Urban Versus Rural

1995

The neat equation of locational site and economic sector such that 'rural' equals 'agricultural' and 'urban' equals 'industrial' is a construct of modern applied economics. Even in the Middle Ages, when locational separation was dramatic and often marked by fortification, agricultural activity (admittedly for the most part of a part time nature) took place within the confines of the ramparts, from where great tracts of land were also controlled, while non agricultural distributive activity could be carried on at market place sites far removed from city walls (Slicher Van Bath, 1963). The classification of space into rural and urban is always an outcome of historical, political and socioeconomic forces and subject to redefinition and challenge. A core set of urban attributes have proved quite resistant to contest, however. Urban sites contain a high density of population. They compress spatial accessibility. They are peculiarly concentrated epicentres of capital and its accumulation, of taxation, of services (including administration), of nonagricultural production, of arts and science, of crime and corruption (Giddens, 1993, p564-591). They are political units and they may also be social units for certain ends, though intra-urban social and spatial differentiation has been marked throughout most of time and space. Although they are mostly

Revista Mercator, 2018

This article aims to discuss regional inequalities, especially in less dynamic spaces, observing the new changes in the territory, which have been evidencing a debate about the countryside-city relationship. In this transitional space (urban-rural), various uses of the territory were observed, such as the emergence of new forms of housing that are confused with spaces with rural features, settled in the vicinity or even alongside small towns. In the process of urban expansion, rural areas are being invaded by the city, giving rise to new spatial arrangements, which do not completely remove the old forms and functions, but provoke a mixture of senses and uses, leading to multiple territorialities. Thus, this paper adopts the role of provoking a theoretical revision about the territorial approach, based on urban and rural spaces. RESUMO / RESUMEN ENTRE O RURAL E O URBANO INTERIORIZADO Este artigo objetiva discutir as desigualdades regionais, especialmente em espaços menos dinâmicos, observando as novas mudanças no território, as quais vêm evidenciando um debate sobre a relação campo-cidade. Nesse espaço de transição (urbano-rural), observamos diversos usos do território, como o surgimento de novas formas de habitação que se confundem com espaços de traços rurais, assentados nas proximidades ou mesmo ao lado das pequenas cidades. No processo de expansão urbana, as áreas rurais vão sendo invadidas pela cidade-o que origina novos arranjos espaciais, que não destituem totalmente as antigas formas e funções, mas provocam uma mescla de sentidos e usos, e conduzem a múltiplas territoria-lidades. Dessa forma, este trabalho assume o papel de provocar uma revisão teórica acerca da abordagem territorial, tendo por base os espaços urbano e rural. Palavras chaves: Relações Campo-cidade; Território; Urbano; Rural. ENTRE EL RURAL Y EL URBANO INTERIORIZADO Este artículo objetiva discutir las desigualdades regionales, especialmente en espacios menos dinámicos, observando los nuevos cambios en el territorio, que vienen evidenciando un debate sobre la relación campo-ciudad. En este espacio de transición (urbano-rural), observamos diversos usos del territorio, como el surgimiento de nuevas formas de vivienda que se confunden con espacios de rasgos rurales, asentados en las proximidades o incluso al lado de las pequeñas ciudades. En el proceso de expansión urbana, las áreas rurales van siendo invadidas por la ciudad-lo que origina nuevos arreglos espaciales, que no destituyen totalmente las antiguas formas y funciones, sino que provocan una mezcla de sentidos y usos, y conduce a múltiples territorialidades. De esta forma, este trabajo asume el papel de provocar una revisión teórica acerca del abordaje territorial, teniendo como base los espacios urbano y rural. De esta forma, este trabajo asume el papel de provocar una revisión teórica acerca del abordaje territorial, teniendo como base los espacios urbano y rural.

Revista Nacional de Gerenciamento de Cidades

The development of urban and rural environment concepts pervades landscape characteristics and the dichotomous relationship between these areas. The urban and rural understandings are related to their economic, industrial, and agrarian activities to the city and countryside, respectively. Thus, the urban-rural duality departs the notion of a city that includes multiple environments and induces both an erasure of the ecosystem logic of humans and nature relations and consideration of humans as part of its decrease. In that regard, aspects connected with the dynamic of products and services store, such as water and food provisions, have unstuck from their origins which trivializes the process of production, supply, and consumption. Furthermore, a discussion between urban and rural must consider several points, including food sovereignty, agribusiness, land access inequality, local and regional territorial articulation, and climate. Based on a bibliographic review of academic articles ...

CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES FOR URBAN - RURAL SCENARIOS., 2019

Nowadays, the speech that indicates that more than half of the world population lives in urban spaces is being marked, using as a synonym of this term the concept of cities. However, it is not yet precise what is an urban space, the urban world or simply the urban; hampering the relevant conceptual consensus. In the same way, it is difficult to agree on the definition for the other side, the rural. And although in praxis there are conjectures about the difference that prevails for one or the other concept, there is not a single paradigm accepted by experts of these topics. For example, it is possible to find functions that were recently completely urban in spaces that could be classified as rural, it is also possible to find within spatialities cataloged as urban, primary activities; being placed by experts as areas belonging to rural spaces. Therefore, this research seeks to define, making use of a literary review on the subject, some general characteristics that will facilitate the distinction between rural space and urban space for nowdays according to the case of Mexico; taking into consideration the fact that space is a category of society, implicit in the action of human groups and, consequently, its content, structure and characteristics that change with history and time (Cacciari, 2010). Phenomena such as globalization, which impact socially and geographically, also influence the marked differences that characterized the urban spaces of rural areas until a few years ago, beginning to blur the inequalities between one and the other through public services and impregnated with traditional matters. Meaningful structures that distinguishes rural society and urban society as the case may be. Therefore, it is possible to find evidence on the penetration of capitalist investment in both urban and rural areas through tourist and industrial complexes (Harvey, 2010). In the same way, growing intervention of the service sector in the rural economy, the strengthening of rural spaces, the transformation of identities that arise in the process of large migrations from underdeveloped countries to developed countries and vice versa, all contribute to the transformation and even others. In the same tenor, the boundaries between the urban and the rural seems to be eliminated in this expansive and binding phenomenon, when strong pressure is generated from noticeably urban spaces, before the rural spatiality, an invasion that also grows continuously towards its surroundings (Borja, 2003). Consequently, one of the conclusions that can be advanced in this regard is that all processes experienced by rural and urban spaces increasingly depend on a global system that maintains and increases socio-spatial links, but in local and solid ties. A complex analysis of these two social scenarios is pertinent, as well as the generation of new conceptual structures and categories of analysis for a proper approach, which are proposed here.

In the beginning of the 1990’s, the agency Armando Testa produced a series of TV commercials for Barilla Dolciaria S.p.a called Il Mulino in Citta’ in which some of the most distinguished cities in Italy, namely Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice, Bologna and Florence, were given a “rural look”. The effect achieved was astonishing and the “new” public realm which was virtually created, managed to impregnate all the visual negative aspects which were normally associated with the harsh atmosphere found in these city cores. Although this was an illusion that lasted for only forty seconds, one could easily start to fantasize about what it would be like to live in a city which is in direct contact with nature (nature as defined in the Collins Dictionary as “the whole system of the existence, forces, and events of the physical world that are not controlled by human beings” and not the artificial one designed, created and maintained by man). The theme of this research paper will revolve around this theoretical idea of superimposing or, more humbly, integrating the ruralscape within the urban landscape. It is fundamental to point out that when mentioning the word “rural”, its meaning must not be limited to pseudo-ornamental features like lawns, trees, bushes, picturesque changes in level and so on, but also to the product of rural environments, namely, agriculture and farming. In order to investigate the multiple points of view on this subject, this research paper will be divided into a series of theoretical as well as practical topics including: historical and theoretical considerations of introducing rural typologies into the urban city; economic, environmental and social aspects of urban farming/agriculture; the conflict arising between urban agriculture and urban design strategies; case studies; and finally, a conclusion taking into consideration the case of Glasgow.

Springer eBooks, 2021

Cities and urban structures could grow thanks to the intensive development of agriculture and the so-called agricultural revolution (Mumford in The city in history. Its origins, its transformations, an its prospects. A Harvest Book Harcourt Inc., San Diego/New York/London, 1989). Historical cities have, therefore, always had a close relationship with agrarian areas and agrarian components of the internal structure of cities. The classification of the primary types of such urbanised agricultural areas and the investigation of the quantitative and qualitative dynamics of their growth based on cartographic sources resulted in the notion of the territorial settlement pyramid (TSP) together with a proposed method for building it. The TSP can be used to identify stages of the territorial development of cities and the relationship between urban and agricultural structures. Keywords Historical cities • Rural areas • Territorial settlement pyramid 23.1 European Historical Cities and the Development of Cartography In the mediaeval period, urban municipalities gradually lost control over the system of dependent villages; the land is increasingly often owned by individuals; and the city is actually bounded by the urban area and areas directly adjacent to it. One could venture that the city-state, perceived as a continuation of the urban traditions of the ancient classical period founded on land property, lost its importance in the Middle Ages. During capitalism, the intensification of agriculture, growth of industry, and

International Journal of Agricultural and …, 1993

After the Industrial Revolution, the precarious equilibrium which regulated the co-evolutionary process between man and nature, has decidedly leaned in favor of a society which is continuously in search of new spaces to be explored and inhabited. According to the data in the Inventario dell'uso delle terre in Italia (Inventory of land use in Italyiuti), from 1990 to 2008 land take is estimated at 500,000 hectares; 75% of the time, this occurs to the detriment of farmland. The ability to evaluate and monitor said phenomenon is essential, first of all, in order to provide the decision makers with valid instruments and, secondly, to lay the basis for a new culture which, placing agriculture at the center of a new, regenerative view of the landscape, is able to outline new ways of organizing the territory which take into account the connections between that which is anthropic and the matrix in which it is inserted, in full respect of the principles of sustainable development.

O texto consiste em um ensaio interpretativo voltado à revisão de recentes contribuições teóricas acerca das categorias rural e urbano, baseadas em autores de diversos campos de saber. Tal revisão serve de base a esclarecimentos terminológicos, na tentativa de distinguir usos operatórios e analíticos destas categorias, além de diferenciar campo de rural e cidade de urbano.

Tájökológiai Lapok, 2021

At present we are talking about the discourse that more than half of the world's population lives in urban spaces, using this process as a substitute, we speak conceptually of the city. However, it is not yet precisely what is considered as urban space, the urban world, or simply the urban term, which hinders conceptual consensus. Similarly, it is difficult to agree on the rural definition. Although in practice there are conjectures about the difference that prevails for one or another concept, there is not a single paradigm accepted by experts on these issues. For example, it is possible to find areas that are recently urbanized in regions that could have been classified as rural or vice versa. Therefore, by doing a literal review this research seeks to define some general characteristics that will facilitate the distinction between rural space and urban space these days. For Example, in the case of Mexico, space is a societal class implicit in the action of human groups and consequently its contextual structure and the characteristic that change with history and time. Phenomena such as globalization, which impact socially and geographically, also influence the evident differences that characterized urban spaces in rural areas until recently public services impregnated with tradition began to blur the inequalities between one another. It is possible to find evidence on the penetration of capitalist investment in both urban and rural areas through tourist and industrial complexes. Similarly, the growing intervention of the service sector in the rural economy, the strengthening of rural spaces, the transformation of identities that arise in the process of large migrations from underdeveloped countries to developed countries, contribute to the transformation. In the same manner, the limits between urban and rural seem to be eliminated in this expansive and binding phenomenon, when strong pressure is generated from markedly urban spaces, in the face of rural spatiality, an invasion that also continuously grows towards its surroundings. Consequently, one of the conclusions that can be advanced in this regard is that all the processes experienced by rural and urban spaces increasingly depend on a global system that maintains and increases socio-spatial links, but on local and solid ties. A complex analysis of these two social scenarios is pertinent, as well as the generation of new conceptual structures and categories of analysis for an adequate approach, which are proposed here.