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1989, Episodes

NEWS REPORTS TheOl de s tQua r r i e sKno wn: S t o neAg e Mi ne r si nEg y pt Theol de s tkn ownc her tqu ar r yi n gs i t es ,d at i n gf r om ab ou t 50 , 00 0y ear sa g o,wer er e ce nt l yd i s c ov er e dne arQen aont he Ni l eRi v eri nEgy pt .Thequ es tf orche r toro t he ru s a bl er aw materi al sf or maki ng st one t ool s wasal ways i mpor tanti n pr ehi st ori c s oci et i es. Ar chaeol ogi st s and ant hropol ogi s ts ncr easi ngl yi nterested i n underst andi ng how the need a r ei for r aw m aterials was m et in t hose ti mes,al though it has l ong been known t hat cher t m ines w ere o per a t e d bypre- hi st or i c peopl e. Unti l recentl y al l chert m ining sites r e p or t e dwer ey ou n gert ha n1 2 , 000y ea r s ,most from 6, 000 t o 4, 000 year s ol d. These si tes wer e associated changes i n economi es and the growth i n population with that acc omp an i e dt h es pr e ado fe ar l ya gr i c u l t ur ei n Europe and the NearEast. r ecovered,suggesti ng t hatt heyei therdi dnotexi storwere ma def r om or g an i cmat e r i al ss uc ha swood,boneorant l er , whi chhave notbeenpreser ved. The wor kerpi ckedoutthe chert cobbles and som etim es a l so the t hi ckest quart z pebbl es . Ot hert ypesofcobbl eswer edumpedi nthei mme- di at e vi ci ni ty,mostl yi nt hetrench i t self . Matr i x mat er i al fr om theterr acedeposi t si sconcentr atedatthebaseoft he i n f i l l i n ga ndont opoft hei ns i t uco bb l ede po s i t s ,s u gge s t i n g thati twasnotremoved f rom the t renchduri ng the chert r emoval process,and that i t probabl y hampered or preventedf ur therextr act i oni ndept h. Huge quant i t i es of Mi ddl e Pal aeol i t hi c art i f act s and rar e char coalf ragmentsare i ncor porat ed i nt he tr ench and pi t f i l l i n gs .Someoft hepi t scon t a i nl ar g equ an t i t i e sofch i pp ed Th eCh er tQua r r yofNaz l e tS af a ha cher tarti f acts .I nthe cour seofthe extr acti on,fi nesands Rece ntwor kb yt he Mi d dl e Egy ptPr eh i s t or i c Pr o j ec tof Le u venUni v er s i t y( Be l gi u m)ha sl e dt ot h edi s c ove r yofan e xt e ns i ve Ol d St o ne Ag e ( Mi dd l e Pa l ae ol i t h i c) ch er t e xp l oi t at i onar e aa tNaz l etSaf ah a,ne arQen a( Fi g .1 ) .Thi s s i te i sl ocated on an unweathered r emnantofa Ni l e cobbl e t err aceand i ss ti l lquarr i edforgravel . Thi scobbl eterr ace i soneofsever alNi l ebedl oaddepos i t s,i nter cal at edbetween the M i ddle Plei stocene Dandara si lts and younger si l t deposi t s. These coarse terr ace deposi t s contai n mai nl y metamor phi cand volcani ccl ast s,butal s o quartzand cher t cobbl esupt o0. 2m w e r e勺 l o w n i n t os o mee x p l o i t a t i o np i t s , a sd e d u c e df r o m t h e f actEnat :s ome oftne arti f act accumul ati ons ar e st rat i f i ed i n aeoli an deposi t s. The absence ofrunni ng wat erdeposi t s or water erosi onal f e at u r e si nt he t r e nc hf i l l i n g , also suggest s thatcl i mate duri ng the expl oi t ati on per i ods W a S hyper ar i d. NA ZLET -二 扁T A 0 6 -一一 ‘ 一而 5 J 0 K m SOHAG一 嗜 方萝 一 趁氯: DI SHNA二= 燮 八 一:,岌二盆二拼了 Nazlet Safaha, site 2. 1一 loose fine and medium, 2- man-made heterogeneous fill; 3- consolidated 1、 一 肋~之 E&YPT Section through exPloration trench at mostlyaeolian sands,wit h desertpaveme nton top; 淤森蒸夔弩黔一 N S A W Z A L 了钾 -- 1 1M} 2四,M455 Figure mediu m grained sands ( substrate); 4- Nile cobble terrace ( su bstrate); 5- edge of Mi ddle P alaeolithic trench; 6- 从艺ddle Palaeolithic artifacts. Figure 1: Location of sites studied.Floodplain ( shaded area) and lower desert ( dotted). I n Januar y about excavat ed an area ( si tes I and 2)of 9 8 8 9we 3000, whi ch had been expl oi ted i n Mi ddl e m ~ Palaeoli thic tim es. Chert cobbles had been extracted from t the heuppermostpartoftheterr acedeposi t si nopentr enchor pi tsyst ems,about1-2m wi deandup t o 1. 7m deep. I nthe nort her n Dartoft hesi te.eXDI Oi t ati on wass oi nt ensi ve.that an area oi m ore tnan 1UUU M - naa Deen com pi etei y worKea o ve r. The heterogeneous i nf i l l i ngs ofthe expl oi t ed tr enchesar e composed ofpuresands,cobbl es ora mi xture ofbot h and Aft ertheabandonmentoft hear ea when t heexpl oi t edsur - f acewasl i tteredwi thcobblesandart if act s,thewhol earea ha sbe enl e ve l l edb y de nu da t i o na nd a nae ol i ancov erhas f i l l ed t he pi ts . Fi nal l y,a desertpavement,beari ng a dark de s e r tv ar ni s h,h asf or me do vert hewho l es ur f ace ,c ov er i n g f i l l e dpi t s ,a eo l i a nd ep os i t san ddumpma t er i a l s .Webe l i ev e t hi sdeser tpavementi smanmade,f ori ti smai nl ycompos ed of arti f acts and of ext racted cobbl es . Ourexcavat i ons at the outer edgesofthi sdeser t pavementi ndi cate thati ts extensi oni saver ysui t abl ei ndi catorf orthedel imi tati onof t heprehi stor i cexpl oi t ati onarea. Overal l ,t hei mpr es si on i s thatt hesi t ewasr at herunstr uct ur ed,pr obabl yasaresul tof i nt ermi t tent expl oi t at i on. s u gge s ta n ex pl o i t a t i on i n di f f er e nts t e ps ( Fi g.2 ) . Pr e - hi s t o r i cwo r k er spr oba b l ys cr ape dof ft hes t er i l es a n dsf r om s mal ls ur f a ce s ,d umpe dt h es an dsbe hi n dt h em an de xt r a ct e d The l i thi c art i fact s recovered representa Leval l oi st ech- the cobbl es i ndi vi dual l y. No excavati on tool s have been Pal aeol i t hi cage f ort he expl oi tat i on. Thi si ssuppor ted by n ol o gy,b e l on gi ngt ot h ec l a s s i c alLeva l l o i sgr ou pasdef i n ed b yVanPe eran dVe rmee r s c h( i np r e s s ) ,an dpo i ntt oaMi dd l e EPI SODES,Vol .12 ,No.1,March1989 35 NewsRe por t s u pp eroneofbr owngr ai n ys i l t s . Thi sNi l et er r a cer emn ant i scoveredbyl ocall imest onegravel s. Compar i son of t he Mi ddle and the Upper Pal aeol i t hi c trenchesshowsani mpor tantevol uti on. Thel aterextr act i on s ys t em di f f e r sf r om t h ee ar l i eri nt h at e x pl o i t at i on wa s mo r er e gu l a r l ypl an ne dwi t hpa r al l elt r e n che satf a i r l yc on - stanti nter val sso t hat the whol e area coul d be expl oi ted wi t ho utl os sofc ob bl ed ep os i t s .Ver t i c als h af t sa nds u bt er - r an ea nc he r te x pl o i t a t i on ma y be an Up per Pa l ae ol i t hi c i nnovat i on unknowni nMi ddl e Pal aeol i thi cti mes. Asf araspr es e nt l yk n own ,t he q ua r r yi n gs i t esofNaz l e t Safahaandthe mi nesofNazl etKhaterr epresentt heol dest expl oi tati on l ocati onsofr aw materi ali ntended f or manu- fact uri ng t ool s. Mi ddl e Pal aeol i thi c si tes have been repor ted f r om el sewherei nNubi a,the Swi ssJura and f rom Figure 3: Middle Palaeolithic artifact layer in the trench infilling at Nazlet Safaha site 2. no r t he as t er nHun gar y,b utt h ee x acta geoft hee xpl o i t at i on s y s t emsa r en otkn own,be cau s eofl at e rNeo l i t hi cwo r k i n gs t h at h av et h or ou gh l y di s t u r be dt h e ev i de nc e. Th e Lat e Pal aeol i thi copenpi tf ortheextract i onoff li ntatOronsko i n Pol and, dated between 12, 000 and 11 , 000 yBP, l acks t hedi s c ov er ya ta n ot h ers i t en ea r b yofa r t i f a ct sr e pr e s e nt - i n gt h e Nub i ant ec hn ol ogy . Si mi l arone sha ve al s o been r ec or de datot h ers i t e si nt heE gy pt i a nNi l ev al l e y,s u cha s Na zl e tKhat er - 2an dBei tAl l ai n( Fi g.1 ) . Thes es i t e sa r e con s i de r e dt ob eo l de rt h an60 , 00 0ye ar s ,wh ent h er e gi o ni s ev i d en ce o fun der gr oun d ex pl o i t at i on t ec hni qu es . Mi dd l e St on eAgepe o pl ed i dmi n ehe mat i t eatt heLi o nCav er ni n Swaz i l andpe r h ap s1 10 , 00 0ye ar sa gob yc ut t i n gana di ti n t o t h es i deofa c l i f ff ac e,b utNaz l e tKh at err e pr es e nt s ,by f ar ,t h eo l de s tu nd er gr o un dch er tmi n i n gs i t ek no wn . thoughttohavebeenmorehumi d. Si nce,theNazl etSafaba si t ei scoevalwi t hanbyperari dcl i mate,i ti sprobabl ysome- whatyounger ,weest i mat e around 50, 000ol d. Radi ocarbon Che r tq uar r y i n gatNaz l e tSaf ah a ,whe r enoch er tco bb l es da t i n gofch ar co alf r a gmen t si si npr o gr e s s . A de t ai l e ds u r ve yoft hes ur f ac e oft het e r r acer emnan t s an da l on ga l lr e ce ntq u ar r yf r o nt si nt h eNa z l e tSaf ah aar ea r e ve al edt hepr es en ceofot he re x pl o i t a t i ons i t es . Di s c on- t i nu ou s qu ar r yi n g ac t i v i t i esl as t e dp r o ba bl y ove ra l o ng p er i odoft i me,s t a r t i n gatl e a s ti nt heMi dd l ePal a eo l i t hi c bu tpr ob ab l yco nt i nu i n go vers ome t ent h ou s an d sofye ar s intolate Palaeolithi c tim es. At Na zl e tKha t er( Fi g.1 ) ,we e xc av at e da n ea r l y Up per Pal aeol i thi cchertmi ni m-si tewi t h an exDl oi t at i onsvstem of t renct i es,vert i calsnai tsana nori zont aigal l eri es,11U dated at3 3 , 00 0ye ar sa go( n i ned at e sonch ar co al ) . Li keNaz l et wer e vi si bl e atthe surface,testi f i es t hatMi ddl e Pal aeo- l i t h i chuma n sa l r e ad yha dt h ei n t e l l e ct u a lca pac i t yt or ea s on g eo l o gi c al l y.Obs e r v at i on sdur i n gani ni t i a le xt r ac t i onwer e e xt r a po l at e dt e n s ofmet r es t oi nd i ca t et h atex pl oi t abl e cobbl eswerepr esentel sewhereunderat hi ncoverofst er i l e s ands . Mi ddl e Pal aeol i thi c expl oi t ati on techni ques were s i mpl e butwel ladapted t ot he chertoccur rence i nt hese f l uvi ati l edeposi t s. Ac kn owl e dge men t s : Ou rt ha nksar e due t ot he Bel gi an " Fonds voor Kol l ekti ef Fundamenteel Onderzoek" and the "Onderzoeksf onds, Kathol i eke Uni ver si t ei tt e Leuven" for f u ndi ng;t heEg ypt i anAnt i qui t i e sDep ar t mentf o rs u p por t , t hemembe r so ft h eBel gi a n Mi dd l e Eg yp tPr e hi s t or i cPr o - j e ctf o rf i e l da s si s t anc ean dD.Huy gef ori mpr ovi n gou rt ex t . Saf aha, t he si te i s si t uated on a Ni l e terr ace r emnant , composed of two l ayers: a l ower one of wel l -rounded channell aggr avel swi t h cher tcobbl esatthebase,and an P.M .Verm eersch and E.Paul issen I nsti t uutvoorAar dwet enschappen 3000Leuven,Bel gi um , T ,N e wP r o j e c t s f o r I G C P pluvi al s and i nter pl uvi al s,oceani cr egi me,and sea- l evel andenvi r onment alchange.I twi l lext endtobothhi ghand l ow l at i tudesi nsouthernandnor thernhemi s pheres. pr oj ect s ucceeds I GCP 108/144 o n the Precambri an of WestAfr i ca and i t scorrel ati onswi t hBr azi l .I twi l lst udy t hege oc hr on ol o gy ,s t r uct ur alr e l at i on s h i ps ,me t a l l oge ny an dv o l ca no l o gyan ds edi me nt o l o g yofAr ch ae anan d Pr o- t er o zo i cco mpl e xe sofWes tAf r i caa ndr e l a t e dr e gi ons . Project253: Termi nat i on of the Pl ei stocene (1989) . Leader: J. Lun dq vi s t( Dep t .ofQuat er n ar yRe s ea r ch,Oden g at a n6 3 S -1 1322S t oc kh ol m,S we den ) .Thi spr o vi s i on al l ya cc ept ed pr o j ec twi l ls t u dyt hegl ob alwat erb u dge tb ymea nsoft he r el ati onshi p, causes and i nteracti on bet ween cl i mate, 36 EPI SODES,Vol .12 ,No.1,March 1989 Palaeozoi c (1989-1993) Terranes Leaders: m一 M Project267: Vol c ano - Se di me nt ar y Compl e xe si n W est Afr i ca ( 1989) . Leader: 1. Yac} ( D} pt .de sS ci e ne 丽 de la djan, C6te Te r r e , Un i v er s i t 6 d' Abi d j an , BP 22, Abi d' l vo i r e ) . Acce pt e d pr ovi s i on a l l y for o ne year, this Precam bri an the Circum-Pacific 0 .J. R i ckard ( De pt .ofGe o l o gy, Austral i an Nat i onal Uni ver si ty, GPO Box 4, Canber ra, ACT2 60 1 ,Au s t r a l i a)a n dGu oLi ngz h ai( De pt .ofGeo l o 盯, Na nj i n gUni ve r s i t y,Na nj i n g,Chi n a ) .A s uc ce s s o rt oI GCP p r o j e c t s2 7( Cal e don i d e Or oge n ) ,2 33 ( Ci r cum-At l a nt i c Ter r an es ) ,an d2 79( Ter r ane sofLat i nAmer i ca ) ,t hi swi l l compare t he t ect oni c and pal aeomagneti cs ynt heses of ter ranesaroundthe Paci fi c.A s eri esoft err anemapsand cor rel at i onchartswi l lbepreparedast hebas i sf orst rato- t ec t o ni ct e r r a ne san al ys e s ,c r us t a lpr of i l es ,t e ct o ni cma ps andmodel sf ortheevol ut i onoftheor ogens. Pr oj ect275: Dee F.P. G ol of th Bal t i cShi el d (1989-1993) Leaders: Mi t rof anov ( Geol ogi cal I nst i tute, Kol a Branch of NewsRepor t s U. 1 }. S. R.入eaopmyof 'Sei cnoos,Fer smnnStr eett4,St "一184 200 Apati tv, U. S. } S. R. ) and H. ( ; or hats ehev (Dept . of ' Goo l o " ' y'[un dUn i ve r s i t v,S6 1 ve gat } m1 3 .S -2 2362Lu nd, Snedon) 一 I ) hi spr oj ectwi l ldevel optheor eti caland pr ac- ti cnimethodst o de}el o. D cr ust alanc geodynat - ni c model s of t he Bal ti c Shi el d usi ng geol or Jeal ,geophysi cal and Reochet ni caldat , i . Emphas i sv ; i l lne pl aced on appl yi n g 几n a 了 l d testi ng pl at e tectoni cs i n t he Precai nhri an, and correlati ons nilli )e T - . iide with the basement of the East Eur opeanFl atf ori nandot herPr ecambr i ancrat ons. Proj ect281: Qua t er nar v Cl i ma t e s of Sou t h Amer i c a ( ] 9 89 一 19 93 ) . Leader : A. Ar gol l o Baut i st a W ent ro de I nvesti gaci ones GeOI OL } j eas, UI JS入, Cas} l l a de Cor reo 12198, La PHz, Bol i vi a) . The , ii i ni st o obt ai n a bet t erunders tandi no -of cl i mati c pr , ocesses such as t he consequences of p} i st changes i n soi l s . vegetat i on and human di str i buti on. St udi es wi l lbe made ofbi ol ogi cal ,gool ogi cal- and hydr o- l ogi caln iarker si nthe s edi mentar yr ecor d,wi ththe f oct i s ) r it he l astgr eatcl i mati c evel ei t - ,the Quaternar y,and p os s i h l y on t h e Pl i o ce ne -Pl ei s t oc en e c ha nI g es . p as t el i m' at i c vari ati onswi l l。。 used , , st he 5, 9< * f ' Or i( ] - L I an- titative clim atic m odel. Proj ect294: Ver v Low一( , r a de ' , l et nmor ph i s m ( 1 98 9 -1 9 93 ) . Le ade r s : R. E.Bevi ns( Dept.ofGeol ogy,Nat i onalMuseum ofWal es, Car di ffCFl3NP,U.K. )and D.Robi nson( Dept .of' Geol - ogy,TheUni ver si t y,Br i st olBS8IRJ,U. K. ) . Theai mi sto def i n e- n or ec , 1 0 s e l vt . her ea l m ofver yl ow- gr ad eme t a - Mo中hi sm. Thepr ojectwi l ladvance s tudi esbywhi ch P-T an df l u i dac t i v i t y ar ed et e r mi n ed . Comp ar i s on swi l lbe made between ( l i f f erent r egi ons ofl ow-gr ade met amor- phi sm andcorr el ati onsandcal i brati onswi l lbecarr i ed out amo ng t he v ar i ou s met h od s an dt e ch ni que su s e d( e . g. mi ne r a lf a ci e s ,i l l i t e cr ys t al l i ni t y , co al i f i c at i on ,f l u i d i n cl u s i ons ,c on od on tco l our ) .A s ui t ab l et er mi n ol o gy , wi l l bedevel oped. Proj ect296: Quat er n a r y i n t h e As i a -Pac i f i e Re g i on ( 1 9 89 - 19 93 ) . Leader:J. L.Rau( ESC八P NaturalRes our cesDi vi si on,UN Bui l di n g,Ban gko k1 0 200 , Th a i l a nd ) . Two ma i no bj ec - t i ves are to establi sh a networ k of Quaternar y geo- ,ei el l ti s ts i nterested i n str at i gr aphi c correl ati on and Quat er na r ygeo l o gy" f o rhuma ns ur vi v al , "a ndt omakea Pr oj ect282: H} i re-Al et al Gr ani toi d} (}989-199: 3 ) . Leaders:Zhu Ji nchu ( Dept.of Ear th Sci ences, Nanj i ng Uni ver si ty, Nanj i ng, Chi na) } i nd P. J.Pol l ar d W ept.of Geol ogy,James Cook Uni ver si t y,Townsvi l l e, Queensl and 4811, Aus tr al i a) .A s u cc os s ort oP r o j e ct22 0anSn八Vgr a ni t e s ,t h i swi l ls t u dv rare metal s( og. Ta, Nb, Li , Be,Sn, W, A l o,and Bi ) gr ani toi ds and t i s soci at ec mi ncral depos i t s. Expl or ati on t echni quesand st rat egi pswi l lbe consi der ed as wi l lthe gootect oni c envi ronment and the magmat i c and pos t- magmati cevol ut i onofr } i re -metalmi neral i zi ngs yst ems. Project283: Evol uti on of P, , i l eo-Asi an Ocoan (1989-1993) . [ender s: Xi noXuc ha ngan dI l eGuo qi( I ns t i t u t eofGco l o gy,Ch i ne s e Ae, ader nyof弓eol ogi calSci ences ,1 3 ai wanzhuHng Hor i d 26, 1 0 003 7Be i j i n g ,Ch i na ) ,N. 1.Dobr et s o v( Ge ol ogi ca lI n st i - tute,Bur vatAcademvCentre,Pavl ovs tr .2,670015Ut mn Ude , U. S. S . R. )a nd R. G.Col ema n( De pt .of Geo l o gy, St anf or d Uni ver si t y, 1 } tanf ' ou d,CA 94305-2115, U. S.A. ) . Thi s pr oj ect wi l lstudy the t ect oni c evol uti on ofPAI eo- Nsi an c l or nai ns dur i nv Pal eozoi c and Precambi ran ti m。 usi n} key geol o}i cal f or mati ons , pal eor nagneti sm and pml i ns past i c toct oni cr nethod, } . 八 st udv . , i j l lbe made of th } l e矛 e a 1 [ r 1 m 1 a al gama a l 日l at l i onof f工 P 〕 recamb l 了 1匕r i 乏 a I nh Il ocksa ndrel i esofthe Pal eoAsi mn ocemn and the transf ormati on i nto mo5i l e t ) el t shetweentheSi beri anandNor th( 一hi napl atf orms. Project287: andt ow- r adet hermalPb/Zn) .I nvesti gati ons wi l li nvol ve f l ui di ncl usi on studi es,i sot ope and geochemi calam- al yses andl eachi ngexper i ments . (1989-1993) . [eader s: · 、. Vi ndszent v T W e 6 t t f i v v 6 a s n L B . a U u n x i i v t e e r s s i t v ," l us eum k r t4 /A,I t 一 1 08 8Bu d ape s t , I l u' l gar y)。 。( ]1 .Jur kov i e( Uni v er s i t y ofZa gr eb ,Pi e r o t - t i j ev a6 ,41 00 0 - Za g r eh , Yu go I s l a }i a ) . Mi s pr oj e ct wi l l corr el ate ' , Ies ozoi ct o ler ti } i rv karst5auxi te 9门d pal eo- k ar st hori zons wi th or ogeni c, eust ati c, an0 cl i mati c 〔vent s} lr f eadvrecm ni z( - c vi thi ntheTethv} m real mf ror - n Spai ntoI ran. ! }( , I evqr i tgeol ogi cal ,geocher ni cal ,T ri rer al - oL } i cal ,pet rol ogi cal ,str ati sr aphi c, sedi ment ol o} , I i caland goophyqi caldatawi l lbecompare". fi rm r egi onal chronos trati graphi c cl assi fi cat i on of the Quat ernarv depos i ts , taki ng i nto account st ratotypes from onshore qnd offshore areas. Pr oj ect297: Ge ocr vo I l o gyof 't h eAme r i c as( 1 9 89 - 19 93 ) . Le a de r :A. E. Cor t e( Ge oer vol og i ca lLa b .CRI CYT,Ca s i l l a de Cor r e o 3 30 ,55 00Men d oz a,Ar gent i n a ) .Th i spr oj e ctwi l li dent i f y presentandpastgl aci ogeni cprocessesandcorrel at ethem acr oss t he Amer i cas and t o ot her part s of the wor l d. Studi es wi l l be under taken on fr eezi ng pr ocess es and geochemi s tr y,sediment ar yf eat ur esi ncol d envi ronments , how t o di sti ngui shthe r esul t soffreezi ng i n col ddes er ts fr om those due t o evaporat i on process es i n warm ones , andwayst ousepermaf rostasanaturalr efr i ger at or . Fi venew membersoft heI GCPSci ent i fi c Commi t teebegan t h ei rt er ms of of f i ce i n1 98 9: D. L. Di ne l ey ( U. K. ) ,1 . Pr emol i - Si l va( I t a l y) ,1 1. , \ .Pr i ce( Can ad a) ,A.Y.Rozan ov ( U. S. S. R. ) ,andC.S ch t U cht er( Swi t z er l a n d) .Ther ewer ea l s o fi ve new member s of the I GCP Board: A. A. Bel l i zzi a ( Vene zu el a ) , S. Kar amat a ( Yug os l avi a ) , K. L. Ka ur an ne ( Fi nland) ,A. H.K, . i zmi( Paki st an) ,and M e Xuej i ng ( Chi na) . I ' hen ew Ch ai r ma noft h eBoa r di sA. J .Na l d r et t( Can ada ) , wi t hB. A.Ra l di s( Ar gen - t i n a )asVi ce - Cha i r ma n. Th eI GCPSe cr e t ar y,E.Dud i ch( Hu ng ar y ) ,r e por t e dt h att he ove r al lf u ndi n ga va i l a bl ef o rI GCPi n19 88wa sUS¥2 77 , 5 00 , up 5. 2% over the 1987 amount. The contri but i on from Un es c oha d,h owev er ,i n cr ea s e d ma r gi n a l l y ,f r om ¥1 71 , 8 0 0 i n 1987 t o ¥173, 500 i n 1988 (The sum f or 1989 i s onl y ¥1 4 3, 1 0 0 ,a c cor di n gt ot hen ew Boa r ( ]Ch a i r man ) ,wi t ht h e 5al ancemadeupl ar gel ybycontr i buti onsfr om theU. K.and t he U. S.A.( non-mei nt ) er sof Unesco)t hr ough I UGS. }l ore- over,the 1988t ot alhad t o bespread overal ar gernumber ofpr oj e ct s ,f o rwh i e ht h eave r a gef u nd i n gwa sUS¥5 , 550 ,a r Jecrease of 7.9' A over 1987 levels. Proj oct291: Vet amor phi c Fl ui d i s ,i d 11 i ner al Deposi t s (1989-1993) . Le ad er } ; : W. Fr an ks On} t i t u tf }rGe ol oqi e,Uni ver s i t 4t 、 \i cn,Uni ver si t at }str as se 7,入一}010 \ienna, Au} tri a)} Inc l 、 \. Prohaska Ons ti tut t } i r (eowi s senschaf ten, ' , I ontan- uni vers i t} i tLeof ) cn,\-87 , 00Leoben,AL I . S tr i a) . Thi spr oj ect wi l lstudv the f ormati on ofor e deposi t sthatar e rel at ed to r egi onal met amor phi c processes, concentr ati ng on v ei n - t vpe d ep os i t s( eg.s i der i t e,ba r i t e,gol d,s c hee l i t e, EPISO D ES.Vol . 12,No. I.March 1989 37 NewsRepor t s Pr o g r e s st o wa r dst heGl o ba lCha ng e Pr ogr a m LastAugus t,t heI CSU Speci alCommi ttee f ort he I nter na- t i o na l Geo s p he r e - Bi os phe r e Pr o gr a mme ( I GBP)on Gl oba l Changepubl i shed i ts"Pl an forAct i on. " Thi swasr evi ewed i nOct ob erb yt heI GBPS ci e nt i f i cAd vi s or yCou nc i l( SAC)a t t he RoyalSwedi sh Academy ofSci ences i n St ockhol m. A me a s ur eoft hep ot e nt i a lc ommi t ment st ot h eI GBPi sgi ve n i n report spresented by some 50 nat i onaland i nternati onal or gani zati ons .I nt hewordsoft heSwedi sh Mi ni sterofthe Envi r onment ,Bi r gi tt a Dahl ,"We are al so prepared t o sup- port i nternati onal resear ch acti vel y i n or der for the pr ob l emsofg l ob a lc ha nget ob e cl a r i f i e d. I ti so urh o pe t h aty ou rwor kwi l ls u c cee di npr o mot i ngamor epr of o un d un der s t an di n gamo n gde ci s i on - mak er si nv ar i ou sp ar t soft he worl d. I twi l lt ake t i me t o rever se currentdevel opment s andthati swhyweneedtost artnow. " Du r i n gt het woyea r st h atha vee l a ps e ds i nc eI CSU d ec i de d tol aunchthe Gl obalChangeProgrammei thasbecomeever moreobvi oust hata j oi nti nt ernati onalef fort ,ofthe ki nd t h ati sbe i n gc on s i de r e d,i soff u nd ame n t a li mp or t an cef or t he f ut u r e ha bi t a bi l i t y of t he p l an et .I t wi l ldoc ume nt ch an ge sofwor l dco nc er ni nt heg l o balen vi r on men t ,bo t has theseoccurnowandast heyhavetr anspi redi nthepast . 械裕 黔 彭 熟鬓 鬓 i n di sci pl i nes . There wi l l al so have to be a thoughtful bal ance bet ween an or gani zati onal st ructure to s uppor t i nterdi s ci pl i nar yr es ear chatt hegl obalscal eandtheneedt o f os ter new cr eati ve i deas that wi l l ari s e f rom si ngle i nv es t i g at or san dt e amsofr e s ear ch er s . There i s an apparent par adox between the need f or a bou nd edr es e ar chpr og r am an dt hatofu nd er s t and i n gg l ob al process es. The pr ogr am must theref or e be def i ned t o addressi ssuest hatmeetthepr i ori tycr i teri al ai d outi nt he or i gi n alch ar ge:" t ho s ea r e aso fe achoft hef i e l d si n vo l ve d t h atd ea lwi t hke yi nt e r a ct i on san ds i gn i f i ca ntch an geon ti me scal esofdecadesto cent ur i es,that mostaff ect the bi ospbere,thatare mostsus cepti bl etohuman per tubati on, and that wi l l most l i kel yl ead t o pr acti cal , predi cti ve ca pa bi l i t y . " TheAct i on Pl an i denti fi esf ourresear chthemes: Do cume nt i n g an d Pr e di c t i ng Gl ob a l Ch a nge . Th i s ent ai l st he i denti f i cati on of nat ur al processes that contr i but et o gl obalchange by st udyi ng the recor d of t hepa s t ,as s e s s i n gt h eef f e ct sofc ur r e ntan t hr op o gen i c i mpa ct son t he co up l i n g ofbi o geo ch emi c alpr oc es s es an dt h ep hy s i c alc l i mat es ys t em,andt e s t i n go uru nde r - s t and i n goft he s epr oc es s e si npr ed i ct i v emo de l s . Obs e r vi ng and I mpr o vi n g Our Unde r s t an d i n g of Domi n ant Fo r ci ng Fun ct i on s . Be c au s e of t he gr e at s i gni f i c an ce ac r o s st he f u l lb r ea dt h of I GBP- r e l at ed r e s e ar c hoft h eef f ec t sofe xt e r n alf or ci ng,s t ud i e swi l l be madeofsol arand orbi talphenomena,crust -mantl e pr oces sesandanthropogeni cacti vi t i es,aswel lasofthe i ndetermi natenaturalf or ci ng t hatari sesfr om i nherent s h or t - t er mi n s t abi l i t i esi nt heEar t hs y s t e m. , I A ' I mpr ovi ng OurUnder st andi ngofI nt er act i vePhenomena i nt heTot a lEa r t hSy s t em. I ti sne c es s ar yt ode s cr i be ke yi n t e r a ct i on s amon g ph ys i ca l ,ch emi c a la nd b i o - l o gi ca lc ompo ne nt soft hi ss y s t em i n or dert o as s e s s thei r potenti al t o pr oduce r api d changes and shar p s pa t i a lg r a di e nt s . 夔 燃 As s e s s i ngt h eEf f ec t sofGl o ba lCha ng et ha twi l lcau s e Large-Scal e and I mport antModi fi cat i onsi nt he Avai l - abi l i t y of Re newa bl e an d Non - r e ne wab l e Re s ou r ce s . Research eff or ts wi l l be f ocused on s ensi t i ve areas mo s tl i ke l yt o be af f ec t e d. I ti sn ece s s ar ya l s ot o dev e l opun de r s t an di n ga ndpr ed i ct i veca pa bi l i t ya tt he regi onall evel . Todevel opthe Pr ogr am,fi veCoor di nati ng Panel shavebeen To many,t heI GBP i snow seen asan ess ent i alel ementi n r a t i ona lma na geme n toft hecommo nn at u r a lr e s o ur ce sof t he Ear t h ,a sr e co gni ze di nt he Uni t e d Nat i o ns - s pon s or ed Brundt l andReport,OurCommon Futur e,A Pl anf orSustai n- abl e Devel opment . A Gl obalChange Pr ogr am di r ectedata be t t erun der s t an di n go ft he Ear t hs ys t em wi l lr e du ce t he u nc er t ai nt yi na na l y s e sa ndpr edi ct i on sofhow t heenv i r on - mentwi l lbe al ter ed i nt he f uture. Thi sshoul dl eadto more p r u de ntpo l i c yde ci s i on sont h ep ar tofal lt heg ove r nme nt s ofthe worl d. Thes ucces soft he progr am wi l ldepend notonl yon col l ab- orati onamongdi sci pl i nest ost udygl obalprocesses,butal s o onthedevel opmentofnew approachesandtechni queswi t h- 38 EPI SODES,Val .12,No.1,Mar ch1989 s e tup t oi de nt i f yt he i ni t i a lr e s ea r c ho bj e ct i ve san dt o pr op os ec ont e nt s of pr oj e ct si n: Ter r e s t r i a l Bi o s ph er e - At mos phe r i c Chemi s t r y I nt e r act i on s ( Ch ai r man: P. J. Cr ut ze n) ,A l ar i ne Bi o s phe r e - At mo s ph er eI nt er a ct i o ns ( T. Nemot o ) ,Bi os phe r i cAs pe ct soft heHy dr o l o gi c a lCyc l e( S . Dyck ) ,Ef f e ct sofCl i ma t eCha n geo nTe r r e s t r i alEco s ys t ems ( B. H. Wa l ker ) ,a nd Gl ob al An al ys i s ,I nt er pr e t at i on and Mod el l i n g( B.Bo l i n ) . Two Worki ng Gr oupsareal s o hel pi ng toas ses sthe current s t at eofkn owl e dg ea n df ut u r epr os pec t sofDat aa ndI nf or - mat i on S ys t ems ( S . I . Ras oo l ) ,a nd Geo s ph e r e - Bi os phe r e Obs e r vat or i es( R.Her r er a ) .Th e ac t i vi t i e soft h e Wor k i ng Groupsar e spreadacr os sthoseofthe Coor di nat i ng Panel s andar e concernedwi thal lresear chthemesoft heI GBP. NewsRepor t s Therev i z i sqonerM 91T } ee7 nentthatthe l " , 1 3P r es ear chph‘ i se shoul d consi stofspeci f i c ,cor e proj ect swi thpr eci seobj ec- t i vesandspeci iedmet f hodol ogi esand cr i t eri a,h} i veabr oad i nter nati onalbaseandexi s tf orl i mi tedperi odsofti me一 Fhe f i r stofthosehasnow beenestabl i shed,underthechai rman- shi poff l .Oes chger ,toSt udy "Gl obalChangesofthe Past " ( s e eEp i s o de s ,v o l .1 1 ,n o.4 ,p.2 8- 1 ) . Co r ep r oJ e ct swi l lb e st rengt hened by ot heri nter nati onalresear ch p rograi nsthat can he expect ed t oi mpr ove our unders tandi nl g of gl obal changes. Someoft hese,s uch asthe Gl obalEner gy and WaterCycl e Experi ment一a par tof t he Wor l d Cl i mate Resear ch Pro- , I , r amme,t h eI nt er n at i o na l弓l o ha l人t mos phe r i c Chemi s t r y Pr ogramme, and t he Joi nt Gl obal Ocean Fl ux St udy,ar e al ready underway or at an ' } ) c i v} i need pl anni ng s tage. The SC- I GBP wi l lseekcl osel i nkswi t ht hesepr oj ect sandwher e - i ppr opr i ate joi nt sponsor shi p. These two t ypes of core p r o j ect s wou l db ef o r mal l y r ec og ni z ed b y t h e Sp eci al Com mittee as essential to the } achievem ent of the I G BP object i ves. Fhe I GHP Counci lexpr es sed a f i rm st atei - nentotcommi t - mentt oi ni ti ateass oonaspossi bl emaj orr i ew i nt ernat i onal reso- ir chpr oject s. These wi l ldealwi thther ol eofhi ot ai n exchano - eofen= vand moi ! } tur e het' neenthe l andand t he atmospher e. ' Ther e wi l l al so be a coor di nat ed ef for tt o recover inf ' ormati on from natural archi ves that will il lu- mi nat e connect i ons between atmospher i c composi t i on, gl oh} l t f or nperatt i re, i ce ext ent, s ol , ir hi story, and the di st ri l hut i onofl andandocenni cor gani sms. Whi l et heI 公BP i si nternati onali nscopeandgl obali nfocus, i t ssucces swi l ldependl ar gel yonnati onalef for ts . Thus,the pr ogr am mustrecogni ze thati twi l lbe endor sedand even- tual l y nudgedtosomedegreet hr oughper cept i onsofhow i t contri butest o vari ousnati onalpr i or i t i es . Towar d thi send, the desi gn of t he pr ogr am mus t be bui l twi th t he ai d of nati onalpr ogr ai nsand i nt hel i ghtofnati onaland r egi onal interests. The i mpor t ance ofthe human di mensi on ofgl oba lchange has been r ecogni zed si nce the i ncepti on ofthe I GBP,and sever ali nt ernat i onalor gani zati onsaredevel opi ngaprogr am in concert wi th the I GB P. These i nclude the I nternational Federati on of I ns ti t utes f or Advanced St udy, the I nter - nati onalSoci al Sci ence Counci l , and the Uni ted Nati ons Uni ver si t y. I GHP wi l l ,however , concentr at e on a s et of objecti vest hatarel imi tedtothef i el dsofexpert i seoft he mer nhersoftheICSUf ami l y. t h ec ycl esofch emi cal si nt heat mos p he r et h atgi ver i s et o Af terr eportbyF. W. G.Baker Par i s,France the greenhouse gas eff ect, of oceani c or gani sms i n the gl obalcarbon di oxi de cycl e,and oft he l and pl ant si n the Pl a nni ngGl o b a lRe s e a r c ho nt he Cret aceous A new i nternational research effort on Cretaceous seci- mentar y geol ogy i s now wel lunder wav, or gani zed bv t he new I UGS Commi s si on on Gl obal Sedi mentar y Geol ogy. Enti tl ed ”CreNceous Res our ces, Event s an d RhVthms, " Proj ect CRER wi l laddres s gl obal, a spect s of thi s peri od. Ihe Cretaceous was selected because the sea level s and cl i mat esatthatti mecanprovi deavi si onoftheEar thi ni t s " gr e en ho us es t at e, "b ec au s e ,t he r ei san es t ah l i s N- d goo - chr onol ogy f orthesewi des preaddepos i ts ,and becausethere are extensi ve resour ces i n Cr et . , i ceous r ocks i ncl udi ng hydrocar bons ,coal s , and bauxi tes . 八t a recent pl anni ng mootj ng i n Di qno,Fr } i nce,fi ve V v 7 or ki ng Gr oups and two Coordi nati n g Commi ttees were est abli shed to pl an and exeoute ,the neededresenrch,overbot hthe s hor tt erm ( 3-5 v e ar s )an dt h el on gert er m( i aye a, 、 ) . fho I ona-term goalof } \G-1 ( Sequence Str at i gr aphy and Sn a- l ev e l Cha nge )i st o ev a l ua t et he r o l e of e u s t a c yi n ( 'r et aceous sedi ment ar y evel es i nt he r ange of I一10 A l a. I 、 he short -t eri n st rategy i st o p4i ce ti me cons tr ai nts on un con f or i - n i t y- ho un de d s e que nc es f r om } i i de l ys e p} , i r at e d D, ' a- si ns dur i ng a r est ri ct ed t i me i nterval i n t he mi d- Cret aceousi nor dertot estthei rgl obals ynehronei t y. k %G一2 ( St r at j qr aph y, Geo ch emi s t r y, a nd P al e oc ea no gr . } ph y of } ) r gani c- r i ch} I j d -( } r et acp ou sSe qu en cos )i sdi r ec t edt ow, ) r ds under st andi ng oceani c anoxi c event s t hat pr oduced t he wi despread bl aek q h亡 Oes,s ome of 'whi ch are r raJ orsour ce r ocks f or hydrocar bons . Phi s Gr oup wi l lf i r st establ i sh a dat, q hasp of 'uni f orm i nfor- ni ti on on : i qc, l i t hol ogi c se- quence,stabl ei sotop( , s ,andcomposi ti onofor gani c matt er, . , j hi chcanbeusedtot estthegl obalsvnehronei tyofs peci f i c bl ack shal e eventsand to e, 4i mnte the r ate of 'aceumul } at j on ofs ediment ,earbonate,, i ndor - gani ccarhon. F h el o ng - t er m g oq l so f、 、G-3 ( Cy cl o , ; t r 9t , i P - r 9p , hv )a r et o i ncr ease t ime r esol uti on 5evonc lthe appr oxi mM el } IMa- l evelofbi ost r ati gr aphy and t o search for the r ecor ds of EP ir th' sor bi t alcycl es,theVi l ankovi tchRhythms. Tobogi , i , thi s Gr oup wi l l standar di ze methods of des cri bi ng an( ] anal yzi ng cycl i c sequences , expl or o I br pr oxy i n di cator } bot h chei ni cal and magneti c, and be} ,i nt he cooperati ve s tudyofaddi t i onaloccurren cesofcycl i csequencesbotA ieen someofthe wel l -est obl i shedl ocal i t i es. For} }G- 4Wr qr b on , i t o Pl a t f or ms )t h el on g - t e r m go ali st o dec i ph ert h es e n s i t i v er e cor dsofv ar i at i on si np r o du ct i vi t y of skel et als edi ments ,sea-l evelchange,and var i ati ons i n cl i mat e. Fi r st i ti s necessar y to s tandar di ze t ermi nol ogy and methodsofdescri pti onofc} i rbonate f aci esandthen t o begi nthechar act er i zati onofpl atf orm growthanddr owni ng C ] L l r i ngs peci f i cti moi nter val s . WG- 5( Pa l e oge o gr } i ph v,Pal e oc l i mat ol ogy,Se di ment Fl ux ) ai ms t o characteri ze the recor d of extr eme, end-member condi t i on, - ,duri nl - the Cret aceous:the ul t ra-war m peri od , vi th hi ch s ea l evel s,and the cool erti mes when s ea l evel wa_ } .l o} v. E l xi s ti r i q maps and dat a of pal eogeovraphy and model sofpal coct i mateswi l lpr ovi dethes tart i ng poi nts ,but m uch P i ddi ti onalnew data are needed. Two Coor di nati ng Commi ttees wer e al s o est abl i shed. Ore onCe o chr on o l o g v( CC- 0 wi l lc ombi nean dc or r e l at eal lt h e exi st i ng t i mescal es,wi ththegoalofprovi di n g a pr acti cal , l i no. ar ti m。 scal ef ordat i ng event s and cal cul at i ng r ates, fr equenci esand durati onsofprocess esatthe Eart h' ssur - f P i co. 一 、second .Coor di nati ng yCommi tt ee onData M' I ra} Tc , - - nont wi l lpr ovi de advi ce on s yst ems ofdat a storage 9nd retri eval . lher ei smuchenthusj } i sr ni nthe i ndi vi dualWorki ng Groups f orcoor di nat edresear chon gl obal - scal epr obl ems,and i ti s e vi dentt h a tt hef i v eke yt o pi c sar e: 。i nt er - r el at ed( c yg . , .s ea l evel ,anoxi a,andpal ecel i mates )thatthePr oj ectcoul d wel l cl ue) ( l atethei nt er- act i onsofgW) ais ystems. Foraddi ti onal i nf ormat i on on t he Pr oj ect wri t e to GSGP Secretar i - it - , Uni ver si t yof 'Mi qmi ,Fi sherI s l and,Il i ami3each,FL 33139 , U.5.入. R. N.Gi nsbur g Fl ori da,U. S.A. EPI SODES,Vol .12,No.1,Mar ch1989 39 一