Moth diversity of Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Kailash Chandra2013, Journal of Threatened Taxa
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ground slightly away from direct source of light placed at such a point that the whole sheet from edge to edge brightly reflected the light. A 160 watt mercury vapour lamp was used as a light source through the night. Moths started collecting on the sheet just after sunset between 1800-2300 hr, after that the abundance of moths slowly declined. Identification: The moths collected from different localities were identified, and classified with the available literature (Hampson 1894-96; Bell & Scott 1937) and their current nomenclature is based on LEPINDEX (Beccaloni et al. 2003). The hierarchy of different families of moths is based on the modern classification of insects above family level by Varshney (2003) and Van Nieukerken et al. (2011). Results: The study revealed that a total of 102 species belonging to 81 genera, 24 subfamilies, 12 families under seven superfamilies (Table 2). Discussion and Conclusions: The moth fauna of the family Arctiidae of Arunachal Pradesh was studied by Arora & Chaudhury (1982). Kirti et al. (2005) inventoried 105 species of the family Arctiidae from northeastern India. But, the information on moth fauna of Tawang District has been very poorly studied and very few species are reported. In the present study, more than 250 morpho-species of moths were collected and 102 species, 81 genera under 12 diverse families were identified (Annexure 1). The family Geometridae dominated with 48% of the total species recorded, followed by the families Erebidae (26%), Drepanidae (8%), Crambidae (7%), Uraniidae (3%),
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Moth diversity of Tawang District,
Arunachal Pradesh, India
Kailash Chandra 1 & S. Sambath 2
1. Zoological Survey of India, Prani Vigyan Bhavan, 535, ‘M’ Block, New Alipore,
Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India
2
Zoological Survey of India, Central Zone Regional Centre, 168-169, Scheme No.
5, Vijay Nagar, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482002, India
1
[email protected] (corresponding author),
2
[email protected]
1
Recent estimates report over 1,27,000 species of
moths from all over the world (Alfred et al. 1998). Of
which, over 12,000 species are recorded from India
(Chandra & Nema 2007). Extensive faunistic surveys,
along with proper identification and documentation,
at least to species and subspecies level, provide the
most reliable data for conservation and management of
different habitats.
Materials and Methods: Study area: The district of
Tawang is located in Arunachal Pradesh, bordered by
Tibet to the north, Bhutan to the southwest and the Sela
ranges separate it from West Kameng District in the east.
The district is situated at 27033’N and 41048’E between
2000–3000 m. A rapid faunistic survey or assessment was
carried out in the study area which included the Lumla
Forest Range including Bukhiyong, Thrillum, Thonglong,
and a few localities of the Zemmethang Forest Ranges.
The geographic coordinates of the collection localities
are listed in Table 1.
Collection method: The sheet method was used,
which allows collection of all the specimens individually
without any damage. A white cloth sheet (10’X6’) was
hung between two vertical poles in such a way that it
touched the surface and extended forward over the
Note
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
ground slightly away from direct
source of light placed at such a point
that the whole sheet from edge to
edge brightly reflected the light. A
ISSN
Online 0974-7907
160 watt mercury vapour lamp was
Print 0974-7893
used as a light source through the
oPEN ACCESS
night. Moths started collecting on
the sheet just after sunset between
1800–2300 hr, after that the abundance of moths slowly
declined.
Identification: The moths collected from different
localities were identified, and classified with the available
literature (Hampson 1894–96; Bell & Scott 1937) and their
current nomenclature is based on LEPINDEX (Beccaloni
et al. 2003). The hierarchy of different families of moths
is based on the modern classification of insects above
family level by Varshney (2003) and Van Nieukerken et
al. (2011).
Results: The study revealed that a total of 102 species
belonging to 81 genera, 24 subfamilies, 12 families under
seven superfamilies (Table 2).
Discussion and Conclusions: The moth fauna of
the family Arctiidae of Arunachal Pradesh was studied
by Arora & Chaudhury (1982). Kirti et al. (2005)
inventoried 105 species of the family Arctiidae from
northeastern India. But, the information on moth fauna
of Tawang District has been very poorly studied and very
few species are reported. In the present study, more
than 250 morpho-species of moths were collected
and 102 species, 81 genera under 12 diverse families
were identified (Annexure 1). The family Geometridae
dominated with 48% of the total species recorded,
followed by the families Erebidae (26%), Drepanidae
(8%), Crambidae (7%), Uraniidae (3%), Lasciocampidae
DoI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2718.966 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:14139C6D-2D94-497D-9E44-8245FD5F468D
Editor: Peter Smetacek, Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal, India.
Date of publication: 26 January 2013 (online & print)
Manuscript details: Ms # o2718 | Received 24 February 2012 | Final received 10 October 2012 | Finally accepted 12 November 2012
Citation: Chandra, K. & S. Sambath (2013). Moth diversity of Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(1): 3565–3570. doi:10.11609/
JoTT.o2718.966
Copyright: © Chandra & Sambath 2013. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium,
reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication.
Funding: None.
Competing Interest: None.
Acknowledgements: The authors are highly grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata for providing necessary field facilities. Sincere thanks
are also due to D.F.O. Lumla and Zemmethang Range, State Forest Department, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh for providing helps during the course of
study. Thanks are also due to Dr. G. Maheshwaran, Scientist C and Officer-in-Charge, Zoological Survey India, Arunachal Pradesh Field Station for constant
cooperation during the period of field study.
3565
Moths of Tawang
Chandra & Sambath
Table 1. Geographic coordinates of collection localities in Tawang
District
Collection localities
Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(S)
Altitude
(m)
Lumla Circuit House (Camp-I)
(29.ix.2009–06.ix.2009)
27031’45”
91042’37”
2408
Thonglong (03.x.2009)
27034’34”
91047’33”
2357
Thrillum (03.x.2009)
27032’45”
91044’51”
2355
Zemmethang (tourist lodge)
(Camp-II) ( 07.x.2009–15.x.2009)
27042’38”
91043’27’’
2190
Table 2. The diversity of moths in Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh,
India as recorded in the present study
Number of
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
1.
Zygaenoidea
2.
Pyraloidea
3.
(2%), Sphingidae (2%). The other moth families such
as Pyralidae, Zygaenidae, Bombycidae, Saturniidae,
and Notodontidae are represented each by 1%. The
family Geometridae is one of the largest families of the
order Lepidoptera and is represented by Geometrinae,
Ennominae, Larentiinae and Sterrhinae. The increase in
distribution of the members of moths under Larentiinae
is related to latitude (Ghosh 2003), and in the tropics
similar trends are observed with increase in altitude
(Holloway 1993, 1997). However, in the present study,
the subfamily Ennominae outnumbers the members of
other subfamilies and families. Overall higher species
richness and diversity was recorded in the forest regions
of Zemmethang more than the other localities of the
study areas. The results from this study can be used to
make decisions on the conservation of natural resources
management especially for insect biodiversity. Hence,
intensive surveys with long term monitoring programmes
will help to identify the status of the species with the
help of IUCN categories for the conservation and
management of biodiversity.
4.
5.
Drepanoidea
Chalcosiinae
1
1
Pyralidae
Pyralinae
1
1
Crambidae
Spilomelinae
7
7
Cyclidiinae
1
1
Drepanidae
Drepaninae
4
4
Thyatirinae
3
3
Oretinae
1
1
Lasiocampinae
2
2
Lasiocampoidea
Lasiocampidae
Bombycidae
-
1
1
Bombycoidea
Saturniidae
Saturniinae
1
1
Uraniidae
Geometroidea
Geometridae
Notodontidae
7.
Species
Zygaenidae
Sphingidae
6.
Genus/
Genera
Noctuoidea
Erebidae
Sphinginae
1
1
Macroglossinae
1
1
Microniinae
1
1
Epipleminae
2
2
Geometrinae
8
9
Ennominae
21
32
Larentiinae
5
7
Sterrhinae
1
1
-
1
1
Arctiinae
6
8
Lithosiinae
4
6
Lymantriinae
4
6
Amphipyrinae
1
1
Erebinae
3
3
Hadeninae
1
1
Pantheinae
1
1
81
102
Total
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ENVIS Centre Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata: 311–318.
Arora, G.S. & M. Chaudhury (1982). On the Lepidopterous Fauna of
Arunachal Pradesh & Adjoining areas of Assam in North-East India
(Family: Arctiidae), Zoological Survey of India, Tech. Mono. No. 6:
1-63pp.
Beccaloni, G.W., M.J., Scoble, G.S. Robinson, A.C. Downton & S.M.
Lucas (2003). Lepindex - The Global Lepidoptera Names Index: An
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Bell, T.R.D. & F.B. Scott (1937). The Fauna of British India including
Ceylon and Burma—Moths 5. Taylor and Francis, London, 537pp.
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Ghosh, S.K. (2003). Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera: Geometridae,
State Fauna Series 9, Fauna of Sikkim (Part-4): 217–342.
Hampson, G.F. (1892). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and
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Burma—Moths 2. Taylor and Francis, London, 528pp.
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Burma—Moths 4. Taylor and Francis, London, 594pp.
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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
Moths of Tawang
Annexure 1. List of taxa
Order: Lepidoptera
Suborder: Glossata Fabricius, 1775
Infraorder: Heteroneura
Clade: Apoditrysia Minet, 1983
Superfamily: Zygaenoidea Latreille, 1809
Family: Zygaenidae Latreille, 1809
Subfamily: Chalcosiinae
1. Herpa subhyalina Moore, 1879 (Image 1)
Clade: Obtectomera Minet, 1986
Superfamily: Pyraloidea Latreille, 1809
Family: Pyralidae Latreille, 1809
Subfamily: Pyralinae
2. Vitessa suradeva Moore, 1860 (Image 2)
Family: Crambidae Latreille, 1810
Subfamily: Spilomelinae
3. Botyodes principalis Leech, 1889 (Image 3)
4. Bradina diagonalis (Guenee, 1854) (Image 4)
5. Maruca testulalis (Geyer, 1832) (Image 5)
6. Palpita asiaticalis Inoue, 1994
7. Parotis vertumnalis (Guenee, 1854)
8. Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775) (Image 6)
9. Syllepta verecunda Warren, 1896
Clade: Macroheterocera Chapman, 1893’
Superfamily: Drepanoidea Boisduval, 1828
Family: Drepanidae Boisduval, 1828
Subfamily: Cyclidiinae
10. Cyclidia rectificata Walker, 1862 (Image 7)
Subfamily: Drepaninae
11. Drepana pallida Moore, 1879
12. Macrauzata fenestraria (Moore, 1867) (Image 8)
13. Macrocilix mysticata (Walker, 1863) (Image 9)
14. Thymistada tripunctata Walker, 1865
Subfamily: Thyatirinae
15. Gaurena florens, Walker, 1865
16. Habrosyne derasa (Linnaeus, 1767)
Subfamily: Oretinae
17. Oreta sanguinea (Moore, 1879)
Superfamily: Lasiocampoidea Harris, 1841
Family: Lasiocampidae Harris, 1841
Subfamily: Lasiocampinae
18. Euthrix laeta (Walker, 1855)
19. Trabala vishnou Lefebvre, 1827 (Image 10)
Superfamily: Bombycoidea Latreille, 1802
Family: Bombycidae Latreille, 1802
20. Bombyx huttoni Westwood, 1847
Family: Saturniidae Boisduval, 1837
Subfamily: Saturniinae
21. Caligula simla Westwood, 1847
Family: Sphingidae Latreille, 1802
Subfamily: Sphinginae
Tribe: Acherontiini
22. Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius, 1798) (Image 11)
Subfamily: Macroglossinae
Tribe: Macroglossini
23. Cechenena lineosa (Walker, 1856)
Superfamily: Geometroidea Leach, 1815
Family: Uraniidae Leach, 1815
Subfamily: Microniinae
24. Acropteris iphiata Guen’ee, 1857 (Image 12)
Chandra & Sambath
Subfamily: Epipleminae
25. Dysaethria fulvilinea Hampson, 1895
26. Europlema himala (Butler, 1880) (Image 13)
Family: Geometridae Leach, 1815
Subfamily: Geometrinae
27. Agathia hilarata (Guenee, 1858)
28. Chlorissa gelida (Butler, 1889)
29. Chlorochaeta pictipennis (Butler, 1880)
30. Comostola subtiliaria Bremer, 1864
31. Gelasma thetydaria (Guenee, 1857)
32. Hemithea graminea Hampson 1891.
33. Mixochlora parsinus (Butler, 1879)
34. Tanaorhinus dimissa (Walker, 1861)
35. Tanaorhinus luteoviridata (Walker, 1861) (Image 14)
Subfamily: Ennominae
36. Abraxas (Abraxas) conferta Swinhoe, 1893
37. Abraxas (Calospilos) pusilla (Butler, 1880)
38. Abraxas (Calospilos) martaria (Guenee, 1857)
39. Abraxas (Calospilos) neomartaria Inoue, 1970
40. Alcis arisema Prout, 1934 (Image 15)
41. Aplochlora vivilaca (Walker, 1861)
42. Arichanna lapsariata (Walker, 1862)
43. Arichanna maculata (Moore, 1869)
44. Ascotis selenaria Schiffermuller, 1775
45. Campaea haliaria (Walker, 1861)
46. Chorodna vulpinaria Moore, 1867
47. Cleora acaciaria (Boisduval, 1833)
48. Dalima schistacearia Moore, 1867
49. Elphos hymenaria Guenee, 1857
50. Godonela emersaria Walker, 1861
51. Godonela nora (Walker, 1861)
52. Heterocallia temeraria Swinhoe, 1891
53. Hypochrosis quadraria Warren
54. Hypochrosis rufescens (Butler, 1880)
55. Loxaspilates sp. Warren, 1893
56. Medasina contaminata (Moore, 1887)
57. Medasina creataria (Guenee, 1857)
58. Nothomiza dentisignata (Moore, 1867)
59. Odontopera obliquaria (Moore, 1867)
60. Odontopera similaria (Moore, 1888)
61. Ourapteryx ebuleata Guenee, 1858
62. Ourapteryx picticaudata Walker, 1860
63. Ourapteryx primularis Butler, 1886
64. Ourapteryx sciticaudaria Walker, 1862
65. Opisthograptis molleri Warren, 1893
66. Plutodes costatus (Butler, 1886)
67. Sirinopteryx rufivinctata (Walker, 1862)
Subfamily: Larentiinae
68. Amnesicoma albiseriata (Warren, 1893)
69. Hydrelia ornata (Moore, 1867)
70. Pericallia viridescens (Warren, 1894)
71. Psyra angulifera Walker, 1867
72. Psyra spurcataria (Walker, 1862)
73. Xandrames albofasciata Moore, 1867 (Image 16)
74. Xandrames latiferaria Walker, 1860
Subfamily: Sterrhinae
75. Calothysanis responsaria Moore, 1888
Superfamily: Noctuoidea Latreille, 1809
Family: Notodontidae Stephens, 1829
76. Allata argentifera (Walker, 1862)
Family: Erebidae Leach, 1815
Subfamily: Arctiinae
77. Agylla ramelana (Moore, 1865) (Image 17)
78. Creatonotus transiens (Walker, 1855) (Image 18)
79. Mangina argus (Kollar, 1844)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
3567
Moths of Tawang
Chandra & Sambath
80. Nyctemera adversata (Schaller, 1788) (Image 19)
81. Nyctemera arctata (Walker, 1764) (Image 20)
82. Spilarctia obliqua Walker, 1855
83. Spilosoma comma (Walker, 1856)
84. Spilosoma dalbergiae (Moore, 1888) (Image 21)
Subfamily: Lithosiinae
85. Barsine cuneonotata (Walker, 1855)
86. Barsine inflexa (Moore, 1878)
87. Chrysorabdia bivitta (Walker, 1856) (Image 23)
88. Cyana divakara (Moore, 1865)
89. Cyana signa (Walker, 1854) (Image 22)
90. Eilema colon Moeschler, 1872
Subfamily: Lymantriinae
91. Arctornis divisa (Walker, 1855)
92. ‘Euproctis’ inconcisa (Walker, 1865)
93. ‘Euproctis’ quadrangularis (Moore, 1879)
94. ‘Euproctis’ similis (Moore, 1879)
95. Lymantria ascetria Hubner, 1821
96. Numenes patrana Moore, 1859
Subfamily: Amphipyrinae
97. Amphipyra cupreipennis Moore, 1882
Subfamily: Erebinae
98. Arcte polygrapha Kollar, 1844 (Image 24)
99. Catocala patala Felder, 1874
100. Hypopyra unistrigata (Guenee, 1952)
Subfamily: Hadeninae
101. Actinotia intermediata (Bremer, 1861) (Image 25)
Subfamily: Pantheinae
102. Trichosea diffusa (Warren, 1913)
Image 3. Botyodes principalis Leech
(Crambidae)
Image 1. Herpa subhyalina Moore
(Zygaenidae)
Image 2. Vitessa suradeva Moore
(Pyralidae)
Image 6. Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius)
(Crambidae)
Image 4. Bradina diagonalis (Guenee)
(Crambidae)
Image 5. Maruca testulalis (Geyer)
(Crambidae)
Image 9. Macrocilix mysticata (Walker)
(Drepanidae)
Image 7. Cyclidia rectificata Walker
(Drepanidae)
© for all images Kailash Chandra & S. Sambath
3568
Image 8. Macrauzata fenestraria (Moore)
(Drepanidae)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
Moths of Tawang
Chandra & Sambath
Image 12. Agathia hilarata (Guenee)
(Geometridae)
Image 10. Trabala vishnou Lefebvre
(Lasiocampidae)
Image 11. Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius)
(Sphingidae)
Image 15. Alcis arisema Prout
(Geometridae)
Image 13. Europlema himala (Butler)
(Uraniidae)
Image 14. Tanaorrhinus luteoviridata
(Walker) (Geometridae)
Image 16. Xandrames albofasciata Moore
(Geometridae)
Image 18. Creatonotus transiens (Walker)
(Erebidae) (Image 18)
Image 17. Agylla remelana (Moore)
(Erebidae)
Image 20. Nyctemera arctata (Walker)
(Erebidae)
Image 19. Nyctemera adversata (Schaller)
(Erebidae)
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
3569
Moths of Tawang
Chandra & Sambath
Image 23. Chrysorabdia bivitta (Walker)
(Erebidae)
Image 21. Spilosoma dalbergiae (Moore)
(Erebidae)
Image 22. Cyana signa (Walker) (Erebidae)
Image 24. Arcte polygrapha Kollar
(Erebidae)
Image 25. Actinotia intermediata (Bremer)
(Erebidae)
3570
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | January 2013 | 5(1): 3565–3570
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