Papers by Hairul Anuar Hashim
International journal of Life science and Pharma Research, 2021
First Review by Dr. Debashish Chowdhury Background: Success in athletic performance is recognised... more First Review by Dr. Debashish Chowdhury Background: Success in athletic performance is recognised as resultant of accurate-most effective reproduction of acquired skills into performance excellence. To ensure this, athletes try to embrace various authentic therapeutic techniques. These intervention regimes, being mediated by diverse emotional and cognitive-motivational processes enable the athletes excel in their performance. Aim: This experiment was conducted to examine efficacy of visuo-motor behaviour rehearsal (VMBR), and composite biofeedback intervention regimes, on mood states, in modulating transient emotional aspects inhibiting performance of athletic skills. Method: Promising athletes of Malaysian national Sports Council (n = 39) experiencing crises concerning performance deficiencies were recruited as participants. They were subjected to assessment of mood states, substantiated with simultaneous evaluation of autonomic measures of arousal and thirty-meter-dash performance. Followed by that, athletes were exposed to VMBR and biofeedback training regimes. Impacts of psychotherapeutic training regimes were evaluated during Mid-term, post-intervention, and post-follow-up evaluation sessions. Results: Mid-intervention analyses revealed facilitative impact of only biofeedback intervention, while both post-intervention and post-follow-up evaluations confirmed that both the intervention regimes improved thirty-meter-dash performance among athletes. No such improvement as such was evident among athletes of the control condition. Besides all these, the multiple linear regression analyses outcomes revealed differential predictive associations between mood factors and thirtymeter-dash performance outcomes, evident among athletes of different experimental conditions. Conclusions: Post-intervention analyses revealed facilitative impacts of both the intervention regimes in improving thirty-meter-dash performance among athletes. At pre-intervention phase, athletes of VMBR group were evident to perceive lesser extent confusion, while at post-intervention phase, lesser perceived anger was evident to predict faster thirty-meter-dash. Biofeedback trainees on the other hand, perceived lesser extent of fatigue at the pre-intervention phase, which predicted faster dash performance. But the post-intervention evaluation revealed athletes of biofeedback condition had higher extent of depression and lower extent of confusion, which eventually got regulated by virtue of biofeedback training, and hence those athletes could display faster dash performance.
International journal of Life science and Pharma Research, 2021
Background: Elite level athletic performance is universally acknowledged as not consequence of me... more Background: Elite level athletic performance is universally acknowledged as not consequence of mere tenacious and strenuous practice. As crises from diverse sources may hinder optimal athletic performance, athletes need to adopt relevant and effective psychotherapeutic techniques for regulation of their psychological competence and required for performance excellence. Aim: Present study was carried out to investigate significance of visuo-motor behaviour rehearsal (VMBR), and biofeedback intervention technique, if any, on psychological (mood parameter) aspect associated with erroneous performance outcomes identified among the athletes. Method: Thirty-nine promising athletes of Malaysia faced with dismal performance, were recruited as participants, who were subjected to assessment of cardiovascular fitness and autonomic measures of arousal, followed by assessment of mood states, emotional stability, and athletic agility skill. Followed by that, in order to modify their erroneous performance outcomes, athletes were introduced to VMBR and biofeedback training regimes. To verify impacts of psychotherapeutic training regimes Mid-term, post-intervention, and post-follow-up evaluation were carried out. Results: Repeated measure of ANOVA outcomes revealed that at the post-intervention phase, both VMBR training and composite biofeedback intervention regime were evident as effective enough to improve physical performance indices, especially agility of the athletes. associated with changes in impulsivity and irritability evident among the athletes. No difference between the intervention techniques were evident, and furthermore, this improvement in agility was not found as sustainable. Apart from that, multiple linear regression analyses outcomes revealed differential predictive associations between mood factors and agility performance outcomes, evident among athletes assigned to different experimental conditions. Conclusions: Both intervention techniques were evident as effective in inducing faster agility performance displayed by the athletes, although no comparative edge between the interventions was confirmed. Athletes of VMBR group perceived lesser fatigue, which along with other mood factors predicted faster agility. For the Biofeedback trainees lesser extent of tension along with other mood variables resulted in faster agility. Athletes of control condition had higher extent of tension and fatigue, which perhaps caused major difficulty in them, and hence they could not display faster agility.
Age and Ageing, 2008
The present study examined the level of physical activity (PA) and the associations between PA, i... more The present study examined the level of physical activity (PA) and the associations between PA, intention to exercise, exercise habit strength, PE enjoyment and sources of motivation and PA behavior among adolescents aged 13, 14, and 16 years old. Secondary school students (N = 503; Mean age 14.35 ± 1.26) completed self-report measures of physical activity (PA), behavioral regulation in exercise, and exercise habit The data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, t-test, and regression analysis.Significantly higher PA levels was found in boys and younger adolescents. PE enjoyment and relative autonomy index (RAI) were significant PA predictors in both genders. Intention and RAI were significant in 13 and 16 years old groups, while habit was significant in 14 years old group. Identified motivation was a common reason to exercise across sample. The findings underscore importance of considering age and gender in PA promotion interventions.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 6(3 (B)):645-660 · July 2015
ABSTRACT: Present study focuses on examining effectiveness of Electromyography (EMG) biofeedback ... more ABSTRACT: Present study focuses on examining effectiveness of Electromyography (EMG) biofeedback in treatment of ailments and disorders related to knee-joint. In order to carry out the literature survey, terms knee and biofeedback were used as keywords in the databases such as, Physiotherapy evidence Database (PEDro), Cumulative Index of Nursing and allied Health literature (CINAHL), Sport DISCUS and PubMed. Outcomes from the researches conducted incorporating EMG biofeedback and quadriceps exercises used for knee rehabilitation were analysed. Data from the randomised controlled trials were collected on various categories such as, the number of patients; age-range, sex of the participants, type of injury/disorder, duration of symptom, placement of electrodes etc were considered under the purview of the review. Out of two-hundred twenty articles, after all scrutiny done based on the PRISMA guidelines, only eleven met the criteria for inclusion and were taken up for analysis. While eight of the selected articles were analysed for functional outcomes and seven others were analysed for quadriceps strength. A total of 413 participants was included in the trials mentioned. Age of the participants ranged from as low as 23 till 55 ± 7.09. The average PEDro score of the trials included in the review was 5.619. EMG biofeedback (BF) intervention technique has been observed as beneficial for the postsurgical knee disorders rather than chronic disorders like Osteoarthritis.
he Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 05/2015
AIM:
The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on phys... more AIM:
The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on physiological adaptation and time trial performance among junior cyclists.
METHODS:
Participants (N = 27) with the mean age of 16.95 ± 0.8 years, height of 165.6 ± 6.1 cm and weight of 54.19 ± 8.1 Kg were matched into either modified exponential taper (n=7), normal exponential taper (n=7), or control (n=7) groups using their initial VO2max values. Both experimental groups followed a 12-week progressive endurance training program and subsequently, a 2-week tapering phase. A simulated 20-km time trial performance along with VO2max, power output, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, pre and post-taper. One way ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups before the start of the intervention while Mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups across measurement sessions. When homogeneity assumption was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser Value was used for the corrected values of the degrees of freedom for the within subject factor the analysis.
RESULTS:
Significant interactions between experimental groups and testing sessions were found in VO2max (F = 6.67, df = 4, p < 0.05), power output (F = 5.02, df = 4, p < 0.05), heart rate (F = 10.87, df = 2.51, p < 0.05) rating of perceived exertion (F = 13.04, df = 4, p < 0.05) and 20KM time trial (F = 4.64, df = 2.63, p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that both types of taper exhibited positive effects compared to the nontaper condition in the measured performance markers at posttaper while no different were found between the two taper groups.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that both taper protocols successfully inducing physiological adaptations among the junior cyclists by reducing the volume and maintaining the intensity of training.
Journal of Physical Activity, Sports & Exercise, Dec 31, 2014
The present study examined the level of physical activity (PA) and the associations between PA, i... more The present study examined the level of physical activity (PA) and the associations between PA, intention to exercise, exercise habit strength, PE enjoyment and sources of motivation and PA behavior among adolescents aged 13, 14, and 16 years old. Secondary school students (N = 503; Mean age 14.35 ± 1.26) completed self-report measures of physical activity (PA), behavioral regulation in exercise, and exercise habit The data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, t-test, and regression analysis.Significantly higher PA levels was found in boys and younger adolescents. PE enjoyment and relative autonomy index (RAI) were significant PA predictors in both genders. Intention and RAI were significant in 13 and 16 years old groups, while habit was significant in 14 years old group. Identified motivation was a common reason to exercise across sample. The findings underscore importance of considering age and gender in PA promotion interventions.
Present study was done with an intention to look into the problem of osteoarthrosis (OA) with par... more Present study was done with an intention to look into the problem of osteoarthrosis (OA) with particular reference to etiological concerns and the diverse methods of therapeutic interventions introduced to OA patients, which were virtually aimed at minimization of their problems (such as pain; difficulty in movements; range of motion (ROM) and obviously the question of quality of life (QOL). In our present attempt, we wanted highlight on the methodological issues and ways to minimize the problems. We couldn't go through in details of analyses in few of the sections, and some of the literatures were not reviewed considering the merits of introduction of medication along with the intervention techniques which have been discussed hereafter, and we beg to be excused for that. We hope discussions carried out in this literature would encourage more replicated and methodologically valid studies in this field of research.
Psychology Health & Medicine, Sep 8, 2014
Comprehensive psychiatry, 2014
The 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) is frequently used in non-clinical res... more The 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) is frequently used in non-clinical research to measure mental health factors among adults. However, previous studies have concluded that the 21 items are not stable for utilization among the adolescent population. Thus, the aims of this study are to examine the structure of the factors and to report on the reliability of the refined version of the DASS that consists of 12 items. A total of 2850 students (aged 13 to 17 years old) from three major ethnic in Malaysia completed the DASS-21. The study was conducted at 10 randomly selected secondary schools in the northern state of Peninsular Malaysia. The study population comprised secondary school students (Forms 1, 2 and 4) from the selected schools. Based on the results of the EFA stage, 12 items were included in a final CFA to test the fit of the model. Using maximum likelihood procedures to estimate the model, the selected fit indices indicated a close model fit (χ(2)=132.94, df=57, p=.000; CFI=.96; RMR=.02; RMSEA=.04). Moreover, significant loadings of all the unstandardized regression weights implied an acceptable convergent validity. Besides the convergent validity of the item, a discriminant validity of the subscales was also evident from the moderate latent factor inter-correlations, which ranged from .62 to .75. The subscale reliability was further estimated using Cronbach&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s alpha and the adequate reliability of the subscales was obtained (Total=76;…
Journal of Physical Activity, Sports & Exercise, Dec 30, 2013
The present study evaluated the factorial validity and internal consistency of the Iranian versio... more The present study evaluated the factorial validity and internal consistency of the Iranian version of the BRUMS. BRUMS was administered to a total of 131 female Taekwondo athletes. Three models were tested, a 1-factor model, 2-factor model and a 6-factor model. CFA results revealed close model fit of the 2-factor model (x2 = 482.70., df =251, p< 0.001; CFI=0.88, TLI=0.86, RMSEA=0.05, GFI=0.86) when compared to the 1-factor model and the 6-factor model. The results also showed a satisfactory level of internal consistency of the 2-factor model (α = .80 for positive mood and .82 for negative mood subscales). The findings suggested that BRUMS can be used for measurement of general mood states (positive and negative) among Iranian female Taekwondo athletes. However, there is need for future studies investigating the generalizability of the results with different samples of age groups, gender and types of sports
Psychology, Health & Medicine, Jun 2013
Purpose: The moderating effect of exercise habit strength and specific habit processes within the... more Purpose: The moderating effect of exercise habit strength and specific habit processes within the theory of planned behavior (TPB) was tested in children. Methods: Participants were primary school students (N = 380, mean age = 10.46 ± .52). The data were collected using self-report measures followed by one-mile run test performance. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The findings revealed that 34, 57, and 9% of students could be classified as low, moderate, and high in PA, respectively. Path analysis for the overall model revealed significant path loadings (p = < .05), except for the attitude–intention path. Moderating effects results revealed that strong habit strength extinguished the effects of intention on PA. Conclusion: Habit strength has the potential to minimize the deliberate processes associated with intention to exercise, thereby increasing the probability of intention–behavior translation. For specific habit processes, only negative affect appears to moderate the relationships between the TPB variables.
Journal of Physical Activity & Health, Sep 2012
"BACKGROUND:
The current study was undertaken to examine the associations between self-determi... more "BACKGROUND:
The current study was undertaken to examine the associations between self-determination, exercise habit, anxiety, depression, stress, and academic achievement among adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in eastern Malaysia.
METHODS:
The sample consisted of 750 secondary school students (mean age = 13.4 years, SD = 0.49). Participants completed self-report measures of exercise behavioral regulation, negative affect, and exercise habit strength. Midyear exam results were used as an indicator of academic performance. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS:
The results of structural equation modeling revealed a close model fit for the hypothesized model, which indicates that higher levels of self-determination were positively associated with habituated exercise behavior. In turn, exercise habit strength fostered academic achievement and buffered the debilitative effect of stress, depression, and anxiety on student academic performance. The analysis of model invariance revealed a nonsignificant difference between male and female subjects.
CONCLUSION:
The findings support the notion that habituated exercise fosters academic performance. In addition, we found that habituated exercise buffers the combined effects of stress, anxiety and depression on academic performance. The finding also supports the roles of self-determination in promoting exercise habituation."
pertanika.upm.edu.my
It is generally known that sport participation promotes greater social interactions. For students... more It is generally known that sport participation promotes greater social interactions. For students in a foreign and a new country, a positive social interaction can be translated into a positive social adjustment process and a greater psychological well-being. Despite its benefits, participation in sports activities is low among university students, especially the international students. The present study, therefore, sought to examine the barriers that would likely hinder international and local college students from participating in sport activities in one of the colleges in Springfield, United States. Using purposive sampling, 64 college students participated in this cross sectional survey study. Data were collected using a modified Leisure Barriers Scale developed by Raymore, Godbey, Crawford and Von Eye (1993). Using descriptive statistics and independent group t-test, the results revealed 'convenient facilities', 'time' and 'information regarding available activities' as the most hindering factors for international students from participating in campus sport activities. The results of the independent group t-test revealed that intrapersonal barriers (p < 0.04) and interpersonal barriers (p < 0.02) were significantly higher among international students compared to the local students. No difference was found between the two groups with regard to Structural Barriers. Parallel with the results, greater efforts may be made to promote greater awareness with regard to facilities convenience, such as facilities operating hours, and availability of campus activities to the students. For international students, activities that promote the elements of social interaction and are sensitive to cultural and individual differences may encourage greater participation in campus sporting activities.
pertanika.upm.edu.my
The present study was undertaken to examine the roles of social supports on adolescents' involvem... more The present study was undertaken to examine the roles of social supports on adolescents' involvement in outof-school physical activities. 175 conveniently sampled middle high school students from three public schools in Western Australia participated in this study. Data were collected using self-report measures of physical activity (PA) duration, social support (modelling, instrumental, and motivational supports) and social support agents (mother, father, siblings, peers, and teachers). Using stepwise regression analysis, the results revealed that motivational and instrumental supports were significant predictors of the PA for the male and female adolescents, respectively. In terms of the roles of social agents, father was indicated as an influential agent of change for the male adolescents, while mother and peers were influential figures for the female adolescents' involvement in physical activity. The finding of this study reinforces the view that social support for PA may be best provided by the adolescents' same-sex parents. The finding also supports the notion that motivational and instrumental supports may be more effective in promoting male and female adolescent PA, respectively.
ASEAN Journal …, Jan 1, 2012
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-termeffects of two relaxation t... more Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-termeffects of two relaxation techniques on choice reaction time (CRT), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) following intermittent high intensity exercise. Twenty-four physically active young male athletes were randomly divided into three groups, like, autogenic relaxation (AGR) group, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) group and a control group. The experimental session
consisted of two sessions with a long-termfour-week relaxation training in between. Each experimental session involved four bouts of intermittent exercise, consisting of cycling at 60% VO2max. for 10 minutes followed by 90% VO2max. for 2 minutes. In between each bout of cycling, a 3-minute rest was given when choice reaction time (CRT) was conducted. Furthermore, RPE, heart rate, and VO2 were measured at
the last minute of each cycling bout Using 3(groups) x 2 (sessions) x 4 (trials) repeated measure ANOVA, the results revealed no significant interaction effects in any of the parameters. However, significant main effects for the session were found in heart rate, VO2 and CRT, whereas significant main effects for trials were found for heart rate, RPE, and CRT. Hence, it is concluded that there was no significant
effect of both the relaxation training on CRT and psychophysiological parameters, but moderately high intensity intermittent activity improved the reaction time
performance.
Objectives: This study examined Malaysian adolescents’ profiles of exercise motivation, exercise ... more Objectives: This study examined Malaysian adolescents’ profiles of exercise motivation, exercise habit strength, academic performance, and levels of physical activity (PA) using cluster analysis.
Methods: The sample (n = 300) consisted of 65.6% males and 34.4% females with a mean age of 13.40 ± 0.49. Statistical analysis was performed using cluster analysis.
Results: Cluster analysis revealed three distinct cluster groups. Cluster 1 is characterized by a moderate level of PA, relatively high in motivational indices and relative autonomy index (RAI), low in exercise habit, and moderate level of academic achievement. Cluster 2 has superior academic performance but is low in PA and all other measured variables. Cluster 3 is characterized by high levels of PA and all other variables but is lowest in academic performance. One way ANOVA revealed significant differences between cluster groups in total weekly MET, total minutes of weekly PA, academic performance, introjected regulation, and identified regulation.
Conclusion: PA promotion with emphasis on external factors may be effective in instilling exercise habituation among adolescents in the present sample.
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Papers by Hairul Anuar Hashim
The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on physiological adaptation and time trial performance among junior cyclists.
METHODS:
Participants (N = 27) with the mean age of 16.95 ± 0.8 years, height of 165.6 ± 6.1 cm and weight of 54.19 ± 8.1 Kg were matched into either modified exponential taper (n=7), normal exponential taper (n=7), or control (n=7) groups using their initial VO2max values. Both experimental groups followed a 12-week progressive endurance training program and subsequently, a 2-week tapering phase. A simulated 20-km time trial performance along with VO2max, power output, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, pre and post-taper. One way ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups before the start of the intervention while Mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups across measurement sessions. When homogeneity assumption was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser Value was used for the corrected values of the degrees of freedom for the within subject factor the analysis.
RESULTS:
Significant interactions between experimental groups and testing sessions were found in VO2max (F = 6.67, df = 4, p < 0.05), power output (F = 5.02, df = 4, p < 0.05), heart rate (F = 10.87, df = 2.51, p < 0.05) rating of perceived exertion (F = 13.04, df = 4, p < 0.05) and 20KM time trial (F = 4.64, df = 2.63, p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that both types of taper exhibited positive effects compared to the nontaper condition in the measured performance markers at posttaper while no different were found between the two taper groups.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that both taper protocols successfully inducing physiological adaptations among the junior cyclists by reducing the volume and maintaining the intensity of training.
The current study was undertaken to examine the associations between self-determination, exercise habit, anxiety, depression, stress, and academic achievement among adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in eastern Malaysia.
METHODS:
The sample consisted of 750 secondary school students (mean age = 13.4 years, SD = 0.49). Participants completed self-report measures of exercise behavioral regulation, negative affect, and exercise habit strength. Midyear exam results were used as an indicator of academic performance. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS:
The results of structural equation modeling revealed a close model fit for the hypothesized model, which indicates that higher levels of self-determination were positively associated with habituated exercise behavior. In turn, exercise habit strength fostered academic achievement and buffered the debilitative effect of stress, depression, and anxiety on student academic performance. The analysis of model invariance revealed a nonsignificant difference between male and female subjects.
CONCLUSION:
The findings support the notion that habituated exercise fosters academic performance. In addition, we found that habituated exercise buffers the combined effects of stress, anxiety and depression on academic performance. The finding also supports the roles of self-determination in promoting exercise habituation."
The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-termeffects of two relaxation techniques on choice reaction time (CRT), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) following intermittent high intensity exercise. Twenty-four physically active young male athletes were randomly divided into three groups, like, autogenic relaxation (AGR) group, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) group and a control group. The experimental session
consisted of two sessions with a long-termfour-week relaxation training in between. Each experimental session involved four bouts of intermittent exercise, consisting of cycling at 60% VO2max. for 10 minutes followed by 90% VO2max. for 2 minutes. In between each bout of cycling, a 3-minute rest was given when choice reaction time (CRT) was conducted. Furthermore, RPE, heart rate, and VO2 were measured at
the last minute of each cycling bout Using 3(groups) x 2 (sessions) x 4 (trials) repeated measure ANOVA, the results revealed no significant interaction effects in any of the parameters. However, significant main effects for the session were found in heart rate, VO2 and CRT, whereas significant main effects for trials were found for heart rate, RPE, and CRT. Hence, it is concluded that there was no significant
effect of both the relaxation training on CRT and psychophysiological parameters, but moderately high intensity intermittent activity improved the reaction time
performance.
Methods: The sample (n = 300) consisted of 65.6% males and 34.4% females with a mean age of 13.40 ± 0.49. Statistical analysis was performed using cluster analysis.
Results: Cluster analysis revealed three distinct cluster groups. Cluster 1 is characterized by a moderate level of PA, relatively high in motivational indices and relative autonomy index (RAI), low in exercise habit, and moderate level of academic achievement. Cluster 2 has superior academic performance but is low in PA and all other measured variables. Cluster 3 is characterized by high levels of PA and all other variables but is lowest in academic performance. One way ANOVA revealed significant differences between cluster groups in total weekly MET, total minutes of weekly PA, academic performance, introjected regulation, and identified regulation.
Conclusion: PA promotion with emphasis on external factors may be effective in instilling exercise habituation among adolescents in the present sample.
The present study investigated the effects of a 2-week modified exponential taper on physiological adaptation and time trial performance among junior cyclists.
METHODS:
Participants (N = 27) with the mean age of 16.95 ± 0.8 years, height of 165.6 ± 6.1 cm and weight of 54.19 ± 8.1 Kg were matched into either modified exponential taper (n=7), normal exponential taper (n=7), or control (n=7) groups using their initial VO2max values. Both experimental groups followed a 12-week progressive endurance training program and subsequently, a 2-week tapering phase. A simulated 20-km time trial performance along with VO2max, power output, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion were measured at baseline, pre and post-taper. One way ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups before the start of the intervention while Mixed factorial ANOVA was used to analyse the difference between groups across measurement sessions. When homogeneity assumption was violated, the Greenhouse-Geisser Value was used for the corrected values of the degrees of freedom for the within subject factor the analysis.
RESULTS:
Significant interactions between experimental groups and testing sessions were found in VO2max (F = 6.67, df = 4, p < 0.05), power output (F = 5.02, df = 4, p < 0.05), heart rate (F = 10.87, df = 2.51, p < 0.05) rating of perceived exertion (F = 13.04, df = 4, p < 0.05) and 20KM time trial (F = 4.64, df = 2.63, p < 0.05). Post-hoc analysis revealed that both types of taper exhibited positive effects compared to the nontaper condition in the measured performance markers at posttaper while no different were found between the two taper groups.
CONCLUSION:
It was concluded that both taper protocols successfully inducing physiological adaptations among the junior cyclists by reducing the volume and maintaining the intensity of training.
The current study was undertaken to examine the associations between self-determination, exercise habit, anxiety, depression, stress, and academic achievement among adolescents aged 13 and 14 years in eastern Malaysia.
METHODS:
The sample consisted of 750 secondary school students (mean age = 13.4 years, SD = 0.49). Participants completed self-report measures of exercise behavioral regulation, negative affect, and exercise habit strength. Midyear exam results were used as an indicator of academic performance. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.
RESULTS:
The results of structural equation modeling revealed a close model fit for the hypothesized model, which indicates that higher levels of self-determination were positively associated with habituated exercise behavior. In turn, exercise habit strength fostered academic achievement and buffered the debilitative effect of stress, depression, and anxiety on student academic performance. The analysis of model invariance revealed a nonsignificant difference between male and female subjects.
CONCLUSION:
The findings support the notion that habituated exercise fosters academic performance. In addition, we found that habituated exercise buffers the combined effects of stress, anxiety and depression on academic performance. The finding also supports the roles of self-determination in promoting exercise habituation."
The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-termeffects of two relaxation techniques on choice reaction time (CRT), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate and oxygen consumption (VO2) following intermittent high intensity exercise. Twenty-four physically active young male athletes were randomly divided into three groups, like, autogenic relaxation (AGR) group, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) group and a control group. The experimental session
consisted of two sessions with a long-termfour-week relaxation training in between. Each experimental session involved four bouts of intermittent exercise, consisting of cycling at 60% VO2max. for 10 minutes followed by 90% VO2max. for 2 minutes. In between each bout of cycling, a 3-minute rest was given when choice reaction time (CRT) was conducted. Furthermore, RPE, heart rate, and VO2 were measured at
the last minute of each cycling bout Using 3(groups) x 2 (sessions) x 4 (trials) repeated measure ANOVA, the results revealed no significant interaction effects in any of the parameters. However, significant main effects for the session were found in heart rate, VO2 and CRT, whereas significant main effects for trials were found for heart rate, RPE, and CRT. Hence, it is concluded that there was no significant
effect of both the relaxation training on CRT and psychophysiological parameters, but moderately high intensity intermittent activity improved the reaction time
performance.
Methods: The sample (n = 300) consisted of 65.6% males and 34.4% females with a mean age of 13.40 ± 0.49. Statistical analysis was performed using cluster analysis.
Results: Cluster analysis revealed three distinct cluster groups. Cluster 1 is characterized by a moderate level of PA, relatively high in motivational indices and relative autonomy index (RAI), low in exercise habit, and moderate level of academic achievement. Cluster 2 has superior academic performance but is low in PA and all other measured variables. Cluster 3 is characterized by high levels of PA and all other variables but is lowest in academic performance. One way ANOVA revealed significant differences between cluster groups in total weekly MET, total minutes of weekly PA, academic performance, introjected regulation, and identified regulation.
Conclusion: PA promotion with emphasis on external factors may be effective in instilling exercise habituation among adolescents in the present sample.
Malaysia and Iran. Eighty eight taekwondo players (Mean age: 12.79) were randomly assigned into 4 groups, 1) imagery exercise, 2) progressive muscle elaxation, (PMR) 3) combined imagery exercise and progressive muscle relaxation and 4) control group. The experimental sessions consisted of 2 times per week. CSAI-2R has been measured after the 8Th, 16Th, 24Th session of intervention and the measurement was repeated after the completion of 24th session of follow up (without any intervention). Using 4 (groups) x 5 (trials) repeated measured ANCOVA, the results revealed significant difference in somatic anxiety in Malaysia. In somatic, cognitive anxiety and self confidence significant difference was found between experimental groups. Hence, it is concluded that these two techniques have effects on reduce somatic and cognitive anxiety and increase self confidence in Malaysian and Iranian taekwondo players.
Participants completed measures of PA, PA intention, attitudes and exercise habit. PA score was categorized into low (1.00-2.33), moderate (2.34-3.66), and high (3.67-5.00) categories. PA intention, attitudes, and exercise habit were categorized into high and low categories using median split. Majority of the participants were in moderate PA (65.7%) followed by high (24.8%) and low PA (9.6%). More males were in moderate (34.3%), followed by high (13.1%) and low PA (6.1%). Similarly, more females were in moderate (31.4%), followed by high (11.6%) and low PA (3.5%). For exercise intention, the frequency was higher for low intenders in overall sample (52.4%). For males, the frequency was higher for low intenders (28.6% vs 24.3%) while for females the frequencies were similar between low and high intenders (23.8% vs 23.4%). For attitude, the frequencies of high and low attitudes were almost similar (49.2% vs 50.8%) in overall sample. For males, the frequency was higher in low attitude (28.6% vs 24.3%) while for females, it was higher for high attitude (24.9% vs 22.2%). For exercise habit, the frequency was higher for low habit (51.3%) in overall sample. For males, the frequency was higher for low habit (29.1% vs 23.8%) while for females, it was higher for high habit (24.9% vs 22.2%). The data revealed the needs to further promote PA among children in Kubang Kerian Kelantan targeting PA intention, attitude, and exercise habit especially among male children.