Design of Multi-Purpose Building

An-Najah National University Faculty of Engineering Building Engineering Department Graduation Project 2 DESIGN OF MULTI-PURPOSE BUILDING WITH NEW CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL PREPARED BY: KHALID ZIAD SHAKHSHIR RANIA ABDULLAH NASER ZAID “MOH’D MUIN” SHAHIN SUPERVISED BY: DR.MOUYAD SALHAB 2014-2015 |Page1 Disclaimer: This report was written by students at the building engineering department, faculty of engineering, An-Najah National University. It has not been alerted or corrected, other than editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may contain language as well as content errors. The views expressed in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are solely those of the students. An-Najah National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was commissioned. Abstract: Commercial center is the center in which economic, social, cultural, entertainment and administrative services, Common area is the total area within the commercial center that is designed for rental to investors, this project will contribute in bringing life to the region where our project will be construction and give new chance to businessmen to rental offices, markets, stores, etc. However, it gives that region new commercial life to take the economic benefits .The idea is to bring financial, business opportunities and to refresh the commercial business to that region. On another hand the increasing of population in many societies, and the need to have a place that have complex function are the aim at this time. This Multi-purpose Building will be designed typically and according to international building codes and as much as possible according to the shape and type closely reflect the city building system. In this introduction we will take about multipurpose building as it is our project, this project will be design in Nablus city, and will give a support for economic situation in this city. Multipurpose building in general is a building that contains many different functions such that stores, shops, restaurants and cafés, may have also cinema, offices and bowling lawn , The multi-purpose building is the perfect facility for all of human group’s needs. Whether you need a large facility for a business meeting, or need a facility for your youth group gathering, that what we need at the multi-purpose building. Too many multi-purpose buildings are found since the beginning Renaissance of 1990s all over the world and this renaissance starts in our country in 2000s. |Page2 From the governmental buildings of ministers branches that helps people to continue their papers to some schools buildings that contains branches for kids, youth, and teens in their different needs, also commercial building that have shops center, restaurants, and café also a cinemas, more over the office buildings that contains clients, and laboratories at the sometime - which should have a special requirements- all these types are called multiparous buildings. From engineering view multiparous building is our chance to get an experience in designing multi-function spaces with their needs and to face the problems that may face us. These functions that we have in this project should be acceptable from architectural point of view by spacing separating and relationship in between, moreover the relation with site, also we should have the ability to solve the structural versus that may stand up. Earthquakes is the rising problem that faces our society in general so as we design a construction for people we should keep them safe in the building as much as possible. “We design the building for peoples if it doesn’t match with them, no need for design”. Full Architectural Comfortable Design , Safe and Economical Structural Design , Suitable and Operational Mechanical Design , Comfortable lighting design For Human , Good ventilation and infiltration for Areas , Acoustical Design with low noise , special design for handicap people , all these concepts and other are our target in designing the multiparous building . |Page3 Table of Contents Disclaimer: .................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract: ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 15 1.1: Problem Statement: ......................................................................................................................... 15 1.2: Work objectives: .............................................................................................................................. 15 1.3: Scope of work: ................................................................................................................................. 16 1.4: Work Significance: ........................................................................................................................... 16 1.5: Report Organization: ........................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter Two: Codes, Requirements and Earlier Coarse Work ................................................................... 18 2.1: Codes: .............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.2: NFPA Codes: ..................................................................................................................................... 18 2.3: Compliance Construction Codes: ..................................................................................................... 18 2.3: Earlier coarse work: ......................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter Three: Literature review. .............................................................................................................. 20 3.1: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.1: Definition of Multi-purpose building. ...................................................................................... 20 3.2: Architectural Design......................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.1: Commercial Part: ...................................................................................................................... 20 3.2.2: Entertainment: .......................................................................................................................... 21 3.2.3: Business: ................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.4: Services: .................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3: Structural Design .............................................................................................................................. 23 3.3.1: Introduction: ............................................................................................................................. 23 3.4: Building orientation: ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.4.1: Setback ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.2: Using green materials: .............................................................................................................. 26 3.4.3: Solar system: ............................................................................................................................. 27 3.4.4: Passive system: ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.5: Acoustical Design: ............................................................................................................................ 29 3.5.1: Measuring sound ...................................................................................................................... 29 3.5.2: Sound Transmission Class (or STC)............................................................................................ 29 |Page4 3.6: Lighting design: ................................................................................................................................ 31 3.6.1: Daylight and artificial lighting: .................................................................................................. 32 3.6.2: Lighting Layouts: ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.6.3: Glare:......................................................................................................................................... 32 3.7: Mechanical Design: .......................................................................................................................... 33 3.7.1: Water: ....................................................................................................................................... 33 3.8: Electrical Design ............................................................................................................................... 34 3.8.1: Artificial Lighting: ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.8.2: Earthling system:....................................................................................................................... 35 3.9: Safety: .............................................................................................................................................. 35 3.9.1: Emergency exits: ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.9.2: Fire Detectors:........................................................................................................................... 37 3.9.3: Notification system (Fire alarm) ............................................................................................... 37 Chapter four: Architectural Design ............................................................................................................. 38 4.1: General:............................................................................................................................................ 38 4.2: Site description: ............................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1: Nablus Climate: ......................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.2: Temperature ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.2.3: Wind speed: .............................................................................................................................. 42 4.2.4: Relative Humidity: ..................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.5: Rainfall: ..................................................................................................................................... 43 4.2.6: Site Analysis: ............................................................................................................................. 44 4.2.7: Seasons Summary ..................................................................................................................... 45 4.3: Project Description: ......................................................................................................................... 47 4.4: Parking: ............................................................................................................................................ 60 Chapter Five : Structural Design ................................................................................................................. 61 5.1: Site and geology: .............................................................................................................................. 61 5.1.1: Design codes: ............................................................................................................................ 61 5.1.2: Project description: ................................................................................................................... 62 5.2: Materials: ......................................................................................................................................... 62 5.3: Methodology:................................................................................................................................... 63 5.4: Analysis and design for block B: ....................................................................................................... 70 |Page5 5.4.1: Compatibility and deflection check: ......................................................................................... 70 5.4.2: Equilibrium check: ..................................................................................................................... 73 5.4.3: Needed information:................................................................................................................. 79 5.5: Design of Beams:.............................................................................................................................. 83 5.6: Design of Columns: .......................................................................................................................... 85 5.7: Design of Footing: ............................................................................................................................ 87 5.8: Design of shear wall: ........................................................................................................................ 91 5.9: Design of Stair .................................................................................................................................. 95 5.10: Steel Design.................................................................................................................................... 98 5.10.1: Member capacity .................................................................................................................... 98 5.10.2: Welded connections ............................................................................................................... 98 5.10.3: Bolted connection ................................................................................................................... 98 Chapter Six: Environmental Design........................................................................................................... 101 6.1 Solar: ............................................................................................................................................... 101 6.2: Shading........................................................................................................................................... 104 6.3: Acoustical Design: .......................................................................................................................... 112 6.3.1: STC design: .............................................................................................................................. 112 6.4: Reverberant time: .......................................................................................................................... 117 Chapter Seven: Mechanical Design........................................................................................................... 121 7.1: H-VAC Design. ................................................................................................................................ 121 7.2: Water Supply System: .................................................................................................................... 146 7.3: Drainage System Design: ............................................................................................................... 158 Chapter Eight: Electrical Design ................................................................................................................ 163 8.1: General .......................................................................................................................................... 163 8.3: Electrical switches .......................................................................................................................... 164 8.4: lighting Design ............................................................................................................................... 164 8.5: Artificial lighting ............................................................................................................................. 177 8.4.1: Shop artificial lighting ............................................................................................................. 178 8.5: Electrical Box .................................................................................................................................. 225 8.5.1: Electrical wires ........................................................................................................................ 225 8.5.2: Circuit breaker......................................................................................................................... 226 8.6: Earthling system............................................................................................................................. 227 |Page6 Chapter Nine: Safety Design ..................................................................................................................... 228 9.1: General........................................................................................................................................... 228 9.2: Safety Design.................................................................................................................................. 228 Chapter Ten: Building operation ........................................................................................................... 240 Chapter Eleven: Quantity Surveying ..................................................................................................... 242 References ................................................................................................................................................ 244 |Page7 Figure 4: 1 Site layout ................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 4: 2 Pictures for site ......................................................................................................................... 39 Figure 4: 3 Distances from city center ........................................................................................................ 40 Figure 4: 4 Aerial photo .............................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 4: 5 Site layout ................................................................................................................................. 41 Figure 4: 6 Average temperature ................................................................................................................ 42 Figure 4: 7 Wind Speed ............................................................................................................................... 42 Figure 4: 8 Relative Humidity ...................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 4: 9 Rainfall Quantity ....................................................................................................................... 43 Figure 4: 10 Wind Direction ........................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 4: 11 Sun Position 21-6 .................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4: 12 Sun Position 21-9 .................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 4: 13 Sun Position 21-1 .................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 4: 14 Sun Position 21-3 ................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 4: 15 The forth Basement floor ........................................................................................................ 47 Figure 4: 16 The Third Basement floor ....................................................................................................... 48 Figure 4: 17 The Second Basement floor .................................................................................................... 48 Figure 4: 18 The First Basement floor ........................................................................................................ 49 Figure 4: 19 The Ground floor ..................................................................................................................... 49 Figure 4: 20 The First floor .......................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 4: 21 The Second floor .................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 4: 22 The Third floor ........................................................................................................................ 51 Figure 4: 23 The Fourth floor ...................................................................................................................... 51 Figure 4: 24 The Fifth floor.......................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 4: 25 The Sixth floor ......................................................................................................................... 52 Figure 4: 26 The Seventh floor .................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 4: 27 The Eighth floor ...................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 4: 28 The Ninth floor ....................................................................................................................... 54 Figure 4: 29 The Last floor.......................................................................................................................... 55 Figure 4: 30 Rendered Photos..................................................................................................................... 56 Figure 4: 31 Rendered Photos.................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 4: 32 Rendered Photos.................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 4: 33 Rendered Photos.................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 4: 34 Rendered Photos.................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 4: 35 Rendered Photos.................................................................................................................... 59 Figure 5. 1 Building Blocks .......................................................................................................................... 62 Figure 5. 2 The figure shows the sap model of Block A .............................................................................. 64 Figure 5. 3 The figure shows the sap model of Block A .............................................................................. 64 |Page8 Figure 5. 4 SAP model of Block B ............................................................................................................... 65 Figure 5. 5 sap model of Block B ................................................................................................................. 65 Figure 5. 6 SAP modification Factors .......................................................................................................... 68 Figure 5. 7 SAP modification Factors .......................................................................................................... 68 Figure 5. 8 SAP modification Factors .......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 5. 9 SAP modification Factors .......................................................................................................... 69 Figure 5. 10 Deformed Shape SAP .............................................................................................................. 71 Figure 5. 11 Deflection Check .................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 5. 12 Deflection Check .................................................................................................................... 72 Figure 5. 13 Total Dead Load ...................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 5. 14 Total Live Load ........................................................................................................................ 75 Figure 5. 15 Deformed Shape ..................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 5. 16 Seismic Zones .......................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 5. 17 Base Shear Check .................................................................................................................... 81 Figure 5. 18 Slab Layout .............................................................................................................................. 82 Figure 5. 19 Longitunal Steel SAP................................................................................................................ 83 Figure 5. 20 Shear Reinforcement SAP ....................................................................................................... 83 Figure 5. 21 Final Layout Design ................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 5. 22 Final Section Design ............................................................................................................... 84 Figure 5. 23 Final Section Design ............................................................................................................... 85 Figure 5. 24 Steel Percentage SAP .............................................................................................................. 85 Figure 5. 25 Final Column Design ................................................................................................................ 86 Figure 5. 26 Final Column Section ............................................................................................................... 86 Figure 5. 27 Maximum Bottom Moment .................................................................................................... 89 Figure 5. 28 Maximum Bottom Moment .................................................................................................. 90 Figure 5. 29 Stairs layout ........................................................................................................................... 96 Figure 5. 30 Stairs structural modeling ..................................................................................................... 96 Figure 5. 31 Stairs Reinforcement .............................................................................................................. 97 Figure 6. 1 Solar Panels ............................................................................................................................. 101 Figure 6. 2 Solar panel on building .......................................................................................................... 102 Figure 6. 3 Solar panel on building .......................................................................................................... 102 Figure 6. 4 Solar Panel Single Support ..................................................................................................... 103 Figure 6. 5 Solar Panel Dual Support........................................................................................................ 103 Figure 6. 6 Shading with Solar Technic .................................................................................................... 104 Figure 6. 7 South Elevation ....................................................................................................................... 105 Figure 6. 8 Shading Device ........................................................................................................................ 106 Figure 6. 9 Shading Detail ......................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 6. 10 Shading Detail...................................................................................................................... 108 |Page9 Figure 6. 11 Shading Detail...................................................................................................................... 109 Figure 6. 12 Shading Detail...................................................................................................................... 110 Figure 6. 13 Shading Detail...................................................................................................................... 111 Figure 6. 14 Calculated Area ................................................................................................................... 117 Figure 6. 15 The optimum RT60 at (500-100 Hz) for various types of facilities....................................... 118 Figure 6. 16 Ceiling with perforated gypsum board. ................................................................................ 119 Figure 7. 1 HVAC System ........................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 7. 2 HVAC System ........................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 7. 3 HVAC System ........................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 7. 4 HVAC System ........................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 7. 5 HVAC System .......................................................................................................................... 123 Figure 7. 6 HVAC System ........................................................................................................................... 146 Figure 7. 7 Curve for demand load with relation of F.U ........................................................................... 152 Figure 7. 8 Flow chart for rough pipe........................................................................................................ 155 Figure 7. 9 Drainage Layout ..................................................................................................................... 161 Figure 7. 10 Drainage Layout .................................................................................................................... 162 Figure 8. 1 socket ..................................................................................................................................... 163 Figure 8. 2 Single switch............................................................................................................................ 164 Figure 8. 3 Double switch ......................................................................................................................... 164 Figure 8. 4 Renderd View From Dialux...................................................................................................... 178 Figure 8. 5 Renderd View From Dialux...................................................................................................... 178 Figure 8. 6 Dialux Room Summary ............................................................................................................ 179 Figure 8. 7 Luminaire Part List .................................................................................................................. 180 Figure 8. 8 Illuminance Values .................................................................................................................. 180 Figure 8. 9 Renderd View From Dialux...................................................................................................... 181 Figure 8. 10 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 181 Figure 8. 11 Room Summary ..................................................................................................................... 182 Figure 8. 12 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 183 Figure 8. 13 Illuminance Values ............................................................................................................... 184 Figure 8. 14 Renderd View From Dialux.................................................................................................... 185 Figure 8. 15 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 185 Figure 8. 16 Room Summary ..................................................................................................................... 186 Figure 8. 17 Luminaire Part List ................................................................................................................ 187 Figure 8. 18 Illuminance Values ................................................................................................................ 187 Figure 8. 19 Renderd View From Dialux.................................................................................................... 188 Figure 8. 20 Renderd View From Dialux.................................................................................................... 188 Figure 8. 21 Room Summary ..................................................................................................................... 189 | P a g e 11 Figure 8. 22 Illuminance Values ............................................................................................................... 190 Figure 8. 23 Luminaire Part List ................................................................................................................ 190 Figure 8. 24 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 191 Figure 8. 25 Illuminance Values ................................................................................................................ 192 Figure 8. 26 Luminaire Part List ................................................................................................................ 192 Figure 8. 27 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 193 Figure 8. 28 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 193 Figure 8. 29 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 194 Figure 8. 30 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 195 Figure 8. 31 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 195 Figure 8. 32 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 196 Figure 8. 33 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 197 Figure 8. 34 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 198 Figure 8. 35 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 198 Figure 8. 36 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 199 Figure 8. 37 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 200 Figure 8. 38 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 200 Figure 8. 39 Room Summary ................................................................................................................... 201 Figure 8. 40 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 202 Figure 8. 41 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 202 Figure 8. 42 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 203 Figure 8. 43 Room Summary ................................................................................................................... 203 Figure 8. 44 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 204 Figure 8. 45 Renderd View From Dialux.................................................................................................... 205 Figure 8. 46 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 206 Figure 8. 47 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 206 Figure 8. 48 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 207 Figure 8. 49 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 208 Figure 8. 50 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 208 Figure 8. 51 Room Summary ................................................................................................................... 209 Figure 8. 52 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 210 Figure 8. 53 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 210 Figure 8. 54 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 211 Figure 8. 55 Room Summary ................................................................................................................... 211 Figure 8. 56 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 212 Figure 8. 57 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 213 Figure 8. 58 Room Summary ................................................................................................................... 213 Figure 8. 59 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 214 Figure 8. 60 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 215 Figure 8. 61 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 216 Figure 8. 62 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 217 Figure 8. 63 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 218 | P a g e 11 Figure 8. 64 Figure 8. 65 Figure 8. 66 Figure 8. 67 Figure 8. 68 Figure 8. 69 Figure 8. 70 Figure 8. 71 Figure 8. 72 Figure 8. 73 Figure 8. 74 Figure 8. 75 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 218 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 219 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 219 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 221 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 221 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 222 Room Summary .................................................................................................................... 222 Illuminance Values .............................................................................................................. 224 Luminaire Part List................................................................................................................ 224 Renderd View From Dialux................................................................................................... 225 Electrical wires ..................................................................................................................... 226 circuit breaker ...................................................................................................................... 226 Figure 9. 1 AutoCAD drawing for distribution of stairs in Ground floor .................................................. 229 Figure 9. 2 Evacuation route Sign ............................................................................................................. 229 Figure 9. 3 Fire Exit Sign ............................................................................................................................ 230 Figure 9. 4 Exit Sign ................................................................................................................................... 230 Figure 9. 5 Exit Sign .................................................................................................................................. 230 Figure 9. 6 Exit Sign .................................................................................................................................. 230 Figure 9. 7 Stair Sign.................................................................................................................................. 231 Figure 9. 8 Stair Sign.................................................................................................................................. 231 Figure 9. 9 Stair Sign ................................................................................................................................. 231 Figure 9. 10 Stair Sign ............................................................................................................................... 231 Figure 9. 11 Safe area in case of earthquake Sign ................................................................................... 232 Figure 9. 12 Fire Proof Doors .................................................................................................................... 232 Figure 9. 13 Extinguishers Signs .............................................................................................................. 233 Figure 9. 14 Fire alarm ............................................................................................................................ 233 Figure 9. 15 Fire alarm ............................................................................................................................. 234 Figure 9. 16 Smoke detectors .................................................................................................................. 234 Figure 9. 17 Smoke detectors.................................................................................................................. 235 Figure 9. 18 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the G.F. ............................................................ 236 Figure 9. 19 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the third .F. ...................................................... 236 Figure 9. 20 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the seventh .F. ................................................. 237 Figure 9. 21 AutoCAD drawing for the sprinklers distribution.................................................................. 238 Figure 9. 22 AutoCAD drawing for the sprinklers distribution and distance between them. ................. 239 Figure 10. 1 Picture of Davits .................................................................................................................... 240 | P a g e 12 Figure 10. 2 Picture of Davits ................................................................................................................... 241 Figure 10. 3 Picture of Davits ................................................................................................................... 241 Table 4. 1 Nabulus Climate ......................................................................................................................... 41 Table 4. 2 Space Areas ................................................................................................................................ 56 Table 4. 3 Parking Lot's ............................................................................................................................... 60 Table 4. 4 Elevator Tables ........................................................................................................................... 61 Table 5. 1 Loades Used iIn SAP Model ........................................................................................................ 63 Table 5. 2 Stairs Loads................................................................................................................................. 95 Table 6. 1 Solar panel discribtion ............................................................................................................. 101 Table 6. 2 Criteria for Airborne Sound Insulation of Partitions between spaces ..................................... 113 Table 6 . 3 STC Ratings of Masonry Walls ............................................................................................... 113 Table 6 . 4 Modifications for STC Ratings of Masonry Walls................................................................... 114 Table 6 . 5 STC For Office Wall ................................................................................................................ 114 Table 6 . 6 STC for office to Kitchen wall................................................................................................... 115 Table 6 . 7 STC for Office to Dining .......................................................................................................... 115 Table 6 . 8 STC Dining to Kitchen wall ..................................................................................................... 116 Table 6 . 9 Sabine area for courtyard ...................................................................................................... 117 Table 6 01 . Sabine area for courtyard after modification. ...................................................................... 119 Table7. 1 Duct Schedule............................................................................................................................ 124 Table7. 2 Fixture units for first floor- zone C ........................................................................................... 147 Table7. 3 Fixture units for first floor- zone D ............................................................................................ 147 Table7. 4 Fixture units for second floor- zone C ..................................................................................... 147 Table7. 5 Fixture units for second floor- zone D ....................................................................................... 148 Table7. 6 Fixture units for third floor-zone A ........................................................................................... 148 Table7. 7 Fixture units for third floor-zone C............................................................................................ 148 Table7. 8 Fixture units for third floor-zone D ........................................................................................... 148 Table7. 9 Fixture units for third floor-zone A........................................................................................... 149 Table7. 10 Fixture units for third floor-zone C.......................................................................................... 149 Table7. 11 Fixture units for fourth floor- zone D ...................................................................................... 149 Table7. 12 Fixture units for third floor-zone A ......................................................................................... 149 Table7. 13 Fixture units for fifth floor zone C ........................................................................................... 150 Table7. 14 Fixture units for fifth floor- zone D ......................................................................................... 150 | P a g e 13 Table7. 15 Fixture units for seventh floor Zone A .................................................................................... 150 Table7. 16 Fixture units for seventh floor Zone B .................................................................................... 151 Table7. 17 Fixture units for eighth floor Zone A ....................................................................................... 151 Table7. 18 Fixture units for eighth floor Zone B ....................................................................................... 151 Table7. 19 Fixture units for ninth floor Zone B ......................................................................................... 152 Table7 . 01 Water demand for Zone A .................................................................................................... 153 Table7 . 00 Water demand for Zone B ..................................................................................................... 153 Table7 . 00 Water demand for Zone C ..................................................................................................... 153 Table7 . 03 Water demand for Zone D ..................................................................................................... 154 Table7 . 04 Water demand for main feeder ............................................................................................. 154 Table7 . 05 Possible diameter for main feeder zone C ............................................................................ 156 Table7 . 06 Possible diameter for horizontal feeder first– zone C ........................................................... 156 Table7 . 07 Possible diameter of the branch F.F– zone C ...................................................................... 156 Table7 . 08 Possible diameter for main feeder zone C ............................................................................. 157 Table7 . 09 Possible diameter for horizontal feeder first– zone A ........................................................... 158 Table7 . 31 Possible diameter of the branch F.F– zone A......................................................................... 158 Table7. 31 Drainage fixture units (DFU's) ................................................................................................. 159 Table7. 32 Horizontal fixture branches and stacks ................................................................................... 159 Table7. 33 Size and length of vent ............................................................................................................ 160 Table7. 34 horizontal Drainage calculation .............................................................................................. 160 Table 8. 1 Recommended luminance level for different areas................................................................. 165 Table 8. 2Types of lamps........................................................................................................................... 166 Table 8. 3 Spaces with lighting and power loads ...................................................................................... 169 Table 11. 1 Table Of Quantities................................................................................................................ 242 | P a g e 14 Chapter One: Introduction 1.1: Problem Statement: This project is an integrative design of Multi-purpose building. The design involves architectural, structural, environmental, electrical, mechanical, and safety issues. This project is designed following international standards, regulations and codes. All of these codes and standard will be mentioned in the next chapter. 1.2: Work objectives: Architectural design: The architectural design considers the shape of the building, personnel circulation and the appropriate functionality for each space. Structural design: It will be represented in a 3-D model which accounts for dynamic analysis and seismic design, the analysis and design of the structure will be carried out using computer software. Mechanical design: in the mechanical, the HVAC, water, and sanitary systems in the project will be analyzed and designed. Environmental design: It will include the orientation of the building, thermal insulation and shading techniques used in the building. Electrical design: The electrical design will satisfy lighting and power system requirement. Public safety design: In public safety design, emergency exits, fire protection systems and evacuation path will be designed. Operation of the building : this mean solution for how we can clean whole the glazing area. | P a g e 15 1.3: Scope of work: Nablus needs a lot of facilities to satisfy the desire of tourists, like multi-purpose building, so it is proposed to design a highly class building in the middle of the city that meets the needs of these people. The specific objectives of the proposed project are: Architectural design. Structural design. Mechanical design. Electrical design. Environmental design Architectural design we made this building from own ideas to make it suitable as much as possible. In the structural design, there are two blocks; all of them are made of concrete and steel. All of the blocks were designed using SAP2000 V14.4 and all of them were detailed. For the environmental design, a model done to calculate the heating and cooling loads and the daylight percentage for the whole structure. In mechanical design, sewage system and H-VAC system were performed. In electrical design, Dialux program was used to build a model for distribution of lamps, also socket plans were made. In addition to that, the distribution panels and its relation to the main panel were detailed. Quantity surveying and cost estimation for the whole structure during the design process was made and calculated. 1.4: Work Significance: Palestine is one of the few countries that attract the tourisms. The main reason for that is the historical and religious attraction. For example Jerusalem has many holy and spiritual places like Al Aqsa Mosques, and the Dome of the rock and the church of the holy sepulcher. Bethlehem also with the nativity church is a big source of tourism attraction. These numbers coming from various places of the globe improve | P a g e 16 the income and develop the economy in general. It creates job opportunities in all types of facilities and services. From the previous discussion, it is concluded that the tourism industry is a big source of income and profit that we should use to the maximum level, from this aspect the idea of establishing multi-purpose building came. Usually, most of the tourists come from a more developed countries and with a high educational background which leads to the demand of high and enhanced services. 1.5: Report Organization: This report is divided into eleven chapters, starting with Chapter One which introduces the idea and the main objectives of this project. In Chapter two, the definition of constrains, the followed codes and requirements, the earlier course work. The literature review is discussed in Chapter Three. In Chapter Four, the architectural design of the project is discussed. In Chapter Five, the structural design is illustrated. In Chapters six, seven, eight, nine and ten environmental, mechanical, electrical, safety and operation for building are discussed. Finally, chapter eleven will discuss the quantity surveying and cost estimation. | P a g e 17 Chapter Two: Codes, Requirements and Earlier Coarse Work 2.1: Codes: ACI -318-08 (American concrete institution) for reinforced concrete structural design. UBC -97 (Uniform building code) for earthquake load computations. ASCE (American society of civil engineers) for load computations. ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers. NFPA National Fire Protection Association. NPC National Plumbing Code. SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association. 2.2: NFPA Codes: The following NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) list of codes may be used for the systems: 1. NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems 2007 Edition 2. NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems 2007 Edition 3. NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems 2004 Edition. 2.3: Compliance Construction Codes: The construction of the mechanical works shall be in accordance with international codes and regulations as listed below, and accepted by the local Authorities: ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers | P a g e 18 ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers NFPA National Fire Protection Association NPC National Plumbing Code SMACNA Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association 2.3: Earlier coarse work: There are many courses that have been used to perform the analysis and the design progress such as: Concrete 1, 2 and 3. Designing buildings using AUTOCAD and RIVET . Solar system design. H-VAC system design. Lighting system design. Acoustical design. Integration of building engineering systems. Seismic design. Quantity surveying. Building operation. | P a g e 19 Chapter Three: Literature review. 3.1: Introduction 3.1.1: Definition of Multi-purpose building. Commercial center is the center in which economic, social, cultural, entertainment and administrative services, Common area is the total area within the commercial center that is designed for rental to investors, this project will contribute in bringing life to the region where our project will be construction and give new chance to businessmen to rental offices, markets, stores, etc. However, it gives that region new commercial life to take the economic benefits .The idea is to bring financial, business opportunities and to refresh the commercial business to that region. 3.2: Architectural Design In this part we will talk about Commercial Part. Business Part. Entertainment Part. Service Part. 3.2.1: Commercial Part: Commercial part contains: General shops Superstore General Shops The normal shopping units hang becomes the feature of today's shopping unit, whether the project is in the suburbs or in the central business district. The shopping units usually divided to the major shopping path of the project, and one or more subsidiary approach shopping units connecting the main shopping | P a g e 21 units with the rest areas moreover units can be on one level or on two or more superimposed levels Shops as we know it’s the main areas in commercial part. The design has to be comfort , good , and attracts buyers , the high of the shops in general is between 3-5m , and this connected with the floor area The normal dimension of the general shops is about 4.5 W and 3-6 L and this area may become lager according to the costumer or business needs e.a the space of the electrical equipment shop is larger than the space needs for the shoo shops and also these two shops is larger than the accessory one. Superstore Superstore is a large area which contains many goods as food ,milk , cleaning materials and many daily needs for the people, Superstore includes mechanisms or means for determining price of the traded item, containing the price information , also some branches like meet branch may have service man to help customers. 3.2.2: Entertainment: Entertainment part contains: Cafeteria and café Restaurant. SPACE REQUIREMENTS: • Space allowance may be strongly affected by the limitations of investment funds and available space. • Requirements for cafés: 1. Toilet for customer. 2. Staff toilet. 3. Small office. 4. Food store including refrigerator . 5. Air conditioning if required. | P a g e 21 • Calculated area requirements in terms of: (1) Volume and type of service (2) Amount and size of equipment to be used (3) Number of workers required (4) Space for needed supplies (5) Suitable traffic area 3.2.3: Business: Business part contains: Offices 3.2.3.1: Offices: In general, Offices are a variety of spaces, including meeting rooms, reception rooms, workrooms, storage rooms, manager rooms, and secretary room, The office spaces are usually flexible environment so that integrates technology, comfort and safety, and energy efficiency for better productivity and cost-effective, Efficiency of an office building design is measured by the ratio of rentable space to total space. The office unit must have an enough space for its use, and depend on the furniture and equipment contain. Thus, the furniture, equipment, movement areas, and the people, will control the space areas. In addition, we must take into consideration the flexibility of the spaces this principle fewer barriers to change, less distribution when change does occur, and lower costs in money and time can be accomplished by using open spaces and use flexible materials for construct portions. We can break down the important types of space required in the typical office into five categories as office space, file space, special equipment, storage space and special rooms. There is many special spaces should be provided but depending on the type of business such as receptions rooms, waiting rooms, conference rooms, exhibit rooms, examination rooms, interviewing rooms and small cafeteria. | P a g e 22 3.2.4: Services: In multi-purpose building there is some special rooms for stuff ( like building general security, Cleaners , maintenance workers , etc…) , mechanical equipment’s and electrical equipment’s . 3.2.4.1: Safety: Emergency exits: An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire or any any emergency case. Fire protection: Fire protection is the study and practice of mitigating the unwanted effects of destructive fires. Once the construction of the structure is complete, a building must be maintained to have a level of protection from fire according to available fire codes. Fire Detection: Fire is detected either by locating the smoke, flame or heat, and an alarm is sounded to enable emergency evacuation as well as to dispatch the local fire department. Where a detection system is activated, it can be programmed to carry out other actions. A household smoke detector will typically be mounted in a disk shaped plastic enclosure about 150 mm in diameter and 25 mm thick. Because smoke rises, most detectors are mounted on the ceiling or on a wall near the ceiling. To avoid the nuisance of false alarms, most smoke detectors are mounted away from kitchens. To increase the chances of waking sleeping occupants, most homes have at least one smoke detector near any bedrooms. 3.3: Structural Design 3.3.1: Introduction: Structural design is one of the important fields in structural engineering that deal with analysis and design of whole engineering structures (buildings and non-buildings),it can be defined as mixture of art and Science, combining the engineer’s feeling for the behavior of a structure with a sound knowledge of the principles of statics, dynamic, mechanics of materials, and structural analysis, to produce a safe economic structure that will serve its intended purpose. | P a g e 23 Structural design presents the conceptual and practical underpinnings of basic building design and technology. Engineering structural systems are of variety that they defy any attempt to enumerate them; any complete design requires the coordinated efforts of several branches of engineering. Structural design can be divided into two systems: Structural Analysis: – Structural Analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or other effects ،such as support movements and temperature change. Structural Design: Structural design is the art of utilizing principles of statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials to determine the size and arrangement of structural elements under prescribed loads and/or other effects. 3.3.1.1: Structural Construction material: There are several types of construction materials which include: 1- Concrete: Concrete is the common used locally. Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them together. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties. 2- Steel: Steel is an alloy of iron, with carbon being the primary alloying element, up to 2.1% by weight. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that naturally exist in the iron atom crystal lattices. Varying the amount of alloying elements, their form in the steel either as solute elements, or a precipitated phase, retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron so ductile and so weak, and so it controls qualities such as the hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of the resulting steel. Steel can be made stronger than pure iron, but only by trading away ductility, of which iron has an excess. | P a g e 24 3.3.1.2: Structural Systems: The best structural system is the one that fulfills most of the needs of the user while being serviceable, attractive, and economically cost efficient. Although most structures are designed for a life span of 50 years, the durability performance record indicates that properly proportioned concrete structures have generally had longer useful lives. Slabs: Slabs are the main horizontal elements in structure system, which transfer loads to the vertical framing support of the structure. Slabs can be proportioned such that they act in one direction (one way slabs) or act in two perpendicular directions (two way slabs). The choice of type of slab for a particular floor depends on many factors. Economy of Construction is obviously an important consideration, but this is a qualitative argument until specific cases are discussed, and is a geographical variable. The design loads, required spans, Serviceability requirements, and strength requirements are all important. Beams: A beam is a structural element that is capable of standing load primarily by resisting bending, and transmit the loads from floor slabs to vertical supporting columns. Beams have several shapes as rectangular "L" shape for edge beams, & "T" shape for interior beams. Columns: Columns are the structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above and the load of other structural elements below "footings". Columns composed of concrete with an embedded steel frame to provide reinforcement. For design purposes, the columns are separated into two categories: short columns and long columns (slender). Walls: A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security. Walls of buildings are a fundamental part of the superstructure or which separate the spaces in buildings sections. Walls not necessary made from concrete it can be made from any material that structure system needs. | P a g e 25 Foundations: Foundations are the lowest and supporting layer of a structure, which receive the loads from all elements of structures (columns, walls, beams, floors) and transmit it to the soil. Foundations are generally divided into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. Environmental Design: Environmental design is the process of identifying surrounding environmental when studying plans, programs, techniques and buildings, or products. Environmental design refers to the applied arts and sciences dealing with creating the human-designed environment that satisfies human comfort. 3.4: Building orientation: Orientation simply refers to where the building is directed. Orientation can be the most important step in providing a building with passive thermal and visual comfort. Orientation should be decided together with massing early in the design process. Orientation is measured by the azimuth angle of a surface relative to true north. Successful orientation rotates the building to minimize energy loads and maximize free energy from the sun and wind. 3.4.1: Setback The spaces around the building must be studied well in order to avoid shades that are formed from nearby buildings and trees. So solar system efficiency would not decrease. 3.4.2: Using green materials: In order to consider a material as a green one, many conditions must be satisfied: Low energy consumption in manufacturing process. Follow the green code that recommends specific materials. Materials that have bad side effects must not be used at all. Alternative must be used. | P a g e 26 Must not assist indoor pollution. Use natural construction materials. Avoid using materials that emits organic compound gases. 3.4.3: Solar system: The idea of solar system is to gain the largest possible energy in winter without losing it, and store the largest possible amount for night hours, and at the same time to earn less possible energy in summer and get rid of it. Heating and cooling systems can be used as passive systems and active systems. Passive solar system: it is the system that uses the sun’s energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces, passive systems are simple, have few moving parts, and require minimal maintenance and require no mechanical systems. Note: Passive solar system includes passive heating and passive cooling. Active system: it is the system that doesn't work freely and it uses energy consumption. 3.4.4: Passive system: Solar energy is a radiant heat source that causes natural processes upon which all life depends. Some of the natural processes can be managed through building design in a manner that helps heat and cool the building. The basic natural processes that are used in passive solar energy are the thermal energy flows associated with radiation, conduction, and natural convection. When sunlight strikes a building, the building materials can reflect, transmit, or absorb the solar radiation. Additionally, the heat produced by the sun causes air movement that can be predictable in designed spaces. These basic responses to solar heat lead to design elements, material choices and placements that can provide heating and cooling effects in a home. | P a g e 27 Types of solar gain: a- Direct Gain: Sunlight is admitted to the space (by south facing glass) and the storage mass (walls, floors) will conduct heat to their cores. At night, when outside temperatures drop and the interior space cools, the heat flow into the storage masses is reversed. Direct gain design is simple in concept and can employ a wide variety of materials and combinations of ideas that will depend greatly upon the site and topography; building location and orientation; building shape (depth, length, and volume); and space use. Note: In direct gain design remember to: How much solar radiation you can get by orientation. Minimize heat loss (U value). Control the glare. Control the heat in summer (shading). Use thermal mass to store heat. b) Indirect Gain: In an indirect gain system, thermal mass is located between the sun and the space. The thermal mass absorbs the sunlight that strikes it and transfers it to the space by conduction. The indirect gain system will utilize 30 – 45% of the sun’s energy striking the glass adjoining the thermal mass. Thermal storage materials are placed between the interior habitable space and the sun so there is no direct heating. Dark colored thermal storage wall is placed just behind a south facing glazing (windows) Sunlight enters through the glass and is immediately absorbed at the surface of the storage wall where it is either stored or eventually conducted through the material mass to the inside space | P a g e 28 Providing heat-distributing vents the top of the wall (where the heated air, rising upward due to less density, can flow into the interior space. 3.5: Acoustical Design: Most Commercial centers are in the business of making people happy. This could be usually done by delivering good food, good service and an enjoyable experience that brings people back time and time again. When a structure is noisy, loud and when people have to strain to hear each other, the experience is diminished. Some definitions about acoustics: 3.5.1: Measuring sound Sound travels in waves. In solid building materials, it progresses as vibration. Building materials, such as stud walls, glass windows and concrete floors vibrate at a variety of frequencies when excited by sound or vibration. What we hear are fluctuations in air pressure produced by the vibrating surfaces. Decibel (dB). The decibel is commonly used in acoustics to quantify sound levels relative to a 0 dB reference, the typical threshold of perception of an average human Reverberation time (RT60) RT60 is the time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay 60 dB. Reverberation time is frequently stated as a single value; however, it can be measured as a wide band signal (20 Hz to 20 kHz). 3.5.2: Sound Transmission Class (or STC) is an integer rating of how well a building partition attenuates airborne sound Acoustic insulation: It is worth clarifying what we mean by acoustic or sound insulation as opposed to sound absorption. Briefly put, sound absorption aims to reduce the amount of reverberation within a room to improve the overall sound quality and intelligibility, whereas sound insulation or soundproofing as it’s commonly known, aims to reduce the overall level of sound that travels from one area to another within the building or structure. | P a g e 29 A) Sound insulation for ceilings: Lightweight and easy to suspend from high, open ceilings using traditional hanging or innovative cable suspension systems baffles absorb sound from all directions to reduce reverberation in large interior spaces. Baffles are offered in a variety of standard and custom colors to complement or match color schemes. Fabric wrapped wall panel absorbs up to 85% of the sound directed toward it. They are available in hundreds of fabrics to complement or match wall or ceiling. B) Sound insulation for floors: Suspended wooden floors are likely to have an existing Rw rating of between 36 and 40dB for airborne sound and an Lwn rating of between 76 and 82dB for impact sound depending on the form of construction and ceiling type. Increasing the dead weight of floors will not, on its own, significantly improve the impact sound insulation properties. A better solution is to provide a resilient layer that is isolated from and not fixed to the base structural floor and which incorporates a sound and shock absorbing material such as rubber composite or cellular foam. A floating floor will improve both airborne and impact sound insulation qualities Sound insulation measures may also increase the floor loads significantly. C) Sound insulation for walls: The approach for improving sound insulation is to simply over-board internally to increase the overall wall thickness and weight of material. The weakest part of external walls in terms of sound resistance will be the window units, Small enhancements can however be made quickly and easily to raise the sound insulation value by fitting a proprietary draught-proofing strip to the opening lights, and by providing beading or caulking to seal around the frame. Weaknesses in party walls and separating compartment walls allowing indirect transmission of noise can be a major problem. Open cavities within the flanking walls and in roof spaces can be stopped off with an inert fibrous material such as Rockwool. This acts as an effective barrier to both sound and fire spread. | P a g e 31 3.6: Lighting design: Light and shade can render and give specification to space's function, Light also can change the human moods, brightness can make people feel happy and absence of light can cause sadness. Generally there are three major aspects in lighting design: function, human health and aesthetic There are two types of lighting (good and bad lighting)which can be defined as follows : Good lighting: Is an energy saver and also efficient. Perception is limited on intended object. Providing nighttime visibility. Control the bright as much as needed. Bad lighting: Is the lights that waste the energy Make light pollution Create visual distortion and glare | P a g e 31 There are two methods to get lighting for space: 3.6.1: Daylight and artificial lighting: a) Daylight design (natural lighting): Daylight needs to be considered at the outset of designing a building as day lighting strategies and architecture design strategies are inseparable. Daylight can not only replace artificial lighting, reduce lighting energy use, but also influence both heating and cooling loads. Planning for daylight therefore involves integrating the perspective and requirements of various specialties and professionals. b) Artificial lighting: Artificial lighting used when function or space need it. In almost when there is no daylight especially in night. In Commercial centers which work in most days of the year and at night it is in need of an artificial lighting to light spaces. Artificial lighting is both science and art, because it is important to select type of lamps, color of lamps, temperature of color, and take in consideration human comfort. There are three main sources for architectural lighting today: incandescent, electrical discharge, and LED. Incandescent lights work by heating a filament until it glows with black body radiation. Electrical discharge (or "gas discharge") lamps pass a current through a gas to split it into a glowing plasma. Fluorescent lamps are a kind of gas discharge lamp. Light-emitting diodes send a current through a semiconductor to cause photon emission. 3.6.2: Lighting Layouts: Given the wide choice of different lamps and luminaries available, there is an almost infinite set of different arrangements of electric lights within a room that will provide a certain illumination level. The primary concern in lighting layout is to avoid glare on activity surfaces. Such glare is a result of light bouncing directly into user's eyes, rather than diffusely. 3.6.3: Glare: Glare is a visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness and there are many factors produces discomfort such as the luminance size and position of each light source in the space so reducing glare is an effective way to improve the lighting and we can get rid of glare by controlling the light source or by filtering it before it reaches your eyes | P a g e 32 3.7: Mechanical Design: The mechanical services installation must contain heating, ventilation, water, soils and wastes. The mechanical design services must take into consideration at the first place the site climate and the building orientation. The criteria for the design and selection of the various mechanical systems shall be examined on an individual basis to provide as accurate results as possible. The HVAC systems maintain a comfortable and healthy indoor environment by responding to the loads imposed by the building envelope design, lighting system design, and occupant activities. 3.7.1: Water: 3.7.1.1: Water services: Water is one of the most vital services that should be considered in each building, water supply resources must be well known. Cold and hot water installations must be designed. Water distribution services depend on gravity systems or on pressurized system. Cold and hot water piping shall be appropriate for use. Some problems must be solved in the design such as water hammering and air locking. 1. Cold Water Services: Cold-water outlets must be shown on the room layout drawings. Cold-water must be stored in a wellinsulated tank. There must be a comfort access for ease of maintenance. It must not be located in the boiler room. . 2. Hot Water Services: In designing a water heating system, the key decisions the source of energy for water heating, whether to use a storage cylinder or continuous flow system, system layout, and system capacity (including delivery rate, recovery rate, actual and potential number of users, type and number of fixtures within a household). The system must be designed to meet safety requirements, which largely concern controlling temperature and pressure to ensure there is minimal risk of scalding or of a storage cylinder exploding. A well-designed system will also minimize energy and water use, for example by using an efficient heating source, ensuring the pipe runs are relatively short, and by using efficient fixtures and appliances. | P a g e 33 3.7.1.2: Water Source: There are many sources of water that supply our building in our region: Wells: Pumps: Storm water 3.7.1.3: Water Drainage: There are two types of drainage water: Black water (Waste): It is known as “waste water and sewage from toilets”. This water can be treated from organic compounds by draining it to a septic tank Grey water: It defined as wastewater generated from wash hand basins, showers and baths, which can be recycled on-site for uses such as WC flushing and landscape irrigation. Reywater often includes discharge from laundry, dishwashers and kitchen sinks. This water is connected to a sand filter in order to get rid of particles then to a tank to re use it again. 3.8: Electrical Design Electrical design for multi-purpose building includes design lighting and power systems. Power system in multi-purpose building usually needs a huge electric power for different equipment and machine. This system called three phase system. Three phase system is the transmission system that carries the power from the generating centers to the load centers and the distribution system that feeds the power to nearby homes and industries. Smaller power systems are also found in industry, hospitals, commercial buildings and homes. Before specific electric power sources and distribution systems can be considered, realistic preliminary load data must be compiled. The expected electric power demand on intermediate substations, and on the main electric power supply, shall be calculated from the connected load layout by applying appropriate factors. Determine these factors by load analysis and by combining loads progressively. To combine the loads, start at the ends of the smallest feeders and work back to the electric power source. Because all loads must be on a common kilowatt (kW) or. Preliminary electric power load estimates can | P a g e 34 be made by using the approximate value of one kilovolt-ampere of input per horsepower (hp) at full load. Preliminary estimates of lighting loads may be made by assuming watts per m2 of building area. 3.8.1: Artificial Lighting: To eliminate lighting loads, divide a facility area into its significant components by function (for example, office, storage, mechanical, and corridor). Determine the average lighting level and type of light source for each area. Consider requirements for supplementary lighting (for example, floodlighting, security lighting, and special task lighting). You should consider several criteria when choosing which light source to use. Note that these characteristics are often a function of the light source itself and the fixture housing it. 3.8.2: Earthling system: In electricity supply systems, an earthling system or grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the ground, thus defining the potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthling system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. In particular, it affects the magnitude and distribution of short circuit currents through the system, and the effects it creates on equipment and people in the proximity of the circuit. If a fault within an electrical device connects a live supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock. 3.9: Safety: in this part we will explain two main categories: -Emergency exits (fire exits). -Fire protection. 3.9.1: Emergency exits: If it internal – must have a door – closed. If it external – must have a door – can be open. | P a g e 35 An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular exit is blocked by fire, etc. It is usually a strategically located (e.g. in a stairwell, hallway, or other likely place) outward opening door with a crash bar on it and with exit leading to it. The name is a reference to when they are frequently used, however a fire exit can also be a main doorway in or out. A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, mounted to the outside of a building. Some requirements about emergency exits: 1-It has very strong structure. For internal the walls must “shear walls” and fire rating very high. 2-The stairs must be uniform, wide, standard, rough, not slippery. 3-For metallic stairs make it open. If want to close you have to increase the width of stairs. 4-It has protected from falling by side fence. 5-It’s not allowed to put any type of obstacles. 6-All materials must be fire-proof. 7- All paints must be water-based not oil-based. 8-There are door between emergency exit and each floor. 9-For Internal type must be equipped emergency lighting system. And there must put signs that attentions there are emergency exits. Requirements for emergency exit doors: 1-Fire-proof and isolated. 2-It’s better to have small window with fire-proof glass and protection. 3-The lock must be long metallic bar “hand free lock”. 4-Must open to the stairs direction. 5-Must have automatic lock. | P a g e 36 3.9.2: Fire Detectors: Detectors respond as programmed with visual and audible signals to alert the occupants and the fire department. Detector location in one of the key factors in determining the efficiency, performance and economics of a detector system installation. Detector types: 1-Smoke detector. 2-Heat detectors. 3-Flame detectors. 3.9.3: Notification system (Fire alarm) When a fire is detected, an alert is communicated to occupants via alarm systems, The type of alarm system is defined by the extent of communications, -Local systems: alert only the occupants, who must contact the fire department. -Proprietary systems: alert a central control panel, initiating action by building safety personnel. -Central station system: alert the building occupants and a central control panel. -Auxiliary system: alert the fire area by means direct line communication. the recommended system that will be use in our project is auxiliary system because this system will call fire station directly and make visitors in all areas know to escape from building, so that this system is the most faster and safe system. Fire extinguisher has many type according to the type of area: 1.Water type. 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) type. 3. Dry-powder pressure. 4. Foam extinguisher | P a g e 37 Chapter four: Architectural Design 4.1: General: Architectural design a large part of the restructuring of modern cities in general, and then identify the architecture and preservation of cultural heritage of civilization, and the combination of heritage and contemporary formulation vision optics, and the role of architecture in this aspect, whether in the architectural planning of the building or the exterior design, which gives touch of aesthetic appearance on the outside. Architectural work is the first step in any construction work, since the architectural design aims to provide creative and unique design. However, the creative architectural design may be incompatible with Environmental, Structural and Seismic design. So the best architectural design that satisfy the client's needs and requirements and at the same time does not conflict Environmental, Structural and Seismic design. In our project, we tried to make a creative architectural design as much as we can. The Building consists of…. floors. 4.2: Site description: The selected site is located in Palestine, Nablus city, in Hai Al-Basatin which located in Nablus near to Jamal Abd-Alnasser Park, about 494.13 m above sea level, it is to the west of Nablus. Land topography has specific contour lines that needs fill and cut in order to have a flat land. Site has a total area of 2700 | P a g e 38 Figure 4: 1 Site layout Figure 4: 2 Pictures for site The site that was picked is located 627 m away from the city center. | P a g e 39 Figure 4: 3 Distances from city center Figure 4: 4 Aerial photo As it is shown the land in surrounded with 4 street, the northern street is described as one of the most vital commercial street in the downtown. | P a g e 41 Figure 4: 5 Site layout 4.2.1: Nablus Climate: The relatively temperate Mediterranean climate brings hot, dry summers and cool, rainy winters to Nablus. Spring arrives around March–April and the hottest months in Nablus are July and August with the average high being 28.9 °C (84 °F). The coldest month is January with temperatures usually at 3.9 °C (39 °F). Table 4. 1 Nabulus Climate 4.2.2: Temperature The geographical position of Nablus district in the northern part of the West Bank gives it a comparatively lower temperature range. The average maximum temperature reaches 26, and the | P a g e 41 average minimum temperature reaches 8c. Figure 4: 6 Average temperature 4.2.3: Wind speed: the wind blows the northern and north-western directions with annual mean speed of 6.4 Km/hours. Figure 4: 7 Wind Speed | P a g e 42 4.2.4: Relative Humidity: The relative humidity reaches its minimum value in May because the high variation between the maximum and minimum daily temperature. Figure 4: 8 Relative Humidity 4.2.5: Rainfall: Rain generally falls between October and March, with annual precipitation rates being approximately 23.2 inches (589 mm). Figure 4: 9 Rainfall Quantity | P a g e 43 4.2.6: Site Analysis: 1. Solar analysis. 2. Wind analysis. 3. Noise analysis. 1. Solar analysis: A full solar analysis was obtained from Revit program in order to study the right design to the building. It was concentrated on the daylight design in order to minimize electrical usage. 2.Wind analysis: As we will see in the figure below, the wind direction in general is always oriented to the northwest, so it was took in consideration in the site and function analysis in the building. Figure 4: 10 Wind Direction | P a g e 44 3. Noise analysis: The main noise will come to the building from cars, people, buses, etc. From the streets. And another noise will come from the different activates the visitors will do in building, so in our future work we will solve this problem as much as possible. 4.2.7: Seasons Summary Summer Day: For the images below it’s done on Revit program, this simulation shown the sun path during peak summer days over year 21-06-year and 21-09-year. Figure 4: 11 Sun Position 21-6 Figure 4: 12 Sun Position 21-9 | P a g e 45 Winter Day: For the images below it’s done on Revit program, this simulation shown the sun path during peak winter days over year 21-01-year and 21-03-year. Figure 4: 13 Sun Position 21-1 Figure 4: 14 Sun Position 21-3 | P a g e 46 4.3: Project Description: Multi-purpose building is the center in which economic, social, cultural, entertainment and administrative services, Common area is the total area within the commercial center that is designed for rental to investors, this project will contribute in bringing life to the region where our project will be construction and give new chance to businessmen to rental offices, markets, stores, etc. However, it gives that region new commercial life to take the economic benefits .The idea is to bring financial, business opportunities and to refresh the commercial business to that region. On another hand the increasing of population in many societies, and the need to have a place that have complex function are the aim at this time. The Architect structure 14th floors that will contains: The forth Basement floor with an area of 2540 m2 consists Parking. Figure 4: 15 The forth Basement floor | P a g e 47 The Third Basement floor with an area of 2540 m2 consists Parking. Figure 4: 16 The Third Basement floor The Second Basement floor with an area of 2540 m2 consists Parking. Figure 4: 17 The Second Basement floor | P a g e 48 The First Basement floor with an area 2540 m2 consists show rooms. Figure 4: 18 The First Basement floor The Ground floor with an area of 2430 m2 consists lobby , courtyard, shops, staircase. Figure 4: 19 The Ground floor | P a g e 49 The First floor with an area of 2110 m2 consists of Supermarket, Staircase , courtyard, shops, W.c's . Figure 4: 20 The First floor The Second floor with an area of 2110 m2 consists of Supermarket, Staircase , courtyard, shops, W.c's . Figure 4: 21 The Second floor | P a g e 51 The Third floor with an area of 2110 m2 consists of Cafeteria, Staircase , courtyard, showrooms, W.c's . Figure 4: 22 The Third floor The Fourth floor with an area of 2110 m2 consists of Cafeteria, Staircase , courtyard, showrooms, W.c's . Figure 4: 23 The Fourth floor | P a g e 51 The Fifth floor with an area of 2110m2 consists of Cafeteria, Staircase , courtyard, showrooms, W.c's . Figure 4: 24 The Fifth floor The Sixth floor with an area of 2110 m2 consists of Multipurpose area, Staircase , courtyard. Figure 4: 25 The Sixth floor | P a g e 52 The Seventh floor with an area of 2000 m2 consists of Restaurants Kitchens, Dining Area, Staircase , courtyard, W.C's . Figure 4: 26 The Seventh floor The Eighth floor with an area of 2020 m2 consists of Office rooms, Offices Kitchens, , Staircase , courtyard, W.c's . . | P a g e 53 Figure 4: 27 The Eighth floor The Ninth floor with an area of 880 m2 consists of Office rooms, Offices Kitchens, , Staircase , courtyard, W.c's . Figure 4: 28 The Ninth floor | P a g e 54 And Last floor with an area 120 m2 , contain second floor for cafeteria. Figure 4: 29 The Last floor | P a g e 55 The spaces each area is: Table 4. 2 Space Areas Space type Shops Courtyard supermarket Water closet space Stare case showrooms Mini Cafeteria Multipurpose area Manager rooms for cafeterias Cafeterias Kitchens Dining area Offices Offices Kitchen Area in m2 Range (11-87) m2 Range (1107-1224) m2 284 m2 Range (5-14) m2 36 m2 Range (56-195) m2 65 m2 Range (353-588) m2 Range (44-53) m2 Number 77 1 Range (55-66) m2 1431 m2 Range (8-48) m2 Range (6-12) m2 2 1 37 4 2 30 2 28 3 2 2 Final Design : Figure 4: 30 Rendered Photos | P a g e 56 Figure 4: 31 Rendered Photos Figure 4: 32 Rendered Photos | P a g e 57 Figure 4: 33 Rendered Photos Figure 4: 34 Rendered Photos | P a g e 58 Figure 4: 35 Rendered Photos | P a g e 59 4.4: Parking: Table 4. 3 Parking Lot's Item Shops + show rooms + multipurpose area supermarkets Restaurants and cafe offices total #of parking lot 106 16 28 12 162 Available parking lots in the project are 170. 4.5: Elevator: Number of elevator calculation: Number of floors above ground floor = 10-1= 9 floors. Building height “elevator travel” = 9*4.9= 44.0 m. #= 2000*9= 18000. PHC%= (11.5-13) %. Diversified (multi-purpose) “prestige” (04-23) . Population = = = 1285.7. HC= 13%*1285.7= 167.141 choices, speed 2500 500 3000 600 3500 | P a g e 61 Table 4. 4 Elevator Tables Item RT P normal hc=(300/Rt)*Pn N=Hc/hc N' 2500/500 116 13 33.6 5.0 5 2500/600 110 13 35.5 4.7 4 3000/500 119 16 40.3 4.1 4 3000/600 116 16 41.4 4.0 4 3500/500 129 19 44.2 3.8 3 3500/600 126 19 45.2 3.7 3 Then we choose 5 elevator from (2500/500) (lb/fpm) type. But we have two staircases and many escalator for the structure so we use 4 elevator. Chapter Five : Structural Design 5.1: Site and geology: The structure will be built on a clay Soil, therefore the soil allowable bearing capacity is 150 KN/m2 but after treatment the soil by put base corse with three layers the bearing capacity will up to 200 KN/m2. 5.1.1: Design codes: The project includes static and dynamic design for concrete slabs; the design is to be performed as follows: ACI -318-08 (American Concrete Institution) for reinforced concrete structural design. UBC -97 (Uniform Building Code) for earthquake load computations. | P a g e 61 ASCE (American Society Of Civil Engineers) for load combinations. 5.1.2: Project description: Figure 5. 1 Building Blocks As its shown above, The structure is divided into two blocks (A and B ) of concrete. 5.2: Materials: The materials used in construction have the following characteristics: Compressive strength of Concrete “f′c”. It is the compressive strength of test cylinder 15cm in diameter and 30cm high measured at an age of 28 days. | P a g e 62 For columns f′c= 30 MPa. For beams f′c= 08 MPa. Yielding strength of steel fy= 420 MPa. 5.3: Methodology: The first step: Finishing the architectural design. After that, the layout of the columns is made and making sure that the columns would not change in the architectural design. The second step: Choosing the structural system that is going to be used. In our design we have one type of structures which is reinforced concrete structure, beam-girder system is used because we have to make large spans in order to make it easy for circulation of cars in the parking. The third step: 3D SAP model have been done according to these loads: Table 5. 1 Loades Used iIn SAP Model Type of load Load KN/m2 Live load 5 KN/m2 Super imposed dead load 4 KN/m2 | P a g e 63 Figure 5. 2 The figure shows the sap model of Block A Figure 5. 3 The figure shows the sap model of Block A | P a g e 64 Figure 5. 4 SAP model of Block B Figure 5. 5 sap model of Block B | P a g e 65 According to ACI318-08, the minimum depth for the slabs and column was as follow: The maximum simply supported beam was 7m ---> The maximum one end continues beam was 8.8m ---> The maximum two end continues beam was8m ---> The system of the slab is one way ribbed slab(30 cm thickness) with Drop beams. The dimensions of the slab is match the specifications from ACI 318-08 Code such that : The width of the rib = 120mm >100mm . The height of the flange = 60mm>50mm . The width of the block = 400mm <750mm . The height of the slab = 300mm < 3.5* width of the rib . | P a g e 66 Input for sap: The load combination according to ACI 318-08: 1) Wu= 1.4D.L 2) Wu= 1.2D.L+ 1.6L.L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 3) Wu= 1.2D.L +1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.8W) 4) Wu= 1.2D.L+ 1.6W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) 5) Wu= 1.2D.L ± 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S 6) Wu= 0.9D.L ± (1.6W or 1.0E) Where: D.L: Dead load L.L: live load E: Earthquake load S: Snow load W: Wind load Lr: Roof live load R: Rain load 2.Beam and slab sections: As mentioned before. 3.Beams modifiers: | P a g e 67 The modifiers for the beams for bending moment 1 &2 and for torsion are as follows: Figure 5. 6 SAP modification Factors Slab modifiers: The slab used was one way beton slab reinforced in x direction, and the modifiers were as follows: Figure 5. 7 SAP modification Factors | P a g e 68 and for the Parking we use solid slab (one way) and the modifiers as follows: Figure 5. 8 SAP modification Factors 4.Columns and Shear Walls modifiers: Figure 5. 9 SAP modification Factors | P a g e 69 5.Loads on slabs and beams as we mentioned before according to ASCE. NOTE: After analyzing the model on sap, The output shows that the shear and torsion in some of beams exceeds the maximum allowable, so the thickness of the beams was made in order to be able to carry the maximum shear and torsion. 5.4: Analysis and design for block B: Model Validation: To be confident that SAP model works properly and gives correct results, three checks on the model and the obtained results should be made. The checks are: Compatibility of structural elements in the model. Global Equilibrium. Local Equilibrium (internal-forces equilibrium). 5.4.1: Compatibility and deflection check: To make sure that all the structural elements are compatible with each other. This can be achieved and approved by noticing and analyzing the deformed shape animation of the model from SAP. | P a g e 71 The compatibility of the model was checked and it was found to be OK, The Figures below shows the deformed shape of the model. Figure 5. 10 Deformed Shape SAP The period for the building from Sap was 1.96 as shown above. | P a g e 71 The calculated period: Tb= Ct* hn3/4 Where: Ct = 0.0488, for the building that classified as others in UPC97 hn= Total height of the building = 76.5m. Tb = 0.0488* (76.5)3/4 = 1.3 Deflection Check: Figure 5. 11 Deflection Check Figure 5. 12 Deflection Check | P a g e 72 As its shown above, the deflection in the beam equals to 1 cm. Length of the beam = 8m. Allowable deflection = = 3.3 cm > 1 cm ---> ok. And the deflection in the slab equals to 2.14 - 1= 1.14cm. Length of the slab = 6.8 m. Allowable deflection = = 2.83 cm > 1.14 cm ---> ok. 5.4.2: Equilibrium check: For the static bodies, the summation of forces in any direction must equal to zero. Thus, for the model, the total reactions in columns must equal the total loads applied. However, because of the difference resulting from area modeling and weight computation, the allowable difference must be less than 5%. For Dead load: Total weight of basement two ceiling = 20374.26 KN Total weight of the other floor ceiling = 36244.27 KN Total SIDL=69381.76 Total weight of All columns = 86437.9 KN. Total weight of beams = 58764.53 KN Total weight of the building = 271202.72 KN. Total Dead load from sap = 267530.157KN | P a g e 73 Figure 5. 13 Total Dead Load The percentage of difference = * 100% = 1.37 % < 5% ---> OK For Live load: Total Area of basement s = 4311 m2 Total Area of the nine floor =522.2 m2 Total Area of the las two floor = 191 m2 Total Area of other ceiling = 11457.94m2 Total Area of basement s*live load = 4311 m2 *5=21555 Total Area of the nine floor*live load =522.2 m2 * 3=1566.6 Total Area of the las two floor *live load = 191 m2 * 4=49284.96 Total Area of other ceiling*live load = 11457.94m2* 4=1566.6 Total live load of the building =21555+1566.6+49284.96+1566.6=73170.56 | P a g e 74 Total live load from sap = 71748.1 KN. Figure 5. 14 Total Live Load The percentage of difference = * 100% = 1.94% < 5% ---> OK Internal forces check: Check Beams: Beam S118 -From dead load: Tributary width for the beam = 5.2 m. Ultimate dead load of the beam =((0.2236*25*0.523)*5.2)+(0.8*0.4*25)=23.2 | P a g e 75 Mu = Mu from SAP = = 122.5 KN.m + 46.9 = 124.35 KN.m So The percentage of difference = * 100% = 1.47% < 5% ---> OK -From Live load: Ultimate dead load of the beam = 5.2*3= 15.6 KN/m. Mu = Mu from SAP = = 82.3 KN.m + 31.2 = 83.9 KN.m The percentage of difference = * 100% = 1.9% < 5% --->OK. Check columns: column 93 (LEVEL 8) From Ultimate load (1.2D.L + 1.6 L.L) Tributary Area for the column = 22 m2. | P a g e 76 Wu slab (from ultimate) =(((0.2236*25*0.523+4)*1.2)+(1.6*3))=13.1 Wu * trb.area=22*31.1=288.38 Pu=((288.38)+(((1.2*0.6*4.9*25*1.2)+((1.2*(0.8*0.4*25*(9.7)*(3)))))))=673.5 Pu From SAP = 647.6 The percentage of difference = * 100% = 3.9 < 5% OK. Check Slabs: From dead load: The weight of the slab = 2.92 KN/m2. | P a g e 77 Mu = = 13.1KN.m/m Mu from SAP = + 5.3 = 13.5KN.m/m The percentage of difference = * 100% = 2.6 %.< 5% ok. From live load: The live load of the slab = 5 KN/m2. Mu = = 22.5KN.m/m Mu from SAP = + 11.6 = 21.6KN.m/m The percentage of difference = * 100% = 4% < 5% ok. Note: For other more checks see checks sheet attached with this report. Dynamic Analysis (Response spectrum analysis): Response spectrum analysis has been done on the building to perform the dynamic analysis and design using UBC97 design code. | P a g e 78 Figure 5. 15 Deformed Shape Our structure will work as FRAME SYSTEM. 5.4.3: Needed information: 1. Importance factor: I =1 2. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA): the value of PGA = 0.2g, since the building is located in Nablus city according to Palestine seismic map. 3. Soil profile in the project region (Sd). 4. Seismic coefficient (Cv)= 0.4 5. Seismic coefficient (Ca)= 0.28 | P a g e 79 6. The structural system to be designed is assumed to be Sway Intermediate. Response modification factor (R): Since we have a shear walls oriented in y-direction and shear walls in x-direction the building classification will not differ in each direction. Thus: R is assumed to be 5.5 for both directions by assuming the building is (moment resisting frame intermediate). Figure 5. 16 Seismic Zones Check Dynamic Analysis Results ( Response spectrum analysis): in order to make the results correct, the base shear from response spectrum function have to be made close to the base shear from the equivalent static method (manual). Manual Base shear: Weight of the building = dead load + 0.25 live load = 271202.7 + 0.25 * 73171.56 = 289495.6 KN. | P a g e 81 Base shear (V) = * weight = = 11081.17 KN. Figure 5. 17 Base Shear Check Design of slabs: First starting with check shear in the slab to make sure that the slab doesn't need for shear reinforcement. The ultimate shear the slab can carry is: ØVc = * * bw * d Where: bw = 150 mm. depth ( d) = 270 mm. ØVc = * * 150 * 270 =26.78 KN/ rib ---->38.78 KN/m. By showing the ultimate shear acting on the slab by SAP program, its clear that there is no shear force (at the face of support ) more than 39 KN/m, so the slab thickness is suitable and it doesn't need for shear reinforcement. | P a g e 81 Second with flexural reinforcement in the slab: Slab reinforcement was done by assuming that there is a minimum reinforcement in the rib which is: Asmin = * bw * d ----> 0.0033*150*270 = 133 mm2 -----> 2Ø10 mm/rib which have an area of 157 mm2. Note: See slab reinforcement in the AUTOCAD sheets attached with this report. Figure 5. 18 Slab Layout | P a g e 82 5.5: Design of Beams: Design of beams have been done using SAP results for shear, moment, torsion, here is a sample of results that obtained from SAP: Figure 5. 19 Longitunal Steel SAP . Figure 5. 20 Shear Reinforcement SAP | P a g e 83 Design of the beams was done as follow: Compute longitudinal flexural steel for top right and top left and bottom steel. Compute the longitudinal torsion steel. divide the longitudinal torsion steel into 3 parts, and distribute it on three layers, one on the bottom of the beam and one on the middle and one on the top of the beam. Compute the spacing between stirrups for shear and torsion by adding shear reinforcement to torsional reinforcement obtained from sap, figure below shows a sample of beam detailing, for more detailing see the attached AUTOCAD sheets. Figure 5. 21 Final Layout Design Figure 5. 22 Final Section Design | P a g e 84 Figure 5. 23 Final Section Design 5.6: Design of Columns: Design of column have been done according to sap results, as its shown below, the rebar percentage is 1.00% which is acceptable by the code, from column neck to the top of the last floor column. Figure 5. 24 Steel Percentage SAP | P a g e 85 Figure 5. 25 Final Column Design Figure 5. 26 Final Column Section NOTE: See attached AUTOCAD sheets that shows More details including splice length and development length with spacing between stirrups. | P a g e 86 5.7: Design of Footing: MAT Foundation Dead load=270781.3 Live Load=73338.6 Bearing capacity (Qall )for soil=250 KN/m3. sum loads=Dead load+ Live Load = 270781.3+73338.6= 344119.9 sum loads/Qall= ⁄ = 1377 m2 Area required is 1377 m2 Actual area is 1510m2 since 1377<1510 then its ok . | P a g e 87 We check the thickness in many positions , the most critical check behind the column Pu=9128.9 Kn ØVc=0.75* * ( ) =0.75* * ( d=1056.02mm then use d as 1500mm ) After check Dead load=270781.3 Live Load=73338.6 Matt load = 27135.7 Bearing capacity (Qall )for soil=250 KN/m3. sum loads=Dead load+ Live Load+Matt laod = 270781.3+73338.6+27135.7= 371255.7 sum loads/Qall= ⁄ = 1485 m2 Area required is 1485 m2 Actual area is 1510m2 since 1485<1510 then its ok . | P a g e 88 From Sap In Y direction Figure 5. 27 Maximum Bottom Moment M=0.9*fy*As*(14503382=0.9*420*As*(1450- ) )= As=6387.65 =1 /15 cm. | P a g e 89 Max Top M=0.9*fy*As*(1450- ) 1649=0.9*420*As*(1450- )= As=3060.26 =1 /15 cm. In X direction Figure 5. 28 Maximum Bottom Moment | P a g e 91 M=0.9*fy*As*(1450- ) )= 3819.28=0.9*420*As*(1450As=7249.35 =1 /15 cm. Max Top M=0.9*fy*As*(1450- ) 2925.2=0.9*420*As*(1450- )= As=2925.2 =1 /15 cm 5.8: Design of shear wall: Once shear wall is analyzed, 5 internal ultimate forces can be computed; namely, P, Vx, Vy, Mx and My. The design for these forces can be performed as follows: Proportion the wall such thatVx ≤ Vc. Design for Vyin a way similar to beams. Design for My can be carried out by assuming two equal areas of steel on both faces of the wall working as a couple (one is in tension and the other is in compression). Design for P and Mx in a way similar to columns. Pu = 8795 kN Muy = 74 kN.m Mux = 30439 kN.m Vuy = 9280 kN Vux = 161 kN | P a g e 91 f’c = 24 MPa, Fy = 420 MPa, wall thickness = 200 mm, wall length = 19 m. Check shear in X direction: Vux = 161 kN Vc = ( Design for shear in Y direction: ) kN >Vux OK Vuy= 9280kN Vc = 0.75 * Vs = 9280 - 1861 = 7419 KN. ( Assume 212 mm ( ) ) Av = 226 mm kN s = 200 mm Use 212 mm @ 200 mm C/C Design for moment around Y axis: Muy = 74kN.m Muy= 4KN.m/m ρ= ρmin = 0.0025. √ = 0.0004 | P a g e 92 As= 400 mm2/m. use 4Ø12 mm/m for two faces. Design for moment around x axis and Pu: Design for moment around x direction and Pu is done as a column, so its required to reinforce boundaries by 1% steel ratio. The length of the boundary is 0.8 m and thickness is 0.2m ρ = 0%, As = 1.10*811*011 = 0611 mm2. Use 800 mm2 on each face and add this to the flexural reinforcement. Use 6Ø16mm each face. Design of Basement retaining wall: Check shear in X direction: Vux = 5638kN Vc = kN >Vux OK | P a g e 93 Check shear in y direction: Vuy = 7891kN Vc = kN. Vs = 7891 - 5423 = 2467.2KN. ( ) In this case the area of steel minimum for flexural in the horizontal direction is more than the area of steel from shear reinforcement, so use area of steel minimum for horizontal direction. Use 2Ø12 mm/m two layers. Flexural reinforcement: Maximum positive moment = 187 KN.m/m Maximum negative moment = 170 KN.m/m For positive moment ( 187KN.m/m ): ρ= As = 2800 mm2. √ = 0.014 Use 9Ø20 mm/m For negative moment ( 170KN.m/m ): ρ= √ = 0.0135 | P a g e 94 As = 2800 mm2. Use 9Ø20 mm/m For positive moment ( 36KN.m/m ) & negative ( 42 KN.m/m ): ρ= √ = 0.0024 Use Asmin= 0.0033 * 1000 * 250 = 660 mm2. Use 5Ø14 mm/m 5.9: Design of Stair Design of stairs has been done according to these loads: Table 5. 2 Stairs Loads Type Load Dead load 6.25 KN/m2 Super imposed 6 KN/m2 Live load 5 KN/m2 | P a g e 95 Figure 5. 29 Stairs layout Figure 5. 30 Stairs structural modeling | P a g e 96 From results of SAP analysis, All the forces are less than minimum reinforcement for the stairs, so use minimum vertical and horizontal reinforcement. Figure 5. 31 Stairs Reinforcement | P a g e 97 5.10: Steel Design 5.10.1: Member capacity Pu-section ɸpn for chosen section ɸpn=0.9AgFy less or equal pu Slenderness check Kl/r min < 300 5.10.2: Welded connections 5.10.2.1: Weld Failure ɸRn/L = ɸ ( 0.707 a) fw fw = 0.6 Fexx ( 1 + 0.5 (sinɵ^(1.5))) such that: ɵ: angle between load and weld line Fexx : tensile strength of weld metal Note : Conservatively assume ɵ= zero So fw=0.6*Fexx 5.10.2.2: Base Metal Failure ɸRn = ɸ ( L t ) ( Shear Strength of metal ) ɸRn = 0.6 L t * min (Fy , 0.75 Fu ) 5.10.3: Bolted connection By assuming bolts type and diameter according to our market | P a g e 98 Calculate the shear failure that governs ɸRn ɸRn=ɸRn for shear ɸRn= 0.75 Ab Fnv Bolt type Fnt Fnv A325 – N 620 330 A325 – X 620 414 ɸRn = Fv Finding N Weld failure Fexx ( E90xx) 1+(0.5* (sin 0.6 (Mpa) ɵ^(1.5)) 0.6 612 0.6 612 0.6 612 Fw (Mpa) 1 100*100*5 367.2 2 80*80*5 367.2 3 70*70*4 367.2 ɸ Rn L (N/mm) (mm) ɸ 45 ° a (mm) 1 1 1 Fw (Mpa) 1 0.75 81 0.1 0.75 0.707 6 367.2 2 0.75 130.1 0.1 0.75 0.707 6 367.2 3 0.75 137.4 0.1 0.75 0.707 6 367.2 minimum Check available L 1 400 OK 2 320 OK 3 210 OK | P a g e 99 Base Metal Failure min of Fy (Mpa) 0.75 Fu (Mpa) 379.2 369.675 Rn (N/mm) ɸ 0.6 t (mm) min 1 0.75 81 0.1 0.6 5 369.675 2 0.75 130.1 0.1 0.6 5 369.675 3 0.75 137.4 0.2 0.6 4 369.675 minimum available L 1 2 3 L (mm) Check 400 OK 320 OK 280 OK | P a g e 111 Chapter Six: Environmental Design 6.1 Solar: Solar panels (spaces) A configure, modern solar solution Figure 6. 1 Solar Panels Table 6. 1 Solar panel discribtion Features Benefits Frameless Module PID Free Lower profile No Module Grounding No ground lugs No continuous module equipment ground Constrained Module Positioning Perfect alignment Speeds installation time Unique Through-Bolt Mounting Innovation design options Tamper resistant mounting Effortless weatherproof integration Available with black or clear back sheet Aesthetic options for different applications | P a g e 111 Figure 6. 2 Solar panel on building Figure 6. 3 Solar panel on building | P a g e 112 This solar spaces was plotted on south façade to take maximum sunlight and heat, to generate electricity. Figure 6. 4 Solar Panel Single Support Figure 6. 5 Solar Panel Dual Support Note: See concept sheets for this technic attached with this report. | P a g e 113 Shading with Solar technic: This solar spaces was built also to shade part of the courtyard. Figure 6. 6 Shading with Solar Technic The peak Power voltage is 30.3 volt for each panel 6.2: Shading Shading is a very important technique to minimize cooling loads needed in summer days. Sun path will be studied well in order to control the solar gain entering the opening to minimize the cooling load. The use of shading device is very important in the design of building. It has been proved that the use of shading device could improve building energy performance, prevent glare, increase useful daylight availability and create a sense of security. To realize these benefits, a varied of shading configurations have been invented and put in the market, such as fixed, manual and automatic movable, internal and external shading device. | P a g e 114 Solar shading is an effective energy saver all year round. In summer, it can cut the amount of heat entering a building and in winter it can decrease heat loss. In winter, solar shadings will remain open to let free solar energy into the building during the day, to reduce energy requirements for heating. When the sun has set, these will close, to reduce heat loss and thus continuing to save on the energy required for heating. South elevation: Is the elevation that was sun direct to it in summer . Figure 6. 7 South Elevation Solution: Fixed horizontal cantilevers are used to protect south elevation from sunray. The dimensions of the cantilevers can be calculated by the equation below. The dimensions of the shutters were calculated depending on the altitude angle of the Sun. Calculation of the cantilever was made at 11am 21th of May. Where α is the angle that can be obtained from tables. | P a g e 115 X is the cantilever length. Y is the distance between the cantilever and the heading of the window. ALT is the altitude angle of the Sun. Altitude angle = 72° When the height of the glass = 1 m X= = = 0.4 m amd the height of glass = 2.9 m X= = = 1.2 m So we use 0.7m cantilever shading to make some sunlight enter and to make good view for people. Figure 6. 8 Shading Device Features • Standardized solution for seamless integration with 0611 Wall SystemTM0, 1600 Wall SystemTM2, 1600UT SystemTM1, 1600 Wall SystemTM5, 1600 SS, 1600 SS SSG | P a g e 116 and 1630 SS IR. • Tested for combined wind, snow and dead loads • 31" (760 mm) and 36" (904.4 mm) deep Outriggers are standard • Fully pre-engineered 90° and 135° inside and outside corners • Thermally broken attachment method for 0611 Wall SystemTM0, 0611UT SystemTM1, 1600 SS, 1600 SS SSG and 1630 SS IR. 1600 Wall SystemTM2 and 1600 SS SSG allow 2 sided SSG. • Attachment bracket designed to accept shallow and deep covers • Easy to use Load Charts quicken design process • Refreshing new blade options, with tubular profiles for spanning wider openings • 44 different combinations of outrigger and blade styles allow aesthetic & shading performance flexibility • Qualified for up to 3 different LEED Certification criteria • PermanodicTM anodized finishes in seven standard choices • Painted finishes in standard and custom choices • Shading performance can be analyzed by SolectorTM Sun Shading Estimator Tool Product Application • Curtain Wall Facades | P a g e 117 • Interior aesthetical application Figure 6. 9 Shading Detail Figure 6. 10 Shading Detail | P a g e 118 Note: See Concept sheets for this technic attached with this report. East and West elevations : huge glazing areas for these two elevation so good shading must be take in considered . Figure 6. 11 Shading Detail | P a g e 119 Solution: Using vertical louvers to block sun exposure, in order to reduce heat gain. Figure 6. 12 Shading Detail | P a g e 111 Figure 6. 13 Shading Detail Note: See Concept sheets for this technic attached with this report. | P a g e 111 6.3: Acoustical Design: The acoustical design had a great interest from ancient time, such as the Greek theatre and Romanian theatre, and at the Islamic period the acoustical design have more attention especially in Mosques design. In commercial building, theatres, restaurant, or public spaces the acoustical design is very important to ensure the comfortable and Privacy, and to make an ideal building acoustics you have to consider many factors such as 1- Absorption coefficient or reflection coefficient for material that used for building. 2- Dimension of the rooms. 3- The value of articulation loss. 4- Sound to noise ratio. 5- Reverberation (RT). 6- Sound Insulation level. 7- The value of sound transmission class (STC) in the adjacent or linked rooms, this value is determined from special tables that will be shown later. The noise transmission to the building by two ways: 1- Structural Borne: water pumping and elevator motor. 2- Air Borne. And to reduce that noise there are many ways as follow: 1- Use vibration damping material on all surface. 2- Seal enclosure or surrounding room. 3- Use lining for surrounding rooms. 4- Fixed on the heaviest part of the machine. 5- For piping use flexible pipes. 6.3.1: STC design: In commercial buildings built near a highway or train tracks, the exterior building walls should have at least an STC of 50. .Windows and doors should have at least an STC of 40 or 45 depending on the amount of window or door area. | P a g e 112 The tables below show the recommendation value for STC for partition: Table 6. 2 Criteria for Airborne Sound Insulation of Partitions between spaces Apt. A Apt. B STC Offices Offices 52 Offices Kitchen 52 Kitchen Dining room 50 Dining room offices 38 Table 6 . 3 STC Ratings of Masonry Walls Description STC 4-in. Lightweight hollow block 36 4-in. Dense hollow block 38 6-in. Lightweight hollow block 41 6-in. Dense hollow block 43 8-in. Lightweight hollow block 46 8-in. Dense hollow block 48 12-in. Lightweight hollow block 51 12-in. Dense hollow block 53 4-in. Brick 41 6-in. Brick 45 8-in. Brick 49 12-in. Brick 54 | P a g e 113 6-in. Solid concrete 47 8-in. Solid concrete 50 10-in. Solid concrete 53 12-in. Solid concrete 56 Table 6 . 4 Modifications for STC Ratings of Masonry Walls Modifications Extra STC Add sand to cores of hollow blocks Plus 3 Add plaster to one side Plus 2 Add plaster to both sides Plus 4 Add furring strips, lath and plaster to one side Plus 6 Add furring strips, lath and plaster to both sides Plus 10 Add plaster via resilient mounting to one side Plus 10 Add plaster via resilient mounting to both sides Plus 15 Walls acoustical Design: Office to Office: Wall type: Hollow Blocks (10 cm): The value of airborne sound insulation between Office and Office room shall be 52 or more: Table 6 . 5 STC For Office Wall Layers STC 4-in. Dense hollow block 38 Add plaster to both sides Plus 4 Add furring strips, lath and plaster to both sides Plus 10 | P a g e 114 Total 52 STC for walls between office and office with respect to these layers equal to 52 which is equal to the recommended STC, so it is good for airborne sound insulation. Office to Kitchen: Wall type: Hollow Blocks (10 cm): The value of airborne sound insulation between Office and Kitchen shall be 52 or more: Table 6 . 6 STC for office to Kitchen wall Layers STC 4-in. Dense hollow block 38 Add plaster to both sides Plus 4 Add furring strips, lath and plaster to both sides Plus 10 Total 52 STC for walls between office and Kitchen with respect to these layers equal to 52 which is equal to the recommended STC, so it is good for airborne sound insulation. Office to Dining room: Wall type: Hollow Blocks (10 cm): The value of airborne sound insulation between Office and Dining room shall be 38 or more: Table 6 . 7 STC for Office to Dining Layers STC 4-in. Dense hollow block 38 Add plaster to both sides Plus 4 Total 42 | P a g e 115 STC for walls between office and office with respect to these layers equal to 42 which is greater than the recommended STC = 38, so it is very good for airborne sound insulation. Dining room to Kitchen : Wall type: Hollow Blocks (10 cm): The value of airborne sound insulation between Kitchen and Dining room shall be 50 or more: Table 6 . 8 STC Dining to Kitchen wall Layers STC 4-in. Dense hollow block 38 Add plaster to both sides Plus 4 Add furring strips, lath and plaster to both sides Plus 10 Total 52 STC for walls between office and office with respect to these layers equal to 52 which is greater than the recommended STC=50, so it is good for airborne sound insulation. | P a g e 116 6.4: Reverberant time: Calculation and analysis was done on the courtyard in the ground floor at the building: Figure 6. 14 Calculated Area Note: The height of the floor is 4.9 m. The walls are made of glass with α = 0.04 The walls are made of plaster with α = 1.13 The Floors are made of Tile with α = 1.10 The ceilings are made of solid gypsum lime panels with α = 1.15 The ceilings are made of glass panels with α = 1.14 The calculation: Table 6 . 9 Sabine area for courtyard Materials Area α A* α Tiles 1300 0.01 13 | P a g e 117 RT60 = = Wall glass 466 0.04 18.64 Wall plaster 1251.2 0.03 37.53 Ceiling panels 985 0.05 49.25 Ceiling glass 315 0.04 12.6 SUM 4317 131.02 = 23.9 s As it is shown in the standards, the reverberant time inside the Courtyard does not match the specifications that is (1-1.8) s, a modification have to be done by changing the material for one or more elements inside the room to reach the desired and suitable reverberation time. Figure 6. 15 The optimum RT60 at (500-100 Hz) for various types of facilities Therefore, to meet the standards of the RT60 we will modify the material of the ceiling: From the tables of absorption factor for the materials, (perforated gypsum boards) that has absorption factor of 0.6 was selected and it is suitable to be installed on the unglazed ceiling. | P a g e 118 Figure 6. 16 Ceiling with perforated gypsum board. Table 611 . Sabine area for courtyard after modification. RT60 = = Materials Area α A* α Tiles 1300 0.01 13 Wall glass 466 0.04 18.46 Wall plaster 1251.2 0.03 37.5 Ceiling panels 985 0.6 591 Ceiling glass 315 0.04 12.6 SUM 4317 672.77 = 3.22 s The reverberant time inside the Courtyard still does not match the specifications that is (11.8) s, so we need to make a modification to another element also, Therefore, to meet the standards of the RT60 we will modify the material of the columns finish: | P a g e 119 From the tables of absorption factor for the materials, (fiberglass board 50 mm) that has absorption factor of 0.99 was selected and it is suitable to be installed on the columns and walls finish. RT60 = = Materials area α A* α Tiles 1300 0.01 13 Wall glass 466 0.04 18.46 Wall with fiber glass board 50 mm 1251.2 0.99 1238.49 Ceiling panels 985 0.6 591 Ceiling ( glass) 315 0.04 12.6 SUM 4317 1873.73 = 1.67 s OK | P a g e 121 Chapter Seven: Mechanical Design Mechanical design of a building involves many aspects including: 1. HVAC system. 2. Water Supply Systems. 3. Drainage Water Systems Design. 7.1: H-VAC Design. Revit program have been used to calculate heating and cooling load. Using HVAC system for cooling in our project “multi-purpose building” is the suitable choose. System components: 1-Diffuser: a diffuser is the mechanical device that is designed to control the characteristics of a fluid at the entrance to a thermodynamic open system. Diffusers are used to slow the fluid's velocity and to enhance its mixing into the surrounding fluid. | P a g e 121 Figure 7. 1 HVAC System 2-Fan coil: (FCU) is a simple device consisting of a heating or cooling coil and fan. Typically a fan coil unit is not connected to ductwork. Figure 7. 2 HVAC System 3-Chiller: A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor- compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. Figure 7. 3 HVAC System | P a g e 122 4-Ducts: it’s the medium of air condition. Figure 7. 4 HVAC System 5-Fans or blowers: mechanical device in system to move air. Figure 7. 5 HVAC System 6-Exhausts: used to kick air out. 7-Pipes | P a g e 123 7.1.1: Duct sizing: For duct sizing Revit program was used depending on specified air flow. Table shows the Area space, air flow, friction, duct height , duct width , duct length, Keynote and velocity for whole courtyard in project. Table7. 1 Duct Schedule Duct Schedule Area Flow Friction Height Width Length Keynote Velocity m² L/s Pa/m mm mm mm - 11.712 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 6890 15800 10.334 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6890 15800 5.837 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 4490 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 1.824 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 960 15800 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 124 0.333 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 175 15800 0.712 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 375 15800 0.097 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 51 15800 17.411 m² 1575.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 600 600 7255 15800 4.394 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 2929 15800 5 m/s 0.411 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 316 15800 5 m/s 0.365 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 457 15800 5 m/s 2.207 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1162 15800 0.709 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 645 15800 5 m/s 0.118 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 147 15800 5 m/s 1.736 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2169 15800 5 m/s 0.803 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1004 15800 5 m/s 1.760 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2200 15800 5 m/s 7.218 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 6562 15800 5 m/s 2.643 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2403 15800 5 m/s 0.027 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 33 15800 5 m/s 4.124 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5155 15800 5 m/s 0.200 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 249 15800 5 m/s 4.437 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 3413 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 125 4.281 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3892 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 5.348 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 6684 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 0.372 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 196 15800 3.705 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1950 15800 10.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 6455 15800 0.233 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 291 15800 5 m/s 6.734 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 4490 15800 5 m/s 0.301 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 376 15800 5 m/s 6.048 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 4652 15800 5 m/s 8.781 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 6755 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 3.621 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3292 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 3.426 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4282 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.962 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1202 15800 5 m/s 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 5.139 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 3426 15800 5 m/s 0.522 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 474 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 126 1.779 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1617 15800 5 m/s 0.182 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 227 15800 5 m/s 2.468 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3084 15800 5 m/s 0.144 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 180 15800 5 m/s 3.882 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3529 15800 5 m/s 3.067 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2788 15800 5 m/s 3.318 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4147 15800 5 m/s 0.218 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 272 15800 5 m/s 1.987 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1046 15800 0.331 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 301 15800 5 m/s 1.830 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2287 15800 5 m/s 1.146 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1432 15800 5 m/s 9.321 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6214 15800 5 m/s 2.251 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1732 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 3.612 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4516 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 1.570 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1427 15800 5 m/s 0.604 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 549 15800 5 m/s 2.461 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2238 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 127 3.122 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1643 15800 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.693 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 408 15800 5 m/s 1.931 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1136 15800 5 m/s 1.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1161 15800 5 m/s 0.171 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 214 15800 5 m/s 7.634 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 6.958 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5352 15800 5 m/s 7.164 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5511 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 3.619 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3290 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 2.948 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3684 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 5.626 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 2813 15800 0.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 760 15800 5 m/s 1.051 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1313 15800 5 m/s 0.242 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 302 15800 5 m/s 10.084 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 5307 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 128 2.854 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2595 15800 5 m/s 0.598 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 747 15800 5 m/s 1.988 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2484 15800 5 m/s 1.120 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1400 15800 5 m/s 1.603 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1068 15800 5 m/s 0.668 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 835 15800 5 m/s 6.617 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 5.599 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 1.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2009 15800 5 m/s 1.007 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1258 15800 5 m/s 0.880 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1100 15800 5 m/s 1.706 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1003 15800 5 m/s 0.008 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 10 15800 5 m/s 3.360 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4200 15800 5 m/s 1.128 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 752 15800 5 m/s 2.317 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1783 15800 5 m/s 0.769 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 962 15800 5 m/s 0.257 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 321 15800 5 m/s 0.082 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 103 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s | P a g e 129 7.268 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 9084 15800 5 m/s 0.112 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 140 15800 5 m/s 1.987 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1046 15800 0.331 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 301 15800 5 m/s 1.830 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2287 15800 5 m/s 1.146 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1432 15800 5 m/s 9.321 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6214 15800 5 m/s 2.251 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1732 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 3.612 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4516 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 1.570 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1427 15800 5 m/s 0.604 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 549 15800 5 m/s 2.461 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2238 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 3.122 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1643 15800 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.693 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 408 15800 5 m/s 1.931 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1136 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 131 1.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1161 15800 5 m/s 0.171 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 214 15800 5 m/s 7.634 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 6.958 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5352 15800 5 m/s 7.164 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5511 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 3.619 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3290 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 2.948 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3684 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 5.626 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 2813 15800 0.562 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 703 15800 5 m/s 1.051 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1313 15800 5 m/s 0.242 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 302 15800 5 m/s 10.084 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 5307 15800 2.791 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2538 15800 5 m/s 0.598 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 747 15800 5 m/s 1.988 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2484 15800 5 m/s 1.120 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1400 15800 5 m/s 1.688 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1125 15800 5 m/s 0.668 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 835 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 131 6.617 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 5.599 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 1.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2009 15800 5 m/s 1.007 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1258 15800 5 m/s 0.880 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1100 15800 5 m/s 1.706 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1003 15800 5 m/s 0.342 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 427 15800 5 m/s 3.360 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4200 15800 5 m/s 1.128 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 752 15800 5 m/s 2.399 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1846 15800 5 m/s 0.769 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 962 15800 5 m/s 0.257 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 321 15800 5 m/s 0.032 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 40 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 7.268 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 9084 15800 5 m/s 0.112 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 140 15800 5 m/s 1.987 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1046 15800 0.331 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 301 15800 5 m/s 1.830 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2287 15800 5 m/s 1.146 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1432 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 132 9.321 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6214 15800 5 m/s 2.251 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1732 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 3.612 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4516 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 1.570 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1427 15800 5 m/s 0.604 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 549 15800 5 m/s 2.461 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2238 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 3.122 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1643 15800 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.693 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 408 15800 5 m/s 1.931 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1136 15800 5 m/s 1.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1161 15800 5 m/s 0.171 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 214 15800 5 m/s 7.634 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 6.958 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5352 15800 5 m/s 7.164 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5511 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 133 3.619 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3290 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 2.948 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3684 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 5.626 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 2813 15800 0.610 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 763 15800 5 m/s 1.051 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1313 15800 5 m/s 0.242 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 302 15800 5 m/s 10.084 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 5307 15800 2.857 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2598 15800 5 m/s 0.598 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 747 15800 5 m/s 1.988 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2484 15800 5 m/s 1.120 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1400 15800 5 m/s 1.598 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1065 15800 5 m/s 0.668 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 835 15800 5 m/s 6.617 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 5.599 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 1.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2009 15800 5 m/s 1.007 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1258 15800 5 m/s 0.880 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1100 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 134 1.706 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1003 15800 5 m/s 0.006 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 7 15800 5 m/s 3.360 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4200 15800 5 m/s 1.128 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 752 15800 5 m/s 2.321 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1786 15800 5 m/s 0.769 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 962 15800 5 m/s 0.257 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 321 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 7.268 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 9084 15800 5 m/s 0.112 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 140 15800 5 m/s 1.987 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1046 15800 0.331 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 301 15800 5 m/s 1.830 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2287 15800 5 m/s 1.146 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1432 15800 5 m/s 9.321 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6214 15800 5 m/s 2.251 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1732 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 3.612 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4516 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 1.570 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1427 15800 5 m/s 0.604 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 549 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 135 2.461 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2238 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 3.122 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1643 15800 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.693 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 408 15800 5 m/s 1.931 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1136 15800 5 m/s 1.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1161 15800 5 m/s 0.171 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 214 15800 5 m/s 7.634 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 6.958 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5352 15800 5 m/s 7.164 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5511 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 3.619 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3290 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 2.948 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3684 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 5.626 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 2813 15800 0.610 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 763 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 136 1.051 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1313 15800 5 m/s 0.242 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 302 15800 5 m/s 10.084 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 5307 15800 2.857 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2598 15800 5 m/s 0.598 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 747 15800 5 m/s 1.988 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2484 15800 5 m/s 1.120 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1400 15800 5 m/s 1.598 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1065 15800 5 m/s 0.668 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 835 15800 5 m/s 6.617 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 5.599 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 1.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2009 15800 5 m/s 1.007 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1258 15800 5 m/s 0.880 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1100 15800 5 m/s 1.706 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1003 15800 5 m/s 0.006 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 7 15800 5 m/s 3.360 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4200 15800 5 m/s 1.128 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 752 15800 5 m/s 2.321 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1786 15800 5 m/s 0.769 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 962 15800 5 m/s 0.257 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 321 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 137 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 7.268 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 9084 15800 5 m/s 0.112 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 140 15800 5 m/s 1.987 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1046 15800 0.331 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 301 15800 5 m/s 1.830 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2287 15800 5 m/s 1.146 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1432 15800 5 m/s 9.321 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6214 15800 5 m/s 2.251 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1732 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 3.612 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4516 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 1.570 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1427 15800 5 m/s 0.604 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 549 15800 5 m/s 2.461 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2238 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 4.388 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 5484 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 3.122 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1643 15800 0.480 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 600 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 138 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 0.693 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 408 15800 5 m/s 1.931 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1136 15800 5 m/s 1.974 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1161 15800 5 m/s 0.171 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 214 15800 5 m/s 7.634 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 6.958 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5352 15800 5 m/s 7.164 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5511 15800 5 m/s 0.209 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 262 15800 5 m/s 3.619 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3290 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 2.948 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 3684 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 5.626 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 2813 15800 0.610 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 763 15800 5 m/s 1.051 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1313 15800 5 m/s 0.242 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 302 15800 5 m/s 10.084 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 5307 15800 2.857 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2598 15800 5 m/s 0.598 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 747 15800 5 m/s 1.988 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2484 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 139 1.120 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1400 15800 5 m/s 1.598 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1065 15800 5 m/s 0.668 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 835 15800 5 m/s 6.617 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.369 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 462 15800 5 m/s 5.599 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5090 15800 5 m/s 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 1.608 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2009 15800 5 m/s 1.007 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1258 15800 5 m/s 0.880 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1100 15800 5 m/s 1.706 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1003 15800 5 m/s 0.006 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 7 15800 5 m/s 3.360 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4200 15800 5 m/s 1.128 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 752 15800 5 m/s 2.321 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 1786 15800 5 m/s 0.769 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 962 15800 5 m/s 0.257 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 321 15800 5 m/s 0.080 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 100 15800 5 m/s 6.259 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 5690 15800 5 m/s 0.278 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 347 15800 5 m/s 7.268 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 9084 15800 5 m/s 0.112 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 140 15800 5 m/s 5.385 m² 5081.0 L/s 0.56 Pa/m 600 1200 1496 15800 5 m/s | P a g e 141 4.172 m² 2380.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 700 700 1490 15800 0.018 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 13 15800 5.590 m² 1785.0 L/s 0.41 Pa/m 600 600 2329 15800 8.208 m² 1785.0 L/s 0.41 Pa/m 600 600 3420 15800 18.756 m² 1785.0 L/s 0.41 Pa/m 600 600 7815 15800 0.082 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 58 15800 5.959 m² 1190.0 L/s 0.48 Pa/m 500 500 2979 15800 3.440 m² 1190.0 L/s 0.48 Pa/m 500 500 1720 15800 18.480 m² 1190.0 L/s 0.48 Pa/m 500 500 9240 15800 1.492 m² 1190.0 L/s 0.48 Pa/m 500 500 746 15800 1.238 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 884 15800 5 m/s 2.554 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 1824 15800 5 m/s 7.210 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 5150 15800 5 m/s 12.258 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 8756 15800 8.635 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 6168 15800 5 m/s 0.161 m² 595.0 L/s 0.76 Pa/m 350 350 115 15800 5 m/s 2.393 m² 1575.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 600 600 997 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 141 0.538 m² 1575.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 600 600 224 15800 1.790 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2237 15800 5 m/s 0.238 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 297 15800 5 m/s 2.949 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2681 15800 5 m/s 0.726 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 907 15800 5 m/s 9.434 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6290 15800 5 m/s 0.733 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 916 15800 5 m/s 2.313 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2891 15800 5 m/s 4.033 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3667 15800 5 m/s 0.413 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 375 15800 5 m/s 1.251 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 1138 15800 5 m/s 0.550 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 687 15800 5 m/s 1.208 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1509 15800 5 m/s 0.714 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 893 15800 5 m/s 3.344 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4180 15800 5 m/s 1.512 m² 2380.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 700 700 540 15800 0.980 m² 2380.0 L/s 0.33 Pa/m 700 700 350 15800 0.147 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 184 15800 5 m/s 1.520 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1900 15800 5 m/s 3.908 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 4884 15800 5 m/s 0.592 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 740 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 142 1.644 m² 1225.0 L/s 0.50 Pa/m 500 500 822 15800 11.433 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 6725 15800 0.675 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 843 15800 3.579 m² 5081.0 L/s 0.56 Pa/m 600 1200 994 15800 2.809 m² 1050.0 L/s 0.49 Pa/m 475 475 1479 15800 4.067 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 3698 15800 5 m/s 2.724 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2477 15800 5 m/s 1.158 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1447 15800 5 m/s 1.978 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2472 15800 5 m/s 1.946 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1297 15800 5 m/s 2.776 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1851 15800 5 m/s 2.221 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 1481 15800 5 m/s 0.221 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 276 15800 5 m/s 8.957 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 6890 15800 5 m/s 0.289 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 362 15800 5 m/s 11.539 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 10490 15800 0.438 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 547 15800 5 m/s 5.828 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 7284 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 1.378 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 811 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 143 1.639 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 964 15800 5 m/s 2.079 m² 875.0 L/s 0.60 Pa/m 425 425 1223 15800 5 m/s 0.233 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 291 15800 5 m/s 9.506 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 6337 15800 5 m/s 5.443 m² 700.0 L/s 0.73 Pa/m 375 375 3629 15800 5 m/s 0.733 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 916 15800 5 m/s 10.517 m² 525.0 L/s 0.87 Pa/m 325 325 8090 15800 0.021 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 27 15800 5 m/s 2.824 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2567 15800 5 m/s 0.495 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 450 15800 5 m/s 2.965 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2695 15800 5 m/s 0.919 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 835 15800 5 m/s 3.275 m² 350.0 L/s 0.95 Pa/m 275 275 2978 15800 5 m/s 0.282 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 352 15800 5 m/s 1.432 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1789 15800 5 m/s 0.400 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 500 15800 5 m/s 0.896 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 1120 15800 5 m/s 0.380 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 475 15800 5 m/s 2.060 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 2575 15800 5 m/s 0.240 m² 175.0 L/s 1.27 Pa/m 200 200 300 15800 5 m/s 1.091 m² 2000.0 L/s 0.51 Pa/m 600 600 454 15800 1.125 m² 5081.0 18.32 Pa/m 300 600 625 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 144 L/s 1.415 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 589 15800 0.879 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 366 15800 1.383 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 576 15800 1.433 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 597 15800 2.563 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 1068 15800 2.525 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 1052 15800 2.715 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 1131 15800 2.671 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 1113 15800 2.747 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 1145 15800 1.333 m² 5081.0 L/s 2.96 Pa/m 600 600 555 15800 11.856 m² 1160.0 L/s 0.05 Pa/m 780 780 3800 15800 5.616 m² 1160.0 L/s 0.05 Pa/m 780 780 1800 15800 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s 5 m/s | P a g e 145 Figure 7. 6 HVAC System 7.2: Water Supply System: The network supplies all the units with water for cleaning, drinking, feed fire systems, and even chiller systems. Size of the tank: Individual demand in the multipurpose building from water is 05 liter/day. The size of the tank will be computed over three days. | P a g e 146 30% of the tank size for firefighting and cleaning. (0.3*1800*15+15*1800))*3=105300 liter( The size of the tanks will be used 110 m3. First floor: Table7. 2 Fixture units for first floor- zone C Type occupancy Number of function 7 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank W.C 5 35 lavatories public public faucet faucet 5 5 cold hot 1.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 50 Number of function 6 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 30 4 4 cold hot 1.5 1.5 6 6 42 Number of function 7 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 35 5 5 cold hot 1.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 50 Table7. 3 Fixture units for first floor- zone D Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank lavatories public public faucet faucet Second floor: Table7. 4 Fixture units for second floor- zone C Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank lavatories public public faucet faucet | P a g e 147 Table7. 5 Fixture units for second floor- zone D Type occupancy Number of function 6 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank W.C 5 30 lavatories public public faucet faucet 4 4 cold hot 1.5 1.5 6 6 42 Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 3 6 2 hot 3 6 Third floor: Table7. 6 Fixture units for third floor-zone A Type occupancy Kitchen sink public Type of supply control faucet public faucet 12 Table7. 7 Fixture units for third floor-zone C Type occupancy Number of function 7 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank W.C 5 35 lavatories public public faucet faucet 5 5 cold hot 1.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 50 Number of function 6 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 30 4 4 5 5 cold hot cold hot 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 6 6 7.5 7.5 57 Table7. 8 Fixture units for third floor-zone D Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank Lavatories public public public public faucet faucet faucet faucet lavatories | P a g e 148 fourth floor: Table7. 9 Fixture units for third floor-zone A Type occupancy Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control faucet Kitchen sink 3 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 12 Table7. 10 Fixture units for third floor-zone C Type occupancy Number of function 7 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank W.C 5 35 lavatories public public faucet faucet 5 5 cold hot 1.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 50 Number of function 6 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 30 4 4 cold hot 1.5 1.5 6 6 42 Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 3 6 2 hot 3 6 Table7. 11 Fixture units for fourth floor- zone D Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank lavatories public public faucet faucet Fifth floor: Table7. 12 Fixture units for third floor-zone A Type occupancy Kitchen sink public Type of supply control faucet public faucet 12 | P a g e 149 Table7. 13 Fixture units for fifth floor zone C Type occupancy Number of function 7 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank W.C 5 35 lavatories public public faucet faucet 5 5 cold hot 1.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 50 Number of function 6 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 30 4 4 cold hot 1.5 1.5 6 6 42 Number of function 8 Hot or cold cold WUFU total 5 40 Table7. 14 Fixture units for fifth floor- zone D Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank lavatories public public faucet faucet seventh floor zone A: Table7. 15 Fixture units for seventh floor Zone A Type occupancy W.C public Type of supply control Flush tank lavatories public public public faucet faucet faucet 6 6 2 cold hot cold 1.5 1.5 3 9 9 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 Kitchen sink 70 | P a g e 151 Table7. 16 Fixture units for seventh floor Zone B Type occupancy W.C lavatories Kitchen sink Number of function 8 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank 5 40 public public public faucet faucet faucet 6 6 2 cold hot cold 1.5 1.5 3 9 9 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 70 eighth floor: Table7. 17 Fixture units for eighth floor Zone A occupancy Type W.C lavatories Kitchen sink Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank 5 10 public public public faucet faucet faucet 2 2 2 cold hot cold 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 28 Table7. 18 Fixture units for eighth floor Zone B occupancy Type W.C lavatories Kitchen sink Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank 5 10 public public public faucet faucet faucet 2 2 2 cold hot cold 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 28 | P a g e 151 Ninth floor: Table7. 19 Fixture units for ninth floor Zone B Type occupancy W.C lavatories Kitchen sink Number of function 2 Hot or cold cold WUFU total public Type of supply control Flush tank 5 10 public public public faucet faucet faucet 2 2 2 cold hot cold 1.5 1.5 3 3 3 6 public faucet 2 hot 3 6 28 Now to compute pipes sizes for the main vertical feeder in each zone, we need to compute water demand for each zone by using the following figure: Figure 7. 7 Curve for demand load with relation of F.U | P a g e 152 Table7 . 21 Water demand for Zone A Zone A Type of supply control Number of F.U Water demand (gpm) third floor fourth floor seventh floor eighth floor Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank 12 12 70 28 11 11 35 19 Table7 . 21 Water demand for Zone B Zone B Type of supply control Number of F.U Water demand (gpm) third floor seventh floor eighth floor ninth floor Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank 15 70 28 28 13 35 19 19 Table7 . 22 Water demand for Zone C Zone C Type of supply control Number of F.U Water demand (gpm) first floor second floor third floor fourth floor fifth floor Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank 50 50 50 50 50 28 28 28 28 28 | P a g e 153 Table7 . 23 Water demand for Zone D Zone D Type of supply control Number of F.U Water demand (gpm) first floor second floor third floor fourth floor fifth floor Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank 42 42 57 42 42 24 24 31 24 24 Table7 . 24 Water demand for main feeder Zone Type of supply control Number of F.U Water demand (gpm) Zone A Zone B Zone C Zone D Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank Flush Tank 122 141 250 225 52 55 75 69 Pipes diameters for zone C: h =14.7 ft. for each floor Number of floors = 10, Flush tank First Floor: Possible diameter of the galvanized steel vertical feeder :Pfirst = (10*14.7+ (6/2) -4) *0.433 =63.22 psi Height of main feeder =10*14.7 = 147 ft. Galvanized steel h = 1.5*132.3 = 220.5 ft. , F.U= 250 , demand water = 75 gpm | P a g e 154 By using the following figure, we will select the diameter pipe & friction losses: Figure 7. 8 Flow chart for rough pipe | P a g e 155 Table7 . 25 Possible diameter for main feeder zone C possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /220.5 ft 4" 0.21 0.46 3.5" 0.45 0.99 3" 0.68 1.499 2.5" 1.9 4.19 2" 4.8 10.6 Possible diameter of the of the PVC horizontal feeder :-(collector C) F.U= 50 , demand water = 28 gpm Length = 15.6 m L = (1.2*15.6/0.3048) =61.4ft Table7 . 26 Possible diameter for horizontal feeder first– zone C possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /61.4 ft 3" 0.13 0.0798 2.5" 0.32 0.20 2" 0.8 0.49 1.5" 3.1 1.90 1.25" 7.1 4.36 Possible diameter of the PVC upper branch :F.U= 5 , demand water = 5 gpm , C.F = 12 psi (W.C Flush Tank) Length = 6.7 m L = (1.2*6.7/0.3048) =26.8 ft Table7 . 27 Possible diameter of the branch F.F– zone C possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /26.8 ft 1.5" 0.18 0.048 1.25" 0.39 0.104 1" 1.2 0.322 (3/4)" 3.1 0.83 (1/2)" 19 5.1 | P a g e 156 Suitable diameter for vertical feeder (2") & horizontal feeder (1.25") &branches (0.5") Total losses = 10.6+4.36+5.1=20.1 psi Available pressure = 63.22-01.0 = 43.06 > 00 … OK Pipes diameters for zone A: h =14.7 ft. for each floor Number of floors = 7, Flush tank Third Floor: Possible diameter of the galvanized steel vertical feeder :PThird = (7*14.7+ (6/2) -4) *0.433 =44.1 psi Height of main feeder =7*14.7 = 102.9 ft. Galvanized steel h = 1.5*102.9 = 145.35 ft. , F.U= 122 , demand water = 52 gpm the diameter pipe & friction losses Table7 . 28 Possible diameter for main feeder zone C possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /145.3 ft 4" 0.12 0.174 3.5" 0.21 0.304 3" 0.35 0.507 2.5" 0.8 1.16 2" 2.8 4.06 Possible diameter of the of the PVC horizontal feeder :-(collector A) F.U= 12 , demand water = 11 gpm Length = 7.9 m L = (1.2*7.9/0.3048) =31.1 ft | P a g e 157 Table7 . 29 Possible diameter for horizontal feeder first– zone A possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /31.1 ft 3" 0.17 0.05 2.5" 0.58 0.18 2" 1.2 0.373 1.5" 3.1 0.96 1.25" 12 3.73 Possible diameter of the PVC upper branch :F.U= 4 , demand water = 4 gpm , C.F = 8 psi (Kitchen sink) Length = 6.9 m L = (1.2*6.9/0.3048) =27.16 ft Table7 . 31 Possible diameter of the branch F.F– zone A possible diameter losses /100 ft losses /27.16 ft 1.25" 2.3 0.623 1" 6.8 1.84 (3/4)" 2.2 0.596 (1/2)" 14 3.79 (3/8)" 38 10.29 Suitable diameter for vertical feeder (2") & horizontal feeder (1.25") &branches (0.5") Total losses = 4.06+3.73+3.79=11.58 psi Available pressure = 44.1-00.58 = 30.50 > 8 … OK 7.3: Drainage System Design: In our project, the drainage system is divided into two groups black and gray water. The pipes of the black water will be connected with Sewerage and sanitation of municipality, but the grey water will be collected, and use for toilet or for irrigation. | P a g e 158 Table7. 31 Drainage fixture units (DFU's) Table7. 32 Horizontal fixture branches and stacks | P a g e 159 0 Table7. 33 Size and length of vent Table7. 34 horizontal Drainage calculation Fixture type W.C Lavatory Kitchen sink Floor drain DFU. 4 1 2 3 size 4" 2" 2" 2" Fall/foot 1/8" 1/4" 1/4" 1/4" | P a g e 161 7.3.1: Drainage Calculations for main stack: In our project, we need for two types of stack one for black water and one for gray water now will calculate the number and diameter of stacks that required for the Building. ** We will use two stacks for the W.C's one for black and one for gray water. In the building, each floor have the following fixture: Figure 7. 9 Drainage Layout 13 W.C 5 lavatory 5-floor drain No. of DFUs. For black water = 4*13=52 No. of DFUs. For gray water = 1*5=5 Total No. of fixture for black water =5*52=260 DFUs. Total No. of fixture for gray water =5*5=25 DFUs. | P a g e 161 In the sixth, floor the fixture: Figure 7. 10 Drainage Layout 8 W.C 6 lavatory 1-floor drain No. of DFUs. For black water = 4*8=32 No. of DFUs. For gray water = 1*6=6 Total No. of fixture for black water =5*52 +32 =292 DFUs. Total No. of fixture for gray water =5*5+ 6=31 DFUs. For the bath rooms use one stack (4") for black water and one stack( 4") for gray water. | P a g e 162 Chapter Eight: Electrical Design 8.1: General Electrical design for buildings is a very important issue because without lighting, the life will be very difficult; also, lighting design is very essential. Therefore, in this chapter we design the lighting for the building using DIALUX program. 8.2: Electrical sockets Sockets should be located so as to allow the most appropriate positioning of equipment and lighting using the shortest possible cable length. Wiring cables of connected devices will be discretely and neatly arranged. Some easily accessible sockets should be available permanently for use by guests Figure 8. 1 socket | P a g e 163 8.3: Electrical switches Control consisting of a mechanical or electrical or electronic device for making or breaking or changing the connections in a circuit Used types: 1- Single switch: Switch that open and close circuit from one point only Figure 8. 2 Single switch 2- Double switch: Switch than open and close circuit from two different points. Figure 8. 3 Double switch 8.4: lighting Design The lighting design depends on two types of lighting as follows: 1- Day light. 2- Artificial lighting. The intensity of light falling at unit area (luminance in lux) in the day light depends on the direction of the building. And we can use computer programs such as (Ecotect Analysis, Dialux) for help us to compute this value. But in the artificial lighting we determine the value of (lux) that we need from specialized tables that will shows later, and there are many factors that affect the artificial lighting design | P a g e 164 such as: 1- Room dimension. 2- The function of the room, and that used for what. 3- Selection of the luminaries. 4- Maintenance factor for lamps. 5- Reflection factors for ceiling, walls, and floors. The tables below show the luminance (E) for various areas buildings in accordance with CIE recommendations: Table-1:: Table 8. 1 Recommended luminance level for different areas Space/ activity Recommended Glare min. luminance index Suitable lamp E (lux) Office 300 19 C,D,E,F,H,I,K,L Team office 500 Deep- plan 750 19 C,D,E,F,H,I,K,L 750 16 A,C,D,E,F,H,I,K,L office Technical drawing office | P a g e 165 Control room 300 16 Corridor 150 D,E,H,L,K,L,P,Q Staircase 150 C,D,E,F,H,I,J,L,M,Q Waiting areas 150 Bathroom, WC 100 Reception 300 19 D,E,K,L,Q Restaurant 200 22 D,E,F,H,I,J,Q Laboratory 500 19 A,C,D,E,F,H,I,Q Art ROOM 500 19 A,B,D,E Meeting room 300 19 C,D,E,F,H,I,K,L D,E,F,H,I,K,J ,Q D,E,F,G,I,J,Q Table 8. 2Types of lamps Lamp type Lamp reference latter Lamp designation and code Tubular A North light color matching B Artificial daylight C Daylight D Natural E Color – rite Trucolor37 fluorescent (MCF) | P a g e 166 F Color 84 Plus-White G De lux natural H White I Warm White J Deluxe Warm White Softened 32 High pressure K discharge Mercury halide (MBI) Mercury halide (MBIL) Mercury halide Fluorescent(MBIF) L Mercury (MBF) Fluorescent Mercury Fluorescent REFLECTOR(MBIF) Mercury – tungsten Fluorescent(MBTF)(blended) High pressure discharge continued M High- pressure sodium (SON) High- pressure sodium (SONT) High pressure sodium (SONL) High pressure sodium | P a g e 167 (SONR) Low pressure N discharge Low pressure sodium(SOX) Low pressure sodium(SOXL) (excluding tubular Fluorescent) Incandescent lamp P Tungsten halogen (T/H) Q Tungsten – general lighting service (GLS) Tungsten reflector | P a g e 168 Table 8. 3 Spaces with lighting and power loads Space Schedule 4 Name No. Level Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 1 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Area m2 15 21 53 30 31 30 46 42 44 38 28 26 26 26 26 25 25 28 28 27 32 29 27 29 30 29 31 284 32 32 32 32 35 25 30 Lighting Calculation Workplane m 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Lighting Load W 338 466 1200 673 694 686 1048 948 1002 858 640 582 577 580 580 554 571 622 622 617 717 656 614 666 668 650 710 6422 720 726 724 728 787 557 685 Lighting Load per area W/m2 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 Power Load W 161 222 571 320 331 327 499 451 477 408 305 277 275 276 276 264 272 296 296 294 341 312 293 317 318 310 338 3058 343 346 345 347 375 265 326 Power Load per area W/m2 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 | P a g e 169 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 28 21 36 84 30 27 27 27 27 31 28 30 30 30 31 34 34 33 284 32 32 32 32 32 35 25 30 88 33 34 34 31 30 30 30 28 31 27 27 27 28 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 639 480 815 1909 678 618 614 616 616 694 633 687 687 686 693 762 768 745 6408 719 720 726 724 728 787 556 685 1994 745 768 762 705 686 687 687 633 692 619 617 614 630 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 304 228 388 909 323 294 292 293 293 330 301 327 327 327 330 363 366 355 3051 342 343 346 345 347 375 265 326 949 355 366 363 336 327 327 327 301 329 295 294 292 300 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 | P a g e 171 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 112 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 4 Level 7 Level 7 Level 7 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 29 84 195 101 56 63 135 62 60 59 84 115 80 53 96 184 62 104 138 116 129 80 54 97 184 104 80 56 57 58 128 64 588 347 12 12 55 66 38 53 978 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 666 1909 4413 2282 1268 1433 3048 1399 1346 1333 1888 2607 1803 1206 2180 4147 798 2357 3110 2623 2910 1803 1210 2188 4155 2358 1818 1276 1295 1309 2903 830 8233 4854 167 167 704 857 455 631 9480 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 12.92 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 12.92 13.99 13.99 13.99 13.99 12.92 12.92 11.84 11.84 9.69 317 909 2101 1087 604 682 1451 666 641 634 899 1241 859 574 1038 1975 997 1122 1481 1249 1385 859 576 1042 1978 1122 866 608 616 623 1382 1037 6332 3733 128 128 880 1072 621 860 5684 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 16.15 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 16.15 10.76 10.76 10.76 10.76 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 5.81 | P a g e 171 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Level 4 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Level 6 Level 7 Level 8 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level 9 Level Space 163 10 Space 164 Level 24 1120 785 782 905 898 898 657 506 600 14 25 10 18 6 11 15 15 26 11 14 12 48 27 15 41 13 5 18 27 10 43 28 22 14 12 5 2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 228 6027 4222 4206 4867 4831 4830 3533 2721 3228 169 298 115 209 70 135 177 177 311 131 163 145 566 323 175 487 156 65 211 324 116 505 329 263 161 140 55 27 9.69 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 5.38 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 11.84 137 3619 2535 2525 2922 2901 2900 2121 1634 1938 231 406 157 285 95 184 242 242 424 179 222 198 772 441 239 665 213 89 287 442 158 689 449 359 220 190 75 37 5.81 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 16.15 2 4 0.8 0.8 27 43 11.84 11.84 37 59 16.15 16.15 | P a g e 172 Space 165 Space 166 Space 167 Space 168 Space 169 Space 170 Space 171 Space 172 Space 173 Space 174 Space 175 Space 176 Space 177 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 178 179 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 10 Level 6 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4 Level 5 Level 5 Level 6 Level 6 Level 7 Level 7 14 0.8 169 11.84 231 16.15 11 0.8 130 11.84 177 16.15 14 0.8 160 11.84 218 16.15 10 0.8 115 11.84 157 16.15 24 0.8 282 11.84 384 16.15 11 0.8 135 11.84 184 16.15 15 0.8 177 11.84 242 16.15 15 0.8 177 11.84 242 16.15 26 0.8 311 11.84 424 16.15 17 0.8 205 11.84 280 16.15 17 0.8 198 11.84 270 16.15 14 0.8 170 11.84 232 16.15 29 0.8 370 12.92 463 16.15 102 62 32 31 32 31 32 1 31 32 31 32 31 32 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 991 798 195 188 195 188 195 8 188 195 188 195 188 195 9.69 12.92 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 594 997 69 67 69 67 69 3 67 69 67 69 67 69 5.81 16.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 | P a g e 173 Space Space Space Space 194 195 196 197 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 198 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 Level 8 Level 8 Level 9 Level 9 Level 10 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 2 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 3 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 31 32 31 32 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 188 195 188 195 6.03 6.03 6.03 6.03 67 69 67 69 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.15 31 5 6 14 12 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 6 14 13 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 6 15 1 1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 188 45 56 139 121 12 12 12 12 12 18 17 12 12 12 12 44 57 139 123 11 11 11 11 11 17 17 12 12 12 12 42 54 143 11 11 6.03 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 67 15 19 46 40 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 15 19 46 41 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 14 18 48 4 4 2.15 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 | P a g e 174 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 4 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 5 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 6 Level 8 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 12 5 5 12 1 1 1 1 2 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 12 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 12 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 11 11 17 18 12 12 12 12 12 121 46 46 112 13 13 13 13 17 102 11 11 11 11 11 11 47 46 117 104 11 11 12 12 11 12 11 12 11 16 11 115 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 40 15 15 37 4 4 4 4 6 34 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 15 39 35 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 4 38 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 | P a g e 175 Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space Space 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 Space 295 Space 296 Space 297 Space 298 Space 299 Space 300 Space 301 Space 302 Space 304 Sum Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level 8 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level B1 Level 1 17 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 9 12 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 163 10 10 10 25 22 10 10 10 89 114 19 20 20 20 22 20 20 19 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 9.69 54 3 3 3 8 7 3 3 3 30 38 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 3.23 227 0.8 1953 8.61 733 3.23 159 0.8 1373 8.61 515 3.23 239 0.8 2062 8.61 773 3.23 181 0.8 1559 8.61 585 3.23 192 0.8 1651 8.61 619 3.23 270 0.8 2322 8.61 871 3.23 92 0.8 789 8.61 296 3.23 259 31 0.8 0.8 2228 264 227102 8.61 8.61 836 99 127622 3.23 3.23 | P a g e 176 8.5: Artificial lighting Artificial lighting is computed without any sunlight resource. Artificial lighting is the light which is made by human, such as fluorescent, tungsten, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, et. When designing lighting system there are several factors need to be take in consideration for suitable and comfortable lighting, which are: * Function of space. * Dimension and detail of space. * Style and decor. * Lighting budget. >> Dilaux was used in artificial designing. Designing criteria: 123456789- Define the function of the space Use a suitable lux level that satisfies the function. Use a suitable light unit that the function needs. Distribute the lighting units. Define the working place height. Run the calculation Check the lighting luminance Check the light uniformity which is recommended to be larger than 60%. Check the average lux that is distributed. | P a g e 177 8.4.1: Shop artificial lighting Shop general Figure 8. 4 Renderd View From Dialux Figure 8. 5 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 178 Room 1 / Room summary Figure 8. 6 Dialux Room Summary Height of room: 3.200 m, Height of working plane: 0.000 m, Wall zone: 0.000 m Reflection factors: Ceiling 52.0%, Walls 29.2%, Floor 75.6%, Light loss factor: 0.80 | P a g e 179 Figure 8. 7 Luminaire Part List Figure 8. 8 Illuminance Values | P a g e 181 South shop daylight: Figure 8. 9 Renderd View From Dialux Figure 8. 10 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 181 Room 1 / Room summary Figure 8. 11 Room Summary Height of room: 3.200 m, Height of working plane: 0.000 m, Wall zone: 0.000 m Reflection factors: Ceiling 52.0%, Walls 29.2%, Floor 75.6%, Light loss factor: 0.80 | P a g e 182 Figure 8. 12 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 183 Figure 8. 13 Illuminance Values | P a g e 184 North shop daylight: Figure 8. 14 Renderd View From Dialux Figure 8. 15 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 185 Room 1 / Room summary Figure 8. 16 Room Summary Height of room: 3.200 m, Height of working plane: 0.000 m, Wall zone: 0.000 m Reflection factors: Ceiling 52.0%, Walls 29.3%, Floor 75.6%, Light loss factor: 0.80 | P a g e 186 Figure 8. 17 Luminaire Part List Figure 8. 18 Illuminance Values | P a g e 187 Office light: Figure 8. 19 Renderd View From Dialux Figure 8. 20 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 188 Office 1 / Room summary Figure 8. 21 Room Summary | P a g e 189 Figure 8. 22 Illuminance Values Figure 8. 23 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 191 Meeting / Room summary Figure 8. 24 Room Summary | P a g e 191 Figure 8. 25 Illuminance Values Figure 8. 26 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 192 Meating / Views Figure 8. 27 Renderd View From Dialux Head Office / Room summary Figure 8. 28 Room Summary | P a g e 193 Head Office / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 29 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 194 Head Office / Views Figure 8. 30 Renderd View From Dialux BathRoom / Room summary Figure 8. 31 Room Summary | P a g e 195 BathRoom / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 32 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 196 Kitchen / Room summary Figure 8. 33 Room Summary | P a g e 197 Kitchen / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 34 Luminaire Part List Office 2 / Room summary Figure 8. 35 Room Summary | P a g e 198 Office 2 / Description Figure 8. 36 Illuminance Values | P a g e 199 Office 2 / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 37 Luminaire Part List Office 2 / Views Figure 8. 38 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 211 Reseption / Room summary Figure 8. 39 Room Summary | P a g e 211 Reseption / Description Figure 8. 40 Illuminance Values Reseption / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 41 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 212 Reseption / Views Figure 8. 42 Renderd View From Dialux Coridor / Room summary Figure 8. 43 Room Summary | P a g e 213 Coridor / Description Figure 8. 44 Illuminance Values Coridor / Luminaire parts list | P a g e 214 Coridor / Views Figure 8. 45 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 215 Office daylight : Figure 8. 46 Renderd View From Dialux Figure 8. 47 Renderd View From Dialux | P a g e 216 Office 1 / Room summary Figure 8. 48 Room Summary | P a g e 217 Office 1 / Description Figure 8. 49 Illuminance Values Office 1 / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 50 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 218 Meating / Room summary Figure 8. 51 Room Summary | P a g e 219 Meating / Description Figure 8. 52 Illuminance Values Meating / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 53 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 211 Meating / Views Figure 8. 54 Renderd View From Dialux Head Office / Room summary Figure 8. 55 Room Summary | P a g e 211 Head Office / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 56 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 212 Head Office / Views Figure 8. 57 Renderd View From Dialux BathRoom / Room summary Figure 8. 58 Room Summary | P a g e 213 BathRoom / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 59 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 214 Kitchen / Room summary Figure 8. 60 Room Summary | P a g e 215 Kitchen / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 61 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 216 Office 2 / Room summary Figure 8. 62 Room Summary | P a g e 217 Office 2 / Description Figure 8. 63 Illuminance Values Office 2 / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 64 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 218 Office 2 / Views Figure 8. 65 Renderd View From Dialux Reseption / Room summary Figure 8. 66 Room Summary | P a g e 219 Specific connection value: 15.12 W/m² = 0.37 W/m²/100 lx (Ground area 18.18 m²) | P a g e 221 Reseption / Description Figure 8. 67 Illuminance Values Reseption / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 68 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 221 Reseption / Views Figure 8. 69 Renderd View From Dialux Coridor / Room summary Figure 8. 70 Room Summary | P a g e 222 | P a g e 223 Coridor / Description Figure 8. 71 Illuminance Values Coridor / Luminaire parts list Figure 8. 72 Luminaire Part List | P a g e 224 Coridor / Views Figure 8. 73 Renderd View From Dialux 8.5: Electrical Box Box in the wall where electrical connections are made to fixtures and that supports fixtures. 8.5.1: Electrical wires In general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is intended to describe common features of electrical wiring that may apply worldwide. | P a g e 225 It contains three types:- Neutral Phase Earth 8.5.2: Circuit breaker A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and interrupt current flow. Figure 8. 74 Electrical wires Two types are used: 1- 10 amp circuit breaker for lighting. 16 amp circuit breaker for outlets Figure 8. 75 circuit breaker | P a g e 226 8.6: Earthling system In electrical supply systems, an earthling system or grounding system is circuitry which connects parts of the electric circuit with the ground, thus defining the potential of the conductors relative to the Earth's conductive surface. The choice of earthling system can affect the safety and electromagnetic compatibility of the power supply. In particular, it affects the magnitude and distribution of short circuit currents through the system, and the effects it creates on equipment and people in the proximity of the circuit. If a fault within an electrical device connects a live supply conductor to an exposed conductive surface, anyone touching it while electrically connected to the earth will complete a circuit back to the earthed supply conductor and receive an electric shock. | P a g e 227 Chapter Nine: Safety Design 9.1: General The safety systems is a major part must be taken into consideration when designing any buildings, because it's very important to preserve the lives of people, whether they are residents or workers or even visitors. The primary goal of safety engineering is to manage risk, eliminating or reducing it to the lowest levels. Risk is the combination of the probability of a failure event, and the severity resulting from the failure. For instance, the severity of a particular failure may result in fatalities, injuries, property damage, or nothing more than annoyance. It may be a frequent, occasional, or rare occurrence. The acceptability of the failure depends on the combination of the two. Probability is often more difficult to predict than severity due to the many factors that could lead to a failure, such as mechanical failure, environmental effects, and operator error. Safety engineering attempts to reduce the frequency of failures, and ensure that when failures do occur, the consequences are not life threatening. 9.2: Safety Design Design safety in Commercial Building addresses many of the important points that cannot be dispensed with. The first point in the design of safety is stairs and distribute it in the Building; in our project, we have distributed two stairs at the edges of the Building to reduce the large gatherings of people for each stair and to rapid evacuation of the Building in emergencies such as earthquakes, fires and any other dangers. The following figures shown the distributed of stairs on the building: | P a g e 228 Figure 9. 1 AutoCAD drawing for distribution of stairs in Ground floor The second point in the design of safety is, safety signs and distribute it in the Building to help people to evacuate the building in any case of emergency quickly and easily , and these signs are as follows: Evacuation route: It indicates to the direction of evacuation route in the hotel (left or right). Figure 9. 2 Evacuation route Sign | P a g e 229 Figure 9. 3 Fire Exit Sign Figure 9. 4 Exit Sign Exit: It indicates to exit door or outlet in the building . Figure 9. 6 Exit Sign Figure 9. 5 Exit Sign | P a g e 231 Output stairs: It indicates to the direction of output stairs (up or down). Figure 9. 7 Stair Sign Figure 9. 8 Stair Sign Elevators should not use in case of fire or earthquake: This refers to not use elevators during a fire or earthquake: Figure 9. 10 Stair Sign Figure 9. 9 Stair Sign | P a g e 231 Safe area in case of earthquake: Refers to the safe areas in the event of earthquakes. Figure 9. 11 Safe area in case of earthquake Sign There are also signs on the whereabouts of safety and security tools in the building where these tools can be used in emergency situations, the following offer tools that we used in our project: Fire Proof Doors: It used for stairs and for restaurants kitchens to prevent fire from spreading. Figure 9. 12 Fire Proof Doors Extinguishers: It indicates for the location of the Extinguishers in the building. | P a g e 232 Two types of fire extinguisher are used: Type K: It is located in the cooking zone, which is specialized in kitchen hazards. Type A: It is located in the dining areas, corridors and the offices. Figure 9. 13 Extinguishers Signs Fire alarm: It indicates to the location of the fire : Figure 9. 14 Fire alarm | P a g e 233 Figure 9. 15 Fire alarm Smoke detectors: It indicates for the location of smoke detectors : Figure 9. 16 Smoke detectors | P a g e 234 Figure 9. 17 Smoke detectors The third point in the design of safety is a way to evacuate the building in emergencies. Each person must go to the nearest exit to evacuate the building easily, rapidly, and not causing overcrowding. The following figures shown the way of evacuation of the building: | P a g e 235 Figure 9. 18 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the G.F. Figure 9. 19 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the third .F. | P a g e 236 Figure 9. 20 AutoCAD drawing for the way of evacuate the seventh .F. The fourth point in the design of safety is put out the fire in case the incident occurred and for this case, we have used automatic sprinkler, which is a device for automatically distributing water on a fire in sufficient quantity. For designing automatic sprinkler system The distance between sprinklers and the area that covers by each sprinkler depend on the type of the building. The buildings are classified depend on sprinklers as following: a) Low hazard: the spread of fire from place to another is very low. b) Medium hazard: the spread of fire from place to another is medium. c) High hazard: the spread of fire from place to another is high. The following table shows the maximum spacing and area for each sprinkler: | P a g e 237 Table: spacing and area for sprinkler. Type of building Low hazard Medium hazard High hazard Max spacing (m) 4.6 4.6 3.7 Area/ sprinkler (m2) 20 12 9 The Building are classified as Medium hazard, so the max distance from sprinkler to another Should not be more than 4.6 m, and the area that covers by each sprinkler Should not be more than 12 m2. In Figure below, one of the offices rooms in the building was taken to make a sample of calculation for the distribution of sprinklers. Area of office = 15.6 m2. Number of sprinkler = = 2 sprinkler Max distance= 4.6 m Figure 9. 21 AutoCAD drawing for the sprinklers distribution. | P a g e 238 Figure below shows the distances between sprinklers and all the distances are less than 4.6 m Figure 9. 22 AutoCAD drawing for the sprinklers distribution and distance between them. | P a g e 239 Chapter Ten: Building operation Main problem that most of building confronts is hard to clean or maintenance them after construct , this problem summarized by inability to entirely reach and maintain the fenestration due to the architectural form of the building. Architects should aim to minimize irregular architectural forms in the design of building fenestrations. These irregularities provide for difficulty in reaching and maintaining the fenestrations where collections of moisture, dust or water take place Simi-movable Trolley (DAVIT YSTEM) was used when operate this building to make maintenance and to clean all the glazing areas. According to TRACMOD company this davit system are used in our structure. this davits include three parts bolts tightened on ground, arms and the davits unit. NOTE: See concept sheets for this features attached with this report. Figure 10. 1 Picture of Davits | P a g e 241 Figure 10. 2 Picture of Davits Figure 10. 3 Picture of Davits | P a g e 241 Chapter Eleven: Quantity Surveying The quantities for the current design were computed and the total price of the project is computed as shown in table below: Table 11. 1 Table Of Quantities Number 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.11 4.12 Name Sub Base Base Course Excavation Insulation Concrete and steel Footing Columns Stair Cases Slabs Retaining Walls Shear Wall Partitions Partition Stucco Tiles False Ceiling Paint Elevator Panorama Elevator Escalator Curtain Wall Rail Solar Panels Doors Unit Earth work m3 m3 m3 m2 m3 m3 m3 m2 m m3 m2 Finishes m2 m2 m2 m2 number number number m2 m number number Total Cost 370033 400501.3 2530200 240090 2906922.3 6372368 311704 9986882 5286290 1349700 22090 698413 6789632 8816000 867020 3840000 4160000 48000 7413250 108063 12500 600000 | P a g e 242 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.11 5.22 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7       Mechanical Sinks number WC units number Diffusers number Sprinkler m2 collectors number pipes m grill number fan coil number chiller number shading cantilever number shading shutters number Electrical Electrical points number Lighting number Sockets number Switches number Circuit Parker number Operation for Building Simi Movable Davits number Labor Total project cost 694000 484256 853210 1225000 52000 2623900 88100 96500 824220 95360 338360 32100 698041 60700 26940 18660 40000 950000 72331005.6 The total cost of the multi-purpose building is about 72.33 million shekels. The total cost of the multi-purpose building is about 14.46 million JD. The total cost of the multi-purpose building is about 18.54 million dollars. The total cost per meter square for the multipurpose building is about 2315 shekels. The total cost per meter square for the multipurpose building is about 465 JD. The total cost per meter square for the multipurpose building is about 594$ dollars. | P a g e 243 References 1. CALLENDER, JOSEPH De CHIARA & JOHN HANCOCK. TIME-SAVER STANDARDS FOR BUILDING TYPES second edition. s.l. : McGraw-Hill Inc, 1987. ISBN 0-07-099076-X. 2. TECH CENTER. Longmarch Bowling. [Online] 2003. http://www.longmarchbowling.com/TECHCENTER.asp. 3. bowling alley lane dimensions. fusion bowling. [Online] 2014. http://www.fusionbowling.com/resources/bowling-alley-lane-dimensions/. 4. Joseph De Chiara, Julius Panero , & Martin Zelnik. Time saver Standards Interior Design and Space Planning. Singapore : McGraw-Hill, 1991. ISBN 0-07-016299-9. 5. Walter T. 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City, Solar In The. solar-for-home-passive-solar-window-fil. www.solarinthecity.net. [Online] 2014. http://www.solarinthecity.net/solar-for-home-passive-solar-window-fil/. 13. Center, Florida Solar Energy. shading. www.fsec.ucf.edu. [Online] 2014. http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/homes/windows/shading.htm. 14. Long, Marshall. Architectural Acoustics . Chicago : Burlington MA, 2006. ISBN: 0-12-455551-9. 15. ASC. system-diagrams. www.asc-soundproof.com. [Online] 2012. http://www.ascsoundproof.com/iso-wall/system-diagrams/. | P a g e 244 16. Slabs-11. site.iugaza.edu.ps. [Online] 2014. http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/sshihada/files/2012/09/Slabs11.pdf. 17. 318, ACI Committee. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-08) and Commentary. USA : American Concrete Institute®, 2008. ISBN 978-0-87031-283-0. 18. ColumnDesign. www.cecalc.com. [Online] CECALC.com LLC , 2010. https://www.cecalc.com/ColumnDesign.aspx. 19. INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC. 2009 International Building Code. USA : INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL, INC., 2009. ISBN: 978-1-58001-725-1. 20. ‫الزالزل‬, ‫وحدة علوم االرض و هندسة‬. 1824. www.najah.edu. [Online] ‫جامعة النجاح الوطنية‬, 2014. http://www.najah.edu/ar/page/1824. 21. 2012 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems And Equipment. www.ashrae.org. [Online] 2012. https://www.ashrae.org/resources--publications/table-of-contents-2012-ashrae-handbook-hvacsystems-and-equipment. 22. understanding the psychrometric chart. www.wordpress.com. [Online] 2013. http://rnh3bc.wordpress.com/2013/10/08/understanding-the-psychrometric-chart-new-delhi-india/. 23. "Monthly Averages for Nabulus, West Bank". WEXX0003?from=weekend_bottomnav_business. http://adstest.weather.com/. [Online] 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus#cite_note-36. 24. ‫الهندسي‬, ‫مكتب العميد‬. ‫ نابلس‬: ‫مكتب العميد الهندسي‬, 2014. 25. Earth, Google. Google Earth. 26. Code, Technical Committee on Fire Prevention. National Fire Protection Association. USA : Technical Committee on Fire Prevention Code, 2003. 27. Callender, Joseph De Chiara & John. Time saver for building type (2rd edition). Singapore : Singapore National Printers Ltd, 1993. ISBN 0-07-099076-X. | P a g e 245 Appendix | P a g e 246