s t❡r♠♦s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ♥❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦❀
✷✳ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡r❡ç❛♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❀
✸✳ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s❀
✹✳ ✉s♦ s♦❜❡r❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦
❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❡ ❞✉❛✐s❀
✺✳ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✻✳ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✲t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❛ís ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ♥❛ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦❀ ❡
✼✳ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❋❡✲
❞❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❛
s✉❛ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛r ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥✈✐♦❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠
❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛✲
s❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝❛✳ ❖ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ❝r✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞♦③❡ ♠✐♥✐stér✐♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ✉♠
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ●❡stã♦ ❊str❛té❣✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛tr✐✲
❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡ss♦r❛r ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛✲❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡
❛♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡❝r❡t♦✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✻
❉❡❝r❡t♦
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✸✳✺✽✼ ❞❡ ✺ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵
❊st❡ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ■♥❢r❛✲❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s
❞♦ P♦❞❡r ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✲ ■❈P✲●♦✈ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✵❜✮✱ ❛çã♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛
❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ♥♦
✶✵✶
♣❛ís✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❡♠
s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣r❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛✳
❊st❡ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s à s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ♦rç❛♠❡♥tár✐❛✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲
♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ▼❡❞✐❞❛ Pr♦✈✐sór✐❛
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✺✳✽✳✺✳✼
n◦
✷✳✷✵✵✱ ❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡✈♦❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦
✸✳✾✾✻✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ■❈P✲●♦✈ t❡✈❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ ♠✉❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧✳
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✸✳✽✼✷ ❞❡ ✶✽ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶
❉✐s♣õ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ●❡st♦r ❞❛ ■♥❢r❛✲❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✲
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✶❛✮✳
❈●■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧ ✭
❈r✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ❈♦♠✐tê r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❛
■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✽
▼❡❞✐❞❛ Pr♦✈✐sór✐❛
❊st❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐ ❛
✭
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✶❝✮✱
n◦
✷✳✷✵✵✱ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶
■♥❢r❛✲❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡s Pú❜❧✐❝❛s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✲ ■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧
tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛
❛✉t❛rq✉✐❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧✱ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡ ❞á✲❧❤❡ ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦
❞❡ ❆✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛ ❘❛✐③ ❞❛ ■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✾
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✸✳✾✾✻ ❞❡ ✸✶ ❞❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶
❉✐s♣õ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♠♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐s✲
❇❘❆❙■▲✱
tr❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭
✷✵✵✶❜✮✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ t❛✐s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡✈❡rã♦ ❡st❛r
s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞♦s à ■❈P✲❇r❛s✐❧✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✵
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✹✳✵✼✸ ❞❡ ✸ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷ ❡ ▲❡✐
n◦
✽✳✶✺✾✱ ❞❡ ✽ ❞❡
❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✶
❖ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ▲❡✐
n◦
✽✳✶✺✾✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❞✐s♣õ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛r✲
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✱ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛♦
q✉✐✈♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ✭
❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ✲ ❈❖◆❆❘◗ ❛ ✏❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s
❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡r❝❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ à ♣r♦✲
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ❆rt✳ ✶◦ ✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r
t❡çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✑ ✭
❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ✲ ❙■◆❆❘✱ q✉❡ t❡♠
♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✏✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ❆rt✳ ✶✵✮✳
à ❣❡stã♦✱ à ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✑ ✭
✶✵✷
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✶
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✹✳✸✼✻ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷ ❡ ▲❡✐
n◦
✾✳✽✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡
❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾
❖ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦
■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✲ ❙❇■◆✱ ✐♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐
◦
✶✾✾✾✳ ❊✐s ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣õ❡ s❡✉ ❆rt✐❣♦ ✶ ✭
✏ §1
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n◦
❇❘❆❙■▲✱
✾✳✽✽✸ ✭
❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡
✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❝✱ ❆rt✳ ✶◦ ✮✿
❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡
♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❛ís✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s ❛♦ Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
§2◦
❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥✲
çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡❝✐sór✐♦ ❞♦ P♦❞❡r ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥♦
t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧❛ s❛❧✈❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ❞❡
❛ss✉♥t♦s s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✑✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✷
❉❡❝r❡t♦
n◦
✹✳✺✺✸ ❞❡ ✷✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷
❉✐s♣õ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s❛❧✈❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s
❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✷❞✮✳
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭
❊st❡ ❞❡❝r❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❛❧♦r❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❛
r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦rr♦❣❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ ✏✉❧tr❛✲s❡❝r❡t♦✑
❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✸
▲❡✐
n◦
✾✳✻✶✵✱ ❞❡ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✾✽
❊st❛ é ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❛✉t♦r❛❧✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♦❜r❛s✳ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ♠♦r❛✐s ❡ ♣❛tr✐♠♦♥✐❛✐s ❞♦
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❛✉t♦r ✭
✺✳✽✳✺✳✶✹
▲❡✐
n◦
✾✳✾✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵
❊st❛ ❧❡✐ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠
❛❝❡ss♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ❡ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♥ã♦✱ ✐♥s✐r❛♠ ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s
❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✵❝✮✳
❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ✭
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠
❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s✳
✶✵✸
✺✳✾
P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡
✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✲ ❛s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❙ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s
♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♠❛✐s
❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✳
✺✳✾✳✶
■❚❙❊❈
❖ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛ ✲ ■❚❙❊❈ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✱
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❡ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛✳ ❊♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦
♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐✲
❛✐s ✭❋❖❘❉✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦
❈❖❇■❚ ❡ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛✳
✺✳✾✳✷
❈❖❇■❚
❊♠ ✶✾✾✽ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ✲ ■❚●■✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦
❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛
❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛✱ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❚■✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s
é ♦ ❣✉✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
✲ ❈❖❇■❚✱ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ❡ ❝✉❥♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛❧✈♦ sã♦
♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❛✉❞✐t♦r❡s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭■❚
●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❈❖❇■❚ sã♦ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✭■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✹❛✮✿
• s✉♠ár✐♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ ❣✉✐❛ ✭■❚
●❖❱❊❘✲
✱ ✷✵✵✵❜✮❀
◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊
•
❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱
q✉❡ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦
✶✵✹
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ✭■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱
✷✵✵✵❝✮✿
✕ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦❀
✕ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀
✕ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡❀ ❡
✕ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳
• ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛
s❡r ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❚■ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱
✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ✭■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✵❛✮❀
• ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡
❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s❀
• ❧✐♥❤❛s ♠❡str❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❡ ❚■ ✭■❚
●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✵❡✮❀ ❡
• ❧✐♥❤❛s ♠❡str❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛✱ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♥❞♦ ✸✹ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚■✱ ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦✈ê✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ rá♣✐❞♦ ✭❈❖❇■❚ ◗✉✐❝❦❙t❛rt ✮ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❈❖❇■❚ ✭■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✱
✷✵✵✵❞✮✳
✺✳✾✳✸
❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛ ✲ ❈❈ é ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡✐s ♣❛ís❡s
❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ✭◆■❆P✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮✿
• ❈❛♥❛❞á✿
• ❋r❛♥ç❛✿
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊st❛❜❧✐s❤♠❡♥t
❀
❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❧❛ ❙é❝✉r✐té ❞❡s ❙②stè♠❡s ❞✬■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
• ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛✿
• ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛✿
❇✉♥❞❡s❛♠t ❢ür ❙✐❝❤❡r❤❡✐t ✐♥ ❞❡r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥st❡❝❤♥✐❦
❀
◆❡t❤❡r❧❛♥❞s ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❆❣❡♥❝②
• ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦✿
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✲❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ●r♦✉♣
❀❡
❀
❀
✶✵✺
•
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✿
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭◆■❙❚✮ ❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❆❣❡♥❝② ✭◆❙❆✮✳
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✺✹✵✽✳
❙❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é s❡r ✉s❛❞♦
❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚■✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱
♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s ❛ s❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐✲
❛çã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ t❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠
♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ s❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ✉s♦ sã♦ t♦❧❡rá✈❡✐s✳
❙❡✉
♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛❧✈♦ sã♦ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❚■
q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
◆■❆P✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮✿
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ♣❛rt❡s ✭
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✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s s❡❣✉✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛
♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❡
❞❡✜♥✐r s❡✉s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s❀
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r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉♥✲
❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠✲
◆■❆P✱ ✷✵✵✸❜✮❀ ❡
♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✭
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r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛
❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s
❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♦✉
s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛✱
❝♦♠ ❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ✏❣✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r✑ ❡ ✏❣✉✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✑✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ q✉❡ ✏q✉❡ ♦ ❣✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡
◆■❆P✱ ✷✵✵✸❝✮✳
❝♦♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s✉♣r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✑ ✭
❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ◆❆❙❆ ❡ ♦ ❉♦❉✱
♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❙❝❤❡❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
q✉❡♠ ❛ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✺✹✵✽ ♥ã♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ✏♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é s❡❣✉r♦❄✑✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐t❛s s❡❣✉r❛s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡
✶✵✻
s❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ♣r❡✲
♦❝✉♣❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡
s✐st❡♠❛s ♥❡❧❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳
✺✳✾✳✹
❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á s❡ ❞✐ss❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s
r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛s ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❙❡✉ ❣✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
é s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ❝♦❧♦q✉✐❛❧ ✭●❯❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ s✉❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾ t❛♠❜é♠ é
❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❣✉✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ q✉❡stõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛
❞❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s ✭❚❍■❆●❆❘❆❏❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✿
❙❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❡st❛ ❛❞❡✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦
❙❆◆❙✳ ❊✐s ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦
❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✭❙❆◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✿
❖s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❁◆♦♠❡ ❞❛ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦❃ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❡①♣❡❝✲
t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❡♠✱ r❡❝❡❜❛♠ ♦✉ ❡♥✈✐❡♠ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
✺✳✾✳✺
❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾ ❡ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✷✼✵✵✶✿✷✵✵✺
❏á ❢♦✐ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝❛ ❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✏❈♦❞❡ ♦❢ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✑ ❢♦✐ ❛♠♣❧✐❛❞❛ ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ■❙❖ s♦❜ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ■❙❖✴■❊❈
✶✼✼✾✾✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❆❇◆❚ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶ s♦❜ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ◆❇❘ ✶✼✼✾✾✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦
❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ■❙❖ ✷✼✵✵✶✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❆
❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s t♦
t❤❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✭●▼■❚❙✮ ✭■❙❖✴■❊❈ ❚❘ ✶✸✸✸✺✲✷✱
✶✾✾✼✮✱
♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♠❡str❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rá ❝♦♥t❡r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✭❆❇◆❚✱
✷✵✵✷✮✿
✶✵✼
• ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛s ❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦
❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r❀
• ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦❀
• ❜r❡✈❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s à ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❡ à ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀
• ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦
♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s❀ ❡
• r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s à ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ à ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✳
❆✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ◆❇❘ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛
♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ár❡❛s ✭❆❇◆❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✿
✶✳ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀
✷✳ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✸✳ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s❀
✹✳ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀
✺✳ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s❀
✻✳ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✼✳ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✽✳ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦❀ ❡
✾✳ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✳
❚♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐❣✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡✲
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛r✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ✐♥❝✐♣✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡ ■♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❡✐♥♦
❯♥✐❞♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❛ t♦r♥❛r ❛ ❇❙✼✼✾✾ ✉♠❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❧❡❣❛❧ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺ ✭▼❆❨✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❡✱ ❛♦
r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ❣❧♦❜♦✱ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛ q✉❛♥t✐❛s
❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡✐s✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é
✶✵✽
✉♠ t❡♠❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭P❖❙❚❍❯▼❯❙❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❲■▲▲■❆▼❙✱
✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❙ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t♦r♥❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s
♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙❆◆❙ ■♥st✐t✉t❡✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ é
♥❛rr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❚♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡♣r♦❥❡t❛r s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡tr❡✐♥❛r ♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧
❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
✺✳✶✵
❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦
❆ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ✉♠
❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❲❆▲❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ❋❖▲❚❩❀ ❈❘❖◆❆◆❀
❏❖◆❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ✭●❆❯◆❚✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s
❞❡ ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭❙▼■❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❖s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❡❢❡t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❥á tê♠ s✉❛ ✐♠✲
♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ r❡ss❛❧t❛❞❛ ✭▼❆❘❈■◆❈❖❲❙❑■❀ ❙❚❆◆❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ t❡r✲s❡ ✉♠❛
❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡rá s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ✲ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♠❡❞✐✲
❞❛s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛♣ós s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❋♦❧t③✱ ❈r♦♥❛♥ ❡ ❏♦♥❡s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐✲
♦♥❛✐s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✱ ♠❛s é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ♦r✲
❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭❍Ö◆❊❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✮✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛r❡③❛ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s
❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✭❍Ö◆❊❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✳
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦
❞❡❝♦rr❡ ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❜✉s❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✳ ❇♦❡❤♠✲❉❛✈✐s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱
❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛í ♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s✳ ❊st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱
❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳
✶✵✾
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s é ❛ ❝❛♣t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ à
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é r❡ss❛❧t❛❞♦ ♣♦r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s
♣❡r✜s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♦✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛rã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛rã♦ ❡
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛rã♦✿ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r✐r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛
✭
❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
✺✳✶✵✳✶
❆ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ❢❛❧♦✉✲s❡ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r✐r✲s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲
❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❱✐st❛s ❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡
❛❧♠❡❥❛♠ ♥♦rt❡❛r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❛❞✈♦❣❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣❡r✐♦s❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ à ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s
s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡❣❡♠ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦✳
❆ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛r❛♠
✏♦s ✶✵ ♣❡❝❛❞♦s ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s✑ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
✶✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❣❡stã♦
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀
✷✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ♥ã♦
❛♣❡♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦❀
✸✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛
♠✉❧t✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♥t❛s ❡ ❛❝❛❜❛❞❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ às ♠❡s♠❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s❀
✹✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡❛r ❡♠ r✐s❝♦s
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s❀
✺✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦✉ s✉❜❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✻✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛❜s♦❧✉✲
t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧❀
✶✶✵
✼✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛çã♦
sã♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s❀
✽✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧❀
✾✳ ◆ã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀ ❡
✶✵✳ ◆ã♦ ❞❛r ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✱ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s
❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ✏❛❞ ❤♦❝✑ ✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡
s❡ r❡♣♦rt❛ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s✿ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛
❣❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦✳
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❱❡r♠❡✉❧❡♥ ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❡♠
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ q✉❡
♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛✳
❙❦♦✉❧❛r✐❞♦✉ ❡ ❙♣✐♥❡❧❧✐s ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠♦✲
♥✐t♦r❡s ✭❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦✱ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦r
✉s✉ár✐♦s✮✱ ✜r❡✇❛❧❧s ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s
❞❡ r❡❞❡s✳
❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❢♦rç♦
à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s✳
❋✉❧❢♦r❞ ❡ ❉♦❤❡rt② ✭✷✵✵✸✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦✱ ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❊♠ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s t❡①t♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞á ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ r❡❛❧ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿
❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❡❧❛ ❡st✐✈❡ss❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡✱
❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
✶✶✶
✺✳✶✶
❆ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐✲
❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
▼✉✐t❛s sã♦ ❛s ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢❛❧❤❛♠✳ ❊♠
✈ár✐❛s ❞❡st❛s✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡
❜❛s❡♦✉ ❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛ss✐✈♦s✱ à ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✈✐❡ss❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧tá✲
❧♦s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❥á ❡st❛✈❛ ❡rr❛❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ s❡✉s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✭
❊st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✿ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥
✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ✏s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❡♠✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦
❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s r✐s❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦s✑ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stá
✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✿ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦t✐③❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s r✐s❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱
❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉✲
❧❛çã♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱
❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛❞♦çã♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡st❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s
s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✶✶✷
✻
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦
♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s
s♦❝✐❛✐s
✻✳✶
■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ sã♦✱ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐✲
❆
❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r
✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ✈ê ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ r❡✲
❝❡♣t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♥❡♠ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❡tó❞✐❝♦✱ q✉❡stõ❡s s♦❜r❡
♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧✱ ♣♦r ❡❧❛s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ✭♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❝❛ót✐❝❛✮✱
❛♥❛❧✐s❡♠✲s❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❧✐ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛❜❛r❝❛ ❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❧✐ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ é ✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✲
❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜ ✈ár✐♦s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s✳
✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ❛ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✭❍❊◆❊❙❙❨❀
❆ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ✭❇❖▲▲❖❏❯❀
❇❆❇❈❖❈❑✱
❑❍❆▲■❋❆❀ ❚❯❘❇❆◆✱
✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛
♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞♦s s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❞❡❜r✉ç❛♠✲s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✭❇❖▲▲❖❏❯❀
❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❈❘❖❚❊❆❯❀
❑❍❆▲■❋❆❀ ❚❯❘❇❆◆✱
❇❊❘●❊❘❖◆✱
✷✵✵✷✮
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s
à ❣❡r❛çã♦ ♦✉ à ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s✱ r❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✲
❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♦ r❡ss❛❧t❛r s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝❛rát❡r tr❛♥s❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❡ ♦ s❡✉ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠
❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭✏ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ✧ ✲ ✭❙❆❘❆❈❊❱■❈✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✮✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
✶✶✸
❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ó♣t✐❝❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❇❆❚❊❙✱ ✶✾✾✾❀
❈❍❯❘❈❍▼❆◆✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✱ ♦r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ó♣t✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❛
❡①t❡r♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭▲■▼❆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ tê♠
s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡♠♣r❡
❛❢❛st❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦ r❡❞✉❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐st❛ q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③♦✉ t❛✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r
❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ✭P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❈✉♠♣r❡
♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲
♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ àq✉❡❧❡s ♠❛♥✐❢❡st♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡
♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡✈♦❧✉ír❛♠ ❞❛ ♠❡r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❡✉r❛✐s✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✐❜✐çã♦ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ P❛✈❧♦✈✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s
❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡stí♠✉❧♦s ✈✐♥❞♦s ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛
♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✈❡✐♦ ♣r❡❡♥✲
❝❤❡r ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ét✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
❞❡ ❞❡♠✐ssã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ✭●■▲▲■▲❆◆❉❀ ❙❈❍❊P❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❯♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ é ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✉❜♠❡t❡r ❛ t❡s✲
t❡s ♣s✐❝♦té❝♥✐❝♦s ♦s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❛ ♣♦st♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s
✈❡③❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣s✐q✉✐s♠♦ ❡①❛❝❡r❜❛❞♦ ✭P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉✲
tr❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❛❝r❡s❝✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡
❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ q✉❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦
♠❡✐♦✱ ❡stá✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛❀ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡ s✉❛s ❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛s✱ r❡❝♦rr❡✲s❡ à ❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛❀ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ♦
❡st✉❞♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ é ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❆♥tr♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❇❆❚❊❙✱
✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❊✐s ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
♣❡❧❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✿ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❣❡r❛❞❛✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛✱ tr❛t❛❞❛ ❡
tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ é ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❣r✉♣❛❧✱ s❡❥❛ t❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ♦✉ ❡①t❡r♥♦ às ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
✶✶✹
✻✳✷
■♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❞r❛♠❛t✉r❣✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧
❆s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛ r❡♠❡t❡♠ às ♦❜r❛s ❞❡ s♦❝✐ó❧♦❣♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♦❧❡②✱ ❚❤♦✲
♠❛s ❡ ▼❡❛❞✱ ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳ ❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✳ ❊st❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✲
❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ✈❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡
❝♦♠♦ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞á✲s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦s
❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦
❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱
❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛✐s ✭
✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❆♦ r❡❢❡r✐r✲s❡ à s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♦❜r❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧
❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ▼✐♥❞✱ ❙❡❧❢ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✹✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡
❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ ✏❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✐s♠♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✑✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✐s♠♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♥tã♦
❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ▼❡❛❞ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛✈❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ só ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡❧✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ r❡✈❡❧❛❞❛✱ í♥t✐♠❛✱ ❞♦ ❛t♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦
❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✱ t♦❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❣r✉♣❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡
♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❛t♦s ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛t♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s✲
♣♦st❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❣❡st♦s q✉❡
s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠
❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛♦s s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❣❡st♦s✳ ❖ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛s é ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s
r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣❡st♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s
❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❣r✉♣❛✐s ✭
❆s ✐❞é✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❡❛❞ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡✈✐st❛s ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❇❧✉♠❡r✱ q✉❡ ❡♠
s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✐s♠✱ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❡t❤♦❞✱ ❞❡ ✶✾✻✾✱ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡
sã♦✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s três ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦✿
✶✳ ❖ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❛❣❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❝♦✐s❛s ✭t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉✲
♠❛♥♦s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ✐❞é✐❛s✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✮ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❛s tê♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡❀
✷✳ ❖ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❛❞✈é♠ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉
❣r✉♣♦ s♦❝✐❛❧❀
✸✳ ❊st❡s s❡♥t✐❞♦s sã♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛✲
t✐✈♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛♦ tr❛t❛r ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦
q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s tê♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✈✐s❧✉♠❜r❛r ❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦
❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ ✐♥❛t♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐✲
t✉✐♥t❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❞❛ ♣s✐q✉❡✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s
✶✶✺
❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❡ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✭❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s
♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❜✮✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈✐st❛s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
❊ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦ é t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r
♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ s✉❛ ❛çã♦ ✭❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✱
s❡❥❛ ❡st❛ ❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛✳ ❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ à ✈✐sã♦ ❡♥tã♦ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛
s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡①✐st❡ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛
❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❇❧✉♠❡r s✉st❡♥t❛ q✉❡ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❛s r❡❣r❛s✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛r ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❧❤❡
sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s✳
❇❧✉♠❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱
❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❛t✉❛♠ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛ ❛❣✐r✱ ❡
♥ã♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛
✐♥t❡r♥❛ ♦✉ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡ r❡q✉❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❇❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❛❞✱ ❊r✈✐♥❣ ●♦r✛♠❛♥✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱
❚❤❡ Pr❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❡❧❢ ✐♥ ❊✈❡r②❞❛② ▲✐❢❡✱ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✾✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ tê♠
❛s ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❛ ❛❣✐r ❝♦♠
♦ ✐♥t❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❝❡rt❛s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❛♦s q✉❡ ♦s r♦❞❡✐❛♠✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡
t❡♥t❛♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s r❡❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛s
♣❡❧♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦
❞❡ ●♦r✛♠❛♥ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❧❝♦✱ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❛✉❞✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❛♣❡❧✱ ♣❡ç❛ ❡ ❛t♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡
♦✉tr♦s ❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❝ê♥✐❝♦✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s s✉❝✐♥t♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ●♦r✛♠❛♥✱ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ é ✈✐st♦ ♥ã♦
❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ✜♥❣✐♥❞♦ s❡r ♦✉ ✜♥❣✐♥❞♦ ❢❛③❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛
✭❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡ ❛♦
â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ â♠❜✐t♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡♣❛r❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠
♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✿ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ r❡❣r❛s ✭❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✮ q✉❡ s❡
♠♦str❛♠ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❝❤❛ç❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♦
✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s✱ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡✐s ♦✉ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈ê ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳
✻✳✸
❆ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛
❆ss♦❝✐❛♠✲s❡ à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❛s ✐❞é✐❛s t❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥ ❡♠ s✉❛s
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜❧♦só✜❝❛s✳ ❆❧✐✱ ❛♦ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
✶✶✻
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❛q✉✐ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s♦♠❛tór✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐✲
çõ❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡✐s ✲✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉✐r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛
❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦
♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛s
r❡❣r❛s✱ ❛❜r✐♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡rrô♥❡❛s ❡ ❛♠❜í❣✉❛s ✭❚❆❨▲❖❘✱
✶✾✾✸✮✳
◆❡st❡s t❡r♠♦s✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛s é ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♠♦❧❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s
❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ tr❛❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦
✭♦✉ ♥ã♦✮ às r❡❣r❛s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s r❡❣r❛s
r❡s✐❞❡ ♥❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦r✲
❧♦❝✉s
❞❡ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱
✷✵✵✷✱ ✶✾✾✸✮ ❡ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥ ✭❚❆❨▲❖❘✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❡
t❛♥t❡ à ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦
✭●❊❖❘●❊✱ ✷✵✵✵❀
q✉❡ s❡ r❡✢❡t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✏❤❛❜✐t✉s✑ ✭♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❣✐r s♦❝✐❛❧✮
❞❡ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉ ✭❊❱❊❘❊❚❚✱ ✷✵✵✷❀
▼❨▲❊❙✱
✷✵✵✹❀
❚❍❘❖❖P❀ ▼❯❘P❍❨✱
✷✵✵✶❀
●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱
✷✵✵✷❛✮✳
❖ ❣r❛✉ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣r❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ r❡✢❡t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ✭❡♠❜♦❞✐♠❡♥t ✮
♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛ ❡♠❛♥❛✳
❖✉tr❛ ✐♥❞❛❣❛çã♦ r❡♣♦✉s❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s r❡❣r❛s✿
♣♦r ♠❛✐s
q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ♠♦❧❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ❡st❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡
❞❛r ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s
♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡❣✉✐✲❧❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❣ü✐❞❛❞❡s ❧✐♥❣üíst✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❛❧✲❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦s
✭✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡✐s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❲✐tt❣❡♥st❡✐♥✮✳ ❘❡❣r❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛✉t♦✲❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ♥❡♠ ❛✉t♦✲❢♦r♠✉❧á✈❡✐s✿
❡❧❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉♥✐✈♦❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ tá❝✐t♦✱ ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s✱ t❛♥t♦
❞❡ s❡✉s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ ❛s s✐❣❛♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛
❝♦❡r❡♥t❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✳
◆♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣❛✲
❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ às ❢♦♥t❡s ❡ ❛❝❡r✈♦s ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡ tr❛❞✉③ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♦✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠
♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛s s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❞ú❜✐❛s✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ❡st❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱
❡①✐st❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠
❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✲
s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛❧✐ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱
✶✶✼
✉♠ ❞♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✐①❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à
❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✭q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s✮ ❡
♣❡❧♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s só❝✐♦✲❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳
✻✳✹ ❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
P❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♥t❡s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛
❛ s❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❙ã♦ ✉s✉❛✐s ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦
♦✉tr❛s ❞ã♦ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❜❛r❝❛r ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♥✲
❢♦r♠❡ ❥á s❡ ❞✐ss❡✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ✲ ❡❧❡ ✈✐✈❡ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥✲
t❡①t♦ ✭♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❡ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡st❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡
❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✻✳✶
❯♠
s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛tór✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦
♣ró♣r✐♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s❡ s✉st❡♥t❛♠✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✭s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❤❛r❞✲
✇❛r❡✱ r❡❞❡s✮ ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❚■ ❡ q✉❡ ❞ã♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✲
✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ t❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡
✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❧✐ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛s✳
❚♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s
✈✐s❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s à ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❛♦ s❡✉ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♦
s✉❥❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♦
❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦s ✲ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ✉♠ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡
s✉❜s✐st✐r s❡♠ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ✲ ❤❛✈❡rá ❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦❝♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡
❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ r❡s✉♠✐r t❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s✿
✶✶✽
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✻✳✷ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
é ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
✭❛í ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s✮ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tê♠ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛
❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s ô♥✉s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡①♣r❡ss♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ❜❡♠
❝♦♠♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣❛♣é✐s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❡ ✉s♦✳
❊st❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦
♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦
s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s✮ ❡ ❞♦ s❡✉
✉s♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛
r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ Pr♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ ❞❛r à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✉♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦
à ♣r♦t❡çã♦ à ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈♦s
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐st❛✳
❘❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛s
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳
✶✶✾
✼
P♦❧ít✐❝❛s s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s
s♦❝✐❛✐s ✲ ❣ê♥❡s❡✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ t✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧í✲
❊
t✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆♥t❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ✏♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✑ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜❡♠
❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦
♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✼✳✶
❆s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s
❆s r❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛
❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ❛❜❛r❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦
❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳
◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s sã♦ ✈✐st❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛
❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛ é q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛
❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥❡✲
❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✭❆❚❑■◆❙❖◆❀
❈❖▲❊▼❆◆✱
✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s s❡ ♣r❡st❛♠ ❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛
❞✐♥❛♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦✲
❧❡t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ✏♥♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s✑✱ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✭❈❆❘▲❙❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛ à ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦
❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❢✉t✉r❛s ✭❘■❙❚✱ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✵✶✮✳
❆ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s
s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ✈✐t❛❧ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✭P❆❙❙❨❀
✷✵✵✵✱ ✷✵✵✶❀
❊❯▲❆❯❀ ❘❖❚❍❊◆❇❊❘●✱
●■❯●◆■✱
✶✾✽✻✮✳ P❛r❛ ❇ör③❡❧ ✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✺✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦✱
✶✷✵
❛s r❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛t♦r❡s
♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r é ♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠
❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r♦ é ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛
♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✉♥✐❧❛t❡r❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s
✐♥t❡r♣❡ss♦❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✭❑❊❆❙❚
❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✺✮✳ ❉❡
♠♦❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛
❞❛s r❡❞❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡
✈ê✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❈❛st❡❧❧s ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡tá❢♦r❛ ❣❛♥❤❛ ♠❛✐s ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ s❡ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛
r❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ s♦❜ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✳ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às r❡❞❡s ❡stã♦
❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s
q✉❡ tê♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❡ ♠❛✐s
❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ s❡t♦r✐❛❧ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ s✉❜✲s❡t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❆s
❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✭P❆❘❙❖◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✾✮✳ ❯♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡❞❡s é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽✳
❈r✐tér✐♦
❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s
■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❘❡❞❡s
❆❧t❛
❇❛✐①❛
❆❧t❛
❇❛✐①❛
❇❛✐①❛
❆❧t❛
P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦
❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲
➪r❡❛s ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦✱
❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❖s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥tr♦✈érs✐❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♦✉ ár❡❛s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦s
tê♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛r✳
✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
♦s
♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥✲
t❡s
■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦
❛♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❆❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛
❞♦s
t❡♠❛s
❞❡
✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
❞❡
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽✿ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❘❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❛rs♦♥s ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣❣✳ ✶✾✵✮ ❡ ❇❧♦♠✲
❍❛♥s❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✼✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✶✮✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ às r❡❞❡s ❡ às ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s é ♦ ❞❛s ❝♦❛❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❞✈♦❝❛✲
❝✐❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ é ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❡❧✐t❡✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❛s ❝r❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❡①❡r❝❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r
❞❡ ✈❡t♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ é ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♠♦❞❡st♦✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜s✐s✲
t❡♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❤á ✉♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❛❧✐sõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❡❝✐sór✐♦ ✭❙❆❇❆❚■❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✽✮✱ ❡ às q✉❛✐s s❡ ♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ♦r✲
❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠
❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛r ❡st❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏▼P ❞♦ ❇❡♠✑ ✭s❛♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ s♦❜ ❛ ▲❡✐
n◦
✶✶✳✶✾✻✴✷✵✵✺✮✱
✶✷✶
♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦❛❧✐sõ❡s ✜❝❛r❛♠ ♣❛t❡♥t❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ à
❡s❢❡r❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
❆ss♦❝✐❡✲s❡ ❛ ✐st♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ tê♠ ✉♠❛
❣r❛♥❞❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ à ✐♥ér❝✐❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡✲
❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡①✐❣❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠❡s♠♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s
✐rã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r✲s❡ ❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s ✭●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✮✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉✲
tr❛ ❢❛❝❡t❛ ❞❡st❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❞✐r❡t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡✱
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ♦❜s♦✲
❧❡t♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ é ♦ ❞♦ ❞♦s t❡❝❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
◗❲❊❘❚❨✱ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♥❞♦ s✐❞♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✹✵ q✉❡ ♦
❝✉st♦ ❞❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❉✈♦r❛❦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ s❡r✐❛ ❝♦❜❡rt♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s
❞❡③ ❞✐❛s ✭●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✹✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❡st❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛
é ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✭♣❛t❤ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✮✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❧❛❞♦
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❞♦✐s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥✲
❝✐❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❏❆▼❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡♥t✐❞ã♦
♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✭▲❖❍❘❀ ▼❆❘❑❖❋❋✱
✷✵✵✻✮✳
◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ q✉❡r ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡st❡❥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❥á
❡♠ s❡✉ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ P❡❧♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✳ ❉♦ ❧❛❞♦ ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦
❖❈❉❊✱ ❋▼■✱ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛s ❥á s❡
s❛❜❡ ❛ ✈❛st❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s r❡❞❡s ❡
❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✮ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛♦ ❡♥❝❛❞❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s
♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛♠ ♦ ✐♥s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s
❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❢♦r♠❛ ♣r❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐ár✐❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭▼❊▲❖✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❖✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♠♣õ❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✿ s❡r✐❛♠ ❡❧❛s ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t♦r❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✱ ♦✉ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♦ q✉❡ ♠♦❧❞❛ ❡st❛s
✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s❄ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ q✉❛✐s s❡r✐❛♠ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s
à ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s❄ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛✲❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❝❧❛r❛✱ ❡①✐st✐♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛
♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✭P❆❙❙❨❀ ●■❯●◆■✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❙P■▲▲❊❘❀ ❚❖▼▼❆❙■✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❉❆❱■❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❖s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛♣♦♥t❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❡s✲
✶✷✷
t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✳ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s
♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s
q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ✭❑❆❨✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ▼❛s ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠✲
♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣r❡❞✐t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦
♣r❛③♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✐s✲
tór✐❝❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡✉ ♥❛s❝❡❞♦✉r♦ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛
✭❖❘▼❊❘❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
▼❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡st❛t❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥✲
❝❡✐t♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡
❙❝❤♠✐tt❡r ✭✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✮✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✼✳✶
❯♠❛
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛
é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ❛t♦r❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦✲✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳
◆❡st❡s t❡r♠♦s✱ é ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦✳
❆♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r s✉❛
r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦r s❡✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s à ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡
❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ s❡ ❢❛ç❛
❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡❧❛ s❡ ♠♦str❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦
❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞❛♥♦s❛ ❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣r♦❞✉❝❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❧✉str❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡
♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✭❘❖❙❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡①❛t♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ✈✐✈✐❞♦
♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❥á s❡ ❛♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛ç❛♠ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛
s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡
♠✐♥✐str♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✱ sér✐❛s
❝rít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦✲
r❛✐s ❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ♠í❞✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❥á ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦
✺✳✽✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐t❛♠ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ é ❛❞♦t❛❞❛
✭❊▲❑■◆✲❑❖❘❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✐st♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ à r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱
❝♦♠ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✲
t♦r ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ é ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
✶✷✸
♣❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✭❑❆P▲❆◆❀ ❈❯❈■❚■✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛♥❞♦ ❛s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✭t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❛çã♦✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❝♦❡rçã♦✱ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ r✐s❝♦s✮
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✭◆❯❚❚✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❈❍❘■❙❚❊◆❙❊◆❀ P❆▲▲❊❙❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛✲
❞♦r✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡
♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡
❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✭❙❍❆❘P❊❀ ❘❯❙❙❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✼✳✷
❆ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛s
❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r✲❝♦♠✉♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r✲s❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛s ♣r✐✲
✈❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ã♦✲❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✉❝r♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦
❡ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♠❛r✲
❝❛♥t❡s✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ é ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s✳ ◆♦
♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛
s✉♠❛r✐③❛r ♦s ❡st❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ s✉❥❡✐t❛r✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦
❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❣❡r❡ ❛ s✐ ♠❡s♠❛
✭❯◆❊❙❈❖✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦
❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❤❛r❡❤♦❧❞❡rs ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❝✐♦♥✐st❛s✮ ❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✭st♦❝❦❤♦❧❞❡rs✱ r❡♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❊❖ ✭❝❤✐❡❢ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡
♦✣❝❡r ✮✮ ✭❚■❘❖▲❊✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ às ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡
❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ✭❙❈❍▼■❉❚❀ ❙P■◆❉▲❊❘✱
✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❍á ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❲❡✐♠❡r ❡ P❛♣❡ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦s ❡st✐❧♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❣❧♦✲s❛①ã♦✱
❣❡r♠â♥✐❝♦✱ ❧❛t✐♥♦ ❡ ❥❛♣♦♥ês✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❞❡ ❘②❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ❛ ét✐❝❛ ♥♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ❛
❣❡stã♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦s três ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✈❡s ❡ ▼❡♥❞❡s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✳
➱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✲s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❚✉r♥❜✉❧ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ q✉❡ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❇❆ ✲ ✭❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ❇②t❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✮✱
✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❤❛♥♥♦♥✱ ✈✐st❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✷✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛
♠❡tr✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t♦r❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛
❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❆②♦❣✉ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✾✮ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛
➪❢r✐❝❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③ ✉♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿
✶✷✹
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ♣rát✐❝♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡stá
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡
❣❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛çõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r
❞♦s
st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs
✲ ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s
❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛r ❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❛ ❛çã♦
❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❣❡st♦r ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛t♦r❡s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ♠♦r✲
♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❡st❛ ❛çã♦✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡
♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ tr❛♥s♣❛rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ✈ê✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ■❙❆❈❋ ✭✷✵✵✶✮
♦✉ ❡♠ P♦st❤✉♠✉s ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✲ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡tâ♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s
❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❚❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ✏♠❡r❝❛❞♦✑ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛
♦✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡①t❡r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✿ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r
✭♠♦♥❡tár✐♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✮ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛r✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❥á ❝♦✲
❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✺✮✱ ❛ss❡rçã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏▲❡✐ ❞❡ ▼❡t❝❛❧❢❡✑✱
♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❛ ❡❧❛ ✭
s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥✲
t❡s ✭
❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✻✮✳
❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡①t❡♥s❛s ❢♦r❡♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♦✉
♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♠❛✐♦r s❡rá ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡❧❛✱ ♦ q✉❡✱
♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❜r❛♥✲
❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❡❢❛st♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ✲ ❡❧❛s tê♠
✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s❝❡r❡♠✱ r❛③ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s
❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮ r❡q✉❡r
✉♠❛ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦✳
❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♦r✲
❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
t♦❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s q✉❡
❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠✱ ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣♦r q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛ss✉♠✐r ❛ ♠❡r❡❝✐❞❛
r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✳
✼✳✸
P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r
q✉❡stõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❣❡♥❞❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛
✭
P❆❘❙❖◆❙✱
✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ①✈✮✳
❊st❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱
✶✷✺
♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❧❛r❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s tr❛t❛❞♦s ❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❛s ♦♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡❧❛s ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s✱ ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦
❞❡ ▲❛ss✇❡❧❧ ✭P❆❘❙❖◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ①✈✐✮✳
❍✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❧❛tô✲
♥✐❝❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡
♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡r ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ♣ós✲◆❡✇ ❉❡❛❧ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧
❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡ r❡str✐♥❣✐r à ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ r❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ s♦❢r❡✉
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐❞❡❛✐s ❧✐❜❡r❛✐s✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✈♦❧t❛r✐❛ ❛ ❞✐t❛r ♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱
♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱
❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✈ê✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❢r❛♥❝❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s
♣♦❞❡r❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡✱ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦
s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✲ ♥ã♦ r❛r♦✱ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛ís✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ♠❡t❛✲❡s❝♦❧❤❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r q✉❡
s❡❥❛ ❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✭❍❊❈▲❖✱ ✶✾✼✷✮✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s à
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦
❛ ♣r♦t❡ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✮ ❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✭❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❛♥♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
❛ s✉♣❡r❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✮✱ ✐♠♣õ❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s r✉♠♦s ❛
s❡r❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛✐s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s
❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ❡ ♠✐st❛s✳ ❊st❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s tê♠ s❡✉
❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛r❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛
s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s✱ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦r
♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦r❞❡♠ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡ ✭s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠
❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ t❛✐s ❧✐❜❡r❛❧ ♦✉ ❡st❛t✐③❛♥t❡✱ ❡t❝✮ ✭❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❈❍❘■❙❚❊◆❙❊◆❀
P❆▲▲❊❙❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♠♦r♠❡♥t❡
❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♦✉ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛
❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦ ✲ ♦ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡✳
➚ ♣❛rt❡ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐s ❡ ❡st❛t✉t♦s ❥✉rí❞✐❝♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❛✈♦✐r ❢❛✐r❡ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s s❡♠
❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✮ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✲❛çã♦✲❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✲
✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ é ❛ tô♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❙❍❯▲❖❈❑✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ●❊❘❙❇❆❈❍✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❇❯❙❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r
✶✷✻
❝♦♠ ♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✲s❡✱ ♦❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱
♦ q✉❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞♦①♦✿ ❢❛③✲s❡ ✉s♦ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝✉❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ s❡ ❡stá ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛♥❞♦✳ ❊st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♣❛t❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ r❡q✉❡r
❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❥✉rí✲
❞✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛t❡♥t❡s ❡ ❥✉r✐s❞✐çõ❡s ✲ ♦ s✐t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❡stá
✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦
❏❛♣ã♦ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦ à ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧ ♣❛ís❄ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐s♠♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞✐♥❛♠❛rq✉ês q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ✉♠ s✐t❡
❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝❛♥❛❞❡♥s❡
❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ s♦❜ q✉❛❧ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦❄
❯♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s tr❛t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦ é ♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛ t❡✲
♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r
ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❡r ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ✭❘❖❙❊✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❍❯❉❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❀
❍■❚❈❍❊◆❙✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❇▲❖▼✲❍❆◆❙❊◆✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❣r✐t❛♥t❡s ❛s ❞✐s♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
♣❛ís❡s ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❤❡❣❡♠ô♥✐❝♦s ❥á s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♠ ❡♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥✐❝❤♦s ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✲ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛
✐♥❣❧❡s❛ ❥á ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❡ t❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛ ♠❡✲
❧❤♦r❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠
s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡♣♦♥❞❡✲
r❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s tr❛ç♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❣❡♦♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱
❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ✲ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s
❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✲✱ ❡ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s
s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❧❛r❡s ❡ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✱
✈✐rt✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♥❝❛♠♣❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s
❝♦♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❣❧♦❜♦ ✭▼❯■❘❀
❖PP❊◆❍❊■▼✱ ✷✵✵✷❛✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✱ ✷✵✵✷❝✱ ✷✵✵✷❞✮✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐ã♦
❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ✭❉❆■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✈ê às ✈♦❧t❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡✉s
♣❛ís❡s✲♠❡♠❜r♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ■tá❧✐❛
✭●❆❘■❇❆▲❉❖✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ✭❇❆❘❖◆❀ ❇❘❯■▲▲❆❘❉✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❘❖❈❍❊❚✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❊s♣❛♥❤❛ ✭❈❖❘✲
◆❊▲▲❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❮♥❞✐❛ ✭❆❙❍❘❆❋✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❣r✐t❛♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛t♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ s❡r✱ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡
❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦
✶✷✼
✭●■▲✲●❆❘❈❮❆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✭P■◆❚❖✱
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥✲
t❛✐s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❏❖■❆✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ▼❆❘❈❖◆❉❊❙❀ ❏❆❘❉■▼✱ ✷✵✵✸❀
❚❊▲❊❋Ô◆■❈❆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❛çã♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧ é ✭♦✉ s❡ ♣r♦♣✉♥❤❛ s❡r ❛té ❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦
❛♥t❡r✐♦r✮ ♣❛✉t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✏▲✐✈r♦ ❱❡r❞❡✑ ✭❚❆❑❆❍❆❙❍■✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ à ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐✲
♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✏▲✐✈r♦ ❇r❛♥❝♦✑ ✭▼❈❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦
à ♥♦r♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦ ✭❡ q✉❡ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡ ♦str❛❝✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❱❡r❞❡✮✱ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ tê♠
❡str❡✐t❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ❡♠
♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ✭❍❆▲▲❀ ❆◆❉❘■❆◆■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
✼✳✹
P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✭❇❘❖❲◆❊✱ ✶✾✾✼❛✱
✶✾✾✼❜❀ ❇❘❆▼❆◆✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✱ ❞❛❞❛s ❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠
✏❜❡♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✑ ✭é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥tá✲❧❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝ê✲❧❛✱ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦
❡❧❛ é✮ ❡ ❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✭❛❧t♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡
r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❜❛✐①♦s✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s í♥✜♠♦s✮ ✭❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✮✳
❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♥t❡✈✐st❛ ♣♦r ▼❛s✉❞❛ ✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛
❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❈❛st❡❧❧s ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❍❛r❞t ❡ ◆❡❣r✐ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❡
❄❄✮✱
❞❡♥tr❡
♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s✱ r❡q✉❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ▼❛s✉❞❛ ❥á
❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ q✉❡✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡st❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✭▼❆❙❯❉❆✱ ✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳
✶✵✹✮✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞❛
♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s
❛✉tô♥♦♠❛s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❡✈✐t❛r✲s❡ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❚❛❧ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stá ♥♦
❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛♠❜❛s✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❝r❡s❝❡♠
❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❛
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡①❝❡❞❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s✱ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛
✉r❜❡
❡ ❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♥♦
❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ■s❤✐❞❛ ❡ ■s❜✐st❡r ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❡♠ ❈❛st❡❧❧s
✶✷✽
✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ s✉♣♦r✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ s✉❝❡ss♦r❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧
❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦✲❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ✭❈❖❙❚❆✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ t❛❧ ❢❛t♦
♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✐♠♣❡r❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✿ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦❡①✐st✐r✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❡❝♦♥ô✲
♠✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛
✭❍❆❘❉❚❀ ◆❊●❘■✱ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✵✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ à
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥stró✐✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ r✉♠♦ ❛ ✉♠❛
❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡t❡r♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❡❢ê♠❡r♦✱ ♥✉♠
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛ ❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ❡ ❢✉t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✭❈❆❙❚❊▲▲❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✼✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❝r❡♥ç❛s✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛rt❡s✱ ♠♦r❛❧✱ ❝♦st✉♠❡s ❡ ❛♣t✐❞õ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s
♦✉ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛✐s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ à ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❝●❛rr② ✭✶✾✾✾✱
♣✳ ✻✷✮✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛
três t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ✭▼■❘❆◆❉❆✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✮✿
✶✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡sr❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦✱ ♥✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♠✉♥✲
❞✐❛❧ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥s❡r❡♠✲s❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡ ❛ ❝❡ssã♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛
❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s❀
✷✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❝r❡s❝❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀
✸✳ Pr✐✈❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s ✲ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱
❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✲✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠✲s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❡♠ ❛ ❞❡✲
✈✐❞❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ◆♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❮♥❞✐❛ ✭❆❙❍❘❆❋✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❋●❱✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡st❡ é ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦
q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✈✉❧t♦s♦ à ❧✉③ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡✱ ❤✐st♦✲
r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ❛✈♦❧✉♠❛r❛♠ r✉♠♦ à s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❤♦❥❡ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣õ❡ à ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
➱ ❢❛t♦ s❛❜✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ✭❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡st❛s❀ ♦ q✉❡
✶✷✾
❞✐③❡r✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s tê♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❄ ❆ ❝♦❧❡t❛✱
❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱
r❡❛❧ç❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❜❡♠ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♠♣r❡❞✐tí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✢✉✐❞❡③ ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛
❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ s❡
✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♦✉ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐❣❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s
❛❝❡r✈♦s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛ss✉♠❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈ê ❡♠
❚❛ss❡② ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❉❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st❡ ❛♣❛♥❤❛❞♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✼✳✷ ❯♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦✱
❛♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ à ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛t✐✈♦
tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✳
✼✳✹✳✶
❋♦♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ●✉❡rr❛ ▼✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦✲
r❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ s❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❖ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦
❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ rá♣✐❞❛s
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥ã♦
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❛r✐ ♣❛ss✉ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
♦r✐❣❡♥s✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡
♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱
❡①✐st❡♠ ❧♦❝✐ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛
❡❧✐t❡ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r✐❢❡r✐❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝✉❥❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡ ❛❣r❛✈❛r✱ ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ t♦✲
♠❛❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ♣❡r✐❢❡r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ q✉❡
♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♠♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣r❡✲
♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛❞♦s ❞❛s
♥♦✈❛s ♠í❞✐❛s ✲ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧tíss✐♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡
❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥ã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s q✉❛✐s
♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s à ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡
❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠✲s❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❣r❛✉s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✮✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
✶✸✵
♣❛ís❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❣❧♦❜♦ ✭❆❘◆❖▲❉✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s✮ ✿
✶✳ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛
à ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♥❛✐s❀
✷✳ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡✱
s❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s
s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ✲ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✱ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❧❛③❡r ❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦❀
✸✳ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ é ♣r❡❞✐tí✈❡❧✱ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱
❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ✲ ❛ ❣❡stã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❡ ❛
✈❛❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s ❜❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡
❝♦♥s✉♠♦❀
✹✳ ♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❡ ór❣ã♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ♣❡s✲
q✉✐s❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✺✳ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡st❛r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲
✈✐♠❡♥t♦ só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✲ ♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ à ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s❀ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❣❡r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛
♣♦r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♠❡✐♦s ❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís s❡ ❧❛♥ç❛
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦
♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❛♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊st❡
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s t❡♠ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱
❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❆r♥♦❧❞ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✿
✶✳ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐rr❡❢✉tá✈❡❧✱ ❞❡ â♠❜✐t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛
❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s
t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s❀
✷✳ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❡ s❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♠♦✲
❞✐t② ✿ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✱ ❡ é✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s❀
✶✸✶
✸✳ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✈ê♠ ♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡r❛ ♣ós✲✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✱
❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦rç❛ ♠♦tr✐③
❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛❀
✹✳ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❜❡♠ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r s✉❛s
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ❜❡♥s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s❀
✺✳ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦❀
✻✳ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
✼✳ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t♦r♥❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❛❝❡ss♦ r❡str✐t♦✱ ♦✉
♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧❀ ♥❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥ã♦
é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥tã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦
❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✮ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s❀
✽✳ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❣❡r❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❞✐str✐✲
❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛
♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✲ ✈❡❥❛✲s❡ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦ ❞❛
♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❞✐t♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❢r❡♠ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥✲
t❡①t♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛çã♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠✲s❡
❆❘◆❖▲❉✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s✮✿
❝✐t❛r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✭
✶✳ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r
à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ à ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀
✷✳ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛tr✐❜✉❡♠ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✸✳ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♠✲s❡✿
♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱
♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♦✉ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s ❣r❛✉s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱
♦s q✉❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦
❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❝r♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣❛ís ❞✐t❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✶✸✷
✹✳ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ú♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛♠
❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❆r♥♦❧❞
✭✷✵✵✹✮✿
✶✳ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ❡
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✷✳ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ♥❡❣♦❝✐á✈❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❡r✲
❝❛❞♦s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s❀
✸✳ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡
❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣✉t❛s ❧❡❣❛✐s❀
✹✳ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧❀
✺✳ ❛ ♠í❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛s
s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s❀
✻✳ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦❀
✼✳ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✼✳✹✳✷
❋✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❡str✐t❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ór❣ã♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
✭❈❖❘◆❊▲▲❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r✲s❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞✐ss❡♠✐✲
♥❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡ ❞❛rã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ✲ é
♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r✲s❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝✉♥❤♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ às ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ❝❛rát❡r só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦
q✉❛♥t♦ à ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♦❝♦r✲
rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s ♦✉ ❝❛❧❛♠✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭▼❆❳❲❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ◗❯■◆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❖✉tr♦
✶✸✸
❛s♣❡❝t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡
❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ✭❙❍❯▲❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s
●✷❈ ✭❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t t♦ ❝✐t✐③❡♥ ✮✳
✼✳✺
Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦
❆ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s
♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ♣❛❞r♦✲
♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❲■▲▲■❆▼❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❊st❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡
❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭■❙❆❈❋✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✿
✶✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠
t♦r♥♦ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❡❧❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s❀
✷✳ P❛♣é✐s ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥✲
❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s❀
✸✳ ❉❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❛ ❡♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ♣rát✐❝❛s
❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s❀
✹✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❤á❜✐❧ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦❀
✺✳ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r
❝♦rr❡çõ❡s às ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♥t❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s
r❡❛✐s ❡ s✉s♣❡✐t❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❛♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s❀
✻✳ ❱✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à ♣r♦t❡çã♦✱ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❛s
♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❈♦♥✈é♠ ❧❡♠❜r❛r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❖❈❉❊ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❖❈❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✱ ❥á ♠♦str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✽✳✹✱ ❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s
r❡s✉♠✐❞♦s ❛q✉✐✿
✶✳ ❱✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛❀
✷✳ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
✶✸✹
✸✳ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦❀
✹✳ ➱t✐❝❛❀
✺✳ ❉❡♠♦❝r❛❝✐❛❀
✻✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦❀
✼✳ ❉❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✽✳ ●❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
✾✳ ❘❡❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐❝✐♦♥ár✐❛✱ ♦✉
s❡❥❛✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❡❝✐❞✐r s❡ ❛❞❡r❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ às r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ Pr❛❣✲
♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉
♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❛❞✈✐♥❞♦s ❞❡ ❢ór✉♥s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❣♦✈❡r✲
♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❤á ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s✳ ❈❛❜❡ ♠❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ q✉❡
❆ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞♦s P♦❞❡r❡s ❞❛
❯♥✐ã♦✱ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s✱ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡ ❞♦s ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡rá ❛♦s
♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♠♣❡ss♦❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡✜❝✐✲
ê♥❝✐❛ ✭✳✳✳✮ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❆rt✳ ✸✼✮
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❡s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡✲
❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛♦s trâ♠✐t❡s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s às ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛❧
❡ ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥ç❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡ç❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆♦
❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ trâ♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ tê♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛♣♦✐♦
s♦❜r❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❈❛rt❛ ▼❛❣♥❛ ❛
❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ✈❡♠ ❛♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡✿ ❣❛r❛♥t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s ✈✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛t❡♥t❡♠
♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♠♦r❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ét✐❝❛✱ ❞ê❡♠ ✈❛③ã♦ ❛♦s ❛♥s❡✐♦s ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦s ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦
à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠
❝r✐❛❞♦s✳
❊st❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t♦✉ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✼✳✸ ❯♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱
♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❡ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
s❡♥sí✈❡❧✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st❛❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s
q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠✳ ❚♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✳
✶✸✺
✼✳✻
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❊♣✐stê♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ➱ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛
❛❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ✈✐rt✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝á✲❧❛s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ✲ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱
❡ ♥ã♦ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥s✉rá✈❡✐s ✭❙▼■❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦✲
♣♦st❛s✱ ❛ ❞❡ ❉✐①♦♥ ❡ ❉♦❣❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦
❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✐s♠♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦
❞❡ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s tê♠ s✉❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ♥❛s ❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♠♣♦
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✐s♠♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦
q✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ é ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ❡ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧
é s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ✐❞❡❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊st❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡✉s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s
❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ✭❉■❳❖◆❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❜✮✱ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧
✭❉■❳❖◆❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❛✮ ❡ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ✭❉■❳❖◆❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸❝✮✳
❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ♣rát✐❝♦✱ ❛ss✐st❡✲s❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛
❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠♦s ♠❡r❡❝❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡
♦ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦r❡❛♥♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦r
✈❡③❡s à r❡✈❡❧✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✭❋❆❈❑▲❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦✱ ♦♥❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❥á
s❡ ❞✐ss❡✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s ✭❊▲❑■◆✲
❑❖❘❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s s❡r❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♦✉
♣❡❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❢❛❝❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛✱ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s❝❧❛ ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐✲
♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ tô♥✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛ ✭❉❆■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✿ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐❛✱ ♦✉ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✈✐✲
❣❡♥t❡s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❛✢✉ê♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐❛❄
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❡st❡ ❡①❛t♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦
❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❥á s❡ ❛✈❡♥t❛✈❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦
❥❛♣♦♥ês ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ t❡✈❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ tr❛♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡
✶✸✻
❧❡✐ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❇❚❱❉ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✲ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❛♦
♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡✉ ✭P■◆❍❊■❘❖✱
✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❈✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛té ❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✉ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦
❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡s à
t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ é ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡st❛t❛❧✿ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❥✉♥t♦ à
❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♣❛ís✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✽✳✺✱ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❧❡✐s
❡ ❞❡♠❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦
❡st❛t❛❧✱ s❛❧✈♦ ♥♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❡♥❛✐s ❡ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ♥♦r♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡❧❛
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❡♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ✲ ❡st❛s tê♠ s❡❣✉✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á
s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✱ ❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♠♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s
❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s
❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ s♦❜r❡♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ❧❡✐t✉r❛
❛t❡♥t❛ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❧❡✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♠♦str❛ s❡r ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛
❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✉♣r❡ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♠
s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❝♦❡rçã♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛❧✐❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✉❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ às ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳
❆ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❥á ❞❡❝❛♥t❛❞❛
♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧✐❡♥❛ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧
❛ t♦❞❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦✿ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❡♠ ♣r♦❧ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♦✉ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s tê♠ s❡ ✈✐st♦ às ✈♦❧t❛s ❝♦♠ ♦
❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❡st❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡✱ ♥ã♦ tê♠ s✉❛
❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞❛✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ q✉❛s❡ ♣❛r❛❞♦①♦ ✲ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ✭❙❍❆❘P❊❀ ❘❯❙❙❊▲▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✮❄✳ ❖s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦ ❡ ❇❛❦❡r ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ▲❡✈✐♥❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❇❛❦❡r ❡ ❙❤❛♣✐r♦ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛❞✈♦❣❛♠
q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛ç❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❛❧✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣♦❞❡r❡s ❥✉❞✐❝✐ár✐♦ ❡
❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐✈♦ ❥✉♥t♦ à ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s
✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ♠♦str❛r ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s
❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛s♦✿ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦
❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❆rt✳ ✺◦ ✱ ❳■■✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ q✉❡❜r❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡
♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ❡♠ ❧❡✐ ❡ s♦❜ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ♦ ❝❛s♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞♦ s✐❣✐❧♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛s❡✐r♦ ❡ ♦ ❡♥tã♦ ♠✐♥✐str♦ ❞❛ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛ é
❡♠❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤á ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❛s
✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❧❡❣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦st❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦
✶✸✼
❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❧❡❣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ s♦❜r❡♣♦r
❛♦s ❞✐t❛♠❡s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❤✉♠♦r❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛
❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛t✐t✉❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦s ❡ ❧❡❣❛✐s✱
❞❡✈❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡
❛❧✐❝❡rç❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳
❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ s❡❣✉❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í✲
t✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡❧❡♥❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛✲
❧❤♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡❣✉❡ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ▼✐♥❣❡rs
❡ ❇r♦❝❦❧❡s❜② ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é s✉❣❡r✐❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✜♥s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡
♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✶❛❀ ❉❆❱■❊❙❀ ▼❆❇■◆❀ ❇❆▲❉❊❘❙❚❖◆❊✱
✷✵✵✺❀ ▲❊❲■❙❀ ❑❊▲❊▼❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❈❤❡❝❦❧❛♥❞ ✭❚❖❘▲❆❑✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ❡ à ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡ ✈♦♥ ❇❡rt❛❧❛♥✛② ✭●❖❊❘●■❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❆ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ♣♦r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛r
✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s tr❛t❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ r❡✈❡❧❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡st❡s✳ ❆ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦r s✐♥❛❧✱ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ s❡✉ ❝❛rát❡r
♥♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ t❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s❣♦t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱
♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡s✉♠✐r ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦st❛s✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ▼✐♥❣❡rs ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r❡s✲
s✉♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❞❛
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛①✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❛q✉✐❧♦ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ✈❛❧♦r ♦✉ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦rr❡t♦✮✿
♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✲ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✲s❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❡①✐s✲
tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ s❡ ✐❧✉str❛
t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✈✉❧t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❛♥t♦
♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❡✐❛♠
t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✲ ❡♥①❡r❣❛✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡✲
♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲
çã♦✳ ◆❡♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦ é s❡♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♥❡♠ ❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛r✱
❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ s❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ à q✉❛❧ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦❀
❛①✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✲ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❛çã♦ é ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✿ ❛q✉❡❧❛
q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❜✉s❝❛♠ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ s❡✉ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦r ❡❧❡s
✶✸✽
♣r♦✈✐❞❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✹✮✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉✲
r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✿ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
➱ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r ❡♠ q✉❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛t✐✲
♥❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ t✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡
♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tê♠ s✉❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ♥❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
q✉❛♥t♦ às ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❧❡✈❛♠ à ❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s
♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡t❛♣❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❡t❤♦s
s♦❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r✲s❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ✈♦❧t❛✲
❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ♦✉ ❡①t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
✶✸✾
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❡st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✱
t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦✲
❝✐❛❞♦ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
sã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉✱ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s à ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡
♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✱
t❛♥t♦ ♦s ✐♥❛t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ss✉♠❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡①tr❡♠❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿
s♦♠❛♠✲s❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ ✈✐s❧✉♠❜r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞íss✐♠❛
❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡r✈♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱
❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦r
❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞ã♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❛ss❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦
♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✿ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡
❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦
❝r✐❛✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱
❛♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❛s s✉❛s ❢❛❝❡t❛s s❛❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s sã♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s❡✉s ♣❛r❡s✱
❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❡ ❛s ❢♦rç❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛t❡♥t❛s
às ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛í ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ✉♥✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡
❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s
❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ✭P▼■✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ♦✉ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦
❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▼❆❚❯❙✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ♠❛s s✉❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❢♦❣❡ ❛♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✹✵
✽
❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
✽✳✶
❯♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
♣❛ss♦s✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✿
✶✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡
❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ é tr❛t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳
◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❧✐❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✳✹✵✵ t❡①t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❛rt✐❣♦s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ s✐t❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛
✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠❜❛s❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦❀
✷✮ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛❀ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✐♠♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s t❡①t♦s ❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s
♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ✐s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s♣✉r❝❛r ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡❀
✸✮ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ t✐♣✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s
♦r✐❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛
❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦
❣❧♦❜♦✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀
✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦♥❤❛ à ✉s✉❛❧✱ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝✲
t♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛
♣♦r ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐✉ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦
❡♠ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s
❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦❀
✶✹✶
✺✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊st❡s
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✽✳✸✱ ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
✽✳✷
❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡
❖❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✈✐sõ❡s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❞❛ r❡❛✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✱ ❝❤❡❣❛✲s❡ à ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ♥♦✈♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❛♥t❡s
♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦r s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✲s❡
❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱
♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❡ ♣r❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛✱ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦s
❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛✐s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛♦s ✜♥s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❊st❡ ❝♦rt❡✱ ❧♦♥❣❡ ❞❡ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❛♠♣❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦
❞❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ ✐♠❡♥s❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛ ♦s s❡✉s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❝✐t❛♠ ❛
✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♠❛s ♣♦✉❝♦s tr❛t❛♠ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ♠♦❧❞❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s
✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❉❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s✉❣❡stõ❡s
❞❡ ♣♦st✉r❛s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢❡✲
♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡
♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ❡st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ tr❛t❛r ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ✜❧♦s♦✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✲ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡st❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
tr❛t❛♠✲♥❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱
♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❡♥t❛ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ❡st❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s
❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳
✶✹✷
✽✳✸
❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s
❱ár✐❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s ❛♦
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛s ♣♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝r♦♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♠✐♥✐s✲
tr❛t✐✈❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❛ t❡r♠♦✳ ❊✐s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✿
✶✳ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✭✈✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♣✲
t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à s✉❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❀
❡st❡s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s tê♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠✲
♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r q✉❡stõ❡s ♣❡r✲
t✐♥❡♥t❡s à ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦✲s❡
❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❢r❡♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ■❞❡❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s❡ ❞❛r✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦ ❡
♣♦st❡r✐♦r à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈❡rt❡♥t❡s s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✈ár✐❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s
✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✭✈✐❞❡ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s ❆ ❡ ❇✮✳
✷✳ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ✐♥tr❛✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛r ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✸✳ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠♦❞❛❧❀ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡
❡st✉❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❝❧á✉s✉❧❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠♦❞❛✐s
❞❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈✮❀
✹✳ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡
❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✳ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❊❧❛ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦
❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ ❞❡ ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐s♠♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛çã♦
♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦
à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲
♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ t❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s t♦♠❛❞❛s
♣❡❧♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ✲✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♣r❡ssõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡①❡r❝✐❞❛s
♣❡❧❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❛❧tr✉ís♠♦
❛❧✐ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ P♦r ❡st❛s r❛③õ❡s✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛✲
❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠✱
✶✹✸
♠❛s✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❡stá ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡
❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ ✉♠ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛
❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ t❛❧ ❞❡✲
s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✳
✽✳✹ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s
❯♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛
❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❛ss❛r ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ à ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❛❝✉r❛❞❛✱
❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s
♣ré✲❢♦r♠❛t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❞❛♥♦s❛ q✉❡ ❛
❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✈✉❧t♦s♦s ❡
❝✉❥♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞❛✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦ é ❛ ✉r❣❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦
❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡s às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s
♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✲ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡st❛t❛❧✱ sã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦✱
s❛❧✈♦ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❡♥❛✐s ❡ ❥✉❞✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ❉♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝❛r❡❝❡✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ♦ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ t❡❝✲
♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s✉❛
❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✳
✶✹✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❆❇❆❉■✱ ▼✳❀ ❇▲❆◆❈❍❊❚✱ ❇✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ✇✐t❤ s❡❝r❡❝② t②♣❡s ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣✐❝
♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡r②✱ ✈✳ ✺✷✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✷✕✶✹✻✱
❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❆❈❈❖❘❙■✱ ❘✳❀ ❇❆❙■◆✱ ❉✳❀ ❱■●❆◆Ò✱ ▲✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛♥ ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❢♦r
s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ◆♦t❡s ♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✺✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱
♣✳ ✶✕✷✵✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❆❍◆✱ ●✳✲❏✳❀ ❍❖◆●✱ ❙✳✲P✳❀ ❙❍■◆❈✱ ▼✳ ❊✳ ❘❡❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♥❣ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✹✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✾✕✻✺✼✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❆▲❇❊❘❚❙✱ ❈✳ ❏✳❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱ ❆✳ ❏✳ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❇♦st♦♥✿ ❆❞❞✐s♦♥✲❲❡s❧❡②✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❘✐s❦s ✿ t❤❡ ❖❈❚❆❱❊
❆▲❇❊❘❚❙✱ ❈✳ ❏✳❀ ❉❖❘❖❋❊❊✱ ❆✳ ❏✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t r❡s♣♦♥s❡✿ r❡t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ r✐s❦
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✻✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✶✕✶✹✻✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆▲❈❖❋❋✱ ▲✳ ▼✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✳
❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❊♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣② ✿
t❤❡ ❜✐❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ▼❛❧❞❡♥✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✿
❆▲❋❆❘❖✱ ▲✳ ❞❡❀ ●❖❉❊❋❘❖■❉✱ P✳❀ ❏❆●❆❉❊❊❙❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❚❤r❡❡✲✈❛❧✉❡❞ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢
❣❛♠❡s✿ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ ❜✉t ✇✐t❤ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ 19th ■❊❊❊ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥
▲♦❣✐❝ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❚✉r❦✉✱ ❋✐♥❧❛♥❞✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳ ✶✼✵✕✶✼✾✳
❆▲❏❆❘❊❍✱ ❙✳❀ ❘❖❙❙■❚❊❘✱ ◆✳ ❆ t❛s❦✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥
tr✉st❡❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✷ ❆❈▼ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞
❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ▼❛❞r✐✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✼✹✹✕✼✹✾✳
❆▲❯❘✱ ❘✳❀ ❍❊◆❩■◆●❊❘✱ ❚✳ ❆✳❀ ❑❯P❋❊❘▼❆◆✱ ❖✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐♥❣✲t✐♠❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳
■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 38th ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ♣✳ ✶✕✾✳
❆▲❱❊❙✱ ❈✳❀ ▼❊◆❉❊❙✱ ❱✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✿ t❤❡
P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❝❛s❡✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✵✕✸✵✶✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ❲❤② ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✽✕✸✶✸✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❲❤② ❝r②♣t♦s②st❡♠s ❢❛✐❧✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 1st ❆❈▼ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❋❛✐r❢❛①✱ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛✱ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
♣✳ ✷✶✺✕✷✷✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✶✻✽✺✽✽✳✶✻✽✻✶✺>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷
❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✹✺
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❲❤② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐s ❤❛r❞ ✿ ❛♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡✳ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱
✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❧✳❝❛♠✳❛❝✳✉❦✴❢t♣✴✉s❡rs✴r❥❛✶✹✴❡❝♦♥✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✷ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ✐ss✉❡s ✇✐t❤ ❵tr✉st❡❞
❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✬✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 22nd ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦❢
❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ❇♦st♦♥✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ♣✳ ✸✕✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✽✼✷✵✸✺✳✽✼✷✵✸✻>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆◆❚Ó◆✱ ❆✳ ■✳❀ ❊❆❘P✱ ❏✳ ❇✳❀ ❈❆❘❚❊❘✱ ❘✳ ❆✳ Pr❡❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐♥❝♦♥❣r✉♦✉s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❜②
❛❧✐❣♥✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✹✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✹✱ ♣✳ ✾✻✼✕✾✼✼✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❆❘❇❆❯●❍✱ ❲✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✿ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❣❛❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s✳
♣✳ ✶✵✾✕✶✶✶✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❆❘❈❊✱ ■✳ ❚❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛❞❣❡ts✳
❙❡♣t✳✴❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ ✈✳ ✸✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱
■❊❊❊ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✫ Pr✐✈❛❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✼✽✕✽✶✱
❆❘❈❊✱ ■✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❡❛❦❡st ❧✐♥❦ r❡✈✐s✐t❡❞✳
▼❛r✳✴❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
■❊❊❊ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✫ Pr✐✈❛❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✼✷✕✼✻✱
❆❘❑❊◆❇❖❯❚✱ ❊✳❀ ❉■❏❑✱ ❋✳ ✈❛♥❀ ❲■❏❈❑✱ P✳ ✈❛♥✳ ❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦❝✐❡t②✿
s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✬s ❛♥❞ str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲❛✇ ❛♥❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳
✷✸✼✕✷✹✾✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆❘◆❖▲❉✱ ❆✳✲▼✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣
❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✸✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✾✕✷✵✼✱ ❙❡♣t✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❆❙❍❋❖❘❚❍✱ ❇✳ ❊✳❀ ❑❘❊■◆❊❘✱ ●✳ ❊✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✿ ♠❛❦✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥❛r② s❡❡♠ ♦r❞✐♥❛r②✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳
✷✶✺✕✷✸✺✱ s✉♠♠❡r ✷✵✵✷✳
❆❙❍❘❆❋✱ ❚✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ❛ s♦❝✐♦✲❤✉♠❛♥ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ ■♥❞✐❛♥
❞✐❣✐t❛❧ r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✸✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳
✸✵✾✕✸✶✽✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❆❙❍❘❆❋■✱ ◆✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t②✿ ✐♥ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞
♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✹✵✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✼✕✻✾✵✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❆❙❙❖❈■❆➬➹❖ ❇❘❆❙■▲❊■❘❆ ❉❊ ◆❖❘▼❆❙ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙✳ ◆❇❘ ■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾ ✿
❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❆❚❑■◆❙❖◆✱ ▼✳ ▼✳❀ ❈❖▲❊▼❆◆✱ ❲✳ ❉✳ P♦❧✐❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✹✕✶✽✵✱ ❆♣r✳ ✶✾✾✷✳
❆❨❖●❯✱ ▼✳ ❉✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❆❢r✐❝❛✿ t❤❡ r❡❝♦r❞ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❢♦r ❣♦♦❞
❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✽✕✸✸✵✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❇❆❊❘❚✱ P✳ Pr❛❣♠❛t✐s♠✱ r❡❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s✳
✽✾✕✶✵✻✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳
✶✹✻
❇❆■▲▲❖❚✱ P✳❀ ❉❆◆❖❙✱ ❱✳❀ ❊❍❘❍❆❘❉✱ ❚✳ ❇❡❧✐❡✈❡ ✐t ♦r ♥♦t✱ ❆❏▼✬s ❣❛♠❡s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❛
♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 12th ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ■❊❊❊ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥
▲♦❣✐❝ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ♣✳ ✻✽✕✼✺✳
❇❆❑❊❘✱ ❈✳ ❘✳❀ ❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ❇✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✿ r❡♣❧②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✷✽✼✕✷✾✵✱ ▼❛②✴❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✸✳
❇❆❘❇❊❘✱ P✳ ❏✳❀ ▲❊●●❊✱ ❉✳
✶✾✼✻✳
P❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❩❛❤❛r ❊❞✐t♦r❡s✱
❇❆❘❖◆✱ ●✳✲▲✳❀ ❇❘❯■▲▲❆❘❉✱ ❊✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✿ ♠♦❞❡❧s
♦❢ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❋r❛♥❝❡✳ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✼✕✶✽✹✱ ❆♣r✳
✷✵✵✸✳
❇❆❙❑❊❘❱■▲▲❊✱ ❘✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s s❡❝✉r✐t② ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✿ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s s②st❡♠s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❆❈▼ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❙✉r✈❡②s✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✶✾✾✸✳
❇❆❙❙✱ ❋✳ ❚✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ t❛r❣❡t✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❦s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡✲
❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 21st ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ◆■❙❚✲
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✶✾✾✽✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✴♣❛♣❡r●✹✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❥✉♥✳
✷✵✵✸✳
❇❆❚❊❙✱ ▼✳ ❏✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✈✐s✐❜❧❡ s✉❜str❛t❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✺✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✷✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣s❡✐s✳✉❝❧❛✳❡❞✉✴❢❛❝✉❧t②✴❜❛t❡s✴s✉❜str❛t❡✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✽ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❇❆❯▼❊❘✱ ❉✳ ▲✳❀ ❊❆❘P✱ ❏✳ ❇✳❀ P❖■◆❉❊❳❚❊❘✱ ❏✳ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣r✐✈❛❝② ❧❛✇✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱
♣✳ ✹✵✵✕✹✶✷✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❇❊❊❇❊✱ ❏✳ ❈❛♥ t❤❡r❡ ❜❡ ❛ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝❄
✈✳ ✹✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✼✕✶✾✶✱ ▼❛②✴❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱
❇❊▲▲❊❚❚■◆■✱ ❈✳❀ ❇❊❘❚■◆❖✱ ❊✳❀ ❋❊❘❘❆❘■✱ ❊✳ ❘♦❧❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❘❡♣♦rt✱ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✕✷✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❇❊◆✲❆❘■✱ ▼✳❀ ▼❆◆◆❆✱ ❩✳❀ P◆❯❊▲■✱ ❆✳ ❚❤❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝ ♦❢ ❜r❛♥❝❤✐♥❣ t✐♠❡✳ ■♥✿ 8th
❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❆❈▼ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❆❈▼✱
✶✾✽✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✹✕✶✼✻✳
❇■❊❇❊❘✱ P✳❀ ❈❯PP❊◆❙✱ ❋✳ ❆ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❡♥♥❡s✳❡♥st✲
❜r❡t❛❣♥❡✳❢r✴∼❢❝✉♣♣❡♥s✴❛rt✐❝❧❡s✴❥❝s✾✷✳♣s>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✻ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✹✳
❇▲❆❚❈❍❋❖❘❉✱ ❈✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✲ ♣❛rt ✶✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✕✶✷✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❇▲❆❚❈❍❋❖❘❉✱ ❈✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✲ ♣❛rt ✷✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✕✶✹✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
◆❡t✇♦r❦
◆❡t✇♦r❦
✶✹✼
❇▲❖▼✲❍❆◆❙❊◆✱ ❏✳ ❆ ❵♥❡✇ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧✬ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳
❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✼✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✻✻✾✕✻✾✸✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
P✉❜❧✐❝
❇▲❖▼✲❍❆◆❙❊◆✱ ❏✳ P♦❧✐❝②✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✲❧♦❝❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❜❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ ❧♦❝❛❧
❛✉t♦♥♦♠②✱ ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ❛♥❞ s❡❝t♦r❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❣♦❛❧s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱
✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✼✕✷✻✹✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❇❖❇❇■❖✱ ◆✳❀ ▼❆❚❚❊❯❈❈■✱ ◆✳❀ P❆❙◗❯■◆❖✱ ●✳ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦
❯♥❇✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛✳ ✹❛✳ ❡❞✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿
❇❖❊❍▼✲❉❆❱■❙✱ ❉✳ ❆✳ ❘❡✈✐s✐t✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✶✕✸✹✹✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❇❖▲▲❖❏❯✱ ◆✳❀ ❑❍❆▲■❋❆✱ ▼✳❀ ❚❯❘❇❆◆✱ ❊✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥t♦
❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt
❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✸✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✸✕✶✼✻✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✷✳
❇❖❘❑❖✱ ❍✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ✇❤❛t ✐s ✐t❄ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✕
✺✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✻✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✲❡❝✳♥❥✐t✳❡❞✉✴ r♦❜❡rts♦✴✐♥❢♦s❝✐✴✇❤❛t✐s✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✻ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❇Ö❘❩❊▲✱ ❚✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ❇❛❜②❧♦♥✿ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ P✉❜❧✐❝
❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✼✻✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✕✷✼✸✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✾✽✳
❇❖❙❙■✱ ❆✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❱❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥t s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳
✫ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✲✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✶✕✷✺✽✱ ❖❝t✳✴❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍✱ ❙✳❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱ ▼✳ ❊✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❇❘❆❉▲❊❨✱ ❙✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✳
✷✵✵✶✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✱ ❙②st❡♠s
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✹t❤✳ ❡❞✳ ◆❡✇
●♦✈❡r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿
❙❛❣❡ P✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱
❇❘❆●❆✱ ●✳ ▼✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ❜r❡✈❡s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ três t❡♠♣♦s✳
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✕✽✽✱ ❏❛♥✲❆❜r ✶✾✾✺✳
❇❘❆▼❆◆✱ ❙✳ ❉❡✜♥✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ♣♦❧✐❝②♠❛❦❡rs✳ ❚❡❧❡✲
❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✸✕✷✹✷✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉✇♠✳❡❞✉✴∼❜r❛♠❛♥✴❜r❛♠❛♥♣❞❢s✴❞❡✜♥✐♥❣✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✻ ♥♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ P❡♥❛❧ ✿ ❉❡❝r❡t♦✲❧❡✐ n◦ ✷✳✽✹✵✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✹✵✳
❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✶✾✹✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✲
❧❡✐✴❉❡❧✷✽✹✽❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✽✳✶✺✾✱ ❞❡ ✽ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✾✶✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✶✾✾✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴▲✽✶✺✾✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✾✳✷✾✻✱ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✾✻✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴▲✾✷✾✻✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✾✳✻✶✵✱ ❞❡ ✶✾ ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✳✾✾✽✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴▲✾✻✶✵✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
✶✹✽
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✾✳✽✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴▲✾✽✽✸✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✸✳✺✵✺✱ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴❉✸✺✵✺✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✸✳✺✽✼✱ ❞❡ ✺ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴❉✸✺✽✼✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✾✳✾✽✸✱ ❞❡ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✵✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴▲✾✾✽✸✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✸✳✽✼✷✱ ❞❡ ✶✽ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴✷✵✵✶✴❉✸✽✼✷✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✸✳✾✾✻✱ ❞❡ ✸✶ ❞❡ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴✷✵✵✶✴❉✸✾✾✻✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛ Pr♦✈✐sór✐❛ n◦ ✷✳✷✵✵✱ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✶✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▼P❱✴✷✷✵✵✲✷✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✿ ▲❡✐ n◦ ✶✵✳✹✵✻✱ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ <❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴▲❡✐s✴✷✵✵✷✴▲✶✵✹✵✻✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵
❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✹✳✵✼✸✱ ❞❡ ✸ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴✷✵✵✷✴❉✹✵✼✸✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✹✳✸✼✻✱ ❞❡ ✶✸ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴✷✵✵✷✴❉✹✸✼✻❛✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵
❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❉❡❝r❡t♦ n◦ ✹✳✺✺✸✱ ❞❡ ✷✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✳✵✵✷✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❞❡❝r❡t♦✴✷✵✵✷✴❉✹✺✺✸❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❆❙■▲✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✭✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱
✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣s✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♣❧❛♥❛❧t♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❝❝✐✈✐❧❴✵✸✴❈♦♥st✐t✉✐❝❛♦✳❤t♠>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❊❲❊❘✱ ❉✳ ❋✳ ❈✳❀ ◆❆❙❍✱ ▼✳ ❏✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤✐♥❡s❡ ✇❛❧❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥✿ ■❊❊❊
❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❤ ✐♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✈❛❝②✳ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✽✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳♣✉r❞✉❡✳❡❞✉✴❤♦♠❡s✴❝s✺✾✵s✴❝❤✐♥❡s❡✲✇❛❧❧✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❘❖❲◆❊✱ ▼✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ✶✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✶✕✷✼✺✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
✶✹✾
❇❘❖❲◆❊✱ ▼✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ✷✳ ❘❡❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❛♥❞
♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✾✕✸✺✶✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
❇❘❯❩■◆❆✱ ❘✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❜❡②♦♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✳
❍✉ss❡r❧ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✕✽✽✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❇❯❉❉✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱
♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✕✺✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❯❘❑■❚❚✱ ■✳ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣✿ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✱ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧
❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✐s♠✳ ❚❤❡♦r② ✫ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✾✕✸✸✽✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❇❯❙❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ●✳ ❏✳ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝
P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✸✕✶✽✾✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✶✳
❈❆■❘◆❙✱ ❉✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t✲❞❛② ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✕✼✼✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❈❆▼P❇❊▲▲✱ ❑✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❝♦st ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❧② ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
❜r❡❛❝❤❡s✿ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ st♦❝❦ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱
♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✶✕✹✹✽✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈❆P❯❘❘❖✱ ❘✳ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ② ❧❛ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧ ❧❡♥❣✉❛❥❡✳ ✶✾✽✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❛♣✉rr♦✳❞❡✴❜♦ss✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✹ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈❆P❯❘❘❖✱ ❘✳ ❍❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❛♣✉rr♦✳❞❡✴♥②✽✻✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✹ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈❆❘▲❙❙❖◆✱ ▲✳ P♦❧✐❝② ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛s ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥✳ P♦❧✐❝② ❙t✉❞✐❡s ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✸✱
♣✳ ✺✵✷✕✺✷✵✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❈❆❘❘✱ ❘✳❀ ❚❨◆❆◆✱ ▼✳❀ ❉❆❱■❙✱ ❘✳ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ t❤❡② ✇♦r❦ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✳ ■❊❊❊
❆❡r♦s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❙②st❡♠s ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♥✳ ✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✕✶✾✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✶✾✾✶✳
❈❆❙❚❊▲▲❙✱ ▼✳ ❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❞❡✳ ✼✳ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ P❛③ ❡ ❚❡rr❛✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❱✳ ✶✳
❈❆❱❆▲▲■✱ ❊✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✿ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐♥❝✐❛❧
♠✉❧t✐✲s♣❡❝✐❛❧t② ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✼✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✷✾✼✕✸✵✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❍❆❯■✱ ▼✳ ❈♦♥✈✐t❡ à ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛✳ ✶✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ➪t✐❝❛✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❈❍❖▲❱❨✱ ▲✳❀ ❈❯PP❊◆❙✱ ❋✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ■♥✿ 18th ■❊❊❊
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✈❛❝②✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❝✐t❡s❡❡r✳✐st✳♣s✉✳❡❞✉✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✴❧❛✉r❡♥❝❡✾✼❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❍❖❯✱ ❙✳✲❈✳ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦❜❥❡❝t st❛t❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❝♦♥tr♦❧
♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✼✷✾✕✼✸✼✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❍❖❯✱ ❙✳✲❈✳ Pr♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t♦ ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✈✳ ✼✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✹✷✺✕✹✸✾✱ ◆♦✈✳✴❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✺✵
❈❍❖❯✱ ❙✳✲❈✳ ❆♥ ❛❣❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥t❡r✲❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤❡
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✈✳ ✼✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✲✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✾✕✶✽✼✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈❍❘■❙❚❊◆❙❊◆✱ ❏✳ ●✳❀ P❆▲▲❊❙❊◆✱ ❚✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
♣r✐✈❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✸✕✸✵✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❈❍❯❘❈❍▼❆◆✱ ❈✳ ❲✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❱♦③❡s✱ ✶✾✼✷✳
❈■❇❖❘❘❆✱ ❈✳ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ r✐s❦✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✐ss♦❝✳✐s✳❧s❡✳❛❝✳✉❦✴■❉▼✴❉✉❛❧✐t②❖❢❘✐s❦✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✽ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈■❇❖❘❘❆✱ ❈✳ ❯✳ ❈r✐s✐s ❛♥❞ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❛♥ ✐♥q✉✐r② ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐ts ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s
❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✕✶✻✱ ▼❛r✳ ✶✾✾✽✳
❈▲❆❘❑✱ ❉✳ ❍♦✇ ❝♦♣②r✐❣❤t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❝♦♥tr♦✈❡rs✐❛❧✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 12th ❛♥♥✉❛❧
❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs✱ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✳ ❙❛♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
♣✳ ✶✕✶✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✺✹✸✹✽✷✳✺✹✸✹✾✾>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷
❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈▲❆❘❑✱ ❉✳ ❉✳❀ ❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❉✳ ❘✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❧✐t❛r②
❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾✽✼ ■❊❊❊ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✈❛❝②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✽✼✳ ♣✳ ✶✽✹✕✶✾✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳r✐❝❡✳❡❞✉✴∼❞✇❛❧❧❛❝❤✴❝♦✉rs❡s✴❝♦♠♣✺✷✼❴❢✷✵✵✹✴❈❧❛r❦❲✐❧s♦♥✽✼✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✷ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❈❖❍❊◆✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❉❘▼ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✕✹✾✱
❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈❖▲❊▼❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❆ss❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② r✐s❦ ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t
s❝❛❧❡✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✻✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✺✕✶✸✵✱ ❏✉♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❖▲▲▼❆◆◆✱ ❏✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❇❡②♦♥❞ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✿ ✇❤② ❍■P❆❆ ♦♥❧② ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡
❞❛t❛ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✻✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✸✕✶✶✽✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❖▼P❯❚❊❘✲❇❆❙❊❉ P❆❚■❊◆❚ ❘❊❈❖❘❉ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈P❘■ ❚♦♦❧❦✐t ✿ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❛r❡✳ ❙❝❤❛✉♠❜✉r❣✱ ■▲✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❤✐♠ss✳♦r❣✴❝♦♥t❡♥t✴✜❧❡s✴❈P❘■❚♦♦❧❦✐t✴✈❡rs✐♦♥✹✴♣❞❢✴❢✉❧❧❴t♦♦❧❦✐t✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❖▼P❯❚❊❘ ❊▼❊❘●❊◆❈❨ ❘❊❙P❖◆❙❊ ❚❊❆▼✳ ❈❊❘❚✴❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❈❡♥t❡r
❙t❛t✐st✐❝s✳ P✐tts❜✉r❣❤✱ ❈❛r♥❡❣✐❡ ▼❡❧❧♦♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❡rt✳♦r❣✴st❛ts✴❝❡rt❴st❛ts✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✺ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈❖▼P❯❚❊❘ ❊▼❊❘●❊◆❈❨ ❘❊❙P❖◆❙❊ ❚❊❆▼✳ ❙✐t❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✳ P✐tts❜✉r❣❤✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳❝❡rt✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈❖❘❊◆✱ ❙✳❀ ❲❆❘❉✱ ▲✳ ❲✳ ❙❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦rt❤ ❲♦rt❤✿ ❍❛r❝♦✉rt ❇r❛❝❡
❏♦✈❛♥♦✈✐❝❤ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❈❖❘◆❊▲■❯❙✱ ■✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✳ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❚r❡♥❞s✱ ✈✳ ✺✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✼✕✸✽✻✱
❲✐♥t❡r ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✺✶
❈❖❘◆❊▲▲❆✱ ❆✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✐♥ ❙♣❛✐♥✳
✈✳ ✶✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✼✕✷✷✵✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱
❈❖❙❚❆✱ ■✳ ❚✳ ▼✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❧✐✈r❡✿ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦
sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳■✳ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✕✶✾✱ ▼❛✐♦✴❆❣♦✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❈❘❖❚❊❆❯✱ ❆✳✲▼✳❀ ❇❊❘●❊❘❖◆✱ ❋✳ ❆♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② tr✐❧♦❣②✿ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss
str❛t❡❣②✱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✼✼✕✾✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❈❘❖❲❊▲▲✱ ❙✳ ●✳ ❉♦❡s t❤❡ ❍✉ss❡r❧✴❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r ❢❡✉❞ r❡st ♦♥ ❛ ♠✐st❛❦❡❄ ❆♥ ❡ss❛② ♦♥
♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❛❧ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✽✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✹✵✱
❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❈❯PP❊◆❙✱ ❋✳❀ ❙❆❯❘❊▲✱ ❈✳ ❙♣❡❝✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ 9th
■❊❊❊ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❑❡♥♠❛r❡✱ ❑❡rr②✱ ■r❡❧❛♥❞✿ ❑❧✉✇❡r
❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✸✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳r❡♥♥❡s✳❡♥st✲
❜r❡t❛❣♥❡✳❢r✴∼❢❝✉♣♣❡♥s✴❛rt✐❝❧❡s✴❝s❢✇✾✻✳♣s>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✶ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✹✳
❉❆■✱ ❳✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡❄ ❚r❛♥s♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛♥ r❡❣✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝✐t✐❡s
✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❣❡✳ ❚❡❧❡♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✸✕✷✶✸✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❢♦r ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❇r✐st♦❧✿
❉❆▼■❆◆❖❯✱ ◆✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ P♦♥❞❡r ♣♦❧✐❝② s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ■♥✿
❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✕✸✾✳
❉❆❱■❉❖❋❋✱ ▲✳ ▲✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✸✳
❉❆❱■❊❙✱ ❏✳❀ ▼❆❇■◆✱ ❱✳❀ ❇❆▲❉❊❘❙❚❖◆❊✱ ❙✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✿ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②
❛♣❛rt❄ ✲ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❖❘✴▼❙ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❖♠❡❣❛✱ ✈✳ ✸✸✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳
✺✵✻✕✺✷✹✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❉❆❱■❊❙✱ ❲✳ ❯♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ str❛t❡❣②✳
✷✵✵✵✳
❙tr❛t❡❣② ✫ ▲❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✸✵✱ ❖❝t✳
❉❆❱■❙✱ ▼✳ ❙✳ ●❡♦r❣ ❙✐♠♠❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❊r✈✐♥❣ ●♦✛♠❛♥✿ ❧❡❣✐t✐♠❛t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✾✕✸✽✽✱ ❖❝t✳
✶✾✾✼✳
❉❆❲❙❖◆✱ ❙✳❀ ◗■❆◆✱ ❙✳❀ ❙❆▼❆❘❆❚■✱ P✳ Pr♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s s②st❡♠s✳ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✾✕✶✹✺✱ ❏❛♥✳
✷✵✵✵✳
❉❊❊❚❩✱ ❙✳ ❆♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣✳
❚❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✾✕✶✺✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✼✸✳
❉❊❙❖❯❩❆✱ ❑✳ ❈✳❀ ❱❆◆❆P❆▲▲■✱ ●✳ ❑✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❧❡ss♦♥s
❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❡♥s❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ s❡❝t♦rs✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✕✾✽✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❉❍■▲▲❖◆✱ ●✳ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ ■❙ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
✈✳ ✹✶✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✺✕✻✹✹✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
✫ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱
✶✺✷
❉■❆❙✱ ❈✳
✷✵✵✵✳
❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❆①❝❡❧✱
❉■❈❑❍❆❯❚✱ ❏✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ●❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✈✳ ✹✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✕✺✸✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✸✳
❉■❳❖◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡✿ ❆ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ P♦❧✐❝② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✲✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✾✕✷✷✻✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✸✳
❉■❳❖◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣✿ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r
❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✕✺✼✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞①✳❞♦✐✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✵✽✴✶✹✼✷✵✼✵✵✸✶✵✹✺✾✽✺✹>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✵ ♠❛r✳ ✷✵✵✻✳
❉■❳❖◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❆ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ♣r❛①✐s✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✽✕✹✽✷✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❉■❳❖◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❉❖●❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✿ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢
r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝② ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✾✕✺✼✾✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❉❘❆❯❈❑❊❘✱ ❈✳ ❇✳ ❚❤❡ ❝r✐t✐q✉❡ ♦❢ ❤❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✐❛♥ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝❛❧ ♥✉rs✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ◆✉rs✐♥❣✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✵✕✸✼✸✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❉❘❊❨❋❯❙✱ ❍✳ ▲✳ ❚❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t r❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✬s ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢
❡♠❜♦❞✐♠❡♥t✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣✳♦r❣✴❛♣♠❴♣❛♣❡rs✴❞r❡②❢✉s✷✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❉❘❊❨❋❯❙✱ ❍✳ ▲✳ ❲❤② ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✇♦rr② ❛❜♦✉t s♣❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✫ P❡♦♣❧❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✶✕✷✽✾✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❉❯◆◆✱ P✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ✐♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡✲❜❛s❡❞ tr✉st✿ ❛
❧❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❊t❤✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✺✕✸✵✻✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❊✲❈❖▼▼❊❘❈❊✳❖❘●✳ ❉❛❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳ ❙ã♦
P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳♦r❣✳❜r✴❙❚❆❚❙✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✻✳
❊▲❑■◆✲❑❖❘❊◆✱ ◆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐✈❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✶✕✷✵✾✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❊t❤✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ▼✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐sts ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐sts ♦♥ ❊♥❛❜❧❡♠❡♥t t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳
Pr❡t♦r✐❛✿ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆❢r✐❝❛♥ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ❢♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐sts ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐sts✱
✷✵✵✸✳ ♣✳ ✶✸✵✕✶✸✻✳
❊▲❖❋❋✱ ▼✳ ▼✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❙✳ ❍✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧
❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✸✕✷✺✻✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❊▲❙❆❙✱ P✳ ■✳❀ ❱❘■❊❙✱ P✳ ▼✳ ❖✳ ❞❡❀ ❘■❊❚✱ ❘✳ P✳ ✈❛♥ ❞❡✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s♣✐r❛❝✐❡s✳
■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 9th ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡rt ❙②st❡♠s
❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❱✐❡♥❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✺✻✕✷✻✻✳
✶✺✸
❊▼❇❙❊✱ ❚✳ ❏✳ ✈♦♥ ❞❡r❀ ❉❊❙❆■✱ ▼✳ ❙✳❀ ❉❊❙❆■✱ ❙✳ ❍♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ ❛r❡ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❡t❤✐❝s
❝♦❞❡s ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❡♥❝❤❡s❄ ❑❡② ❢❛❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✻✕✶✺✸✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ❘✳ ▲✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝
❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ P✉❜❧✐s❤❡rs✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ❘✳ ▲✳ ❚❤❡ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✹✳
❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❧♦❣✐❝ ✿ Pr♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✿ ❑❧✉✇❡r
❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❧♦❣✐❝ ✿
Pr❡❞✐❝❛t❡ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❖①❢♦r❞
❊❘◆❙❚ ✫ ❨❖❯◆● ▲▲P✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❙✉r✈❡② ✷✵✵✸✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱
✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡②✳❝♦♠✴❣❧♦❜❛❧✴❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✳♥s❢✴■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧✴❚❙❘❙❴✲
❴●❧♦❜❛❧❴■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❴❙❡❝✉r✐t②❴❙✉r✈❡②❴✷✵✵✸✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✼ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❊❙❈❍❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❊s❝❤❡r ✇♦♦❞❝❛r✈✐♥❣✳ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ✸✺✶ ✲ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦✇❧♥❡t✳r✐❝❡✳❡❞✉✴∼♣s②❝✸✺✶✴■♠❛❣❡s✴❊s❝❤❡r✳❥♣❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊❯▲❆❯✱ ❍✳❀ ❘❖❚❍❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ▲✳ ▲✐❢❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛s ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✳
P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✵✕✶✺✼✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✽✻✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✐✈❡
✾✺✴✹✻✴❊❈ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ P❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡
❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦❢ ✷✹ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✾✾✺ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣
♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❞❛t❛ ✲ ♣❛rt ✶✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴❝♦♠♠✴✐♥t❡r♥❛❧❴♠❛r❦❡t✴♣r✐✈❛❝②✴❞♦❝s✴✾✺✲✹✻✲❝❡>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✐✈❡
✾✺✴✹✻✴❊❈ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ P❛r❧✐❛♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡
❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦❢ ✷✹ ❖❝t♦❜❡r ✶✾✾✺ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇✐t❤ r❡❣❛r❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣
♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢r❡❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ s✉❝❤ ❞❛t❛ ✲ ♣❛rt ✷✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴❝♦♠♠✴✐♥t❡r♥❛❧❴♠❛r❦❡t✴♣r✐✈❛❝②✴❞♦❝s✴✾✺✲✹✻✲❝❡>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✿ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r ❛
❡✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴❡✉r✲
❧❡①✴❡♥✴❝♦♠✴❝♥❝✴✷✵✵✶✴❝♦♠✷✵✵✶❴✵✷✾✽❡♥✵✶✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✵ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡ ✿ t❤❡ ❊✉✲
r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦❝✐❡t②✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❴s♦❝✐❡t②✴♥❡✇sr♦♦♠✴❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦♥ ❉❛t❛ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✲ ❈✐t✐③❡♥s✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱
✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴❝♦♠♠✴♣✉❜❧✐❝❴♦♣✐♥✐♦♥✴❛r❝❤✐✈❡s✴❡❜s>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊❯❘❖P❊❆◆ ❈❖▼▼■❙❙■❖◆✳ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦♥ ❉❛t❛ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ✲ ❈♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s✳
❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❡✉r♦♣❛✳❡✉✳✐♥t✴❝♦♠♠✴♣✉❜❧✐❝❴♦♣✐♥✐♦♥✴✢❛s❤>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊❱❊❘❊❚❚✱ ❏✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r❛①❡♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ P✐❡rr❡ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✻✕✽✵✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✶✺✹
❋❆❈❑▲❊❘✱ ▼✳ ■♥ ❑♦r❡❛✱ ❜✉r❡❛✉❝r❛ts ❧❡❛❞ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❝❤❛r❣❡✳
✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥②t✐♠❡s✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✵✻✴✵✸✴✶✻✴❜✉s✐♥❡ss✴✇♦r❧❞❜✉s✐♥❡ss✴✶✻s❡♦✉❧✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✵ ♠❛r✳ ✷✵✵✻✳
❚❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦ ❚✐♠❡s
❋❆❘◆✱ ❑✳✲❏✳❀ ▲■◆✱ ❙✳✲❑✳❀ ❋❯◆●✱ ❆✳ ❘✳✲❲✳ ❆ st✉❞② ♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
s②st❡♠ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛ss❡ts✱t❤r❡❛t ❛♥❞ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t②✳
✱
✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✶✕✺✶✸✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ✫ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s
❋❊▲❉▼❆◆✱ ❏✳❀ ▼■❨❆▼❖❚❖✱ ❏✳❀ ▲❖❋❚❯❙✱ ❊✳ ❋✳ ❆r❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s r❡❣r❡tt❡❞ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥
✐♥❛❝t✐♦♥s❄
✱ ✈✳ ✼✽✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✷✸✷✕✷✺✺✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✾✾✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛♥❞ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s
❋❊❘◆➪◆❉❊❩✲▼❖▲■◆❆✱ ❏✳ ❈✳❀ P❊■❙✱ ❊✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦r❛❧ r✐❣❤ts ❢♦r ❛✉t❤♦rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❣❡
♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
✱ ✈✳ ✺✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✾✕✶✶✼✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞
❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆✱ ▼✳ ❈✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦
❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✶✕✷✽✵✱ ❥✉❧✳✴❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛
❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆✱ ❘✳ ❞❛ ❙✳ ❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ ✉♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s
❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦✳
✱ ✈✳ ✸✷✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✕✹✶✱ ❥❛♥✳✴❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆❈▼
❋▲❖❘❊❙✱ ❋✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳
✱ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✸✕✶✼✷✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✹✺✾✹✶✳✹✺✾✹✸>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✼ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❖✣❝❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❡t❤✐❝s✿ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❡t❤✐❝s✳
✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✕✺✻✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❊t❤✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ❖♥ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ ❧✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✕✹✾✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❊♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣②
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❄
✶✷✸✕✶✹✺✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❡t❛♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✱ ✈✳ ✸✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✲✷✱ ♣✳
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ❚✇♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✾✕✹✻✾✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼✐♥❞s ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✱
❚❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧ ●✉✐❞❡ t♦
✳
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❄ ■♥✿
✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇♦❧❢s♦♥✳♦①✳❛❝✳✉❦✴∼✢♦r✐❞✐✴❜❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✴❝❤❛♣t❡rs✴✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✷✸ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
t❤❡ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ▲■❙ ❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛ r❡❛♣♣r❛✐s❛❧✳
✈✳ ✺✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✽✕✻✻✺✱ ❲✐♥t❡r ✷✵✵✹✳
❋▲❖❘■❉■✱ ▲✳ ❖♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✹✕✺✽✷✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❋❖▲❊❨✱ ❙✳ ◆✳ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❝❤✐♥❡s❡ ✇❛❧❧s ✐♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✉♥✐①✳
♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✶✕✺✻✸✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
▲✐❜r❛r② ❚r❡♥❞s✱
▼❡t❛♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✱ ✈✳ ✸✺✱
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱
✶✺✺
❋❖▲❚❩✱ ❈✳ ❇✳❀ ❈❘❖◆❆◆✱ ❚✳ P✳❀ ❏❖◆❊❙✱ ❚✳ ❲✳ ❍❛✈❡ ②♦✉ ♠❡t ②♦✉r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✬s
❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✉s❛❣❡ ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❉❛t❛ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✼✕✶✹✻✱
✷✵✵✺✳
❋❖◆❚❆◆❆✱ ●✳❀ ●❊❘❘❆❘❉✱ ❇✳ ❆ ♣♦st ❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✉♥❞❡r
✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✾✕✻✸✼✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❋❖❘❉✱ ❲✳ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞❱✐❡✇✱ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✷✱
♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✻✹✕✼✶✱ ✶✾✾✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✷✵✷✾✹✾✳✷✵✷✾✺✶>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❋❘❆●❆❚❆✱ ❏✳ ❆ ❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛✳ ❇r❛❣❛✿
❈r✉③✲❇r❛❣❛✱ ✶✾✺✾✳
❋❘❆❙❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❘❋❈ ✷✶✾✻ ✲ ❙✐t❡ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✶✾✾✼✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❡t❢✳♦r❣✴r❢❝✴r❢❝✷✶✾✻✳t①t>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✹ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❋❯▲❋❖❘❉✱ ❍✳❀ ❉❖❍❊❘❚❨✱ ◆✳ ❋✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✐♥
❧❛r❣❡ ❯❑✲❜❛s❡❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t♦r② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✻✕✶✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❋❯▼❨✱ ❲✳ ■❚ s❡❝✉r✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞✐s❛t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✷✱ ♣✳ ✻✕✶✶✱ ❉❡❝✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❋❯◆❉❆➬➹❖ ●❊❚Ú▲■❖ ❱❆❘●❆❙✳ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❈❡♥tr♦
❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❙♦❝✐❛✐s ✲ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡tú❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❋❯❘◆❊▲▲✱ ❙✳ ▼✳❀ ❈❍■▲■❆❘❈❍❆❑■✱ P✳❀ ❉❖❲▲❆◆❉✱ P✳ ❙✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❛❧②s❡rs✿
❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t♦r ❛ss✐st❛♥ts ♦r ❤❛❝❦❡r ❤❡❧♣❡rs❄ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✾✸✕✶✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
●❆❉❆▼❊❘✱ ❍✳✲●✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝ ❝✐r❝❧❡✿ t❤❡ ❡❧❡✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝✐t② ♦❢
✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ st❛t✉s ♦❢ ❛ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡✳ ■♥✿ ❆▲❈❖❋❋✱ ▲✳ ▼✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✳
❊♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣② ✿ t❤❡ ❜✐❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ▼❛❧❞❡♥✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✿ ❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✸✷✕✷✹✼✳
●❆▲▲❆●❍❊❘✱ ❙✳❀ ❱❆❘❊▲❆✱ ❋✳ ❘❡❞r❛✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛♣ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✿ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦✲
❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✳ ■♥✿ ❈❘❖❲❊▲▲✱ ❙✳❀ ❊▼❇❘❊❊✱ ▲✳❀ ❏❯▲■❆◆✱ ❙✳ ❏✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❚❤❡ r❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ r❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❉❡❧r❛② ❇❡❛❝❤✱ ❋❧♦r✐❞❛✿ ❈❡♥t❡r ❢♦r ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ P❤❡♥♦✲
♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✷✳❝❛♥✐s✐✉s✳❡❞✉✴∼❣❛❧❧❛❣❤❡r✴●✫❱✵✶✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✽ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❆❘●✱ ❆✳❀ ❈❯❘❚■❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❍❆▲P❊❘✱ ❍✳ ◗✉❛♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ ■❚ s❡❝✉r✐t②
❜r❡❛❝❤❡s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✼✹✕✽✸✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
●❆❘■❇❆▲❉❖✱ ❋✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❦✐❧❧s✿
❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs✐st❡♥❝❡✳ ❆■ ✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✺✕✸✸✶✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❆❯◆❚✱ ◆✳ ■♥st❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
♦❢ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✹✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✶✕✶✸✹✱ ▼❛r✳ ✶✾✾✽✳
●❊❆◆❊▲▲❖❙✱ ❘✳ ❊①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✬s ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞
♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②s✐♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ t❡①ts✳ ◆✉rs✐♥❣ ■♥q✉✐r②✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✷✕✶✶✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✵✳
✶✺✻
●❊❊❘ ❏❘✱ ❉✳❀ ❍❖❖✱ ❑✳ ❙✳❀ ❏❆◗❯■❚❍✱ ❆✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✿ ✇❤② t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❜❡❧♦♥❣s
t♦ t❤❡ q✉❛♥ts✳ ■❊❊❊ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✫ Pr✐✈❛❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✕✸✷✱ ❏✉❧②✴❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
●❊◆❊❘❆▲ ❆❈❈❖❯◆❚■◆● ❖❋❋■❈❊✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✿ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠
❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥ ✲ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❖✣❝❡✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣❛♦✳❣♦✈✴s♣❡❝✐❛❧✳♣✉❜s✴❛✐✾✽✻✽✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✵✺ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
●❊◆●▲❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❈♦♥t❡♥t ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r r❡❝♦r❞❛❜❧❡ ♠❡❞✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
✈✳ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✺✕✻✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
●❊❖❘●❊✱ ❱✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛s ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ✿ t❤❡ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✐❛♥
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ❢♦r r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❱❛❧✉❡s ❛♥❞ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
✭❈✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❤❡r✐t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳ ■■■❇✱ ❙♦✉t❤ ❆s✐❛✱ ✈✳ ✷✮✳
●❊❘❇❊❘✱ ▼✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳❀ ❖❱❊❘❇❊❊❑✱ P✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✕✸✼✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
●❊❘❙❇❆❈❍✱ ❍✳ ❙✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛❞♦①✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❲❡❧❢❛r❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✶✕✷✹✻✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
●■❇❇❙✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✐❧❧❡♥♥✐✉♠ ❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ❆❝t✳ ❯❜✐q✉✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✻✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✹✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✸✹✽✼✾✵✳✸✹✽✼✾✷>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
●■▲✲●❆❘❈❮❆✱ ❏✳ ❘✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞❛r❞s✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡
r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛t❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✺✲✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✹✽✕✻✵✱ ❙❡♣t✳
✷✵✵✹✳
●■▲▲■▲❆◆❉✱ ❙✳ ❲✳❀ ❙❈❍❊P❊❘❙✱ ❉✳ ❲✳ ❲❤② ✇❡ ❞♦ t❤❡ t❤✐♥❣s ✇❡ ❞♦✿ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥ts ♦❢ ❥✉st tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❧❛②♦✛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s✳ ❍✉♠❛♥
❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✕✽✸✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
●▲❆❙●❖❲✱ ❏✳❀ ▼❆❈❊❲❊◆✱ ●✳❀ P❆◆❆◆●❆❉❊◆✱ P✳ ❆ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❢♦r r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t
s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✻✕✷✻✹✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
●❖❉❋❘❊❨✲❙▼■❚❍✱ P✳ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿
❙❚❊❘◆❇❊❘●✱ ❘✳❀ ❑❆❯❋▼❆◆✱ ❏✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡✳ ❙t❛♥❢♦r❞✱
❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ▲❛✇r❡♥❝❡ ❊r❧❜❛✉♠ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t❡s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
●❖❊❘●■❖❯✱ ■✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✲❥✉❞❣✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
❡♣✐st❡♠♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❱♦♥ ❇❡rt❛❧❛♥✛②✬s ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❚❤❡♦r②✳ ❙②st❡♠✐❝ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❆❝t✐♦♥
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✶✕✹✷✹✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✵✳
●❖▲❉❑❯❍▲✱ ●✳❀ ➴●❊❘❋❆▲❑✱ P✳ ❏✳ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✿ ♦✉t❧✐♥❡ ♦❢
❛ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ 4th ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥
❘❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✿ ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t②✳ P✐s❛✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ P✐s❛✱
✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❞❛✳❧✐✉✳s❡✴∼❣♦r❣♦✴❡r♣✴●●P❆❦✲❘❊❋❙◗✾✽✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✷ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
●❖❖❉▼❆◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❍❊❈❑❊❘▼❆◆✱ ❉✳❀ ❘❖❯◆❉❚❍❲❆■❚❊✱ ❘✳ ❙t♦♣♣✐♥❣ s♣❛♠✳ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✕✸✶✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ▲❖❊❇✱ ▼✳ P✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t✳ ❆❈▼
❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✽✕✹✺✼✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✶✺✼
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ▲❖❊❇✱ ▼✳ P✳ ❘❡t✉r♥ ♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts✿ ♠②t❤s ✈s✳
r❡❛❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✽✹✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✕✸✶✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ▲❖❊❇✱ ▼✳ P✳❀ ▲❯❈❨❙❍❨◆✱ ❲✳ ❙❤❛r✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r
s②st❡♠s s❡❝✉r✐t②✿ ❛♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱
♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✶✕✹✽✺✱ ◆♦✈✴❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹ ❈❙■✴❋❇■ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❝r✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t② s✉r✈❡②✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱
✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣♦❝s✐✳❝♦♠✴❢♦r♠s✴❢❜✐✴♣❞❢✳❥❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ❥✉♥✳
✷✵✵✹✳
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ▲❖❊❇✱ ▼✳ P✳❀ ❙❖❍❆■▲✱ ❚✳ ❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r
❝②❜❡r✲r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✽✶✕✽✺✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
●❖❘❉❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ❘■❈❍❆❘❉❙❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❲❡❡❦✱ ♥✳ ✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✺✸✕✺✻✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
●❘❆▼❇❊❘●❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❈✐t✐③❡♥s ❛s ♣❛rt♥❡rs ✿ ❖❊❈❉ ❤❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱
❝♦♥s✉❧t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✲♠❛❦✐♥❣✳ P❛r✐s✿ ❖❊❈❉✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱ ■✳ ❆❣❡♥❝②✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱
♣✳ ✻✽✽✕✼✵✺✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱ ■✳ ❚❤❡♦r✐s✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝②✿ ❍♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❤✐st♦r② ❝♦♠❡ t♦ ♠❛tt❡r ✐♥
♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥s❄ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✹✵✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✹✕✻✶✾✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❘❊❊◆❊❘✱ ■✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦❢ ♣❛t❤ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s✳ P♦❧✐t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱
♣✳ ✻✷✕✼✷✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
●❯❆◆✱ ❇✳✲❈✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② r❡❧❛t❡❞ r✐s❦s ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✿
t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ■♥✿ ■❊❊❊ ✸✼t❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛r♥❛❤❛♥ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✽✕✶✼✺✳
●❯❊▲✱ ▼✳ ❉✳ ❆ s❤♦rt ♣r✐♠❡r ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ❇❡t❤❡s❞❛✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❛♥s✳♦r❣✴r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✴♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✴P♦❧✐❝②❴Pr✐♠❡r✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✷✺ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
●❯P❚❆✱ ▼✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ▼❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧
s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦✜❧❡s✿ ❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ◆♦
♣r❡❧♦✳
●❯❩▼❆◆✱ ■✳ ❘✳❀ ❑❆❆❘❙❚✲❇❘❖❲◆✱ ▼✳ ▲✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✐❣♥♠❡♥t✿
✐♥s✐❣❤ts ✐♥t♦ ❝♦♥✢✐❝t✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❚ ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢
t❤❡ ✷✵✵✹ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ♣❡rs♦♥♥❡❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❚✉❝s♦♥✱ ❆r✐③♦♥❛✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳
✸✵✕✸✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✾✽✷✸✼✷✳✾✽✷✸✼✾>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❍❆●❯❊❚❊✱ ❚✳ ▼✳ ❋✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛✳ ■♥✿
s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ✹✳ ❡❞✳ P❡tró♣♦❧✐s✿ ❱♦③❡s✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✺✵✳
✳ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ♥❛
❍❆▲▲✱ ❘✳❀ ❆◆❉❘■❆◆■✱ P✳ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢♦r ✐♥♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✳ ▲♦♥❣ ❘❛♥❣❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱
✈✳ ✸✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✹✽✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✶✺✽
❍❆▼▼❖◆❉❙✱ ●✳ ▲✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❝❡♥t❡r s❡❝✉r✐t② ✲ ♣r♦✈✐♥❣ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 10th ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡❣r✐t②✱ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❙❛❢❡t② ❛♥❞
Pr♦❝❝❡ss ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✸✕✶✼✸✳
❍❆◆❙❙❖◆✱ ❏✳ ❍❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s ❛s ❛ ❜r✐❞❣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣♦st♠♦❞❡r♥ ✐♥
❧✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✷✕✶✶✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❍❆❘❉❚✱ ▼✳❀ ◆❊●❘■✱ ❆✳
■♠♣ér✐♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❘❡❝♦r❞✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❍❆❘❘■❙✱ ❘✳❀ ❇❘❖❲◆■◆●✱ ❘✳ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✿ ❞❛t❛
♣♦❧✐❝② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♣❛❝❡ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✺✕✷✼✻✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❍❆❲❑■◆❙✱ ❙✳ ▼✳❀ ❨❊◆✱ ❉✳ ❈✳❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❆✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t
s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✶✕✶✹✸✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❍❆❲❑■◆❙✱ ❙✳ ▼✳❀ ❨❊◆✱ ❉✳ ❈✳❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ❉✳ ❈✳ ❉✐s❛st❡r r❡❝♦✈❡r② ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✿ ❛ str❛t❡❣② ❢♦r
❞❛t❛ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✷✕✷✷✾✱
✷✵✵✵✳
❚❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✿ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❣✉✐❞❡✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✷✳
❍❊❈▲❖✱ ❍✳ ❍✳ P♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❇r✐t✐s❤ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✕✶✵✽✱
❍❊❆P✱ ❙✳ ❍✳ ❡t ❛❧✳
❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✼✷✳
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❡ss❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ tr✉t❤✳ ✶✾✹✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❢♦✉❝❛✉❧t✳✐♥❢♦✴❧✐♥❦s✴r❡❧❛t❡❞✲❤❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✴❤❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✳❡ss❡♥❝❡❖❢❚r✉t❤✳❡♥❣✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✻ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✺✳
❇❡✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❚✐♠❡✳ ❖①❢♦r❞✿ ❇❛s✐❧ ❇❧❛❝❦✇❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✽✺✳
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❙❡r ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✸✳ ❡❞✳ P❡tró♣♦❧✐s✿ ❱♦③❡s✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ❱✳ ✷✳
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❇❧♦♦♠✐♥❣t♦♥✿
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ▼✳
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❍❊■❉❊●●❊❘✱ ▼✳
■♥❞✐❛♥❛
❙❡r ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✶✷✳ ❡❞✳ P❡tró♣♦❧✐s✿ ❱♦③❡s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❱✳ ✶✳
❍❊■◆➘▼❆❆✱ ❙✳ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t②✬s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✿ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ♣❛ss✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✳ ❙②♥t❤❡s❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✽✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✾✕✻✾✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❍❊▲❱❊❨✱ ❚✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❉❛t❛ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥ ❧✐❢❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳
❇■❖❙■▲■❈❖✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✾✼✕✶✵✸✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
❉r✉❣ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❚♦❞❛②✿
❍❊◆❊❙❙❨✱ ❉✳ ❆✳❀ ❇❆❇❈❖❈❑✱ ❇✳ ❆✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛❞❞❡❞✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ❛♥❞ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✸✶✕✹✹✾✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✶✾✾✽✳
❍❊◆◆■◆●✱ ❘✳ ❘✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥ts✿ q✉❛♥t✐✜❛❜❧❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡
❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡❄ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾✾✾ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ♥❡✇ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✳ ❖♥t❛r✐♦✿
❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✺✹✕✻✵✳
❍■❚❈❍❊◆❙✱ ❆✳ ❆ ❝❛❧❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r✲❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ♦♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛❝❝❡ss t♦
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✸✕✶✺✹✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
✶✺✾
❍■❚❈❍■◆●❙✱ ❏✳ ❉❡✜❝✐❡♥❝✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡
r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✼✕✸✽✸✱ ▼❛②
✶✾✾✺✳
❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ❇✳ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❛♥❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧
❜❛s✐s✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✸✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✶✕✺✸✶✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✵✳
❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ❇✳ ❆r❣✉♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠ ✐♥ ❧✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
▲✐❜r❛r② ❚r❡♥❞s✱ ✈✳ ✺✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✽✕✺✵✻✱ ❲✐♥t❡r ✷✵✵✹✳
❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ❇✳ ❈♦♠♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛rt✐❝❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ✇♦r❦✳
❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✻✕✶✻✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ❇✳ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝✐s♠✱ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠ ✐♥ ❧✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✵✕✶✺✺✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❍❏Ø❘▲❆◆❉✱ ❇✳ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ♦❢ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✕✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧
❍Ö◆❊✱ ❑✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ✇❤❛t ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✷✕✹✵✾✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❍Ö◆❊✱ ❑✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ❲❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s ❛♥ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②❄ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✕✶✻✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✷✳
s❡❝✉r✐t② st❛♥❞❛r❞s s❛②❄
❍❖❘▲■❈❑✲❏❖◆❊❙✱ ❚✳❀ ❙■▼❊✱ ❏✳ ▲✐✈✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜♦r❞❡r✿
tr❛♥s❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐t②✳
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ r✐s❦ ❛♥❞
❋✉t✉r❡s✱ ✈✳ ✸✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✶✕✹✺✻✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
❍❖❲❆❘❉✱ ❏✳ ❉✳❀ ▼❊❯◆■❊❘✱ P✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛ ✏❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✑ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❡❝✉r✐t②
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✹t❤✳ ❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✸✳✶✕✸✳✷✷✳
✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍✱ ❙✳❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱ ▼✳ ❊✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❍❯❉❙❖◆✱ ❏✳ ❊✲❣❛❧✐t❛r✐❛♥✐s♠✿ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦❝✐❡t② ❛♥❞ ◆❡✇ ▲❛❜♦✉r✬s r❡♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣
❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✽✕✷✾✵✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✸✳
❍❯●❍❊❙✱ ●✳ ❊✳❀ ❈❘❊❙❙❲❊▲✱ ▼✳ ❏✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐♦♥ t♦ ♠♦❞❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✿
♦❢ ✇❡❧❢❛r❡✳
▼❡t❤✉❡♥
❛♥❞ ❈♦✱ ✶✾✽✹✳
❍❯●❍❊❙✱ ●✳ ❊✳❀ ❈❘❊❙❙❲❊▲✱ ▼✳ ❏✳
❆ ♥❡✇ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠♦❞❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ▲♦♥❞♦♥✿
❘♦✉t❧❡❞❣❡✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ❊✳
❚❤❡ ❝r✐s✐s ♦❢ ❡✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❛❧ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ✿
❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✳ ❊✈❛♥st♦♥✱ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s✿ ◆♦rt❤✇❡st❡r♥
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✼✵✳
❍❯❙❙❊❘▲✱ ❊✳
■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✿
❙❡①t❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ✲ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛çã♦
❢❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ◆♦✈❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
■❉❙❖◆✱ ▲✳ ❈✳❀ ▲■❇❊❘▼❆◆✱ ◆✳❀ ❍■●●■◆❙✱ ❊✳ ❚✳ ❉✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤✐♥❣ ❣❛✐♥s ❢r♦♠ ♥♦♥❧♦ss❡s
❛♥❞ ❧♦ss❡s ❢r♦♠ ♥♦♥❣❛✐♥s✿ ❆ r❡❣✉❧❛t♦r② ❢♦❝✉s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♥ ❤❡❞♦♥✐❝ ✐♥t❡♥s✐t②✳
♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✸✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✕✷✼✹✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✷✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧
✶✻✵
■◆❋❖❘▼❆❚■❖◆ ❙❨❙❚❊▼❙ ❆❯❉■❚ ❆◆❉ ❈❖◆❚❘❖▲ ❋❖❯◆❉❆❚■❖◆✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
s❡❝✉r✐t② ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ✿ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❜♦❛r❞s ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t♦rs ❛♥❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❘♦❧❧✐♥❣
▼❡❛❞♦✇s✱ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❇❘❆❙■▲❊■❘❖ ❉❊ ●❊❖●❘❆❋■❆ ❊ ❊❙❚❆❚❮❙❚■❈❆✳ P❡s✲
q✉✐s❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ✲ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❜❣❡✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴❤♦♠❡✴❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛✴❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✴❝♦♠❡r❝✐♦❡s❡r✈✐❝♦✴♣❛❝✴✷✵✵✸✴❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳s❤t♠>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✻✳
■◆❚❘❖◆❆✱ ▲✳ ❉✳ ❚❤❡ ✭✐♠✮♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❡t❤✐❝s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❣❡✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✼✶✕✽✹✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
■❙❍■❉❆✱ ❚✳❀ ■❙❇■❙❚❊❘✱ ❑✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❇❡r❧✐♠✿ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❝✐t✐❡s ✿
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❢✉t✉r❡
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ✸r❞✳ ❡❞✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❙✉♠♠❛r②✳ ✸r❞✳ ❡❞✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ✸r❞✳ ❡❞✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❚♦♦❧ ❙❡t✳ ✸r❞✳ ❡❞✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱
✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s✳ ✸r❞✳ ❡❞✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱
✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜❛s❡❧✐♥❡s✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ■❚ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r
❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡②✳ ❘♦❧❧✐♥❣ ▼❡❛❞♦✇s✱ ■❧❧✐♥♦✐s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣✴❈♦♥t❡♥t▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✴❈♦♥t❡♥t❉✐s♣❧❛②✳❝❢♠❄❈♦♥t❡♥t■❉❂✶✸✾✷✸>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ■❚ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ st❛t✉s r❡♣♦rt✳ ❘♦❧❧✐♥❣ ▼❡❛❞♦✇s✱
■❧❧✐♥♦✐s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐t❣✐✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✻✳
■❚ ●❖❱❊❘◆❆◆❈❊ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ ❈❖❇■❚✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐s❛❝❛✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❏❆❊●❊❘✱ P✳ ❚✳❀ ❇❊❘❚❖❚✱ ❏✳ ❈✳❀ ▼❈❈▲❯❘❊✱ ❈✳ ❘✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t
❆❝t ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❋♦r❡✐❣♥ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡
❙✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ ❆❝t✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✺✕✸✶✹✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✸✳
❏❆▼❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❋r❡❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✿ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❢♦r
❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✸✸✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❏❆◆■❈❆❯❉✱ ❉✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧✐st ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤
♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✾✕✶✵✻✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
✐♥ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱
✈✳ ✸✵✱
✶✻✶
❏❆❙❆◆❖❋❋✱ ❙✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ r✐s❦ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❘❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞
❙②st❡♠ ❙❛❢❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✺✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✕✾✾✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❏❖■❆✱ ▲✳ ❆✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✲t♦✲❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❡♥t❡r♣r✐③❡s ✐♥ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ ❛ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝
♠♦❞❡❧ ❞r❛✇♥ ❢r♦♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❏❖◆❙❙❖◆✱ ❊✳ ❆♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾✾✽ ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ◆❡✇ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✳ ❈❤❛r❧♦tt❡s✈✐❧❧❡✱ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛✱ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s✿
❆❈▼✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✷✕✷✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✸✶✵✽✽✾✳✸✶✵✾✵✸>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❑❆●❆▲✱ ▲✳❀ ❋■◆■◆✱ ❚✳❀ P❊◆●✱ ❨✳ ❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ tr✉st ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳
✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❝s❝❡✳✉❛r❦✳❡❞✉✴∼❤❡①♠♦♦r✴❆❆✵✶✴❝❛♠❡r❛r❡❛❞②✴❑❛❣❛❧✳♣s>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ♠❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❑❆❍◆❊▼❆◆✱ ❉✳ ❆ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♥ ❥✉❞❣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✿ ▼❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧✐t②✳
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐st✱ ✈✳ ✺✽✱ ♥✳ ✾✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✼✕✼✷✵✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❑❆❍◆❊▼❆◆✱ ❉✳❀ ❚❱❊❘❙❑❨✱ ❆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥✱
✈✳ ✷✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✻✕✶✹✷✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✽✷✳
❑❆P▲❆◆✱ ▼✳❀ ❈❯❈■❚■✱ P✳ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✿ ❘❡str✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥❞
♣r✐✈❛t✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✼✕✷✼✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✶✾✾✽✳
❑❆❘❆❇❆❈❆❑✱ ❇✳❀ ❙❖●❯❑P■◆❆❘✱ ■✳ ■❙❘❆▼✿ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② r✐s❦ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s
♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✼✕✶✺✾✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❑❆❘▲❙❙❖◆✱ ■✳❀ ❈❍❘■❙❚■❆◆❙❖◆✱ ❙✳✲❆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ tr❛✉♠❛t✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s
✐♥ ♣♦❧✐❝❡ ✇♦r❦✳ P♦❧✐❝✐♥❣✿ ❆♥ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝❡ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❡s ✫ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱
✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✾✕✹✸✽✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❑❆❘❖▲❨✱ P✳ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ♦❢ s❡❧❢✲r❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛ s②st❡♠s ✈✐❡✇✳ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢
Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✹✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✕✺✷✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❑❆❨✱ ❆✳ ❆ ❝r✐t✐q✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣❛t❤ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝② ✐♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② st✉❞✐❡s✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱
✈✳ ✽✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✸✕✺✼✶✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❑❊❆❙❚✱ ❘✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ str✉❝t✉r❡s✿ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥s✳
P✉❜❧✐❝ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✻✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✸✕✸✼✶✱ ▼❛②✴❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❑■▼✱ ❏✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✲❜❡✐♥❣✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✴✷✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✕✶✶✶✱ ▼❛r✳
✷✵✵✶✳
❑■◆●✱ ●✳ ❇❡st s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✿ ❛♥ ♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❝❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢
t❤❡ ✷✸r❞ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ◆■❙❚✲
◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✷✵✵✵✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✴♣❛♣❡rs✴✵✷✷✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✽
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❑▲❊■◆✱ ❍✳ ❑✳ ❙❡❡❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠✿ ❞é❥à ✈✉❄ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✹✹✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✻✷
❑▲❊■❚❊❘✱ ●✳ ❉✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❉♦ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡ r❛t❡s❄
❍✉♠❛♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✈✳ ✼✷✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✻✶✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛♥❞
❑❖✱ ■✳ ❙✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❦❡② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥
s♣❡❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✲✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✼✕✷✺✵✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❑❖❈❍❊❘✱ P✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ s②st❡♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 41st ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳ ✼✺✸✕✼✻✵✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✾✾✻✺✻✻✳✾✾✻✼✼✶>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❑❖❑❖▲❆❑■❙✱ ❙✳ ❆✳❀ ❑■❖❯◆❚❖❯❩■❙✱ ❊✳ ❆✳ ❆❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡✲
s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✼✕✷✽✶✱ ▼❛②
✷✵✵✵✳
❑❖◆❆◆❆✱ P✳❀ ❇❆▲❆❙❯❇❘❆▼❆◆■❆◆✱ ❙✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢
t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉s❛❣❡✿ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♥❣✳ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt
❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✸✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✺✕✺✷✹✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✳
❑❖❘❩❨❑ ❙❘✱ ❆✳ ❆ ❢♦r❡❝❛st✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r♥❡t s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛tt❛❝❦s✳ ■♥✿
❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✶st ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳
Pr♦✲
◆■❙❚✲◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✶✾✾✽✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✴♣❛♣❡r❉✺✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❑❘❆❯❙❊✱ ▼✳❀ ❚■P❚❖◆✱ ❍✳ ❋✳
❈❘❈ Pr❡ss ✲ ❆✉❡r❜❛❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿
❑❘❊▼❊❘✱ ❙✳❀ ❘❆❙❑■◆✱ ❏✳✲❋✳ ❆ ❣❛♠❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲r❡♣✉❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢❛✐r
❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ▲❡❝t✉r❡ ◆♦t❡s ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✺✹✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✶✕✼✻✼✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❑❘❊▼❊❘✱ ❙✳❀ ❘❆❙❑■◆✱ ❏✳✲❋✳ ●❛♠❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❛❜✉s❡✲❢r❡❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t s✐❣♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✺t❤ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱
❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✷✵✻✕✷✷✵✳
❑❘❯❚❩✱ ❘✳ ▲✳❀ ❱■◆❊❙✱ ❘✳ ❉✳
❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❚❤❡ ❈■❙❙P Pr❡♣ ●✉✐❞❡ ✿
●♦❧❞ ❡❞✐t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥
❑❲❆❑✱ ❨✳ ❍✳❀ ▲❆P▲❆❈❊✱ ❑✳ ❙✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ r✐s❦ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❡❝❤♥♦✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✶✕✻✾✺✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✺✳
❑❲❖❑✱ ❙✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❙❉▼■✲❜❛s❡❞ r✐❣❤ts ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s②st❡♠s✳
✈✳ ✸✽✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✕✹✻✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❙②st❡♠s✱
▲❆▼❆❘❈❍❊✱ ❋✳ ●❛♠❡s s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ❢♦r ❢✉❧❧ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡
✶✵t❤ ❆♥♥✉❛❧ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ▲♦❣✐❝ ✐♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱
✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✹✻✼✕✹✼✻✳
▲❆▼❇❘■◆❖❯❉❆❑■❙✱ ❈✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ❡✲❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s❡r✈✐❝❡s✿ ❛
♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ P❑■✲❜❛s❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✻✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✼✸✕✶✽✽✸✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
✶✻✸
▲❊❊✱ ❆✳ ❙✳ ❚❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t s♦❝✐❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳
■♥✿ ▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❲■▲▲❈❖❈❑❙✱ ▲✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❢♦r
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ❈❤✐❝❤❡st❡r✱ ❯❑✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ♣✳ ✶✕✷✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴♠❡❞✐❛✳✇✐❧❡②✳❝♦♠✴♣r♦❞✉❝t❴❞❛t❛✴❡①❝❡r♣t✴✼✶✴✵✹✼✵✽✺✶✶✴✵✹✼✵✽✺✶✶✼✶✲✶✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✵ ♥♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▲❊❊✱ ❏✳❀ ▲❊❊✱ ❨✳ ❆ ❤♦❧✐st✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛❜✉s❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✺✼✕✻✸✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
▲❊●❘■❙✱ P✳❀ ■◆●❍❆▼✱ ❏✳❀ ❈❖▲▲❊❘❊❚❚❊✱ P✳ ❲❤② ❞♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✉s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✿ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛❝❝❡♣t❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✫
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✹✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✷✵✹✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▲❊■❲❖✱ ❏✳❀ ❍❊■❑❑❯❘■✱ ❙✳ ❆♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❡t❤✐❝s ❛s ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
✐♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s②st❡♠s✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 31st ❍❛✇❛✐✐ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥
❙②st❡♠ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✸✕✷✷✷✳
▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖✱ ❩✳ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ❞♦♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥✿ P❛✉❧ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✬s
❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s✳ ❙t✉❞✐❡s ✐♥ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✾✕✸✺✵✱ ❙❡♣✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▲❊❙❑✱ ▼✳ ❚❤❡ s❡✈❡♥ ❛❣❡s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❧❡s❦✳❝♦♠✴♠❧❡s❦✴❛❣❡s✴❛❣❡s✳❤t♠❧>✳
r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧✳
✶✾✾✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
▲❊❱■◆❊✱ P✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✿
❝♦♠♠❡♥t✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✶✕✷✽✺✱ ▼❛②✴❏✉♥❡
✷✵✵✸✳
▲❊❲■❙✱ ▼✳ ❲✳❀ ❑❊▲❊▼❊◆✱ ▼✳ ▲✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ✐♥q✉✐r②✿ ❊①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧
♣❧✉r❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ♣❛r❛❞♦①✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈✳ ✺✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✶✕✷✼✺✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
▲■❆❲✱ ❍✳✲❚✳ ❆ s❡❝✉r❡ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ✈♦t✐♥❣ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥s✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✼✕✶✶✾✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫
▲■❊◆✱ ▼✳✲❈✳❀ P❘❖❈❚❖❘✱ ❘✳ ❲✳ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ❞✉❛❧✲t❛s❦
♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❍✉♠❛♥ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱
✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✻✵✕✶✷✽✵✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
▲■▼❆✱ ●✳ ❆✳ ❇✳ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❣✲
♥✐t✐✈❛✳ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✸✷✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ❥❛♥✳✴❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❜✐❝t✳❜r✴❝✐♦♥❧✐♥❡✴✸✷✵✶✵✸✴✸✷✶✵✸✵✽✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✻ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▲■◆❉❯P✱ ❑✳ ❘✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳
✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✽✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✶✕✻✾✺✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✶✾✾✺✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
▲■❙▼❖◆❚✱ ▲✳❀ ▼❖◆●■◆✱ P✳ ❇❡❧✐❡❢ ❝❧♦s✉r❡✿ ❛ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢♦r ♠♦❞❛❧
♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✕✶✺✸✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✺✳
▲■❚▼❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❊t❤✐❝❛❧ ❞✐s♦❜❡❞✐❡♥❝❡✳
✷✶✼✕✷✷✸✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊t❤✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳
▲■❯✱ ◗✳❀ ❙❆❋❆❱■✲◆❆■◆■✱ ❘✳❀ ❙❍❊PP❆❘❉✱ ◆✳ P✳ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ r✐❣❤ts ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❢♦r
❝♦♥t❡♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆✉str❛❧❛s✐❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✇♦r❦s❤♦♣
❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆❈❙❲ ❢r♦♥t✐❡rs ✷✵✵✸✳ ❆❞❡❧❛✐❞❡✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✿ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱
✷✵✵✸✳ ♣✳ ✹✾✕✺✽✳
✶✻✹
▲❖❈❍✱ ❑✳ ❉✳❀ ❈❖◆●❊❘✱ ❙✳❀ ❖❩✱ ❊✳ ❖✇♥❡rs❤✐♣✱ ♣r✐✈❛❝② ❛♥❞ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡
✇♦r❦♣❧❛❝❡✿ ❛ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❡t❤✐❝s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❊t❤✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳
✻✺✸✕✻✻✸✱ ❆♣r✳ ✶✾✾✽✳
▲❖❍❘✱ ❙✳❀ ▼❆❘❑❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ✐s s♦ s❧♦✇✱ ❜✉t ✇❤②❄ ❚❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦ ❚✐♠❡s✱ ✷✼ ♠❛r✳
✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥②t✐♠❡s✳❝♦♠✴✷✵✵✻✴✵✸✴✷✼✴t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✴✷✼s♦❢t✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✽ ♠❛r✳ ✷✵✵✻✳
▲❖P❊❩✱ ❏✳❀ ❖PP▲■●❊❘✱ ❘✳❀ P❊❘◆❯▲✱ ●✳ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥
✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡s ✭❆❆■s✮✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ s✉r✈❡②✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳
✺✼✽✕✺✾✵✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▲❖❲❊✱ ●✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♥❡ss r❡s✉❧t ❢♦r ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✶t❤ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✳ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴❝✐t❡s❡❡r✳✐st✳♣s✉✳❡❞✉✴✹✻✵✺✸✸✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✷
❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▲Ü❇❈❑❊✱ P✳ ❆ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❍✉ss❡r❧✬s ❡♣♦❝❤é ✿ ❛ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞
❡t❤✐❝s✳ ❙②♥t❤❡s❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✽✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✶✷✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
▼❆❉❙❊◆✱ ❲✳ ❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t ■■✿ ♠♦r❡ s♥♦♦♣✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡rs✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✱
♥✳ ✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❆❘❈■◆❈❖❲❙❑■✱ ❙✳ ❏✳❀ ❙❚❆◆❚❖◆✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ■♥✿ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ▼❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❈②❜❡r♥❡t✐❝s✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱
❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✈✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✷✼✕✷✺✸✷✳
▼❆❘❈❖◆❉❊❙✱ ❈✳ ❍✳❀ ❏❆❘❉■▼✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❛
❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❉❛t❛❣r❛♠❛❩❡r♦
✲ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ❆❜r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞❣③❡r♦✳♦r❣✴❛❜r✵✸✴❆rt❴✵✹✳❤t♠>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✺ ❥✉♥❤♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❆❘❈❖❯▲❆❚❖❙✱ ■✳ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉✲P♦♥t② ❛♥❞ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉ ♦♥ ❊♠❜♦❞✐❡❞ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
❢♦r t❤❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✱ ✈✳ ✸✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✷✼✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
▼❆❘❈❖❯▲❆❚❖❙✱ ■✳ ❏♦❤♥ ❙❡❛r❧❡ ❛♥❞ P✐❡rr❡ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉✿ ❉✐✈❡r❣❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦♥
✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣②✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✼✕✾✻✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❆❘❚■◆❙✱ ❏✳ ❈✳ ❈✳ ●❡stã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❇r❛s♣♦rt✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❆❙❯❉❆✱ ❨✳ ❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❘✐♦✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
▼❆❚❯❙✱ ❈✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙❛ú❞❡✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❈♦rt❡③✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✺✕✶✹✾✳
✳ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡
▼❆❳❲❊▲▲✱ ❚✳ ❆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❦♥♦✇✿ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝✐❡s✱ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✱
❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✶✾✼✕✷✷✵✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❆❨✱ ❈✳ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❧✐❡s ❛t t❤❡ ❤❡❛rt ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② str❛t❡❣②✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✕✶✸✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✸✳
✶✻✺
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ❇r✐q✉❡t ❞❡ ▲❡♠♦s✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
▼❈■◆❚❖❙❍✱ ❆✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ ❊♥❤❛♥❝❡
❈✐t✐③❡♥ ❊♥❣❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ P♦❧✐❝② Pr♦❝❡ss✳ P❛r✐s✿ ❖❊❈❉✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❧❣❡❜r❛ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥✿ ✶✾✽✽ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✈❛❝②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✽✽✳ ♣✳ ✷✕✼✳
▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇✳ ■♥✿ ✶✾✾✵ ■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②
❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✈❛❝②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳
▼❈●❆❘❘❨✱ ❑✳
✶✽✵✕✶✽✼✳
▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✾✕✶✻✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✶✾✾✵✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱
✶✾✾✼ ■❊❊❊
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ Pr✐✲
✈❛❝②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✼✳ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✸✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❘❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ■♥✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝s✳♣✉r❞✉❡✳❡❞✉✴❤♦♠❡s✴♥✐♥❣❤✉✐✴r❡❛❞✐♥❣s✴❆❝❝❡ss❈♦♥tr♦❧✴♠❝▲❡❛♥❴✽✼✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
▼❈❘❖❇❇✱ ❙✳❀ ❘❖❇❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❙✳ ❆r❡ t❤❡② r❡❛❧❧② ❧✐st❡♥✐♥❣❄✿ ❆♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦
♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ♠✐❧❧❡♥✐✉♠✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✫ P❡♦♣❧❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✼✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✷✕✹✻✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼❊❆❉❖❲❙✱ ❈✳ ❊①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇r❡✇❡r✲◆❛s❤ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐❧❡✈❡❧ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ■♥✿ ■❊❊❊
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✵✳ ♣✳
✾✺✕✶✵✷✳
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s
♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❆ss✉r❛♥❝❡✿ ❋r♦♠ ◆❡❡❞s t♦ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱
▼❊❆❉❖❲❙✱ ❈✳❀ ▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ❏✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐t②✿ t❤❡♥ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✇✳ ■♥✿
❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✳ ♣✳ ✶✻✻✕✶✼✵✳
▼❊▲❖✱ ▼✳ ❆✳ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✿ ❇r❛③✐❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡
s❡❝♦♥❞ ✇❛✈❡ ♦❢ ♣❡♥s✐♦♥ r❡❢♦r♠✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✸✷✵✕✸✹✶✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
▼❊❘❆▲■✱ ❨✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ✐♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✕✻✵✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❊❘❈❯❘■✱ ❘✳ ❚✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝♦sts✳
✶✺✕✶✽✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳
▼❊❘❈❯❘■✱ ❘✳ ❚✳ ❚❤❡ ❍■P❆❆✲♣♦t❛♠✉s ✐♥ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❝❛r❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❈♦♠✲
♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✼✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✕✷✽✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✶✵✵✺✽✶✼✳✶✵✵✺✽✹✵>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼❊❘▲❊❆❯✲P❖◆❚❨✱ ▼✳
✶✾✼✶✳
❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❋r❡✐t❛s ❇❛st♦s✱
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ■❙ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ♣❧✉r❛❧✐st ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✵✕✷✺✾✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
✶✻✻
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳ ❊♠❜♦❞②✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s s②st❡♠s✿ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✸✕✶✷✽✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t s❝✐❡♥❝❡
♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✺✹✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✺✾✕✺✼✵✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✿ ❜r✐❡❢ r❡s♣♦♥s❡s t♦ ▼♦♥♦❞ ❛♥❞
❑❧❡✐♥✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✺✕✶✺✸✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳ ❘❡❛❧✲✐③✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✿ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠ ❛s ❛♥ ✉♥❞❡r♣✐♥♥✐♥❣
♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✕✶✵✸✱
❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼■◆●❊❘❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❇❘❖❈❑▲❊❙❇❨✱ ❏✳ ▼✉❧t✐♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✿ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ♠✐①✐♥❣
♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✾✕✺✵✾✱
❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
▼■◆■❙❚➱❘■❖ ❉❆ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆✳ ▲✐✈r♦ ❇r❛♥❝♦ ✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡
✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼■❖❘❆✱ ▼✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐t② ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ ❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍✱ ❙✳❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱ ▼✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✹t❤✳ ❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼■❖❘❆✱ ▼✳ ❉✐s❛st❡r r❡❝♦✈❡r②✳ ■♥✿ ❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍✱ ❙✳❀ ❑❆❇❆❨✱ ▼✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦✳ ✹t❤✳ ❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼■❘❆◆❉❆✱ ❆✳ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛
❚❤❡s❛✉r✉s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✿
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿
▼Ó❉❯▲❖ ❙❊❈❯❘■❚❨ ❙❖▲❯❚■❖◆❙✳ 9a P❡sq✉✐s❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠♦❞✉❧♦✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴♣❞❢✴♥♦♥❛❴♣❡sq✉✐s❛❴♠♦❞✉❧♦✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✽
❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❖❘❆❍❆◆✲▼❆❘❚■◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❙❈❍❯▼❆❈❍❊❘✱ P✳ ■♥❝✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡s ♦❢ ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧
✐♥t❡r♥❡t ✉s❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ st✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳
✶✸✕✷✾✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
▼❖❚❚❆✱ ❏✳ ❘✳ ❈✳ ●✳ ❞❛✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✿ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✈✐❛❢♦r✉♠✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴❛❞♠✐♥✴❛rq✴❙✉♠❛r✐♦❊①❡❝✉t✐✈♦❴❙❡❝✉r✐t②❲❡❡❦✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
▼❖❯▲❚❖◆✱ ❘✳❀ ❈❖▲❊❙✱ ❘✳ ❙✳ ❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✵✕✺✽✹✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫
▼❯■❘✱ ❆✳❀ ❖PP❊◆❍❊■▼✱ ❈✳ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■✿
❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✸✕✶✽✻✱ ❏✉♥❡
✷✵✵✷✳
▼❯■❘✱ ❆✳❀ ❖PP❊◆❍❊■▼✱ ❈✳ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■■✿
✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❛❝❝❡ss ✲ ❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱
♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✸✕✷✼✸✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✶✻✼
▼❯■❘✱ ❆✳❀ ❖PP❊◆❍❊■▼✱ ❈✳ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■■■✿
❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✼✕✸✼✸✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❯■❘✱ ❆✳❀ ❖PP❊◆❍❊■▼✱ ❈✳ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ P♦❧✐❝② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■❱✿
❝♦♣②r✐❣❤t✱ ❋r❡❡❞♦♠ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱
✈✳ ✷✽✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✼✕✹✽✶✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
▼❯◆❘❖✱ ❆✳❀ ❙❯●❉❊◆✱ ❘✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✫ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✺✵✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✼✕✹✷✽✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
▼❨▲❊❙✱ ❏✳ ❋✳ ❋r♦♠ ❞♦①❛ t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✿ ✐ss✉❡s ✐♥ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉✬s ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤✉ss❡r❧✐❛♥
♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ❈✉❧t✉r❡ ✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✾✾✕✶✵✼✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
◆❆●❘❆✱ ❏✳❀ ❚❍❖▼❇❖❘❙❖◆✱ ❈✳❀ ❈❖▲▲❇❊❘●✱ ❈✳ ❆ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛①♦♥♦♠② ❢♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡
✇❛t❡r♠❛r❦✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 25th ❆✉str❛❧❛s✐❛♥ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳
▼❡❧❜♦✉r♥❡✱ ❱✐❝t♦r✐❛✱ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛✿ ❆✉str❛❧✐❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✶✼✼✕✶✽✻✳
◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆❚■❖◆ ❆❙❙❯❘❆◆❈❊ P❆❘❚◆❊❘❙❍■P✳ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐✲
t❡r✐❛ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭■❙❖ ✶✺✹✵✽✮ ✲ ✈ ✷✳✷✳✿
P❛rt ✶ ✲ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♦♠♠♦♥❝r✐t❡r✐❛♣♦rt❛❧✳♦r❣✴♣✉❜❧✐❝✴✜❧❡s✴❝❝♣❛rt✶✈✷✳✷✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆❚■❖◆ ❆❙❙❯❘❆◆❈❊ P❆❘❚◆❊❘❙❍■P✳ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐✲
t❡r✐❛ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭■❙❖ ✶✺✹✵✽✮ ✲ ✈ ✷✳✷ ✿
P❛rt ✷ ✲ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♦♠♠♦♥❝r✐t❡r✐❛♣♦rt❛❧✳♦r❣✴♣✉❜❧✐❝✴✜❧❡s✴❝❝♣❛rt✷✈✷✳✷✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✶
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆❚■❖◆ ❆❙❙❯❘❆◆❈❊ P❆❘❚◆❊❘❙❍■P✳ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐✲
t❡r✐❛ ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭■❙❖ ✶✺✹✵✽✮ ✲ ✈ ✷✳✷ ✿
P❛rt ✸ ✲ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛ss✉r❛♥❝❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝♦♠♠♦♥❝r✐t❡r✐❛♣♦rt❛❧✳♦r❣✴♣✉❜❧✐❝✴✜❧❡s✴❝❝♣❛rt✸✈✷✳✷✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✶
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
◆❇❙❖✳ ❙✐t❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❈❡♥t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❖✣❝❡✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥❜s♦✳♥✐❝✳❜r✴>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✸ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
◆❊❚❲❖❘❑ ❙❊❈❯❘■❚❨✳ ❈P❘▼ t♦ ♣r♦t❡❝t ♠♦✈✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♠✉s✐❝✳ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
✈✳ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
◆❊❯▼❆◆◆✱ P✳ ●✳ ❘✐s❦s t♦ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t❡❞ s②st❡♠s✳
❙■●❙❖❋❚ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ◆♦t❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✼✕✶✹✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✾✽✻✼✶✵✳✾✽✻✼✶✻>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
◆●✱ ❑✳ ❇✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞ ❛ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
s✐t✉❛t❡❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥♥❡❞ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✿
❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✸✽✱ ♥✳ ✺✱
♣✳ ✻✶✸✕✻✷✻✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
◆■❊❯❲❊◆❇❯❘●✱ P✳ ❚❤❡ ❛❣♦♥② ♦❢ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✿ ■s❛✐❛❤ ❇❡r❧✐♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢
❝♦♥✢✐❝t✳ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✸✺✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✻✽✸✕✼✵✵✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✻✽
◆❖❘❚❍✱ ❉✳ ❈✳ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✾✼✕✶✶✷✱
❲✐♥t❡r ✶✾✾✶✳
◆❯❚❚✱ P✳ ❈✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ s❡❝t♦r ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲♠❛❦✐♥❣ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
P✉❜❧✐❝ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❚❤❡♦r②✱ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡ ❆❝❝❡ss✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✸✵✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳ ■ss✉❡s
r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✳
P❛r✐s✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✻ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳
❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❈♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳
❘❡♣♦rt ♦♥ t❤❡ ❖❊❈❉ ❢♦r✉♠ s❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✲❡♥❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✭P❊❚s✮✳
P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✻ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊✲
▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳ ❯♥❞❡rst❛❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣✴❞❛t❛♦❡❝❞✴✸✽✴✺✼✴✶✽✽✽✹✺✶✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳
❯s✐♥❣ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✿ t❤❡ ❜r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✻ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳ ❈✐✈✐❧
❙♦❝✐❡t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❖❊❈❉✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳ ●✉✐❞❡✲
❧✐♥❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✿ t♦✇❛r❞s ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣✴❞❛t❛♦❡❝❞✴✶✻✴✷✷✴✶✺✺✽✷✷✻✵✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✵ ♥♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳ ■❈❚
P♦❧✐❝② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ✷✽✺✲✸✷✽ ♣✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦❡❝❞✳♦r❣>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❖❘●❆◆■❙❆❚■❖◆ ❋❖❘ ❊❈❖◆❖▼■❈ ❈❖✲❖P❊❘❆❚■❖◆ ❆◆❉ ❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚✳
❖❊❈❉ ❖✣❝✐❛❧ ❙✐t❡✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳♦❝❞❡✳♦r❣>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❥❛♥✳
✷✵✵✺✳
❖❘▼❊❘❖❉✱ P✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐ts t♦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❋✉t✉r❡s✱ ✈✳ ✸✼✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳ ✼✷✶✕✼✷✽✱
❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❖❘❚❆▲❖✱ ❘✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❞❡♦♥t✐❝ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❢♦r s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦✲
❧✐❝② s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚♦✉❧♦✉s❡✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞❜s❡r✈❡r✳❧❛❛s✳❢r✴♣❧s✴▲❆❆❙✴♣✉❜❧✐s✳r❡❝❤❴❞♦❝❄❧❛♥❣❛❣❡❂❋❘✫❝❧❡❢❂✶✺✾✻✺>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
✶✻✾
❖❙❚❘❖▼✱ ❊✳ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❤♦✐❝❡✿ ❛♥ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s
❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s✳ ■♥✿ ❙❆❇❆❚■❊❘✱ P✳ ✭❊❞✳✮✳
❚❤❡♦r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣r♦❝❡ss✳
❇♦✉❧❞❡r ✲ ❈♦❧♦r❛❞♦✿ ❲❡st✈✐❡✇ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ♣✳ ✸✺✕✼✶✳
P❆❈❍❊❈❖✱ ❘✳❀ ❑❊❘◆✱ ❱✳ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❉❛t❛❣r❛♠❛❩❡r♦ ✲ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞❣③❡r♦✳♦r❣✴❛❜r✵✸✴❆rt❴✵✸✳❤t♠>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✺ ❥✉♥❤♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❆❘■❑❍✱ ❘✳❀ ❘❆▼❆◆❯❏❆▼✱ ❘✳ ❆ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝s ♦❢ ♠❡ss❛❣❡s✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
▲♦❣✐❝✱ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✺✸✕✹✻✼✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❆❘■❑❍✱ ❘✳❀ ❱➘➘◆➘◆❊◆✱ ❏✳ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❆♥♥❛❧s ♦❢ P✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞
▲♦❣✐❝✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✕✾✸✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✺✳
P❆❘❙❖◆❙✱ ❲✳ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝② ✿ ❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝②
❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ❈❤❡❧t❡♥❤❛♠✱ ❯❑✿ ❊❞✇❛r❞ ❊❧❣❛r✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ▲✳ ✭❖r❣✳✮✳
■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✿
♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣rát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✳
❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ▲❛❜P❆▼▼✱ ■❇❆PP✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ▲✳
❖s t✐♣♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ✿ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❡tró♣♦❧✐s✿ ❱♦③❡s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❆❙❙❨✱ ❋✳❀ ●■❯●◆■✱ ▼✳ ▲✐❢❡✲s♣❤❡r❡s✱ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❛♥❞ s✉st❛✐♥❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♦❝✐❛❧
♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts✿ ❆ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t✳
❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❋♦r✉♠✱
✈✳ ✶✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✼✕✶✹✹✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
P❆❙❙❨✱ ❋✳❀ ●■❯●◆■✱ ▼✳ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥s✿ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣
❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts✳
❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❋♦r✉♠✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✸✕✶✺✸✱
▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
P❆❯▲✱ ❆✳ ❚✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ❍✉ss❡r❧✿ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ▲✉❤♠❛♥♥✬s
s②st❡♠s t❤❡♦r②✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❈❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✶✕✸✾✹✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
■❊❊❊
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✫ Pr✐✈❛❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✺✽✕✻✶✱ ▼❛r✳✴❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
P❊▼❇▲❊✱ ▼✳ ❇❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜✉❞❣❡t✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❢r❛✉❞ ✫ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✵✱
P❆❨◆❊✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✿ ❝❛♥ ❨✷❑ ❧❡ss♦♥s ❤❡❧♣ ✉s❄
♣✳ ✽✕✶✶✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❊▼❇▲❊✱ ▼✳ ❲❤❛t ❞♦ ✇❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❜② ✏✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✑✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❢r❛✉❞ ✫ s❡❝✉r✐t②✱
✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✕✶✾✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
P❊❚■❚✱ ❏✳✲▲✳ ❇❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✿
❆♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❝r♦ss tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♥t❛❧ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ ♣❤✐✲
❧♦s♦♣❤② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✳
❖♥❧✐♥❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧s✱
✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦♥❧✐♥❡♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧s✳❝♦♠✴s❤♦✇✐t❡♠✳❛s♣❄✐t❡♠■❉❂✷✽✼✫❛rt✐❝❧❡■❉❂✶✷>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✹ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✺✳
P❋▲❊❊●❊❘✱ ❈✳ P✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✕✶✻✱✻✵✱ ❏❛♥✳✴❋❡❜✳ ✶✾✾✼✳
■❊❊❊ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱
✶✼✵
P❍❯❑❆◆✱ ❙✳❀ ❉❍■▲▲❖◆✱ ●✳ ❊t❤✐❝s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✉s❡✿ ❛ s✉r✈❡② ♦❢ ❯❙
❜❛s❡❞ ❙▼❊s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✽✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✾✕✷✹✸✱
✷✵✵✵✳
P■❊❘❈❊❨✱ ❘✳ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✬s ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ●❛❞❛♠❡r✲❍❛❜❡r♠❛s ❞❡❜❛t❡✳
❍✉♠❛♥ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✼✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✾✕✷✽✵✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
P■❊❚❆❘■◆❊◆✱ ❆✳✲❱✳ ❲❤❛t ❞♦ ❡♣✐st❡♠✐❝ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞♦ ✇✐t❤
❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r❄ ❈♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠s r❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✾✕✶✾✵✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐ no ✻✳✺✷✺ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✻✳
P■◆❚❖✱ ❙✳ ▲✳ ❆ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
P■◆❍❊■❘❖✱ ❲✳
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❣♦✈❡r♥♦❡❧❡tr♦♥✐❝♦✳❣♦✈✳❜r>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❖❙❚❍❯▼❯❙✱ ❙✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✽✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✽✕✻✹✻✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
P❖❚❚❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳
◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✕✶✷✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
P❘❊❊❈❊✱ ❏✳❀ ◆❖◆◆❊❈❑❊✱ ❇✳❀ ❆◆❉❘❊❲❙✱ ❉✳ ❚❤❡ t♦♣ ✜✈❡ r❡❛s♦♥s ❢♦r ❧✉r❦✐♥❣✿
✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱
♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✶✕✷✷✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
P❘❊❙❙▼❆◆✱ ❘✳ ❙✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
▼❝●r❛✇✲❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✿ ❆ ♣r❛❝t✐t✐♦♥❡r✬s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ✷♥❞✳ ❡❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿
P❘❖❏❊❈❚ ▼❆◆❆●❊▼❊◆❚ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❊✳ P▼❇❖❑ ✲ Pr♦❥❡❝t ▼❛♥❛❣❡✲
♥❡♥t ❇♦♦❦ ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✿ P▼■▼●✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<✇✇✇✳♣♠✐♠❣✳♦r❣✳❜r✴♣❞❢✴♣♠✐♠❣✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✺ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
P❨▲❨❙❍❨◆✱ ❩✳ ■s ✈✐s✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥❄ ❚❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡
✐♠♣❡♥❡tr❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥✳ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜r❛✐♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✸✹✶✕✸✻✺✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✾✾✳
◗❯■◆◆✱ ❆✳ ❈✳ ❑❡❡♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝✐t✐③❡♥r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❡❞✿ ❡❛r❧② ❝♦♥❣r❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ 21st
❝❡♥t✉r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✶✕✷✾✸✱
❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✸✳
❘❆❉❋❖❘❉✱ ●✳ P✳❀ ❘❆❉❋❖❘❉✱ ▼✳ ▲✳ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧✐s♠✱ ♣♦st✲str✉❝t✉r❛❧✐s♠✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐❜r❛r②✿
❞❡ ❙❛✉ss✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❋♦✉❝❛✉❧t✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✕✼✽✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❘❆●●❆❉✱ ❇✳ ●✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ✈✐t❛❧ ❞❡❢❡♥s❡ str❛t❡❣②✿ ❛ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❛ss✉r❛♥❝❡✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❝❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷✸r❞ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ◆■❙❚✲◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✷✵✵✵✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✴♣❛♣❡rs✴✵✷✾✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❘❆▼❆◆❯❏❆▼✱ ❘✳❀ ❙❯❘❊❙❍✱ ❙✳ P✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t s❡❝✉r✐t②
♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s✳ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ◆♦t❡s ♦♥ ❚❤❡♦r✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡s✱ ✈✳ ✺✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✶✻✱ ❏❛♥✳
✷✵✵✸✳
❘❆❚◆❊❘✱ ❘✳ ❑✳❀ ❍❊❘❇❙❚✱ ❑✳ ❈✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❣♦♦❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❛❞ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s✿ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t
♦❢ ❛✛❡❝t ♦♥ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛♥❞ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss❡s✱
✈✳ ✾✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✕✸✼✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
✶✼✶
❘❊●❆◆✱ P✳ ▼✳ ❖❧❞ ✐ss✉❡s✱ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥t❡①t✿ Pr✐✈❛❝②✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❤♦♠❡❧❛♥❞
s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✶✕✹✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❘❊▲❨❊❆✱ ❍✳ ❈✳ ❍♦♠❡❧❛♥❞ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱
✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✶✸✕✷✸✸✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❘❍❖❉❊◆✱ ❊✳ P❡♦♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✿ t❤❡ ❦❡② ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✕✶✺✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✷✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
◆♦ûs✱ ✈✳ ✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✕✶✵✷✱ ❆♣r✳ ✶✾✼✺✳
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ P✳ ❍❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡s✳ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✿ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ P✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ❤❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s✳
Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✽✷✳
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ P✳ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ✹❛✳ ❡❞✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❆❧✈❡s✱ ✶✾✾✵✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍✐❧t♦♥ ❏❛♣✐❛ss✉✳
❖ s✐✲♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ P❛♣✐r✉s✱ ✶✾✾✶✳
❘■❙❙❊❘✱ ❏✳ ❍❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ●❛❞❛♠❡r ❛♥❞ ❍❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✳ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❚♦❞❛②✱ ✈✳ ✹✶✱ ♣✳
❘■❈❖❊❯❘✱ P✳
✶✸✹✕✶✹✶✱ ✶✾✾✼✳
❘■❙❚✱ ❘✳ ❈✳ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣r♦❝❡ss ✇✐t❤ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ■♥✿ ❉❊◆❩■◆✱
◆✳ ❑✳❀ ▲■◆❈❖▲◆✱ ❨✳ ❙✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❚❤♦✉s❛♥❞ ❖❛❦s ✲
❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ❙❛❣❡✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✵✶✕✶✵✶✼✳
❘❖❇❇■◆❙✱ ❙✳ P✳
❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✾❛✳ ❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ Pr❡♥t✐❝❡ ❍❛❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❘❖❈❍❊❚✱ ❈✳ ❘❡t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣
♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❜② ❛❣❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ■♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❉❛t❛ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳
✷✵✶✕✷✵✽✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❘❖❙❊✱ ❘✳ ❆ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❡✲❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
♣✳ ✺✕✷✼✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱
❘❖❙❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ❱✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✿ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❇r❛③✐❧✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✸✸✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✸✕✷✵✼✱ ❏✉❧②
✶✾✽✷✳
❘❯❇■◆❙❚❊■◆✱ ❏✳ ❙✳❀ ▼❊❨❊❘✱ ❉✳ ❊✳❀ ❊❱❆◆❙✱ ❏✳ ❊✳ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡
♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ t❛s❦ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ Ps②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✱ ❍✉♠❛♥ P❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✼✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✼✻✸✕✼✾✼✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❘❨❆◆✱ ▲✳ ❱✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❡t❤✐❝s ✐♥ ◆♦rt❤ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✿ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❛rt✳ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ✫ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✹✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✕✼✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❆❇❆❚■❊❘✱ P✳ ❆✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞ ❜❡tt❡r t❡♦r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣r♦❝❡ss✳
P♦❧✐t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✹✼✕✶✺✻✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✶✾✾✶✳
P❙✿ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞
❙❆❉❆▲❆✱ ▼✳ ▲✳ ❆✳❀ ❆❉❖❘◆❖✱ ❘✳ ❞❡ ❈✳ ❋✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛s ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡
t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ❧✐✈❡❞✿ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❢r♦♠ ❍✉ss❡r❧ ❛♥❞ ▼❡r❧❡❛✉ P♦♥t②✬s t❤♦✉❣❤t✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ◆✉rs✐♥❣✱ ✈✳ ✸✼✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✷✕✷✾✸✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✶✼✷
❙❆●❆✳ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ❡✲●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✲ ✈✳ ✸✳ ▼✉♥✐q✉❡✱
✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❦❜st✳❜✉♥❞✳❞❡>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✽ ❛❜r✳ ✷✵✵✼✳
❙❆▲❚❩❊❘✱ ❏✳ ❍✳❀ ❙❈❍❘❖❊❉❊❘✱ ▼✳ ❉✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r
s②st❡♠s✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊✱ ✈✳ ✻✸✱ ♥✳ ✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✽✕✶✸✵✽✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❛❝s❛❝✳♦r❣✴s❡❝s❤❡❧❢✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥❴✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✵
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❆▼❯❊▲❙❖◆✱ P✳ ❉❘▼ ④❛♥❞✱ ♦r✱ ✈s⑥ t❤❡ ❧❛✇✳
♣✳ ✹✶✕✹✺✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱
✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✹✱
❙❆◆❉❊❘❙✱ P✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✿ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✇❛② ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✐♥❣ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳
❆❝❛❞❡♠② ♦❢ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✸✕✸✻✵✱ ❏✉❧② ✶✾✽✷✳
❙❆◆❉❍❯✱ ❘✳ ❙✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❘♦❧❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
❋❡❜✳ ✶✾✾✻✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✱
❚❤❡
✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✕✹✼✱
❙❆◆❙✳ ❊♠❛✐❧ ✉s❡ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ❇❡t❤❡s❞❛✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❛♥s✳♦r❣✴r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✴♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✴❊♠❛✐❧❴P♦❧✐❝②✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✷
♠❛✐✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❆◆❙✳ ❚❤❡ ❚✇❡♥t② ▼♦st ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ❇❡t❤❡s❞❛✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱
✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✜❧❡s✳s❛♥s✳♦r❣✴t♦♣✷✵✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❞❡③✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❆❘❆❈❊❱■❈✱ ❚✳ ■♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r② ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❈✐✲
ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✻✕✹✵✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❜✐❝t✳❜r✴❝✐♦♥❧✐♥❡✴✷✹✵✶✾✺✴✷✹✵✶✾✺✵✺✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❆❘❆❈❊❱■❈✱ ❚✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧
❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✺✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✺✶✕✶✵✻✸✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙❆❙❙❊✱ ▼✳ ❆✳❀ ❇❘❖❙❚❖❋❋✱ ❙✳❀ ❲❊■❘■❈❍✱ ❉✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❵✇❡❛❦❡st ❧✐♥❦✬✿ ❛
❤✉♠❛♥✴❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ✉s❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❇❚ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✷✕✶✸✶✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✶✳
❙❈❍❆❇❘❆❈◗✱ ▼✳ ❏✳❀ ❈❖❖P❊❘✱ ❈✳ ▲✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞ ❛ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡
st✉❞② ♦❢ ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ str❡ss✳ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✈✳ ✺✶✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✺✕✻✹✽✱ ▼❛②
✶✾✾✽✳
❙❈❍❊■◆✱ ❊✳
✶✾✾✷✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝✉❧t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛❞❡rs❤✐♣✳
✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❙❛♥ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦✿ ❏♦ss❡②✲❇❛ss✱
❙❈❍❊▲▲✱ ❘✳ ❘✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✿ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ♣s❡✉❞♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✢②✐♥❣ ♣✐❣s✳ ■♥✿ 17th
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❬❙✳❧✳❪✿ ❆❈❙❆❈✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ♣✳ ✷✵✺✕✷✶✻✳
❙❈❍▲■❊◆●❊❘✱ ❚✳❀ ❚❊❯❋❊▲✱ ❙✳ ❆♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝✉❧t✉r❡✿ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ tr✉st
❜② ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 14th ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧
❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡rt ❙②st❡♠s ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊
❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✈✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✵✺✕✹✵✾✳
❙❈❍▼■❉❚✱ ❉✳ ❏✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♥❛t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡t❤✐❝s✳
P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✈✳ ✸✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✷✕✼✼✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥
✶✼✸
❙❈❍▼■❉❚✱ ❘✳ ❍✳❀ ❙P■◆❉▲❊❘✱ ●✳ P❛t❤ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞
❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✐t②✳ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✶✕✸✸✸✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
✳ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡
❙❈❍▼■❚❚❊❘✱ P✳ ❈✳ ❘❡✢❡①õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✳ ■♥✿
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ à ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✲ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ■✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✶✾✽✷✳ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✸✺✳
❙❈❍◆❊■❉❊❘✱ ❋✳ ❇✳ ❊♥❢♦r❝❡❛❜❧❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳ ❆❈▼ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✵✕✺✵✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❈r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✶✾✾✻✳
❙❈❍◆❊■❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❙❡❝r❡ts ❛♥❞ ▲✐❡s ✿ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❏♦❤♥
❲✐❧❡② ✫ ❙♦♥s✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❙❈❍❯▲❚❩✱ ❊✳ ❊✳ ❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♥❣ ✐♥s✐❞❡r ❛tt❛❝❦s✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✶✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✺✷✻✕✺✸✶✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❙❈❍❯▲❚❩✱ ❊✳ ❊✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡❞✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✽✱
♣✳ ✻✺✷✕✻✺✸✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❈❍❯▲❚❩✱ ❊✳ ❊✳ ❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡②✿ ❛ ❤✉❣❡ ❜♦♦♥ t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❙✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✸✕✸✺✹✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❊▲❉➱◆✱ ▲✳ ❖♥ ●r♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❚❤❡♦r②❄ ❲✐t❤ s♦♠❡ ♠❛❧✐❝❡✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱
✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✹✕✶✷✾✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❊▲❑❊❘✱ ❚✳ ❋✐①✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈♦t❡✳ ❙❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✕✻✼✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙✃▼❖▲❆✱ ▼✳ ●❡stã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✿ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❛✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿
❈❛♠♣✉s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❊❘❏❆◆❚❖❱✱ ❆✳❀ ❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❖♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛❞✈❡rs❛r✐❡s ❢❛✐r❧②✳ ■♥✿ 3rd ❆♥♥✉❛❧
❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ▼✐♥♥❡s♦t❛✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞t❝✳✉♠♥✳❡❞✉✴✇❡✐s✷✵✵✹✴s❡r❥❛♥t♦✈✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✵ ❥✉❧✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❙❍❆◆◆❖◆✱ ❈✳ ❊✳ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠❛t❤✐❝❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❇❡❧❧ ❙②st❡♠
❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✈✳ ✷✼✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✾✕✹✷✸❀✻✷✸✕✻✺✻✱ ❏✉❧②✴❖❝t✳ ✶✾✹✽✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝♠✳❜❡❧❧✲❧❛❜s✳❝♦♠✴❝♠✴♠s✴✇❤❛t✴s❤❛♥♥♦♥❞❛②✴s❤❛♥♥♦♥✶✾✹✽✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✶
♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❍❆◆◆❖◆✱ ❈✳ ❊✳❀ ❲❊❆❱❊❘✱ ❲✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❉✐❢❡❧✱
✶✾✼✺✳
❙❍❆❖✱ ▼✳✲❍✳❀ ❍❲❆◆●✱ ❏✳✲❏✳❀ ❲❯✱ ❙✳ ❆ tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧✲❝②❝❧❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❢♦r ❞✐s♣✉t❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✫ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✹✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✼✕✻✶✽✱
▼❛② ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ❇✳❀ ❇❆❑❊❘✱ ❈✳ ❘✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r✐✈❛❝②✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✹✲✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✺✕✸✷✷✱
❲✐♥t❡r ✷✵✵✶✳
❙❍❆P■❘❖✱ ❈✳ ❆ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✿ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠ à
❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ✹✳ ❡❞✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❈❛♠♣✉s✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
✶✼✹
❙❍❆❘P❊✱ ❆✳❀ ❘❯❙❙❊▲▲✱ ❈✳ Pr✐✈❛t❡ r✐❣❤ts ❛♥❞ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝②✳
❘❡♣♦rt✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✹✶✶✕✹✶✺✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▲❛✇ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❙❍■❘❊❨✱ ❘✳ ❘❋❈ ✷✽✷✽ ✲ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ●❧♦ss❛r②✳ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❡t❢✳♦r❣✴r❢❝✴r❢❝✷✽✷✽✳t①t>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❍❯▲❊❘✱ ❏✳ ❆✳ ❈✐t✐③❡♥✲❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝② ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❢♦r t❤❡
108th ❝♦♥❣r❡ss✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ▲✐❜r❛r✐❛♥s❤✐♣✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✼✕✶✶✵✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❍❯▲❖❈❑✱ ◆✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❛r❛❞♦① ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✿ ■❢ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ✉s❡❞✱ ✇❤② ❞♦ ✇❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ s♦
♠✉❝❤ ♦❢ ✐t❄ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P♦❧✐❝② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✶✽✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✻✕✷✹✹✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❙■P❖◆❊◆✱ ▼✳ ❚✳ ❋✐✈❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss✳
❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✈✳ ✸✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✹✕✷✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❆❈▼ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs
❙■P❖◆❊◆✱ ▼✳ ❚✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡r♠ ■❙ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✿ t♦✇❛r❞s t❤❡
♥❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡ ✐ss ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱
✈✳ ✶✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✾✕✸✼✺✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❑❖❯▲❆❘■❉❖❯✱ ❱✳❀ ❙P■◆❊▲▲■❙✱ ❉✳ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✽✹✕✾✶✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙❑❘❆P❊❈✱ ❈✳ ❆✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ s❡r✐❛❧ ♠✉r❞❡r✿ ❛s❦✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳
❍♦♠✐❝✐❞❡ ❙t✉❞✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✕✻✸✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❙▲❊❊▼❆◆✱ ❇✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦♥ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✕✹✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t
❙▼■❚❍✱ ●✳ ❲✳❀ ◆❊❲❚❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❇✳ ❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ ♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳
■♥✿ Pr♦❝❝❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 23rd ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳
◆■❙❚✲◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✷✵✵✵✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✴♣❛♣❡rs✴✵✺✷✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✹ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙▼■❚❍✱ ❑✳ ❇✳ ❚②♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
❙t✉❞✐❡s ❏♦✉r♥❛❧✱ ✈✳ ✸✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✾✕✸✾✺✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
P♦❧✐❝②
❙▼■❚❍✱ ❘✳ ❊✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥✿ 2nd ❉❆❘P❆ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙✉r✈✐✈❛❜✐❧✐t② ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ✫ ❊①♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✿ ❉❆❘P❆✱ ✷✵✵✶✳ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✻✕✶✷✷✳
❙❖❇❊▲✱ ❆✳ ❊✳ ❑✳❀ ❆▲❱❊❙✲❋❖❙❙✱ ❏✳ ❆ tr❛❝❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤✐♥❡s❡ ✇❛❧❧
s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ 22nd ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ◆■❙❚✲◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✶✾✾✾✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝sr❝✳♥✐st✳❣♦✈✴♥✐ss❝✴✶✾✾✾✴♣r♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣✴♣❛♣❡rs✴♣✾✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✾ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙P■▲▲❊❘✱ P✳ ❚✳❀ ❚❖▼▼❆❙■✱ ▼✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♣♦❧✐❝②✿ ❛
tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇✐t❤ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲❛✇✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱ ✫
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✽✶✕✸✵✻✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❙P❯❘▲■◆●✱ P✳ Pr♦♠♦t✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t✳
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✵✕✷✻✱ ✶✾✾✺✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙❚❆◆❚❖◆✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❊①❛♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦❛❣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♠✐t♠❡♥t
❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥✿ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ▼❛♥ ❛♥❞
❈②❜❡r♥❡t✐❝s✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ■❊❊❊ ❙♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ✈✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✺✵✶✕✷✺✵✻✳
✶✼✺
❙❚❆◆❚❖◆✱ ❏✳ ▼✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❡♥❞ ✉s❡r s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✹✕✶✸✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❚❊●▼Ü▲▲❊❘✱ ❲✳
❆ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛ ✿
✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❞❯❙P✱
✶✾✼✼✳
❙❚❊■◆✱ ❊✳ ❡t ❛❧✳
❚❤❡ P♦❧✐t✐❝s ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✿
❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ s♦✲
❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ ▲❛t✐♥ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥✱
✷✵✵✺✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✐❛❞❜✳♦r❣✴r❡s✴✐♣❡s✴✷✵✵✻✴✐♥❞❡①✳❝❢♠❄❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡❂❡♥❣❧✐s❤>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✶✺ ❥❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✻✳
❙❚❊■◆❊❘✱ P✳ ❉♦❣s ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❡❜✳
❚❤❡ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦❡r✱ ✈✳ ✻✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✵✱ ♣✳ ✻✶✱ ❏✉❧② ✶✾✾✸✳ ❈❤❛r❣❡✳
❙❚❊P❍❊◆❙❖◆✱ P✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ t♦ ✉♥t❛♥❣❧❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥ts✳
❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✕✷✵✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙❚❊❘●■❖❯✱ ❚✳❀ ▲❊❊❙❖◆✱ ▼✳❀ ●❘❊❊◆✱ ❘✳ ❆♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t♦
t❤❡ ❖❙■ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✼✕✶✺✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❚❊❲❆❘❚✱ ❆✳ ❖♥ r✐s❦✿ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳
✸✻✷✕✸✼✵✱ ❏✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❚❘❆❯❇✱ ❉✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❆❜✉s❡ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥♥❛✐r❡✳
✶✾✾✵✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉❝❛❧❣❛r②✳❝❛✴♥❡✇st❡❞✴∼q✺✷✵✵✳❤t♠>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸✶ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❙❚❘❆❯❙❙✱ ❏✳❀ ❘❖●❊❘❙❖◆✱ ❑✳ ❙✳ P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❢♦r ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ❛♥❞
t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❯♥✐♦♥✳
❚❡❧❡♠❛t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✈✳ ✶✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✸✕✶✾✷✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✷✳
❙❯◆❉■◆✱ ❖✳❀ ❏❖❍❆◆◆■❙❙❖◆✱ ❏✳ Pr❛❣♠❛t✐s♠✱ ♥❡♦✲♣r❛❣♠❛t✐s♠ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧
t❤❡♦r②✿ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥ ▲■❙✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱
✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✕✹✸✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❙❨❱❊❘❙❖◆✱ P✳ ❋✳❀ ●❘❆❨✱ ❏✳ ❲✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♣✐st❡♠✐❝ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇
s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐♥ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ s②st❡♠s✳ ■♥✿
8th
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡
❋♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣✳ ❖❛❦❧❛♥❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿
❚❆❑❆❍❆❙❍■✱ ❚✳
■❊❊❊ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②
■❊❊❊✱ ✶✾✾✺✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✕✶✻✻✳
❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✿
▲✐✈r♦ ✈❡r❞❡✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✿ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦
❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✷✵✵✵✳
❚❆▲❏❆✱ ❙✳❀ ❚❯❖▼■◆❊◆✱ ❑✳❀ ❙❆❱❖▲❆■◆❊◆✱ ❘✳ ✏■s♠s✑ ✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿
❝♦♥str✉❝t✐✈✐s♠✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐✈✐s♠ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✐s♠✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱
✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱
♣✳ ✼✾✕✶✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❚❆▼❯❘❆✱ ❍✳ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳
❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✻✺✺✕✻✻✺✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢
❚❆◆❆❑❆✱ ❍✳❀ ▼❆❚❙❯❯❘❆✱ ❑✳❀ ❙❯❉❖❍✱ ❖✳ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t✿ ❆♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❡✲❧♦❝❛❧ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❏❛♣❛♥✳
❛♥❞ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✕✺✾✱ ❏❛♥✳✴❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❆❝❝♦✉♥t✐♥❣
❚❆❙❙❊❨✱ ●✳ P♦❧✐❝② ✐ss✉❡s ❢♦r ❘✫❉ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠②✳
♦❢ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❚r❛♥s❢❡r✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✕✸✽✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧
✶✼✻
❚❆❨▲❖❘✱ ❈✳ ❚♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ r✉❧❡✳✳✳ ■♥✿ ❈❆▲❍❖❯◆✱ ❈✳❀ ▲■P❯▼❆✱ ❊✳❀ P❖❙❚❖◆❊✱ ▼✳
✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉ ✿ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦✿ ❈❤✐❝❛❣♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✱ ✶✾✾✸✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✵✕✶✻✺✳
❚❊▲❊❋Ô◆■❈❆✳ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✿ Pr❡s❡♥t❡ ❡
♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ●r✉♣♦ ❚❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳t❡❧❡❢♦♥✐❝❛✳❡s✴s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❞❡❧❛✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥✴❜r❛s✐❧✷✵✵✷✴★>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✶✼ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚❍■❆●❆❘❆❏❆◆✱ ❱✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✿ ❇❙ ✼✼✾✾✳✷✿✷✵✵✷
❆✉❞✐t ❈❤❡❝❦ ▲✐st✳ ❇❡t❤❡s❞❛✱ ▼❛r②❧❛♥❞✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳s❛♥s✳♦r❣✴s❝♦r❡✴❝❤❡❝❦❧✐sts✴■❙❖❴✶✼✼✾✾❴❝❤❡❝❦❧✐st✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✸
❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚❍❖▼❆❙✱ ▲✳ ❆✉t♦♥♦♠②✱ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✫ ♠♦r❛❧ ❣♦♦❞♥❡ss✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❝♦❣♣r✐♥ts✳❡❝s✳s♦t♦♥✳❛❝✳✉❦✴❛r❝❤✐✈❡✴✵✵✵✵✸✵✶✺✴✵✶✴❆✉t♦♥♦♠②✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺
❥✉♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚❍❖▼❙❖◆✱ ▼✳ ▼❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❛✇❛r❡♥❡ss ❛♥❞ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡✳
✷✵✵✶✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <❝✐t❡s❡❡r✳✐st✳♣s✉✳❡❞✉✴✹✺✽✵✷✺✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✻ ♠❛r✳ ✷✵✵✺✳
❚❍❖❘◆❚❖◆✱ ❏✳❀ ❲❍■❚❊✱ ❆✳ ❆ ❤❡✐❞❡❣❣❡r✐❛♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❧✐✈❡❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢
❤✉♠♦✉r ❜② ♥✉rs❡s ✐♥ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❝❛r❡ ✉♥✐t✳ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❈❛r❡ ◆✉rs✐♥❣✱ ✈✳ ✶✺✱
♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✻✕✷✼✽✱ ❖❝t✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❚❍❘❖❖P✱ ❈✳ ❏✳❀ ▼❯❘P❍❨✱ ❑✳ ▼✳ ❇♦✉r❞✐❡✉ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣②✿ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t✳
❆♥t❤r♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❤❡♦r②✱ ✈✳ ✷✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✺✕✷✵✼✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❚■◆●▲■◆●✱ P✳❀ P❆❘❊◆❚✱ ▼✳ ❆♥ ❡①♣❧♦r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ✈✳ ✶✸✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✷✾✕✸✺✹✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❚■❘❖▲❊✱ ❏✳ ❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛✱ ✈✳ ✻✾✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✕✸✺✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
❚❖◆●✱ ❈✳ ❑✳ ❙✳ ❡t ❛❧✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ■❙❖✶✼✼✾✾ ❛♥❞ ❇❙✼✼✾✾ ✐♥ ♣✐❝t✉r❡ ❛r❝❤✐✈✐♥❣
❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✿ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇❙✼✼✾✾ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳
■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss ❙❡r✐❡s✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✺✻✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✶✕✸✶✽✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❚❖❘▲❆❑✱ ●✳ ◆✳ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✿ ▼❛①✐♠✐③✐♥❣ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t②✱
r❡s♣♦♥s✐✈❡♥❡ss✱ ❛♥❞ s✉st❛✐♥❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛
t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t♦t❛❧ s②st❡♠s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ✭❚❙■✮✳
❙②st❡♠✐❝ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❆❝t✐♦♥ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✼✕✸✸✼✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✶✳
❚❘❖▼P❊❚❊❘✱ ❈✳ ▼✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ❍✳ P✳ ❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
s♦❝✐♦✲❡t❤✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧s ✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳
✸✽✹✕✸✾✶✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✶✳
❚❘❨❋❖◆❆❙✱ ❚✳❀ ❑■❖❯◆❚❖❯❩■❙✱ ❊✳❀ P❖❯▲❨▼❊◆❆❑❖❯✱ ❆✳ ❊♠❜❡❞❞✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t②
♣r❛❝t✐❝❡s ✐♥ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✾✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✸✕✶✾✼✱ ✷✵✵✶✳
❚❙❖❯▼❆❙✱ ❱✳❀ ❚❘❨❋❖◆❆❙✱ ❚✳ ❋r♦♠ r✐s❦ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s t♦ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿
t♦✇❛r❞s ❛♥ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✷✱
♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✕✶✵✶✱ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✼✼
❚❯❘◆❇❯▲✱ ❙✳ ❚❤❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✱
✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✹✱
♣✳ ✷✻✶✕✷✼✼✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✷✳
❚❯❘◆❊❘✱ ❏✳ ▼✳❀ ▼❖❆▲✱ ❱✳
▼❡tr♦♠ét❛✳
▼♦♥tré❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴♠❛♣❛❣❡✇❡❜✳✉♠♦♥tr❡❛❧✳❝❛✴t✉r♥❡r✴♠❡t❛✴❢r❛♥❝❛✐s✴♠❡tr♦♠❡t❛✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✾ ❢❡✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❯❑ ❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ❚❘❆❉❊ ❆◆❉ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✳
❝✉r✐t② ✿
❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛✇✳ ▲♦♥❞r❡s✱
❉❛t❛ ❙❡✲
✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞t✐✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴❜❡st♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✴❛ss❡ts✴s❡❝✉r✐t②✴❡❧❛✇✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✾
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❯❑ ❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ❚❘❆❉❊ ❆◆❉ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✳
❝✉r✐t② ✿
▲❡❣✐s❧❛t✐♦♥
❢❛❝ts❤❡❡t✳
▲♦♥❞r❡s✱
✷✵✵✹✳
❉❛t❛ ❙❡✲
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞t✐✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴❜❡st♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✴❛ss❡ts✴s❡❝✉r✐t②✴❧❡❣✐s❧❛t✐♦♥✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✷✾ ❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❯❑ ❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ❚❘❆❉❊ ❆◆❉ ■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✳
r✐t② ✿
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉✲
❇s✼✼✾✾ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❝t✳ ▲♦♥❞r❡s✱ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞t✐✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴❜❡st♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✴❛ss❡ts✴s❡❝✉r✐t②✴❞♣❛✳♣❞❢>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿
✷✾
❥✉❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❯❑
❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚
♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ✿
❖❋
❍❛r❞
❚❘❆❉❊
❢❛❝ts✳
❆◆❉
▲♦♥❞r❡s✱
■◆❉❯❙❚❘❨✳
✷✵✵✹✳
■♥❢♦r✲
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❞t✐✳❣♦✈✳✉❦✴❜❡st♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✴❛ss❡ts✴❤❛r❞❢❛❝ts✳♣❞❢>✳
❡♠✿
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✾ ❥✉❧✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❯◆■➹❖ ❊❯❘❖P➱■❆✳
❙✐t❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❇r✉①❡❧❛s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ <✇✇✇✳❡✉✳✐♥t>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦
❡♠✿ ✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✸✳
❯◆■❚❊❉ ◆❆❚■❖◆❙ ❊❉❯❈❆❚■❖◆❆▲✱ ❙❈■❊◆❚■❋■❈ ❆◆❉ ❈❯▲❚❯❘❆▲ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆✲
❚■❖◆✳
❈♦✉♥tr② ♣r♦✜❧❡s ♦❢ ❡✲❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳ P❛r✐s✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❯❙ ❈❊◆❙❯❙ ❇❯❘❊❆❯ ❖❋ ❚❍❊ ❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ❈❖▼▼❊❘❈❊✳
r❡t❛✐❧ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ s❛❧❡s ✿
◗✉❛rt❡r❧②
✹t❤ q✉❛rt❡r ✷✵✵✺✳ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥ ✲ ❉❈✱ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❝❡♥s✉s✳❣♦✈✴♠rts✴✇✇✇✴❞❛t❛✴❤t♠❧✴✵✺◗✹✳❤t♠❧>✳
❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✾ ♠❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✻✳
❱❆◆ ❉❊❘ ❍❆❆❘✱ ❍✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ❞❡r✐✈✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡s✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✸✸✕✷✹✹✱ ❆♣r✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❱❆◆❉❊◆❇❊❘●❍❊✱ ❋✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❝✉❧t✉r❡✿ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ❛ r❡❛❧✐st ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢
♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✱
✈✳ ✸✸✱
♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✶✕✹✼✺✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❱❆◆◆✱ ❏✳ ▲✳ ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❛ ❧♦♦❦ ❛t
✏❝❧❛s❤✐♥❣ ❣r❛♠♠❛rs✑ ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳
❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✼✕✼✸✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❱❆❘❊▲❆✱ ❋✳ ❏✳❀ ❚❍❖▼P❙❖◆✱ ❊✳❀ ❘❖❙❈❍✱ ❊✳
P✉❜❧✐❝ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥
❚❤❡ ❡♠❜♦❞✐❡❞ ♠✐♥❞ ✿
❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ s❝✐❡♥❝❡
❛♥❞ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ ▼❛ss❛❝❤✉s❡tts✿ ▼■❚ Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✸✳
❱❊◆❚❊❘✱ ❍✳ ❙✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ❍✳ P✳ ❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠② ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✷✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✾✾✕✸✵✼✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✸✳
✶✼✽
❱❊◆❚❊❘✱ ❍✳ ❙✳❀ ❊▲❖❋❋✱ ❏✳ ❍✳ P✳ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r❡❝❛st✐♥❣✿ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✽✾✕✹✾✼✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❱❊❘▼❊❯▲❊◆✱ ❈✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t t♦♦❧❜♦①✿
t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛✐♥ ♦✉t ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✾✕✶✷✺✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❱■▲▲❊▲❆✲P❊❚■❚✱ ▼✳ ◆❛rr❛t✐✈❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ❛♥❞ ✐♣s❡✐t② ❜② P❛✉❧ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✿ ❢r♦♠ ❘✐❝♦❡✉r✬s
❵❚✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ◆❛rr❛t✐✈❡✬ t♦ ❵❖♥❡s❡❧❢ ❛s ❛♥ ❖t❤❡r✬✳ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧s✱ ✷✵✵✸✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♦♥❧✐♥❡♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧s✳❝♦♠✴s❤♦✇✐t❡♠✳❛s♣❄✐t❡♠■❉❂✷✽✻>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✹ ♠❛✐♦
✷✵✵✺✳
❱❖▲❑▼❆◆✱ ❘✳ Pr✐✈❛❝② ❛s ❧✐❢❡✱ ❧✐❜❡rt②✱ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✳
✈✳ ✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✾✕✷✶✵✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❊t❤✐❝s ❛♥❞ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱
❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❇✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ❚❤❡ ✶✵ ❞❡❛❞❧② s✐♥s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✸✼✶✕✸✼✻✱ ❏✉❧② ✷✵✵✹✳
❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✿ ✇❤② st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✺✵✕✺✼✱ ✶✾✾✾✳
❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❇✳ ❋r♦♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❡✳
✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✺✕✷✼✾✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✹✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
❱❘❆◆❆❙✱ P✳ ❇✳ ▼✳ ●✐❣❡r❡♥③❡r✬s ♥♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ ❝r✐t✐q✉❡ ♦❢ ❑❛❤♥❡♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❚✈❡rs❦②✳
❈♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✼✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✾✕✶✾✸✱ ❙❡♣t✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❱❘❖❖▼✱ ❈✳❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱ ❘✳ ❚♦✇❛r❞s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❛♥❝❡✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✶✕✶✾✽✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
❲❆▲❉❘❖◆✱ ❏✳ ▼♦r❛❧ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠② ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠②✳ ❋✐❧❛❞❡❧✜❛✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤②✳❧❛✳♣s✉✳❡❞✉✴❥❝❤r✐st♠❛♥✴❛✉t♦♥♦♠②✴❲❛❧❞r♦♥✳♣❞❢>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✶✵ ❥✉♥✳
✷✵✵✹✳
❲❆▲▲■❙❊❘✱ ❇✳ ❊♣✐st❡♠✐❝ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♠❡ t❤❡♦r②✳ ■♥✿ ❇■❈❈❍■❊❘■✱ ❈✳❀ ❈❍■❆❘❆✱
▼✳ ▲✳ ❉✳ ✭❊❞s✳✮✳ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❜❡❧✐❡❢✱ ❛♥❞ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✳ ◆❡✇ ❨♦r❦✿ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② Pr❡ss✱ ✶✾✾✷✳ ♣✳ ✶✾✼✕✷✷✻✳
❲❆▲❚❖◆✱ ❏✳ P✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝②✳ ■♥✿
Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✸✵t❤ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❆❈▼ ❙■●❯❈❈❙ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❯s❡r s❡r✈✐✲
❝❡s✳ Pr♦✈✐❞❡♥❝❡✱ ❘❤♦❞❡ ■s❧❛♥❞✱ ❯❙❆✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✷✵✵✷✳ ♣✳ ✶✺✸✕✶✺✻✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴❞♦✐✳❛❝♠✳♦r❣✴✶✵✳✶✶✹✺✴✺✽✽✻✹✻✳✺✽✽✻✼✽>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷ ❛❣♦✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❲❆◆●✱ ❍✳❀ ❲❆◆●✱ ❈✳ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t②✿
❛❞❞r❡ss✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② t❤r❡❛ts ❛♥❞ r✐s❦s t❤r♦✉❣❤ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✼✺✕✼✽✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✸✳
❲❊■▼❊❘✱ ❏✳❀ P❆P❊✱ ❏✳ ❈✳ ❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ s②st❡♠s ♦❢ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
●♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✼✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✷✕✶✻✻✱ ❆♣r✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❈♦r♣♦r❛t❡
❲❊❘❙■●✱ ●✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ♣♦st♠♦❞❡r♥ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✉s❛❣❡✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✫ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✾✕✷✸✾✱ ▼❛r✳✴❆♣r✳ ✶✾✾✸✳
✶✼✾
❲❍■❚❊✱ ❏✳ ❉✳ P❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳
◗✉❛rt❡r❧②✱ ✈✳ ✶✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✼✻✕✽✺✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✶✾✾✵✳
P✉❜❧✐❝ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥
❲❍■❚▼❆◆✱ ▼✳ ❊✳ ❊♥❡♠② ❛t t❤❡ ❣❛t❡✿ t❤r❡❛ts t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳
♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❈▼✱ ✈✳ ✹✻✱ ♥✳ ✽✱ ♣✳ ✾✶✕✾✺✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❲■❑●❘❊◆✱ ▼✳ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠ ❛s ❛ ♣❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤② ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐❛❧ t❤❡♦r② ✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❝✐❡♥❝❡❄
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈✳ ✻✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✕✷✷✱ ✷✵✵✺✳
❲■❑▲❯◆❉✱ ▲✳❀ ▲■◆❉❍❖▲▼✱ ▲✳❀ ▲■◆❉❙❚❘Ö▼✱ ❯✳ ➴✳ ❍❡r♠❡♥❡✉t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♥❛rr❛t✐♦♥✿ ❛
✇❛② t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛✳ ◆✉rs✐♥❣ ■♥q✉✐r②✱ ✈✳ ✾✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✹✕✶✷✺✱ ❏✉♥❡ ✷✵✵✷✳
❲■▲▲■❆▼❙✱ P✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥❝❡✳
✈✳ ✻✱ ♥✳ ✸✱ ♣✳ ✻✵✕✼✵✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✷✵✵✶✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ r❡♣♦rt✱
❲■▲▲■❙✱ ❈✳ ❊✳ ❚❤❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛♣❤②✿ ❛ ❝♦♠♠❡♥t ♦♥ ❈❛t❤❛r✐♥❡
▼❛❝❑✐♥♥♦♥✬s ❖♥❧② ❲♦r❞s✳ ▲❛✇ ❛♥❞ P❤②❧♦s♦♣❤②✱ ✈✳ ✶✻✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✼✕✶✾✾✱ ❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❈✳ ❆✳ P♦❧✐❝② r❡❣✐♠❡s ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐❝② ❝❤❛♥❣❡✳
♣✳ ✷✹✼✕✷✼✹✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P✉❜❧✐❝ P♦❧✐❝②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✸✱
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ P✳ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❢❛❝❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ♠❡r❣❡✳✳✳
✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✺✕✼✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❚✳ ❊①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r✿ t❤❡ ❵✉♥❝❡rt❛✐♥t②✬ ♣r♦❥❡❝t✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t✱ ✈✳ ✸✺✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✽✸✾✕✽✹✾✱ ◆♦✈✳ ✶✾✾✾✳
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❚✳ ❉✳ ❆❧❢r❡❞ ❙❝❤✉t③✱ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦✲
❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿
<❤tt♣✿✴✴✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥r✳♥❡t✴t❞✇✴♣✉❜❧✴♣❛♣❡rs✴s❝❤✉t③✵✷✳❤t♠❧>✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✹ ♠❛✐♦
✷✵✵✺✳
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❚✳ ❉✳ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ r❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡✿ ✐ss✉❡s ❢♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ✈✳ ✷✾✱ ♥✳ ✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✺✕✹✺✷✱ ❉❡❝✳ ✷✵✵✸✳
❲■▲❙❖◆✱ ❚✳ P✳ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ s♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❙♦❝✐♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❘❡✈✐❡✇✱ ✈✳ ✸✺✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✻✾✼✕✼✶✵✱ ❆✉❣✳ ✶✾✼✵✳
❲❖❖❉✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ❆♥ ✉♥♥❛♣r❡❝✐❛t❡❞ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❢❛✐❧✳
❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♥✳ ✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✕✶✹✱ ❖❝t✳ ✷✵✵✵✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❲❖❖❉✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ❉♦♥✬t ❧❡t t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆rt❤✉r
❆♥❞❡rs❡♥✴❊♥r♦♥ ❝❛s❡ ❣♦ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ t♦ ②♦✉r ❈❤✐❡❢ ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❖✣❝❡r✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r
❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✷✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✕✶✸✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✷✳
❲❖❖❉✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr❡ss✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❙❡❝✉r✐t② P♦❧✐❝✐❡s ▼❛❞❡ ❊❛s② ✿
❱❡rs✐♦♥ ✾✳ ❇♦st♦♥✿ ❇❛s❡❧✐♥❡
❲❖❖❉✱ ❈✳ ❈✳ ❲❤② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐s ♥♦✇ ♠✉❧t✐✲❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r②✱ ♠✉❧t✐✲❞❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t❛❧✱
❛♥❞ ♠✉❧t✐✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥ ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✻✕✶✼✱
❏❛♥✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
✶✽✵
❲❖❖❉✱ ❈✳ ❈✳❀ P❆❘❑❊❘✱ ❉✳ ❇✳ ❲❤② ❘❖■ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✐❧❛r ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ t♦♦❧s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❞✈✐s❛❜❧❡
❢♦r ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡r✐ts ♦❢ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❋r❛✉❞ ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♥✳ ✺✱
♣✳ ✽✕✶✵✱ ▼❛② ✷✵✵✹✳
❳❊◆■❚❊▲▲■❙✱ ❙✳ ❉✳ ■❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥♣✉t ✢♦✇ tr❛❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞
❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✶✱ ♥✳ ✹✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✺✕✶✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✳
❩❍❆◆●✱ ❈✳ ◆✳❀ ❨❆◆●✱ ❈✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ r♦❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✳
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✶✵✱ ♥✳ ✺✱ ♣✳ ✷✷✺✕✷✸✻✱ ✷✵✵✷✳
❩❍❆◆●✱ P✳❀ ▲■✱ ◆✳ ❆♥ ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥
♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✿ t♦♣✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ ❍✉♠❛♥ ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱
✈✳ ✷✵✱ ♥✳ ✷✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✺✕✶✹✼✱ ▼❛r✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❩❯❈❈❆❚❖✱ ❆✳ ❍♦❧✐st✐❝ s❡❝✉r✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥t ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✫ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ✈✳ ✷✸✱ ♥✳ ✶✱ ♣✳ ✻✸✕✼✻✱ ❋❡❜✳ ✷✵✵✹✳
❩❯❘❑❖✱ ▼✳ ❊✳❀ ❙■▼❖◆✱ ❘✳ ❚✳ ❯s❡r✲❝❡♥t❡r❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t②✳ ■♥✿ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✾✾✻
✇♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦♥ ♥❡✇ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠s✳ ▲❛❦❡ ❆rr♦✇❤❡❛❞✱ ❈❛❧✐❢♦r♥✐❛✿ ❆❈▼✱ ✶✾✾✻✳ ✈✳ ✶✱ ♥✳ ✶✱
♣✳ ✷✼✕✸✸✳
✶✽✶
❆P✃◆❉■❈❊ ❆ ✲✲ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆✳✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r
✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿
•❚✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛
❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
•P❡r❝❡♣çã♦
•❆♥á❧✐s❡
❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡st❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦❀
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦❀
•❆s♣❡❝t♦s
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ s✉❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✭♦r✲
❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✮❀ ❡
•❈♦♥str✉çã♦✱
✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✭q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✮✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✲
s❡ ❝❛♣t❛r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠❛
✏s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s s❡❣✉❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡
♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ t❡st❛❞♦s
❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s é ♦ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❛
r❡❛❧ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ é✱ ♣♦r
♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ às ♣rát✐❝❛s ✉s✉❛✐s ✲ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝✐t❡✲s❡ ❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦
♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❜❛❝❦✉♣ ✮ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛❧♠❡❥❛✲s❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦
❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧♠❡❥❛❞♦✳
✶✽✷
❆✳✷
❚❡♦r✐❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P❛sq✉❛❧✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s s❡♥s♦r✐❛✐s ♦✉ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠
♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡♠✲s❡ ♥❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✾✳
❙❊❘
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r
❙❡♥t✐r
❆❣✐r
❋ís✐❝♦
❙❡♥t✐❞♦s
❙✐st❡♠❛ ♥❡✉r♦✲❡♥❞ó❝r✐♥♦
■♥st✐♥t♦
Psíq✉✐❝♦
t❛t♦
❛❧❡rt❛
♦❧❢❛t♦
s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
✈✐sã♦
r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦
❛✉❞✐çã♦
❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦
♣❛❧❛❞❛r
♣r♦t❡çã♦
■♥t❡❧❡❝t♦
❙❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r
❱♦♥t❛❞❡
♠❡♠ór✐❛
❡stét✐❝♦
❛t❡♥çã♦
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
ét✐❝♦
❡s❝♦❧❤❛
✐♠❛❣✐♥❛çã♦
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✭❄✮
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛
✐♥t✉✐çã♦
♠á❣✐❝♦ ✭❄✮
✳✳✳
r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦
✳✳✳
✳✳✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✾✿ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ P❛sq✉❛❧✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✱ ♣✳ ✺✻✲✺✼✮❪✳
❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s✱ ❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡
❛ ♣síq✉✐❝❛ ✭P❛sq✉❛❧✐ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❡s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❛
❛❜♦r❞❛✮✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❡s❢❡r❛s✱ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♥str✉t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s
❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ♦ s❡♥t✐r ❡ ♦ ❛❣✐r✳
◆❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡s❢❡r❛
♣síq✉✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦s✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱
♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡rá ♠❡❞✐r ❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✳
❈✉♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♦
✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✏♣❡r✲
❝❡❜✐❞❛✑ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✏r❡❛❧✑✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ✉s✉❛❧ ❡♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦
❞♦ r✐s❝♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❏❛s❛♥♦✛ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✳ Pr❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❛❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦r
❡❧❡s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✳
❆✳✷✳✶
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ t❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛✱ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ✭❘❯❇■◆❙❚❊■◆❀
▼❊❨❊❘❀ ❊❱❆◆❙✱
✷✵✵✶✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ✈✐sã♦ ✭❉❆❱■❉❖❋❋✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❤❛❥❛ q✉❡stõ❡s
❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ q✉❛♥t♦ à ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦ ✭P❨▲❨❙❍❨◆✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
P❡r❣✉♥t❛s
❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s✱ s♦♥s✱ ❛r♦♠❛s✱ t❡①t✉r❛s ❡ s❛❜♦r❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛r❛♠
✶✽✸
♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ à s✉❛ ✈♦❧t❛✱ ❡
q✉❛❧ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡❄ ◆♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ às ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❝✉♠♣r❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡✱
à ♣❛rt❡ ♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ q✉❡
❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ➱ ♦ s❡✉ ♦❧❤♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛ ♥❛ ❧❡♥t❡ ❞♦
♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ♦✉ q✉❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡✱ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡st❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ é s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❡s❝r✉tí♥✐♦ ✭❡♠
❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛♦ ♦❧❤❛r✮ ❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦s
s❡♥t✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❡✐s ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✱
❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t♦✱ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦
❞❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ♣síq✉✐❝❛ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✾✮✳
❆ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❛♠ ♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ♠❛s❝❛r❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✲
✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❡r❡❜r❛❧ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ✭❈❖❘❊◆❀
❲❆❘❉✱
✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❡r❝❡♣t✐✈♦s
r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s s✉t✐s✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ s❡ ❞ê ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✏❤á ❛❧❣♦
❧á✑✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝✐t❡✲s❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦s ♦❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✈ê❡♠✿ ❤á ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡
♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦❧❤♦s ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s s❡♥s♦r✐❛✐s
❞❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❡r ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❧❡sõ❡s ♥❛s ♣♦rçõ❡s ❞♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ❡
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♠ ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✈✐♥❞❛s ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❛t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭▲■❊◆❀
P❘❖❈❚❖❘✱
✷✵✵✵❀
❘❯❇■◆❙❚❊■◆❀ ▼❊❨❊❘❀ ❊❱❆◆❙✱
✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✐ só✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ q✉❡ é ♦
♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s
♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✭❈❖❘❊◆❀
❲❆❘❉✱
✶✾✽✾✮✳ ◆✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱
❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❡①t❡r♥♦✱ ❡ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ é ♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
✭❇❆❘❇❊❘❀
▲❊●●❊✱
✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦
❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ é ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❣✉✐❛r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❢❛s❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧
♦✉ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦✱ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱
✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❡st❡s três ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ◆♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞✐✈✐sór✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s t❡♠❛s s❡
♠♦str❛ tê♥✉❡✳
❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡
✶✽✹
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s t❡ór✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ ❡❧❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s✳
❯♠❛ ❞❡st❛s
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s é ♦ r❡❞✉❝✐♦♥✐s♠♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛s✲
♣❡❝t♦ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❤á ✉♠ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠
❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ é ✐s♦❧❛r ❡st❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s
✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❝✉❥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s✲
♣♦♥❞❛ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s s❡♥s♦r✐❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ t❛✐s t❡♦r✐❛s✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s q✉❡
tê♠ ♣♦r ❜❛s❡ ❛ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♠ ♦s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♦✉ ❡♠
r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r❡❞✐t♦r❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✏❡stá ❧á✑✱ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭❈❖❘❊◆❀
❲❆❘❉✱
✶✾✽✾✮✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛r✲
t✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡
t❡♥t❛♠ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s
❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✭❈❖❘❊◆❀
❲❆❘❉✱
✶✾✽✾✮✳
❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛✱ ♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛✱ ❛ss✉♠❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s r✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❝✉r❛❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❡s♣❡r❛r t❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❜❛s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s
♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s ✈✐♥❞♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡st❡s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s s❡r✐❛♠ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥✲
❝✐❛s ♣ré✈✐❛s✱ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳
P♦r ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❧é♠
❞♦s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ t❛♠✲
❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛
❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳
❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❡✐♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞✐s❝✉t❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡①tr❛✲s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧✱
♠❛s ❡st❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❛♠♣❧♦ r❡s♣❛❧❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ✭❉❆❱■❉❖❋❋✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❈♦r❡♥ ❡ ❲❛r❞ ✭✶✾✽✾✮✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r
✈á❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❉❡ t♦❞♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦
rót✉❧♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ é ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❡♠ s✐✱ q✉❛❧ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦
❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❆✳✷✳✷ ❋❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
❈♦♠♦ ❥á s❡ ✈✐✉✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♠ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♠ s✉❛s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s s❡♥s♦r✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛♦
✶✽✺
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❞❡✐❛✳ ❱✐✉✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ s✉❛
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✐✿ ✏♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ é ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✑ ✭
❘❖❇❇■◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✱ ♣✳ ✹✻✮✳
❯♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛t✉❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❧❞❛r ❡✱ às ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞✐st♦r❝❡r✱ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❚❛✐s
❢❛t♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ♥♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✱ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♦✉ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦✉
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✳
❆✳✷✳✷✳✶
❖ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r
◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ✉♠ ❛❧✈♦ ❡ s❡ t❡♥t❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡stá ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♥❞♦✱ ❡st❛
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✳ ◆❡✲
❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛s ♦✉ ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①❡r❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡
✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛ss❛❞❛s
t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ❛♥✉❧❛r ♦
❘❖❇❇■◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✭
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦✉ ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥t❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s sã♦ ♠❛✐s
♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐st♦r❝❡r
❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✈❡❥❛ ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✈❡r❀ ✐st♦ ❢❛③✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠
q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉é♠ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦rr✉♣t♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠✱ ♦s
✈❡❥❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛✳✳✳
❊st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r✲
❝❡♣çã♦ s❡ ❞á ✭♣ré✲❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❛❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡r♠♦✮✱ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞✐r❡t♦
s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦❣♥✐çã♦✱ ♠♦❧❞❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❡ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✏✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✑
❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s s❡ ♣♦st❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢❛t♦✱ ❡ sã♦
✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❡ ✈ê ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
❆✳✷✳✷✳✷
❖ ♦❜❥❡t♦
❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ♦✉ ❛❧✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡t❛r
❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ P❡ss♦❛s ❡①♣❛♥s✐✈❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ ❝❤❛♠❛r ♠❛✐s ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡
❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉✐❡t❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❧✈♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦
♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
s❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❝♦✐s❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ♦✉ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛s✳
❖ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ✐rá ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳
✶✽✻
❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝❧❛r♦s ❞✐st♦ sã♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛rt✐st❛ ▼❛✉r✐ts
❈♦r♥❡❧✐✉s ❊s❝❤❡r ✭❊❙❈❍❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✿ ❊s❝❤❡r✱ ▲✐t♦❣r❛✈✉r❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❊s❝❤❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳
❖❜❥❡t♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ✉♥s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❡st❛
♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♦✉ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✳ ■st♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✐♥❛♥✐♠❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✲
q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦✳
❆✳✷✳✷✳✸
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦
❖ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✭♦✉ s✐t✉❛çã♦✮ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱
✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡
♥ã♦ s❡ r❡♣❛r❛r ♥✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❜✐q✉í♥✐ ♥✉♠❛ ♣r❛✐❛✱ ♥✉♠ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ s❡ ❡❧❛ ✉s❛r ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s tr❛❥❡s ♥✉♠❛ ❝❡r✐♠ô♥✐❛ r❡❧✐❣✐♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❝❤❛♠❛rá
♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ▼❛♥t✐❞♦s ♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r ❡ ♦ ❛❧✈♦✱ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞♦
❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦♣❡r♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢❛t♦r❡s s✐t✉❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛
❛t❡♥çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❛♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳
❊sq✉❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡ ♣r❛❣♠á✲
t✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ q✉❡
é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦✳
❖ ♣❛ss♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ à ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ é ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ◆♦
t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛s sã♦ q✉❡stõ❡s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❛♥t❡s
q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❛ ♥♦s ❣❛st♦s ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝♦♥✈é♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ♦s
✶✽✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✿ ❋❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❬❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❜✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✷✮❪✳
✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡st❛r✐❛♠ ♣r♦♣❡♥s♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐✲❧❛s✳ ❆té q✉❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❛
tr♦❝❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♦❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rt♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❄ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ❣r❛✉
❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❡♠ tr♦❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r♦ ♣♦r ♦❜❡❞✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✭♦✉ s✉❜s❡r✈✐ê♥❝✐❛✮ ❛
♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡
s❡ s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ❛♦ ✶✶ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦✮ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲s♦❝✐❛✐s❄ ❆ ♠❡r❛
❛❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❡
❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✮✱ ♦✉ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦s t❛♥❣í✈❡✐s ❛ ✜♠
❞❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦❄ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛❄
❊st❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡s✲
t❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ s✉❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ét✐❝♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡rã♦
✶✽✽
❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
❆✳✸
❆s♣❡❝t♦s ét✐❝♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ét✐❝❛ sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛s ❛ ❙ó❝r❛t❡s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞❛❣❛✈❛ ❛♦s
❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❛t❡♥✐❡♥s❡s ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛♠ s❡r✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠✱
❥✉st✐ç❛ ❡ ♣✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆♦ ♦❜t❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✭✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✏sã♦ ✈✐rt✉❞❡s✑✮✱ ✐♥❞❛❣❛✈❛ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✿
✏❡ ♦ q✉❡ é ❛ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❄✑✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛té ❝♦❧♦❝á✲❧♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛♠ s❡r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡s ❛rr❛✐❣❛❞❛s✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦s ✉s♦s ❡ ❝♦st✉♠❡s ❞❡ s❡✉s
❝♦♥❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✳
➱ ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✏❝♦st✉♠❡✑✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐③✱ ❡♠ ❣r❡❣♦✱
ét✐❝❛✱ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❧❛t✐♠✱
♠♦r❡s✱
❡t❤♦s✱
❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✈❡♠ ♦ t❡r♠♦
❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✈❡♠ ♠♦r❛❧✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦
❡t❤♦s✱
q✉❡
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❝❛rát❡r✱ í♥❞♦❧❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ s❡♥s♦
♠♦r❛❧ ❡ à ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ét✐❝❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❆r✐stót❡❧❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t♦✉ à ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛
♠♦r❛❧ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♦✉ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ❣✉✐❛❞❛
❈❍❆❯■✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✵✲✸✹✶✮✳
♣❡❧❛ r❛③ã♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ét✐❝❛ ✭
❊st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛q✉✐ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❝❛❧❡♥t❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❛❝✐♦♥❛✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ét✐❝❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✱
✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡r❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ❢❡✐çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❋❧♦r✐❞✐
✭✶✾✾✾✮✳ P❛r❛❞♦①❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧♦✉✈❛♠✲s❡✱ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s
à ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐tár✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦✱
❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✭❡ ✈✐rt✉❞❡s✮ ❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❛
❚❍❖▼❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭
✭
❉✐s❝✉t❡✲s❡ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦r❛❧✑
❲❆▲❉❘❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❧ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡✱ ♥ã♦ ♠❛✐s
♣❡rs❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✜♥s ♠❡r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ❝♦♠♦
s✉❣❡r❡ ❙❝❤♠✐❞t ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❡♠ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡
❱❖▲❑▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ✏♣❧✉r❛❧✐s♠♦ ♠♦r❛❧✑ ✭◆■❊❯❲❊◆❇❯❘●✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s
✏♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✑ ✭
❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ós✲♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❡ à ♣❛t❡♥t❡
❞❡s✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱
❥á ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ tê♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s
❡st✉❞♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ét✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ▲❡✐✇♦ ❡ ❍❡✐❦❦✉r✐ ✭✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱
✶✽✾
♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r❛❣♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ✭♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦
❤❛❝❦❡rs
❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❧✐♥❣✉❛ ❢r❛♥❝❛
♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ✏❝♦♥tr❛t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✑ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ às ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳ ❖s
♣ró♣r✐♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ❛s ✐♠❡♥s❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❛❞❛✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s❡r s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ét✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♠♦r❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✱ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡
❞✐s♣õ❡ ❛♦ à q✉❛❧ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ❆ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r P❤✉❦❛♥
❡ ❉❤✐❧❧♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ✺✽ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ♠♦str❛
q✉❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣✐r❛t❛r✐❛ ❡ ✉s♦ ✐❧❡❣❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♣❡r♠❡✐❛♠ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦✱
♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧✱ t❡♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❧❡❣❛❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s s❡r✐❛ ♠❡♥♦r ✭❛♣❡♥❛s ✷✼✱✻✪ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛❧❡❣❛r❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝ó♣✐❛s ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s
❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡♠ ✉s♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✮✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❚r♦♠♣❡t❡r ❡ ❊❧♦✛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s só❝✐♦✲ét✐❝♦s ♥❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ❧❡❣❛✐s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❱r♦♦♠ ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠
♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s à ❛✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦
❞❡ ▼♦r❛❤❛♥✲▼❛rt✐♥ ❡ ❙❝❤✉♠❛❝❤❡r ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ✏♣❛t♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✑ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡♥tr❡
❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳
❋❛❧❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ét✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡
❣r✉♣♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✉❣♥❛♠ ❛ ❧✐✈r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜r❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡ ❛rtíst✐❝❛s às
❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦r♣♦r❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠✱ s♦❜ ❛ ❛❧❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r
s❡✉s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❧❡❣❛✐s ✭✈✐❞❡ ❛ s❡çã♦ ✺✳✽✮ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❡ç❛♠ ♦✉
❞✐♠✐♥✉❛♠ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛♣r❡❣♦❛♠ ❛ ✏❞❡s♦❜❡❞✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐✈✐❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✑
✭
▲■❚▼❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❛❞♦ ❛✜r♠❛ s❡r ✏❛♥t✐✲ét✐❝❛✑ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣♦♥❡♥t❡✱
❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ■♥tr♦♥❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛✜r♠❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛
r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❡r❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦
✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❛çã♦ ❢❛❝❡ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ✭❡ ♥ã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ♦✉
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✮ ❞♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s✳
❊♠❜s❡✱ ❉❡s❛✐ ❡ ❉❡s❛✐ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡♥ç❛s✱ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s
❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛r ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡
✈❛❧♦r❡s ét✐❝♦s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❡
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠
✈✐st❛s ❛♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧
♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✾✵
◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦
✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡ s✐❣❛ ❛♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❡st❛
ú❧t✐♠❛ ✭❉❯◆◆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❆ ét✐❝❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❧❛r❛✱ ❝♦♥❝✐s❛ ❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❣ü✐❞❛✲
❞❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s✐❣❛
❝♦♠ ✉♠ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ à s✉❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✐❛❞♦✿ ♦ ♣r❛③❡r ❞❡ ❛❣✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦
♠♦r❛❧ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✳
❆✳✹
❈✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✈♦❧t❛✲
❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❈✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✜r♠❛ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ✭❛♣✉❞
❱❆◆❉❊◆❇❊❘●❍❊✱
três ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛✑✳
✷✵✵✸✮✱ é ✏✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♦✉
❱❛♥❞❡♥❜❡r❣❤❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ s❡❣✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ três
s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦✱ ✉♠ ✜❧♦só✜❝♦✱ ✉♠ ❛♥tr♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ✉♠ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦
❛♦ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ◆♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛
t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♦✉ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧
✲ s❡♠ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ s✉❜s✐st✐r✐❛✳
❖ s❡♥t✐❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧✉r❛❧✿ ✏❝✉❧t✉r❛s✑ sã♦ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ sã♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❡st❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s
❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❡❣í♣❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❛✱ ❜❛❜✐❧ô♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❡✉r♦♣é✐❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✱ ❞❡♥tr♦
❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ✉♠ s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s
♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ é ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡ s✉❜❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❛rtíst✐❝❛✳
❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❝❡♣çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❛♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ r❡✲
❣r❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❡ ✈ár✐♦s
✐♥tr✉♠❡♥t♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❢❡r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③
r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡♠❛s ✭❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆
❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✷✮✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✲
tr✉✐r ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ❛♣t♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡stõ❡s✿ ❛té q✉❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡
♣rát✐❝❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s❡r❡♠
❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t❛❄ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❄
❊ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❣r❛✉ s❡ ❞á ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐t❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❄
P❛r❛ ❙❝❤❡✐♥ ✭❛♣✉❞
❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✱ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛
✶✾✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✿ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❙❝❤❡✐♥ ✭❛♣✉❞
❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙❀ ❱❖◆ ❙❖▲▼❙✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ ❛♣ó✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❡ ❝r❡♥ç❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s
❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s✱ s❡✉s ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱
♥♦r♠❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ♦✉
♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s✱ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ ❛çõ❡s✱ ❝r✐❛çõ❡s
❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s✳
❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r♦♣♦st❛
♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❡ ♥♦r♠❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s✳
❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ ❙♣✉r❧✐♥❣ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡st❛s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❆ ✏s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✑ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉✲
❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❙❚❆◆❚❖◆
❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ❊s✲
t❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❡st✉❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧
❛t✐t✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐✲
❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❣r❛✉ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❯♠ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s é q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡stá ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ s❡♠✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡r ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s
♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❛♦ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠
❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ tê♠ ♠❡♥♦r í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ ✉s♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ✭♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧❛♥ç❛♠ ❝♦♥❥❡t✉r❛s s♦❜r❡
❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲
❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ s❡ s✐♥t❛♠ ❡♠ t❛❧ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ t❡r♠✐♥❡♠ ♣♦r r❡♣✉❞✐❛r
❛s ♥♦r♠❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❛♠ ❞✐t❛r s❡✉s ♣❛ss♦s✳ ❉❡ t♦❞♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❢r❡♥t❡ às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧
às ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✱ ❙t❛♥t♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮
❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭♣♦r ❡❧❡s ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛s t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛s✮ r❡✲
✶✾✷
❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛
s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❡ r❡❢♦rç❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛s
❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝♦♥trár✐❛s ❛♦s ♣r❡❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳
❙❝❤❧✐❡♥❣❡r ❡ ❚❡✉❢❡❧ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣❡❧♦s
✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♥♦r♠❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❛♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥tá✲❧♦s
❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜sí❞✐♦s às ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛
✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
▲❡❡ ❡ ▲❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❛❜✉s♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦
✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❛ s❡çã♦ ✹✳✸✮✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛
❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥❞♦ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❛
❝r✐♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s à ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❛❜✉s♦s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ❡ ✈♦♥ ❙♦❧♠s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛❧❡rt❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ às ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡
♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ P♦r s✐♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s
✉s✉ár✐♦s ❥á t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ✉s♦
❞❡ s❡♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❙❆❙❙❊❀ ❇❘❖❙❚❖❋❋❀ ❲❊■❘■❈❍✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❙❚❆◆❚❖◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮
❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❜✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭❙❚❘❆❯❇✱ ✶✾✾✵❀ ❚❍❖▼❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
❆✳✹✳✶
❖ ✏❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝♦✑
❏á ❢♦✐ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✮✱ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝♦ ❞❛ ✏❝♦rr❡♥t❡✑
❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ trí❛❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ é ❢r❛♥❝❛♠❡♥t❡
❞✐s❝✉tí✈❡❧✳
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❤á ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✉❜✲
❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❉❍■▲▲❖◆✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ t♦r♥❛✲♦s
tã♦ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞✐t♦s ✏❝♦♠✉♥s✑✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ❛çõ❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
✭❘❍❖❉❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✷❀ ●❯❩▼❆◆❀ ❑❆❆❘❙❚✲❇❘❖❲◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s
✶✾✸
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❞❡✈❡♠✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r ♦❜✲
❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✭❆❘❈❊✱
✷✵✵✸❜✮✳
❆✳✹✳✷
❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛❝ã♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
P♦r trás ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛s✱ ❡stã♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ à ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡ à
❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ❊st❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✐♥t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ r✐t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❢♦❣❡♠
❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❛❧ç❛❞❛ ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ✭❚■◆●▲■◆●❀
P❆❘❊◆❚✱
✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦ q✉❡
✐rá✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣❡r❛r ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ t❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❑♦♥❛♥❛ ❡
❇❛❧❛s✉❜r❛♠❛♥✐❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡s só❝✐♦✲❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✲
♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s
t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ▲❡❣r✐s✱ ■♥❣❤❛♠ ❡ ❈♦❧❧❡r❡tt❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚■✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡s ❡♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥✲
t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ é ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✳ ❱❛♥♥ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦
s♦❜r❡ t❛❧ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❚■ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛❞✈♦❣❛♥❞♦ ❛
❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✭✏❣r❛♠át✐❝❛✑✮ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♠✉✐r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s
♣r♦❥❡t♦s✳ ❆s❤❢♦rt❤ ❡ ❑r❡✐♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♦çõ❡s
♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s r✐t✉❛❧íst✐❝❛s
❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ✲ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ s❡
t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ r✐t✉❛❧✱ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ é ♦❜❡❞❡❝✐❞❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦
❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛✈❡rs✐✈♦s às ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❝r✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s
❡st❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ Pr❡❡❝❡✱ ◆♦♥♥❡❝❦❡ ❡ ❆♥❞r❡✇s ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s
❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳
◗✉❛❧q✉❡r q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦r♠❛s✱ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛rá s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛♦
❝r✐✈♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛ é ❞❡✲
♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦✲r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❑❆❘❖▲❨✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❞❡❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛
s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ é ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡t❡r✲
♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐✈✉❛❧✱ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❛❝✉r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✶✾✹
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❢❡❝❤❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✭✈✐❞❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✮ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦
❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆✳✺
Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲
❝✐sã♦
❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r❛❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s ✮✱
❆ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭
t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ✭❍❊❆P
❡t ❛❧✳✱
q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ à
✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛s
❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛✲s❡ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱
♥♦ q✉❡ ❝✉♥❤♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✿ ❛ ✏♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✑✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
❝♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠ ♦ s❡♥s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡
❞❡❝✐sõ❡s❀ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ t❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♠❛✐♦r s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡
❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡✳ ❉♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s✿
r✐s❦ ❛✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✮✱
♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ✭
❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ s❡ ✉♠ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ é ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❝✉❥❛ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ é ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r✱ ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦
r✐s❦ s❡❡❦✐♥❣ ✮✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ s❡ ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ é r❡❥❡✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦
r✐s❝♦ ✭
❝♦♠ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❖s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛
♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❛♥❤♦s é ❞❡ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡r❞❛s é ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦
r✐s❝♦✳ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦❞♦✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠❡♥t♦
✭
❢r❛♠✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝t ✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞á ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ ❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧
❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✭❑❆❍◆❊▼❆◆❀
❚❱❊❘❙❑❨✱
✶✾✽✷❀
❱❘❆◆❆❙✱
✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊♠ ✉♠ t❡①t♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✱ ❑❛❤♥❡♠❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛✈❛♥ç❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦
❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s à ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳
❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦
❞❡ ❋❡❧❞♠❛♥✱ ▼✐②❛♠♦t♦ ❡ ▲♦❢t✉s ✭✶✾✾✾✮✿ s❡r✐❛ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❣✐r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛
s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❡s❛r♦s♦ q✉❡ ❛❣✐r ❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t❡r ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦❄ ▼✉✐t♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣❡s❛♠
s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❖ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡❧❛ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❞❡✈✐❞❛ à ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✿ ❡❧❡s ✐rã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦
❛❞♦t❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✉t❛s ❞✐t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❄ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✱
❛✜r♠❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦❄ ❆ ❡st❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱
t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ■❞s♦♥✱ ▲✐❜❡r♠❛♥ ❡ ❍✐❣❣✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✷✮ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡r❞❛s
❡ ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ r✐s❝♦s✱ t❡♠❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▼✉♥r♦
❡ ❙✉❣❞❡♥ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❑❧❡✐t❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❋♦♥t❛♥❛ ❡ ●❡rr❛r❞ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱
❄❄✮✱
❚❛♠✉r❛ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡
❘❛t♥❡r ❡ ❍❡r❜st ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡✱ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❑✇❛❦ ❡ ▲❛P❧❛❝❡ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳
✶✾✺
❆✳✻
❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛ss❛✲s❡ à
q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ♦✉ ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛r✲s❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s
P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✭
❆✳✻✳✶ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦
❆ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦
♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡s❡❥❛✲s❡ s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡
s❡rã♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✱ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s
♦✉ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❛✐s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
◆♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❞❡s❡❥❛✲s❡ ❛❢❡r✐r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ✭❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡✮ ♦
t❡♠❛ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
■♥❢❡❧✐③♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❡st❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱
❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✈✐✉✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡♦r✐❛s✳ ❈♦♥✲
t✉❞♦✱ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ q✉❡ é ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♣❛ss❛✲s❡ à ❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❝♦♥str✉t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ à ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱
♠✐♥✐✲t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❡✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡✱ ✈❡♥❤❛ ❛ s❡r ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s ✭
✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✮✳
❆✳✻✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉t♦
❆✳✻✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐✈❛
❖ ❝♦♥str✉t♦ ✏♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s
❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠
✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦ ❡ s❡♠
✭♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s✮ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s✳
✶✾✻
❆✳✻✳✷✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
P♦r ♣❧❡♦♥ást✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡r✱ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉t♦ ✏♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦
♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✑ é
r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦ ❡ s❡♠ ✭♦✉ ❝♦♠
♣♦✉❝❛s✮ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛s✳
❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛q✉✐ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❬✭❆❇◆❚✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱✭❲❖❖❉✱ ✷✵✵✷❜✮✱ ✭❇❖❙❲❖❘❚❍❀
❑❆❇❆❨✱
✷✵✵✷✮❪
❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦♠ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛r ❛
s❡❣✉✐r ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡♥❞♦ ❥á ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ t❛✐s t❡r♠♦s✱ sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
✶✳r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝ó♣✐❛ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ✭❜❛❝❦✉♣ ✮ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜ ❛ s✉❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛❀
✷✳s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s s❡♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢❛③
✉s♦❀
✸✳✉t✐❧✐③❛r s❡♥❤❛s s❡❣✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s
❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r s✉❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛❀
✹✳r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ✈ír✉s ❡♠ s❡✉
❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦❀
✺✳❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ✈ír✉s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛❀
✻✳✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❛♥❡①❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡✲♠❛✐❧s ✭♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✮
❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❜r✐✲❧♦s❀
✼✳❡♥❝❡rr❛r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✽✳❜❧♦q✉❡❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛✱ ♦✉ ❞❡s❧✐❣á✲❧♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡
❛✉s❡♥t❛r ♣♦r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦s❀
✾✳✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❣á✲❧♦ à r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛❀
✶✵✳✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✜❧tr♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♦✉
♥♦✲❜r❡❛❦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ à r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛❀
✶✶✳❣✉❛r❞❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❣✉r♦❀
✶✷✳♥ã♦ ✐♥❣❡r✐r ❧íq✉✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡trô✲
♥✐❝♦s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s à s✉❥❡✐r❛ ♦✉ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡❀
✶✾✼
✶✸✳♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✭♣❛st❛s ❡
❞✐r❡tór✐♦s✮✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ s♦❜ ❡str✐t♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡❀
✶✹✳♥ã♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❝❡rt❛❀
✶✺✳r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✭❧✐①❡✐r❛✮❀
✶✻✳♥ã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛r s❡♥❤❛s ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s❀
✶✼✳♥ã♦ ❡①♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❛❞❡✲
q✉❛❞❛s ✭❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡✮❀
✶✽✳✐♥st❛❧❛r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭✜r❡✇❛❧❧ ✮ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
✶✾✳❧❡r r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❡ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀
✷✵✳♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ír✉s✱ ❝❛✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ tró✐❛ ✭♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦
q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞❛♥♦s❛s
q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦s♦s❀
❆✳✻✳✷✳✸
❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s
❖s ✐t❡♥s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛r✲s❡ ❛♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r
✭P❆❙◗❯❆▲■✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
✶✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s❀
✷✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ❝♦❜r❡♠ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s❀
✸✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❝❛❞❛ ✐t❡♠ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✐❞é✐❛❀
✹✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛r❡③❛✿ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✐t❡♥s s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡str❛t♦s
❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✭✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡✴♦✉ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✮❀
✺✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✿ ❛ ❢r❛s❡ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦s ✐t❡♠ é ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ q✉❡ s❡
❞❡s❡❥❛ ♠❡❞✐r ✭♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮❀
✻✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✿ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦✱
s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✐t❡♥s❀ ❡st❛ ❛ss❡rçã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s
❞❛❞♦s ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦s❀
✶✾✽
✼✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿ ❞❡✈❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✱
❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❛ ❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡
♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ❡ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s
❞❡s❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡rr♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡st❡r❡♦t✐♣❛❞❛❀
✽✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❡✈✐t❛✲s❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡①tr❡♠❛❞❛✱
s❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✏♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r✑✱ ✏♦ ♣✐♦r✑✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❣ê♥❡r❡s❀
✾✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ t✐♣✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❛s ❢r❛s❡s sã♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❝♦♥❞✐③❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♦
❛tr✐❜✉t♦❀
✶✵✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ❝r❡❞✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♦s ✐t❡♥s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡r❡♠
r✐❞í❝✉❧♦s✱ ❞❡s♣r♦♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s ♦✉ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐s❀
✶✶✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡✿ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✲
tr✉t♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s tr❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥str✉t♦❀
✶✷✳❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✿ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✐t❡♥s ❢á❝❡✐s✱ ♠é❞✐♦s ❡ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦
❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ à q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✷✵ s❡✲
❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❜♦♠ s❡♥s♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♣♦r P❛sq✉❛❧✐ ✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✺✶✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠
✐t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧✐st❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
❖ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡stá ♥♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✳
✶✾✾
❆P✃◆❉■❈❊ ❇ ✲✲ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❛
♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❈❛r♦ ✭❛✮ ❧❡✐t♦r ✭❛✮✱
❖ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦
✈♦❧t❛❞❛ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✳
❘❡s♣♦♥❞❛ às q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡
✈♦❝ê ❛❞♦t❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✳
✶✳❘❡❛❧✐③♦ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❜❛❝❦✉♣ ✮ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡s❡
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ s♦❜ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣✉❛r❞❛✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷✳❆♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛s s❡♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦ s❡♥❤❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✸✳❯t✐❧✐③♦ s❡♥❤❛s ❢r❛❝❛s ✭❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ♥♦♠❡s ♦✉ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ❞❛t❛s
❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛s ♦✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✮✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✹✳▲❡✐♦ ❛s ♦❢❡rt❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô✲
♥✐❝♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷✵✵
✺✳❆♦ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❞❛ ♦r❣❛✲
♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✻✳❊①❡❝✉t♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❛♥❡①❛❞♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✼✳❆♣ós ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡✉ ❡♥❝❡rr♦ ❛ s❡ssã♦ ✭❢❛ç♦ ❧♦❣♦✛ ✮✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✽✳❆♦ ❧✐❣❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ à r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦
❛ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ✭❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❞❡✮✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✾✳❯t✐❧✐③♦ ✜❧tr♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♦✉ ♥♦✲❜r❡❛❦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s à
r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✵✳❆♦ ♠❡ ❛✉s❡♥t❛r ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♥❝❡rr♦ ❛ s❡ssã♦ ❛❜❡rt❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
✭❢❛ç♦ ❧♦❣♦✛ ✮✱ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❛ s❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❧✐❣♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✶✳●✉❛r❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛rát❡r s✐❣✐❧♦s♦ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡❣✉r♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✶✷✳❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧íq✉✐❞♦s ♦✉ só❧✐❞♦s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉
♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✸✳◆♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉♦ t❛✐s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✭♣❛st❛s ❡ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦s✮✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✹✳◆♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉♦ t❛✐s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s✱ ✐♥st❛❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❜❛✐①❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥✲
t❡r♥❡t✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷✵✶
✶✺✳▲❡✐♦ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s ❡ ♥♦tí❝✐❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✻✳❋❛ç♦ ❛ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ✭❧✐①❡✐r❛✮ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✼✳❉✐❣✐t♦ s❡♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❝♦rr❡✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❜❛s✲
t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✽✳❱❡r✐✜❝♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ às q✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲
❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✶✾✳Pr♦❝✉r♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡
s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
✷✵✳❊✉ ♠❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ír✉s✱ ❝❛✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ tró✐❛ ✭♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ s❡
✐♥st❛❧❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞❛♥♦s❛s q✉❡
r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠✮ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦s♦s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡
✷
❋r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡
✷
➚s ✈❡③❡s
✷
❘❛r❛♠❡♥t❡
✷
◆✉♥❝❛
✷
P♦r ❣❡♥t✐❧❡③❛✱ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛ ❛❣♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡
q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✳ ❊st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❡s♣♦♥✲
❞❡♥t❡✳
✷✵✷
✷✶✳ ❱♦❝ê é✿
❍♦♠❡♠
✷✷✳ ❙✉❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ é✿
❛♥♦s
✷✸✳ ❱♦❝ê tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ♥❡st❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✿
▼✉❧❤❡r
❍á ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦
❯♠ ❛♥♦ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s
❈✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❞❡③ ❛♥♦s
❍á ❞❡③ ❛♥♦s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s
✷✹✳ ❙❡✉ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦ é✿
◆í✈❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
◆í✈❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
◆í✈❡❧ ♠é❞✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
◆í✈❡❧ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
◆í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
◆í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦
❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦
❙✐♥t❛✲s❡ à ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s
❛♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♦✉ ❛♦s t❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛✿
✷✵✸
❆P✃◆❉■❈❊ ❈ ✲✲ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❈✳✶
❆ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡stá ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s✲
♠♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚✉r✐♥❣ é
❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛♣❡❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✐st❡♠❛s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭♣♦rt❛s✮✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✭❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦
❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✱ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♠❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱
❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③
r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦
✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❊st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✱
♣♦ré♠✱ ♥ã♦ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡str✉✲
t✉r❛❞❛s ♦✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧❛ ■❙❖ ❡ ♦ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t②
▼❛t✉r✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ✲ ❈▼▼✱ sã♦ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❆❙❍❘❆❋■✱
✷✵✵✸✮✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s
❧ó❣✐❝♦s é ♠❛✐s ✉s✉❛❧ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✱ ♥♦t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ✈♦❧✲
t❛❞♦s à ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❆❇❆❉■❀ ❇▲❆◆❈❍❊❚✱
✷✵✵✺❀ ❆❈❈❖❘❙■❀ ❇❆❙■◆❀ ❱■●❆◆Ò✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❘❆▼❆◆❯❏❆▼❀ ❙❯❘❊❙❍✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ▲❖❲❊✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ◆❡st❡s
❝❛s♦s✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ é ❞❡✈♦t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠✱ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛
❧ó❣✐❝❛ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧
✭❆▲❯❘❀ ❍❊◆❩■◆●❊❘❀ ❑❯P❋❊❘▼❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ❄❄❀ ❑❘❊▼❊❘❀ ❘❆❙❑■◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✷✵✹
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♦✉tr❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✜♠✿ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠
✈✐st❛s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ✶✾✽✽✱ ✶✾✾✵❛✱ ✶✾✾✵❜✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s✲
♠♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s❡❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛♣é✐s✭❊▲❙❆❙❀
❱❘■❊❙❀ ❘■❊❚✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✭❙❚❊P❍❊◆❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣r♦✈❡r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✭❉❆▼■❆◆❖❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❡
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✲s❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r❛s ❞♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❉❆❲✲
❙❖◆❀ ◗■❆◆❀ ❙❆▼❆❘❆❚■✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ♦✉
❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦✲
❧❡t✐✈♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ✭❙❊❘❏❆◆❚❖❱❀
❆◆❉❊❘❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥ã♦ tê♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♦✉ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ✈✐s❛♠
❛ ♠✐♥♦rá✲❧❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦
✐♥s❡❣✉r♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡s✱ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥❞❡❝✐❞í✈❡❧ ✭❉❊◆◆■◆●✱ ✶✾✽✷
❛♣✉❞ ▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✜♥✐t❛
❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐③❡r s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❢❛ç❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s
❡stá t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐s❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ t♦❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✉❧♥❡rá✈❡❧✳
❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❡♠ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ s❡✉s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ✭♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✲
♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❍❆▼▼❖◆❉❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❡ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ♠✉tá✈❡✐s ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❇❖❙❙■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠
♣❛r✐ ♣❛ss✉ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❇❆❙❑❊❘❱■▲▲❊✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✱ ♠❡s♠♦
❛s ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s ✭❙■P❖◆❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✲ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♠
✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✢❛❣r❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ â♠❜✐t♦ tê♠ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡
❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ três
❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ❉❆❈ ✭❞✐s❝r❡t✐♦♥❛r② ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛♦s
r❡❝✉rs♦s é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ▼❆❈ ✭♠❛♥❞❛t♦r② ❛❝❝❡ss
❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ é ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ ❘❇❆❈ ✭r✉❧❡✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛❝❝❡ss
❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ é ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♥t❡ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦
✷✵✺
✉s✉ár✐♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭▲❖P❊❩❀ ❖PP▲■●❊❘❀ P❊❘◆❯▲✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❈❍❖❯✱ ✷✵✵✹❛❀ ❇❊▲▲❊❚❚■◆■❀
❇❊❘❚■◆❖❀ ❋❊❘❘❆❘■✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❙❆◆❉❍❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❑❆●❆▲❀ ❋■◆■◆❀ P❊◆●✱ ✷✵✵✶❀ ❆❍◆❀ ❍❖◆●❀
❙❍■◆❈✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛✱
♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡✉✲s❡ à ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡
❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥t❛✉r❛ ❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠
❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ✳◆❊❚ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ✭▲❖P❊❩❀ ❖PP▲■●❊❘❀ P❊❘◆❯▲✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏♠✉r❛❧❤❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛✑ ✭❇❘❊❲❊❘❀ ◆❆❙❍✱ ✶✾✽✾❀
❙❖❇❊▲❀ ❆▲❱❊❙✲❋❖❙❙✱ ✶✾✾✾❀ ❋❖▲❊❨✱ ✶✾✾✼❀ ▼❊❆❉❖❲❙✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦✉ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠♦ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ â♠❜✐t♦
❧✐♠✐t❛✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦✱ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦✲
❧♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♠❛s q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s
❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s
✭♥✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✲❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✮ ♦✉ ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦
❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ✭♥✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❡①✐st❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❥á ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s s❡ ♠♦str❛
❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦♥❡r♦s♦✮✳
❊st❡ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐✲
❝❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐st✐♥t♦✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ♦✉ ✈✐sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦
❝♦♠ ♦ ♥✐❝❤♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✳
◆♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
♠❡t❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐✲
③❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❞á✲s❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ à ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ♠❛s ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①❝❧✉✐
♦ ♦✉tr♦✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❈❧❛r❦ ❡ ❲✐❧s♦♥ ✭✶✾✽✼✮ ✐❧✉str❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲
①✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r✲s❡ ❡st❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥♦ ❜♦❥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛
♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
▼✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ t❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠✲
♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✱
❡♥❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ▼❡s♠♦ t❡①t♦s ❞❡
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦
❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✭▼❊❆❉❖❲❙❀ ▼❈▲❊❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛
q✉❡ s❡ t❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳
➱ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ♣♦r q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦
✷✵✻
❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s sã♦ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❜r❛♥✲
❣❡♥t❡✿ ❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡ r❡str✐♥❣❡♠ ❛♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s
❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡✱ ❛♦ tr❛t❛r ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❡st❡s sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡st❛♥q✉❡s✱
s❡♠ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦ ✲ ♥❛
✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é r❡♣♦rt❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❝♦♠♣✉t❡r
s❡❝✉r✐t② ✮✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦ss✉✐r✲s❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ✈ê ❜✉r❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
✐♥❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡ ✭♠❛s ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❛té ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧✮ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❈♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛
✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s
♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲
t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❡r✜s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ t❛✐s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ s✐s✲
t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s
❥♦❣♦s✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s
❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❆▲❋❆❘❖❀ ●❖❉❊❋❘❖■❉❀ ❏❆●❆❉❊❊❙❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ▲❆▼❆❘❈❍❊✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ❇❆■▲▲❖❚❀
❉❆◆❖❙❀ ❊❍❘❍❆❘❉✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❛
t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ✭❑❘❊▼❊❘❀ ❘❆❙❑■◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡✲
r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ✭P❆❘■❑❍❀ ❘❆▼❆◆❯❏❆▼✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ♥❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭P❆❘■❑❍❀ ❱➘➘◆➘◆❊◆✱
✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡ ❞á s♦❜ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❜❡♠ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✱
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ s✉❛ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❛♥✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❛❣r❡❣✉❡ ♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❡s✲
tr✉t✉r❛ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛
❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛r ♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦s✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s ✉s✉❛✐s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡rã♦ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜ ♥♦✈❛
r♦✉♣❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛✐♥❞❛✱ r❡❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦✉ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛
✉♠❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳
❙❡rã♦ ❡✈✐t❛❞❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ r❡♠✐ssõ❡s à t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛✿ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡
s❡r ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
✷✵✼
❈✳✶✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
•❧ó❣✐❝❛s
♠♦❞❛✐s ô♥t✐❝❛s✿
sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✴
♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✴ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡
p✑✱
♦♥❞❡
p
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭✉♠ ❢❛t♦ ♦✉
✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✮❀
•❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✿
sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏➱ ✴ s❡rá ✭s❡♠♣r❡
✴ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✮ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ q✉❡
•❧ó❣✐❝❛s
♠♦❞❛✐s ❞❡ô♥t✐❝❛s✿ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✏➱ ✭♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ✴ ♣❡r✲
♠✐t✐❞♦ ✴ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞♦✮ q✉❡
•❧ó❣✐❝❛s
p✑❀
p✑❀
♠♦❞❛✐s ❡♣✐stê♠✐❝❛s✿ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✏ x s❛❜❡ q✉❡
p✳✑✱
x
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❛t♦r ✭❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♦✉ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦✮ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦❀
•❧ó❣✐❝❛s
♠♦❞❛✐s ❞♦①ást✐❝❛s✿ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ tr❛t❛r s❡♥t❡♥ç❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✏ x ✭❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ ✴
♦♥❞❡
♣❡♥s❛ ✴ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✮ q✉❡
p✑✳
❊✐s ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱
❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❤♦❧✈② ❡ ❈✉♣♣❡♥s ✭✶✾✾✼✮✿
✏◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❯s✉ár✐♦ t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♣ú✲
❜❧✐❝♦✑✳
❊st❛ ❢r❛s❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛❞✉③✐❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✿
∀f, ∀A, Arq(f ) ∧ P ublico(f ) ∧ P apel(A, U suario) → ✸Ler(A, f )
✭❈✳✶✮
❖s t❡r♠♦s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❈✳✶ ❡stã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✵✳
❈✳✷
▲ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡✲
❣✉r❛♥ç❛
❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ à ê♥❢❛s❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r à
✷✵✽
❚❡r♠♦ ♦✉ sí♠❜♦❧♦
∀x, q(x)
❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ✭❧ê✲s❡ ✏♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦
✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡
a∧b
a
❡
b
b✑✮ ✲ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ ✭é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦✮
sã♦ ❛♠❜♦s s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s
❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭❧ê✲s❡ ✏ p ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛
✲ ✐♥❞✐❝❛
s❛t✐s❢❛③✲s❡
♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ s❡
♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦
♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦
♦ ♣❛♣❡❧
✸q
p✱
q ✑✮
q
x é ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦
q✉❡ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ s❡ x é ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦
q✉❡ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ s❡ x ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛
q✉❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦
Arq(x)
P ublico(x)
P apel(x, y)
x, q(x)✑✮ ✲
x
❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡
❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ✭❧ê✲s❡ ✏ a ❡
q✉❛♥❞♦
p→q
q
y
♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ♠♦❞❛❧ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❧ê✲s❡ ✏é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
q ✑✮
Ler(x, y)
♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦ s❡ ♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦
❧ê ♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦
x
y
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✵✿ ❚❡r♠♦s ❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❈✳✶✳
✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✲
♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❛s ❛♠❜✐❣ü✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s
♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✳ Pr♦❝❡❞❡r✲s❡✲á✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✲
çã♦ ❡ à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ à s✉❛ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛
❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❧✐❞❛s✱ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s
♣❡❧♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳
P♦r s❡✉ t✉r♥♦✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ❛❞✈é♠ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
tr❛t❛r ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❍❯●❍❊❙❀
❈❘❊❙❙❲❊▲✱
✶✾✽✹✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✐✲
t✉❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛ ❛✉s❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s
✭❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s s❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦✲
❝♦❧♦s ❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♣✐stê♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦
❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ✭❙❨❱❊❘❙❖◆❀
●❘❆❨✱
✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r✲
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♣✐stê♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛ ✭P■❊❚❆❘■◆❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛
♣♦r ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✭▲■❙▼❖◆❚❀
❈✳✷✳✶
▼❖◆●■◆✱
✶✾✾✺✮✳
❯♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❞❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞❡ ●❧❛s❣♦✇✱ ▼❛❝❊✇❡♥ ❡ P❛♥❛♥❣❛❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s
✷✵✾
❛s ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❡ ❞❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ✭♣❛r❛
❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✮✳
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭❙❡❝✉r✐t②
▲♦❣✐❝ ✲ ❙▲✮✱♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥tã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s
t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❞✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❙▲✿
✶✳✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦
✶
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❢❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❛✐s t❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❀ ❡
✷✳s❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ é ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ s❛❜❡r ❛❧❣♦✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡ ♦ s❛❜❡rá✳
❈♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ r❡s✉♠✐r ❛s ❞✉❛s ❛ss❡rçõ❡s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ✭❇■❊❇❊❘❀ ❈❯PP❊◆❙✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✿
❙❡ ❇ s❛❜❡ q✉❡
ϕ
❡♥tã♦ ❇ t❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜❡r q✉❡
ϕ
❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛
KB ϕ → R B ϕ
♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❛✐s
KB ❡ R B
❞❡s✐❣♥❛♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✏t❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✑
❡ ✏t❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✑✱ ❥á ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✭●▲❆❙●❖❲❀ ▼❆❈❊❲❊◆❀ P❆◆❆◆●❆❉❊◆✱ ✶✾✾✷❀ ❇■❊❇❊❘❀ ❈❯PP❊◆❙✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆
❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠
✈í❞✉♦s
U
♠♦❞❛❧
Ki ✳
φ
♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✲
❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✶ ❛
n✱
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛
Σ✱
❡ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r
Ki φ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ i s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦
é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛✳
❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡r✲s❡ ✐♥❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛
s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛
❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉í✲
❞♦s✱ ✉s❛r✲s❡✲á ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❑r✐♣❦❡ ✭❲❆▲▲■❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✷❀ ●▲❆❙●❖❲❀ ▼❆❈❊❲❊◆❀
P❆◆❆◆●❆❉❊◆✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ♣♦s✲
sí✈❡✐s✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛
M = (S, π, κ1 , · · · , κn ) ❞❡ ❑r✐♣❦❡✱ ♦♥❞❡✿
✶✳S é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s❀
✶ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♣♦r ✏✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✑ ♦✉ ✏s✉❥❡✐t♦✑ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛✲s❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❡
❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
✷✶✵
✷✳❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ κi ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ i é ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ r❡✢❡①✐✈❛✱ s✐♠é✲
tr✐❝❛ ❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐✈❛✮✳ ❉✐③✲s❡ q✉❡ ❞♦✐s ♠✉♥❞♦s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐st✐♥❣✉í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ i s❡
❡❧❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ à ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ κi ❀
✸✳✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♦✉ ❢❛❧s❛✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡
❛♠❜♦s ✭t❡rt✐✉♠ ♥♦♥ ❞❛t✉r ✲ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❡①❝❧✉í❞♦✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❊s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ s |= φ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ s✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r ♦
❝❛s♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r (M, s) |= φ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ φ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ s s♦❜
♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ M❀
✹✳♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠✉♥❞♦ s ∈ S ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛ φ ∈ Σ✱ π ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡
✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛ φ ❡♠ s ✭♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ π(s, φ) ∈ {verdadeiro, f also}✮✳
❆s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦
sã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ φ ❡ ψ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✿
✶✳♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s φ ∈ Σ, s |= φ ss❡ ✭s❡ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✮ π(s, φ) = verdadeiro❀
✷✳s |= φ ∧ ψ ss❡ s |= φ ❡ s |= ψ ❀
✸✳s |= ¬φ ss❡ ♥ã♦ s |= φ❀
✹✳s |= Ki φ ss❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ s′ t❛❧ q✉❡ (s, s′ ) ∈ κi , s′ |= φ✳
❯♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ é ❞✐t❛ ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❡♠ M ✭❞❡♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r M |= p✮ s❡ ❡❧❛ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠
t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s s ∈ S ✳ ❉❡♥♦t❛✲s❡ ✐st♦ ♣♦r |= φ✳
❯♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ é ❞✐t❛ s❛t✐s❢❛tí✈❡❧ ❡♠ M s❡ ¬φ ♥ã♦ é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❡♠ M✳
P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
✭●▲❆❙●❖❲❀ ▼❆❈❊❲❊◆❀ P❆◆❆◆●❆❉❊◆✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✿
✶✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❑✶✳ Ki φ → φ✳ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❢❛❧s♦ ✲ ❡✐s ❛ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝r❡♥ç❛❀
✷✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❑✷✳ Ki (φ → ψ) → (Ki φ → Ki ψ)✳ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ❞♦ ❢❡❝❤♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✿
✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉s
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡❞✉çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❞✉s ♣♦♥❡♥s ✿ ❞❡ |= φ ❡ |= φ → ψ ✱
❞❡❞✉③✲s❡ |= ψ ❀
✷✶✶
✸✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❑✸✳ Ki φ → Ki (Ki φ)✳ ❆①✐♦♠❛
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❞❛ ✐♥tr♦s♣❡❝çã♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✿
✹✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❑✹✳ ¬Ki φ → Ki (¬Ki φ)✳ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ❞❛
✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦
✐♥tr♦s♣❡❝çã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✿
✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✲
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ t♦❞❛s ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱
❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r✲s❡ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ✈á❧✐❞❛s✿
❘❡❣r❛ ❈✳✶❙❡
φ
é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❡♥tã♦
Ki φ ✳
❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ✭✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✮✱ ❡♥tã♦
❛❧❣✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✳
❈✳✷✳✷
❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦
●❧❛s❣♦✇✱ ▼❛❝❊✇❡♥ ❡ P❛♥❛♥❣❛❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❇❡♥✲❆r✐✱ ▼❛♥♥❛ ❡ P♥✉❡❧✐ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❝✉❥♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❡♥♦t❛♠ ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ s✳
❆♦ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❛♠♦s✱ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ♦s três ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✱ ∀
✭s❡♠♣r❡✮✱ ∀✸ ✭❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✷ ✮ ❡ ∃✸ ✭às ✈❡③❡s ✸ ✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱
❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❛❞♦s ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ s✱ ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
♠✉♥❞♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ✱ t❡♠✲s❡✿
✶✳s |= ∀φ ss❡ φ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❛♠♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦s
❡♠ s❀
✷✳s |= ∀✸φ ss❡ φ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❛♠♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦s
❡♠ s❀
✸✳s |= ∃✸φ ss❡ φ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ r❛♠♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠
s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ S ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✏❡st❛❞♦s✑ ✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❚❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ R ✭✜♥✐t♦ ♦✉ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✮ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ S ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳
✷ ❡♠ ●❧❛s❣♦✇✱ ▼❛❝❊✇❡♥ ❡ P❛♥❛♥❣❛❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱
✸ ❡♠ ●❧❛s❣♦✇✱ ▼❛❝❊✇❡♥ ❡ P❛♥❛♥❣❛❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱
❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧②✳
s♦♠❡t✐♠❡s✳
✷✶✷
❙❡ r é ✉♠ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ R✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ r[i] ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ i✲és✐♠♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ r✳
❉❡✜♥❡✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ R ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ S ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s R✿ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r s ❡ s′ ❞❡ S ✱ ♦ ♣❛r (s, s′ ) ∈ R s❡ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡
s❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ r t❛❧ q✉❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s i ❡ j ✱ r[i] = s ❡ r[i + j] = s′ ✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r s′ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ✜♥✐t♦✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♦ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡✿
✶✳✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡♥✉♠❡rá✈❡❧ Σ ❞❡ ❧❡tr❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s φ, ψ, . . .❀
✷✳♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s T ✭✈❡r❞❛❞❡✮ ❡ ⊥ ✭❢❛❧s✐❞❛❞❡✮✱ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s ¬ ✭♥❡❣❛çã♦✮✱
∧ ✭❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦✮✱ ∨ ✭❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦✮ ❡ → ✭✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✮❀
✸✳♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❛✐s Ki ✭❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s❀ ❡
✹✳♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ∀ ✭s❡♠♣r❡✮✱ ∀✸ ✭❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ∃✸ ✭às ✈❡③❡s✮✳
❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❜❡♠✲❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ é ♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ W t❛❧ q✉❡
✶✳t♦❞❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ Σ✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ T ❡ ⊥✱ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ W ❀
✷✳s❡ φ ❡ ψ ∈ W ✱ ❡♥tã♦ ¬φ✱ φ ∧ ψ ✱ φ ∨ ψ ✱ φ → ψ ❡ (φ) t❛♠❜é♠ ∈ W ❀ ❡
✸✳s❡ φ ∈ W ✱ ❡♥tã♦ Ki φ ✭♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s i✮✱ ∀φ✱ ∀✸φ ❡ ∃✸φ t❛♠❜é♠ ∈ W ✳
❆ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✿
✶✳s |= ∀φ ss❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s (s, s′ ) ∈ R, s′ |= φ❀
✷✳s |= ∀✸φ ss❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ r✱ s❡ r[i] = s✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡①✐st❡ s′ ❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ j t❛❧
q✉❡ s′ = r[i + j] ❡ s′ |= φ❀
✸✳s |= ∃✸φ ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ (s, s′ ) ∈ R, s′ |= φ✳
❆♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
❛①✐♦♠❛s ✭❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ∃✸φ ↔ ¬∀¬φ✮✿
✶✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❚✶✳ φ → ∀✸φ❀
✷✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❚✷✳ ∀(φ → ψ) → (∀φ → ∀ψ ❀
✷✶✸
✸✳❆①✐♦♠❛
✳ ∀φ → ∀∀φ✳
❚✸
❆s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ❈✳✶✱
♠♦❞✉s ♣♦♥❡♥s ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿
❘❡❣r❛ ❈✳✷❙❡
❈✳✷✳✸
φ
é ✈á❧✐❞❛ ❡♥tã♦
∀φ
t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ é✳
P❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦
❖ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ é ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♥♦✈♦s ♦♣❡✲
r❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❛✐s✿ P ✭♣❡r♠✐ssã♦✮ ❡ O ✭♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦✮ ✭●▲❆❙●❖❲❀ ▼❆❈❊❲❊◆❀ P❆◆❆◆●❆❉❊◆✱
✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡❣✉❡✿
∀ i✱ s❡ φ ∈ W ❡♥tã♦ OKi φ, P Ki φ, O¬Ki φ ❡ P ¬Ki φ t❛♠❜é♠ ∈ W ✳
❖s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ô♥t✐❝♦s P ❡ O sã♦ ❞✉❛✐s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠♦❞❛❧✿ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠ ❡♠
t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ P φ ↔ ¬O¬φ✳ P♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s
OKi ❡ P Ki ❝♦♠♦ Oi ❡ Pi ✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❆ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✿
✶✳Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐❣✐❧♦✿ s❡ s |= Ki φ ❡♥tã♦ s |= Pi φ❀ s❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞í✈✐❞✉♦ s❛❜❡ ✉♠❛
❢ór♠✉❧❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❛❜ê✲❧❛❀ ✐♥✈❡rs❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈ó❞✉♦
♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❀
✷✳Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡✿ s❡ s |= Oi φ ❡♥tã♦ s |= ∀✸Ki φ❀ s❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ é
♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡rá❀
✸✳Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦ i✱ ❡st❛❞♦ s ❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✱
s❡ s |= Pi φ ❡♥tã♦ s |= ∃✸Ki φ❀ s❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ t❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠❛
❢ór♠✉❧❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✈✐r ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝ê✲❧❛❀
✹✳Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦✿ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦ i✱ ❡st❛❞♦ s ❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ φ q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✱
s❡ s |= ∀Ki φ✱ ❡♥tã♦ s |= Oi φ❀ s❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ t❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡
✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡❧❡ é ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝ê✲❧❛✳
✷✶✹
❖s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭K1 ❛ K4✮
❡ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✭T 1 ❛ T 3✮ ♠♦str❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s
❛①✐♦♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿
✶✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❙▲✶✳ Pi φ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s t❛✉t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐♦♥❛✐s φ❀
✷✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❙▲✷✳ Pi φ → φ❀
✸✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❙▲✸✳ (Pi φ ∧ Pi ψ) ↔ Pi (φ ∧ ψ)❀
✹✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❙▲✹✳ Pi φ → P (φ ∨ ψ)❀
✺✳❆①✐♦♠❛ ❙▲✺✳ Oi φ → Pi φ✳
P❡❧♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ t❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r t♦❞❛s ❛s t❛✉✲
t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❙▲✶✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ q✉❡ t♦❞❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛
✭❙▲✷✮✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❞✐s❥✉♥çã♦ ✭❙▲✸ ❡ ❙▲✹✮ ❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧✲
q✉❡r ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛✳
●❧❛s❣♦✇✱ ▼❛❝❊✇❡♥ ❡ P❛♥❛♥❣❛❞❡♥ ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s
❛①✐♦♠❛s ❙▲✶ ❛ ❙▲✺ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ✭s♦✉♥❞ ✮ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✱ ❡ ❞❡✜✲
♥❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✱ Θi é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s q✉❡✱ s❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦
i é ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ❡ Φi é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s q✉❡✱ s❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ i
t❡♠ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✳ ❆s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♥❡st❡s ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❛s ♠♦❞❛✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ô♥t✐❝❛✱ ❡♣✐stê♠✐❝❛ ❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡
s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s Θi ❡ Φi ✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✭✉♠❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦
❡ ❢❛❧s♦✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❙▲✳
❯♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ é ❞✐t❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ s❡ ❡❧❛ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙▲
❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ s❡ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡♠
❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡ à ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱
❞✐③✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ✭❝♦♠♣♦s❛❜❧❡ ✮✳ ❉❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ s❡ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s
q✉❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡♠ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s✱ ❡ s❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛
r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✱ ❡st❛s sã♦ ❞✐st❛s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ✭❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✮✳
✷✶✺
❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❘❡♠✐ss✐✈♦
❆♠❡❛ç❛s✱ ✹✽
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s✱ ✽✻
❆t❛q✉❡s✱ ✺✷
❆t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✹✼
❇❙✼✼✾✾✱ ✺✸✱ ✶✵✻
❇✉✛❡r ♦✈❡r✢♦✇✱ ✻✽
❈✐❜❡r❡s♣❛ç♦✱ ✼✸
❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛✱ ✶✵✹
❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼✐s✉s❡ ❆❝t✱ ✾✺
❈♦♥t❡♥t Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❘❡❝♦r❞❛❜❧❡ ▼❡❞✐❛
✲ ❈P❘▼✱ ✾✷
❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✲ ❈❖❇■❚✱ ✶✵✸
❉❛t❛ Pr♦t❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆❝t✱ ✾✹
❉❡♥✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✲ ❉♦❙✱ ✺✼
❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✐❧❧❡♥♥✐✉♠ ❈♦♣②r✐❣❤t ❆❝t ✲
❉▼❈❆✱ ✾✶
❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❘✐❣❤ts ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ✲ ❉❘▼✱ ✾✵
❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❉❡♥✐❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ✲ ❉❉♦❙✱ ✺✼
❋❡♥♦♠❡♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✸✸
●♦✈❡r♥❛♥ç❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛✱ ✶✷✸
❍❛❝❦✐♥❣✱ ✺✵
❍❡❛❧t❤ ■♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ P♦rt❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❆❝❝♦✉♥✲
t❛❜✐❧✐t② ❆❝t ✲ ❍■P❆❆✱ ✾✸
❍❡r♠❡♥ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ✸✾
■♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ✺✷
■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✹✺
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❙❡❝✉r✐t② ❊✈❛✲
❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❈r✐t❡r✐❛ ✲ ■❚❙❊❈✱ ✶✵✸
■♥t❡r♥❡t ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❚❛s❦ ❋♦r❝❡ ✲ ■❊❚❋✱
✺✷
■❙❖ ✶✺✹✵✽✱ ✶✵✹
■❙❖ ✷✼✵✵✶✱ ✶✵✻
■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ✻✹✱ ✶✵✻
▲ó❣✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✸
▲ó❣✐❝❛s ♠♦❞❛✐s✱ ✷✵✻
◆❇❘ ✶✼✼✾✾✱ ✺✸✱ ✶✵✻
◆❇❙❖✱ ✻✶✱ ✾✽
P❤✐s❤✐♥❣✱ ✻✶
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ✽✽
P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s✱ ✽✼
P♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ✶✷✷
P♦❧ít✐❝❛s
❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✶✷✼
❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ✼✼✱ ✶✸✹
♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ✶✷✹
❘❡❞❡s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ✶✶✾
❘❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ✻✷
❘✐s❝♦s✱ ✺✷
❙❛r❜❛♥❡s✲❖①❧❡②✱ ✾✹
❙❡❝✉r❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ▼✉s✐❝ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ✲ ❙❉▼■✱
✾✷
❙❡❝✉r✐t② ♦✣❝❡rs✱ ✺✵
❙♣❛♠✱ ✻✸
❯❙❆ P❛tr✐♦t ❆❝t✱ ✾✷
❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✺✶
❲❛r❝❤❛❧❦✱ ✻✷
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