Human communities made the transition from hunter-foraging to more sedentary agriculture and herd... more Human communities made the transition from hunter-foraging to more sedentary agriculture and herding at multiple locations across Southwest Asia through the Early Neolithic period (ca. 10,000-7000 cal. BC). Societies explored strategies involving increasing management and development of plants, animals, materials, technologies, and ideologies specific to each region whilst sharing some common attributes. Current research in the Eastern Fertile Crescent is contributing new insights into the Early Neolithic transition and the critical role that this region played. The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP) is investigating this transition in Iraqi Kurdistan, including at the earliest Neolithic settlement so far excavated in the region. In this article, we focus on results from ongoing excavations at the Early Neolithic site of Bestansur on the Shahrizor Plain, Sulaimaniyah province, in order to address key themes in the Neolithic transition. Les communautés humaines ont fait la transition de chasseurs-foragers à une agriculture plus sédentaire et le maintien des stocks à plusieurs endroits à travers l'Asie du Sud-Ouest au cours de la période néolithique précoce (vers 10 000 à 7 000 Av. J.-C.). Les sociétés ont exploré des stratégies impliquant une gestion et développement intensifs des plantes, des animaux, des matériaux, des technologies et des idéologies propres à chaque région tout en partageant certains attributs communs. Les recherches actuelles dans le Croissant fertile oriental apportent de nouvelles perspectives sur la transition néolithique précoce et le rôle crucial que cette région a joué. Le Projet archéologique central de Zagros (CZAP) étudie cette transition au Kurdistan irakien, y compris le plus ancien site néolithique jusqu'à présent fouillé dans la région. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur les résultats des fouilles en cours sur le site néolithique précoce de Bestansur sur la plaine de Shahrizor, province de Sulaimaniyah, afin d'aborder les thèmes clés de la transition néolithique.
Since 2012, the French archaeological mission in the Governorate of Soulaimaniah has been explori... more Since 2012, the French archaeological mission in the Governorate of Soulaimaniah has been exploring the Rania and Peshdar plains in order to understand the evolution of settlement patterns in Northern Mesopotamia from the Palaeolithic to the present day. Newly acquired data from surveys combined with excavations at six prehistoric sites provide the first picture of human settlement patterns in this region from the Palaeolithic to the Chalcolithic. The development of these patterns reveals the presence of a local system that was deeply rooted in the wider Mesopotamian context but was also subject to influence from the Iranian plateau. Résumé. Depuis 2012, la mission archéologique française du Gouvernorat de Soulaimaniah explore les deux plaines de Peshdar et de Rania afin de comprendre l'évolution des systèmes d'habitat en Mésopotamie septentrionale dans la longue durée, du Paléolithique à aujourd'hui. Les données nouvellement acquises lors des prospections, ainsi que les informations issues de sondages effectués sur six sites préhistoriques permettent d'esquisser une première image des modèles d'implantation humaine dans la région, du Paléolithique jusqu'au Chalcolithique. L'évolution des modèles de peuplement montre une dynamique locale ancrée dans le système mésopotamien, mais influencée également par le plateau iranien.
The University of Tsukuba team began investigations of the Neolithisation process in the Slemani ... more The University of Tsukuba team began investigations of the Neolithisation process in the Slemani area in 2014. Excavations were undertaken at Qalat Said Ahmadan (2014, 2015) in the Pshdar Plain, in addition to surveys at Jarmo (Charmo) 1 and Turkaka (2016-2018) in the Chamchamal area. Integrated research, including the making of topographical maps and 3D visualisations using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and geological and paleoenvironmental surveys, along with archaeological sounding excavations, will provide new perspectives on landscape and early farming in the Slemani district. R.J. Braidwood proposed a conception about primitive farming in the Zagros region as "simple rain-fed farming along the hilly flanks." However, we may get results that are more fruitful if we investigate a series of archaeological sites while adding to new perspectives and the concept of "more complicated farming using springs in the water reservoir area." Résumé. L'équipe de l'université de Tsukuba a entamé des enquêtes sur le processus de néolithisation dans la région de Slemani en 2014. Des fouilles ont été entreprises à Qalat Said Ahmadan (2014, 2015) dans la plaine de Pshdar, en complément des enquêtes menées à Jarmo (Charmo) et à Turkaka (2016-2018) dans la région de Chamchamal. Les recherches intégrant la création de cartes topographiques et les visualisations 3D (à l'aide du véhicule aérien sans pilote), des enquêtes géologiques et paléo-environnementales, ainsi que des fouilles archéologiques de sondage offriront de nouvelles perspectives sur le paysage et l'agriculture précoce du district de Slemani. R.J. Braidwood a proposé une conception de l'agriculture primitive dans la région de Zagros comme « une simple agriculture pluviale le long des flancs vallonnés ». Cependant, nous pourrions obtenir des résultats plus fructueux en étudiant une série de sites archéologiques via de nouvelles perspectives et le concept d'une « agriculture plus complexe utilisant des ressources de la zone du réservoir d'eau ».
Since 2015, fieldwork in the Western Qara Dagh (Sulaymānīyah governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) is ope... more Since 2015, fieldwork in the Western Qara Dagh (Sulaymānīyah governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) is opening up new perspectives on the dynamics of interaction between late prehistoric Southern and Northern Mesopotamia. Two sites, Girdi Qala and Logardan, are being investigated with a special focus on three main historical phenomena between 6 th and 3 rd millennia BC. A first major event is represented by the diffusion of the Ubaid horizon, which appears to occur as a very early process of acculturation between Halaf and Ubaid cultural entities. Then, the so-called Uruk "oikumene" is attested in the Qara Dagh, three centuries earlier than previously documented in Northern Mesopotamia, at the very beginning of the 4 th millennium BC. Later, around the middle of the 3 rd millennium BC, the emergence of the so-called "Early Dynastic states" is documented at Logardan by the rebuilding of a monumental citadel. Architectural and ceramic data allow us to reassess these three major cultural dynamics, each of which implies specific modalities of interaction between the North and the South. This variable range of relationships shows that simplistic dichotomies between Northern and Southern people or "cultures" are misleading and ineffective. Indeed, as of the Late Prehistory, northern and southern communities have never evolved separately. Résumé. Depuis 2015, la mission pluridisciplinaire du Qara Dagh occidental (gouvernorat de Sulaymānīyah, Kurdistan iraquien) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les dynamiques d'interaction entre la Mésopotamie du Nord et du Sud. Deux sites, Girdi Qala et Logardan, font l'objet de recherches visant notamment à éclaircir trois grands phénomènes historiques compris entre le 6 e et 3 e millénaire av. J.-C. La première de ces dynamiques concerne l'expansion de l'horizon Obeid, qui se manifeste comme un processus très précoce d'acculturation entre Halaf et Obeid. Plus tard, l'"oikumene" urukienne est attestée dans le Qara Dagh, trois siècles plus tôt que ce que l'on pensait jusqu'ici, dès le début du 4 e millénaire av. J.-C. Enfin, au milieu du 3 e millénaire av. J.-C., l'émergence d'« États proto-dynastiques » est documentée par la (re)construction à Logardan d'une citadelle monumentale. Les données collectées invitent à reconsidérer ces trois processus macro-historiques, impliquant chacun des modalités spécifiques d'interaction entre le Nord et le Sud. Cette vaste gamme de relations montre que les dichotomies élémentaires traditionnelles entre peuples ou « cultures » du Nord et du Sud ne permettent pas de rendre compte de phénomènes complexes qui, depuis la Protohistoire, n'évoluent jamais de façon autonome.
The new data from the sites of Girdi Qala and Logardan (Iraqi Kurdistan) are starting to change t... more The new data from the sites of Girdi Qala and Logardan (Iraqi Kurdistan) are starting to change the picture of Uruk culture expansion. In the Central Zagros Piedmont, it began as early as the second half of the local Late Chalcolithic 2 (LC2), contemporary with South Mesopotamian Early Uruk. The Uruk presence is documented not only by a large ceramic assemblage, characterized by a broad range of shapes and techniques, but also by numerous production facilities which show that Uruk pottery was made on-site by resident craftsmen. These discoveries lead us to revise traditional conceptions of the Uruk expansion, based on the simple dichotomy between local populations and Uruk colonists. We can now assess the actual forms of intercultural exchange that were taking place over an unexpectedly long period of time. Résumé : Les nouvelles données provenant des sites de Girdi Qala et Logardan (Kurdistan d'Irak) commencent à offrir une image renouvelée de l'expansion de la culture d'Uruk, qui débute, dans le piémont mésopotamien du Zagros central, dès la seconde moitié du Chalcolithique récent 2 local (LC2), contemporain de l'Uruk ancien du Sud mésopotamien. La présence urukienne est documentée non seulement par un vaste assemblage céramique, caractérisé par une grande diversité de formes et de techniques, mais aussi par de nombreuses installations de production, démontrant que la poterie Uruk était fabriquée sur place, par des artisans installés à demeure. Ces découvertes amènent à nuancer les conceptions traditionnelles de l'expansion urukienne, fondées sur une dichotomie élémentaire entre populations locales et colons urukiens, si l'on veut apprécier les modalités précises d'échanges interculturels s'inscrivant dans une durée insoupçonnée.
Tell Begum was previously explored by Iraqi archaeologists in the 1960s when excavations revealed... more Tell Begum was previously explored by Iraqi archaeologists in the 1960s when excavations revealed a multi-period site. Among the key finds were Halaf period remains that are relatively rare in the region of the Shahrizor plain and included polychrome ceramics suggesting a local variation of the Halaf culture. Recent investigations and excavations in 2011 and 2013 revealed a 5 hectare site inhabited during the Halaf, Ubaid, Late Chalcolithic, and medieval periods. The Halaf site may have had an area of about 3 hectares, making it a relatively large settlement for that period, although its full extent is unclear. Offsite work revealed the area to have been well watered in the past, with likely neighbouring regions of woodland and abundant shrubs. The heavy sedimentation in the region has partially obscured archaeological remains, including possibly Tell Begum's lower mound. The site, nevertheless, shows continuity of settlement, indicating relative stability in settlement over lon...
Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting o... more Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting of site reconnaissance, in the Shahrizor region within the province of Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan are bringing to light new information on the region's social and socio-ecological development. This paper summarises two seasons of work by researchers from German, British, Dutch, and Iraqi-Kurdish institutions working in the survey region. Palaeoenvironmental data have determined that during the Pleistocene many terraces developed which came to be occupied by a number of the larger tell sites in the Holocene. In the sedimentary record, climatic and anthropogenic patterns are noticeable, and alluviation has affected the recovery of archaeological remains through site burial in places. Historical data show the Shahrizor shifting between periods of independence, either occupied by one regional state or several smaller entities, and periods that saw the plain's incorporation within...
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the anode electrokinetics during the start-up or warm-up period ... more ABSTRACT This paper investigates the anode electrokinetics during the start-up or warm-up period of a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) from a temperature above 100 °C, to the desired temperature of 180 °C, where carbon monoxide (CO) contaminated hydrogen (H2) is used as the fuel. The heating strategy considered in this study involves an initial heating of the HT-PEMFC by an external source to a temperature above 100 °C, after which current is drawn, where electrochemical reaction heating is expected to contribute to the heating process. Thus, a numerical transient three-dimensional model is derived addressing the anode electrokinetics under a specific temperature increase rate during the warm-up process. Operational parameters such as temperature increase rate, initial start-up temperature, CO volume fraction and extracted current density are varied and their effects on the CO and hydrogen coverage fractions on the electrode, the anode overpotential and the cell potential with respect to time, are studied. The results indicate that parameters such as temperature increase rate, initial start-up temperature, CO volume fraction and extracted current density would significantly affect the anode overpotential and the cell potential. Specifically, it is critical to reduce the extracted current density and CO volume fraction, and increase the temperature increase rate, to avoid a sudden shoot up of the anode overpotential that can result in the premature shutdown of the fuel cell. Having a low initial start-up temperature does result in a higher base value of the anode overpotential. The results also indicate that if the fuel cell reaches 130 ± 5 °C before the anode overpotential is overly high, then the fuel cell would not shut down prematurely due to the high anode overpotential.
Human communities made the transition from hunter-foraging to more sedentary agriculture and herd... more Human communities made the transition from hunter-foraging to more sedentary agriculture and herding at multiple locations across Southwest Asia through the Early Neolithic period (ca. 10,000-7000 cal. BC). Societies explored strategies involving increasing management and development of plants, animals, materials, technologies, and ideologies specific to each region whilst sharing some common attributes. Current research in the Eastern Fertile Crescent is contributing new insights into the Early Neolithic transition and the critical role that this region played. The Central Zagros Archaeological Project (CZAP) is investigating this transition in Iraqi Kurdistan, including at the earliest Neolithic settlement so far excavated in the region. In this article, we focus on results from ongoing excavations at the Early Neolithic site of Bestansur on the Shahrizor Plain, Sulaimaniyah province, in order to address key themes in the Neolithic transition. Les communautés humaines ont fait la transition de chasseurs-foragers à une agriculture plus sédentaire et le maintien des stocks à plusieurs endroits à travers l'Asie du Sud-Ouest au cours de la période néolithique précoce (vers 10 000 à 7 000 Av. J.-C.). Les sociétés ont exploré des stratégies impliquant une gestion et développement intensifs des plantes, des animaux, des matériaux, des technologies et des idéologies propres à chaque région tout en partageant certains attributs communs. Les recherches actuelles dans le Croissant fertile oriental apportent de nouvelles perspectives sur la transition néolithique précoce et le rôle crucial que cette région a joué. Le Projet archéologique central de Zagros (CZAP) étudie cette transition au Kurdistan irakien, y compris le plus ancien site néolithique jusqu'à présent fouillé dans la région. Dans cet article, nous nous concentrons sur les résultats des fouilles en cours sur le site néolithique précoce de Bestansur sur la plaine de Shahrizor, province de Sulaimaniyah, afin d'aborder les thèmes clés de la transition néolithique.
Since 2012, the French archaeological mission in the Governorate of Soulaimaniah has been explori... more Since 2012, the French archaeological mission in the Governorate of Soulaimaniah has been exploring the Rania and Peshdar plains in order to understand the evolution of settlement patterns in Northern Mesopotamia from the Palaeolithic to the present day. Newly acquired data from surveys combined with excavations at six prehistoric sites provide the first picture of human settlement patterns in this region from the Palaeolithic to the Chalcolithic. The development of these patterns reveals the presence of a local system that was deeply rooted in the wider Mesopotamian context but was also subject to influence from the Iranian plateau. Résumé. Depuis 2012, la mission archéologique française du Gouvernorat de Soulaimaniah explore les deux plaines de Peshdar et de Rania afin de comprendre l'évolution des systèmes d'habitat en Mésopotamie septentrionale dans la longue durée, du Paléolithique à aujourd'hui. Les données nouvellement acquises lors des prospections, ainsi que les informations issues de sondages effectués sur six sites préhistoriques permettent d'esquisser une première image des modèles d'implantation humaine dans la région, du Paléolithique jusqu'au Chalcolithique. L'évolution des modèles de peuplement montre une dynamique locale ancrée dans le système mésopotamien, mais influencée également par le plateau iranien.
The University of Tsukuba team began investigations of the Neolithisation process in the Slemani ... more The University of Tsukuba team began investigations of the Neolithisation process in the Slemani area in 2014. Excavations were undertaken at Qalat Said Ahmadan (2014, 2015) in the Pshdar Plain, in addition to surveys at Jarmo (Charmo) 1 and Turkaka (2016-2018) in the Chamchamal area. Integrated research, including the making of topographical maps and 3D visualisations using the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and geological and paleoenvironmental surveys, along with archaeological sounding excavations, will provide new perspectives on landscape and early farming in the Slemani district. R.J. Braidwood proposed a conception about primitive farming in the Zagros region as "simple rain-fed farming along the hilly flanks." However, we may get results that are more fruitful if we investigate a series of archaeological sites while adding to new perspectives and the concept of "more complicated farming using springs in the water reservoir area." Résumé. L'équipe de l'université de Tsukuba a entamé des enquêtes sur le processus de néolithisation dans la région de Slemani en 2014. Des fouilles ont été entreprises à Qalat Said Ahmadan (2014, 2015) dans la plaine de Pshdar, en complément des enquêtes menées à Jarmo (Charmo) et à Turkaka (2016-2018) dans la région de Chamchamal. Les recherches intégrant la création de cartes topographiques et les visualisations 3D (à l'aide du véhicule aérien sans pilote), des enquêtes géologiques et paléo-environnementales, ainsi que des fouilles archéologiques de sondage offriront de nouvelles perspectives sur le paysage et l'agriculture précoce du district de Slemani. R.J. Braidwood a proposé une conception de l'agriculture primitive dans la région de Zagros comme « une simple agriculture pluviale le long des flancs vallonnés ». Cependant, nous pourrions obtenir des résultats plus fructueux en étudiant une série de sites archéologiques via de nouvelles perspectives et le concept d'une « agriculture plus complexe utilisant des ressources de la zone du réservoir d'eau ».
Since 2015, fieldwork in the Western Qara Dagh (Sulaymānīyah governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) is ope... more Since 2015, fieldwork in the Western Qara Dagh (Sulaymānīyah governorate, Iraqi Kurdistan) is opening up new perspectives on the dynamics of interaction between late prehistoric Southern and Northern Mesopotamia. Two sites, Girdi Qala and Logardan, are being investigated with a special focus on three main historical phenomena between 6 th and 3 rd millennia BC. A first major event is represented by the diffusion of the Ubaid horizon, which appears to occur as a very early process of acculturation between Halaf and Ubaid cultural entities. Then, the so-called Uruk "oikumene" is attested in the Qara Dagh, three centuries earlier than previously documented in Northern Mesopotamia, at the very beginning of the 4 th millennium BC. Later, around the middle of the 3 rd millennium BC, the emergence of the so-called "Early Dynastic states" is documented at Logardan by the rebuilding of a monumental citadel. Architectural and ceramic data allow us to reassess these three major cultural dynamics, each of which implies specific modalities of interaction between the North and the South. This variable range of relationships shows that simplistic dichotomies between Northern and Southern people or "cultures" are misleading and ineffective. Indeed, as of the Late Prehistory, northern and southern communities have never evolved separately. Résumé. Depuis 2015, la mission pluridisciplinaire du Qara Dagh occidental (gouvernorat de Sulaymānīyah, Kurdistan iraquien) ouvre de nouvelles perspectives sur les dynamiques d'interaction entre la Mésopotamie du Nord et du Sud. Deux sites, Girdi Qala et Logardan, font l'objet de recherches visant notamment à éclaircir trois grands phénomènes historiques compris entre le 6 e et 3 e millénaire av. J.-C. La première de ces dynamiques concerne l'expansion de l'horizon Obeid, qui se manifeste comme un processus très précoce d'acculturation entre Halaf et Obeid. Plus tard, l'"oikumene" urukienne est attestée dans le Qara Dagh, trois siècles plus tôt que ce que l'on pensait jusqu'ici, dès le début du 4 e millénaire av. J.-C. Enfin, au milieu du 3 e millénaire av. J.-C., l'émergence d'« États proto-dynastiques » est documentée par la (re)construction à Logardan d'une citadelle monumentale. Les données collectées invitent à reconsidérer ces trois processus macro-historiques, impliquant chacun des modalités spécifiques d'interaction entre le Nord et le Sud. Cette vaste gamme de relations montre que les dichotomies élémentaires traditionnelles entre peuples ou « cultures » du Nord et du Sud ne permettent pas de rendre compte de phénomènes complexes qui, depuis la Protohistoire, n'évoluent jamais de façon autonome.
The new data from the sites of Girdi Qala and Logardan (Iraqi Kurdistan) are starting to change t... more The new data from the sites of Girdi Qala and Logardan (Iraqi Kurdistan) are starting to change the picture of Uruk culture expansion. In the Central Zagros Piedmont, it began as early as the second half of the local Late Chalcolithic 2 (LC2), contemporary with South Mesopotamian Early Uruk. The Uruk presence is documented not only by a large ceramic assemblage, characterized by a broad range of shapes and techniques, but also by numerous production facilities which show that Uruk pottery was made on-site by resident craftsmen. These discoveries lead us to revise traditional conceptions of the Uruk expansion, based on the simple dichotomy between local populations and Uruk colonists. We can now assess the actual forms of intercultural exchange that were taking place over an unexpectedly long period of time. Résumé : Les nouvelles données provenant des sites de Girdi Qala et Logardan (Kurdistan d'Irak) commencent à offrir une image renouvelée de l'expansion de la culture d'Uruk, qui débute, dans le piémont mésopotamien du Zagros central, dès la seconde moitié du Chalcolithique récent 2 local (LC2), contemporain de l'Uruk ancien du Sud mésopotamien. La présence urukienne est documentée non seulement par un vaste assemblage céramique, caractérisé par une grande diversité de formes et de techniques, mais aussi par de nombreuses installations de production, démontrant que la poterie Uruk était fabriquée sur place, par des artisans installés à demeure. Ces découvertes amènent à nuancer les conceptions traditionnelles de l'expansion urukienne, fondées sur une dichotomie élémentaire entre populations locales et colons urukiens, si l'on veut apprécier les modalités précises d'échanges interculturels s'inscrivant dans une durée insoupçonnée.
Tell Begum was previously explored by Iraqi archaeologists in the 1960s when excavations revealed... more Tell Begum was previously explored by Iraqi archaeologists in the 1960s when excavations revealed a multi-period site. Among the key finds were Halaf period remains that are relatively rare in the region of the Shahrizor plain and included polychrome ceramics suggesting a local variation of the Halaf culture. Recent investigations and excavations in 2011 and 2013 revealed a 5 hectare site inhabited during the Halaf, Ubaid, Late Chalcolithic, and medieval periods. The Halaf site may have had an area of about 3 hectares, making it a relatively large settlement for that period, although its full extent is unclear. Offsite work revealed the area to have been well watered in the past, with likely neighbouring regions of woodland and abundant shrubs. The heavy sedimentation in the region has partially obscured archaeological remains, including possibly Tell Begum's lower mound. The site, nevertheless, shows continuity of settlement, indicating relative stability in settlement over lon...
Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting o... more Recent palaeoenvironmental, historical, and archaeological investigations, primarily consisting of site reconnaissance, in the Shahrizor region within the province of Sulaymaniyah in Iraqi Kurdistan are bringing to light new information on the region's social and socio-ecological development. This paper summarises two seasons of work by researchers from German, British, Dutch, and Iraqi-Kurdish institutions working in the survey region. Palaeoenvironmental data have determined that during the Pleistocene many terraces developed which came to be occupied by a number of the larger tell sites in the Holocene. In the sedimentary record, climatic and anthropogenic patterns are noticeable, and alluviation has affected the recovery of archaeological remains through site burial in places. Historical data show the Shahrizor shifting between periods of independence, either occupied by one regional state or several smaller entities, and periods that saw the plain's incorporation within...
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the anode electrokinetics during the start-up or warm-up period ... more ABSTRACT This paper investigates the anode electrokinetics during the start-up or warm-up period of a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) from a temperature above 100 °C, to the desired temperature of 180 °C, where carbon monoxide (CO) contaminated hydrogen (H2) is used as the fuel. The heating strategy considered in this study involves an initial heating of the HT-PEMFC by an external source to a temperature above 100 °C, after which current is drawn, where electrochemical reaction heating is expected to contribute to the heating process. Thus, a numerical transient three-dimensional model is derived addressing the anode electrokinetics under a specific temperature increase rate during the warm-up process. Operational parameters such as temperature increase rate, initial start-up temperature, CO volume fraction and extracted current density are varied and their effects on the CO and hydrogen coverage fractions on the electrode, the anode overpotential and the cell potential with respect to time, are studied. The results indicate that parameters such as temperature increase rate, initial start-up temperature, CO volume fraction and extracted current density would significantly affect the anode overpotential and the cell potential. Specifically, it is critical to reduce the extracted current density and CO volume fraction, and increase the temperature increase rate, to avoid a sudden shoot up of the anode overpotential that can result in the premature shutdown of the fuel cell. Having a low initial start-up temperature does result in a higher base value of the anode overpotential. The results also indicate that if the fuel cell reaches 130 ± 5 °C before the anode overpotential is overly high, then the fuel cell would not shut down prematurely due to the high anode overpotential.
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