The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alb... more The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alberta swine farms. The vast majority of antimicrobials were used in-feed. In weaners, in-feed use did not vary among farms, suggesting heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials. For grow-to-finish production phases, most farms reported heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials, but 6 and 14 farms did not report any in-feed AMU in growers and finishers, respectively. The tetracycline-sulphametazinepenicillin combination and carbadox were the most common antimicrobials added to the weaner rations, while tylosin and lincomycin were the most common antimicrobials added to grower and finisher rations. No resistance was observed to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and ceftriaxone. A low frequency of resistance (<5%) was observed to gentamicin, apramycin, cephalotin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Most common resistances were detected to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, kanamycin and ampicillin. Despite widespread AMU, 40.19% of Salmonella isolates were susceptible to 17 antimicrobials.
The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alb... more The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alberta swine farms. The vast majority of antimicrobials were used in-feed. In weaners, in-feed use did not vary among farms, suggesting heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials. For grow-to-finish production phases, most farms reported heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials, but 6 and 14 farms did not report any in-feed AMU in growers and finishers, respectively. The tetracycline-sulphametazinepenicillin combination and carbadox were the most common antimicrobials added to the weaner rations, while tylosin and lincomycin were the most common antimicrobials added to grower and finisher rations. No resistance was observed to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and ceftriaxone. A low frequency of resistance (<5%) was observed to gentamicin, apramycin, cephalotin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Most common resistances were detected to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, kanamycin and ampicillin. Despite widespread AMU, 40.19% of Salmonella isolates were susceptible to 17 antimicrobials.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Dec 3, 2013
Scientific Reports 1737 SMALL ANIMALS U rolithiasis typically develops through the aggregation of... more Scientific Reports 1737 SMALL ANIMALS U rolithiasis typically develops through the aggregation of mineral crystals in urine, which eventually impedes the flow of urine and causes irritation of the urinary mucosa. 1 The physiologic and pathological factors involved in urolithiasis depend on the particular type of urolith formed and can be unpredictable. Uroliths take time to fully develop, and subclinical kidney damage and renal dysfunction can occur before urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract is diagnosed, making this a clinically important disease condition in companion animals. Identification of the risk factors that are associated with various types of urolithiasis can be important in the prevention or management of the condition. Limited information is available on the incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis in the general population of dogs. In Sweden, approximately 0.3% of licensed dogs between 1956 and 1982 were reported to have urolithiasis, whereas in Norway, 0.05% of Kennel Club-registered dogs between 1956 and 1970 were treated for urolithiasis. 2 In Germany, the reported prevalence was between
Neurocysticercosis caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the major p... more Neurocysticercosis caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the major preventable cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 15 The T. solium life cycle includes the pig as an intermediate host, having ...
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has recently been identified in p... more Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has recently been identified in pigs and people that work with pigs, raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of MRSA for human infection. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of ...
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Apr 1, 2010
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was first proposed to classify porcine reproducti... more Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was first proposed to classify porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in 1998. The primary objective of this study was to identify associations between different PRRSV RFLP types in swine herds in southern Ontario and clinical signs of disease in those herds. Herds included in the study submitted samples to the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph between September 2004 and August 2007. Each farm owner was surveyed to describe the clinical disease in the herd and the RFLP pattern of an isolate of PRRSV was obtained from a diagnostic sample. The most frequent isolates were RFLP types 1_4 (25.1%), 252 (14.7%), 134 (12%), and 1_2 (7.7%). The distribution of RFLP types in this study was found to be different from a previous investigation in Ontario. Those RFLP types most associated with clinical disease in the farrowing phase of production were 1_4, 1_2, and 134. The only virus type to be significantly associated with disease in the finisher phase was RFLP type 262. During the study period RFLP type 184 emerged in the population in November 2005.
ABSTRACT Anemia is a severe public health problem with serious consequences for both human and so... more ABSTRACT Anemia is a severe public health problem with serious consequences for both human and socio-economic health. Previously, we reported on a pilot study of a uniquely-shaped iron ingot that can be used during cooking to provide additional iron to an otherwise deficient diet. Currently, we discuss a long-term investigation of the ingot in rural Cambodia to determine the effect of regular use of the iron ingot. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Kandal Province, Cambodia. Participants were allocated to one of three groups: control, intervention, or intervention with follow-up nutrition education. The purpose of the follow-up sessions was to encourage integration of the intervention and to providing basic nutritional information. Distribution of a re-usable, fish-shaped iron ingot to both intervention groups occurred at baseline. Participants were instructed to use the ingot daily, while preparing soup or boiling drinking water. Data on compliance, hemoglobin and iron status was measured regularly throughout the 12-month trial period. Participants in the intervention groups had improved hemoglobin levels and indices of iron stores, and were also less likely to be anemic at endline. Decreased loss-to-follow-up and increased compliance to the treatment regime was observed in the intervention with follow-up group. The current study demonstrates the long-term acceptability and effectiveness of the iron ingot at ameliorating iron deficiency and anemia in rural Cambodia. A laboratory study confirms the bioavailability of the iron leached from the ingot, suggesting that approximately 75% of daily iron requirements can be met by using the ingot each daily. The iron fish represents an affordable and promising adventitious iron source for the amelioration of iron deficiency anemia. The development of a novel intervention that can be used throughout Asia, and beyond, will dramatically improve the quality of life for millions of women and children.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, Jul 1, 2007
We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campyl... more We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter coli isolated from Ontario grower-finisher pigs. From January to June 2004, 1200 samples were collected from 80 farms by obtaining a constant number (15) of fecal samples per farm. Susceptibility of the isolates to 11 antimicrobial drugs was determined by the agar-dilution technique. The overall prevalence of resistance to 1 or more antimicrobials among the isolates was 99.2%. High levels of resistance were observed for azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline: 91.7%, 82.5%, 81.4%, 70.7%, and 63.7%, respectively. For sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid, resistance was observed in 40.3%, 26.6%, and 22.7% of the isolates, respectively. Although at very low levels, resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), chloramphenicol, and gentamicin: in 2.4%, 1.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. Many of the isolates (29.7%) were resistant to 5 antimicrobials, the most common being azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Isolates from the same farm showed at least 5 patterns of resistance. Results from this study indicate high levels of resistance to the antimicrobial drugs most commonly used in the Canadian swine industry (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) among C. coli isolated from grower-finisher pigs in Ontario. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs most commonly used to treat severe human campylobacteriosis. Fortunately, at present, there is little resistance to fluoroquinolones among C. coli from pigs in Ontario.
Tm Ih Tropical Medicine International Health, Sep 9, 2011
objectives To investigate the effect of cooking with an iron ingot on the iron content of several... more objectives To investigate the effect of cooking with an iron ingot on the iron content of several water and Cambodian food preparations.
Dewey C, Bottoms K, Carter N, et al. A qualitative study to identify potential biosecurity risks ... more Dewey C, Bottoms K, Carter N, et al. A qualitative study to identify potential biosecurity risks associated with feed delivery.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
... to diagnose the causes of lameness in sows that were culled for lameness and to determine if ... more ... to diagnose the causes of lameness in sows that were culled for lameness and to determine if the gross postmortem lesions ... Reprint requests to Dr. CE Dewey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary EducationalCenter, Box 187, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA ...
We evaluated the profitability of vaccinating sows against Escherichia coli using a partial budge... more We evaluated the profitability of vaccinating sows against Escherichia coli using a partial budget analysis incorporated into a computer spreadsheet. Herd inputs intended to approximate the average swine operation were used to provide generalizable results. Vaccine efficacy was estimated using previous reports of reduced diarrhea morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets associated with vaccination. Our results indicate that the average swine producer who does not currently vaccinate sows against E. coli could expect to generate $5.51 per sow in additional yearly profits by implementing a vaccination program. Losses attributable to piglet diarrhea would be reduced by nearly $10 per sow per year. Investment in a sow E. coli vaccination program is expected to result in a 124% return on investment. Sensitivity analysis found that these results were fairly insensitive to variations in vaccine efficacy, market value of pigs, vaccine cost, liveborn litter size, and diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates without vaccination. Threshold analysis suggests that herds with diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates in 1-to 14day-old piglets of at least 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively, could expect returns adequate to justify investment. We therefore predict that E. coli vaccination of sows would be a cost-effective health management strategy for many United States swine producers.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
The objective of this study was to determine the association between body weight of pigs at 7 wk ... more The objective of this study was to determine the association between body weight of pigs at 7 wk of age, specific management factors, and previous body weight. Among 3736 pigs from 8 commercial farms, greater 7-wk weight was associated with greater birth weight (P = 0.001), greater weaning weight (P = 0.001), and earlier age at weaning (P = 0.001). Farms with the earliest average weaning age had the highest health status. Farms with later weaning ages tended to use nurse sows for light-weight pigs. Pigs from farms using all-in/all-out management in the nursery had greater 7-wk weights (P = 0.01). The total mortality and culling rate during the nursery phase (weaning to approximately 7 wk of age) was 6.8%. Higher losses were observed among pigs with low weaning weights (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 4.1 kg) compared with those with higher weaning weights. More of the variation due to 7-wk weight was due to individual sow rather than to farm of origin.
Objective: To identify incidence and risk factors for surgical glove perforation in small animal ... more Objective: To identify incidence and risk factors for surgical glove perforation in small animal surgery. Study Design: Observational cohort study. Sample Population: Surgical gloves (n ¼ 2132) worn in 363 surgical procedures. Methods: All gloves worn by operative personnel were assessed for perforation at end-procedure using a water leak test. Putative risk factors were recorded by a surgical team member. Associations between risk factors and perforation were assessed using multivariable multi-level random-effects logistic regression models to control for hierarchical data structure. Results: At least 1 glove perforation occurred in 26.2% of procedures. Identified risk factors for glove perforation included increased surgical duration (surgery >1 hour OR ¼ 1.79, 95% CI ¼ 1.12-2.86), performing orthopedic procedures (OR ¼ 1.88; 95% CI ¼ 1.23-2.88), any procedure using powered instruments (OR ¼ 1.93; 95% CI ¼ 1.21-3.09) or surgical wire (OR ¼ 3.02; 95% CI ¼ 1.50-6.05), use of polyisoprene as a glove material (OR ¼ 1.59, 95% CI ¼ 1.05-2.39), and operative role as primary surgeon (OR ¼ 2.01; 95% CI ¼ 1.35-2.98). The ability of the wearer to detect perforations intraoperatively was poor, with a sensitivity of 30.8%. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of unrecognized glove perforations in small animal surgery.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
Antibiotic use was described using a convenience sample of 90 Alberta swine farms representing ap... more Antibiotic use was described using a convenience sample of 90 Alberta swine farms representing approximately 25% of the Alberta market swine production. Data on the use of antibiotics were collected through an on-farm interview questionnaire. The vast majority of antibiotics were used in feed. The chlortetracycline/sulfamethazine/penicillin combination and tylosin were the most frequently used in-feed antibiotics in weaners and growers/finishers, respectively. The use of antibiotics through water was reported mostly occasionally in all categories. The use of injectable antibiotics was reported mostly in sick pigs. Penicillin was the most common in-water and injectable antibiotic in all categories. The apparent low frequency of critically important antimicrobials for use in humans (quinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins) is an encouraging finding from a public health perspective. The widespread and frequently reported use of penicillin and tetracycline are of public health conc...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
Swine influenza (SI) is a disease of significance for the swine industry, and vaccination is ofte... more Swine influenza (SI) is a disease of significance for the swine industry, and vaccination is often recommended as a way to reduce its impact on production. The efficacy of SI vaccines is well established under experimental conditions, but information about field efficacy is scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial inactivated bivalent (H1N1/H3N2) vaccine under conditions of natural exposure to a field SI variant. To accomplish our goal we used a randomized, blinded, field trial in 2 cohorts of finisher pigs in a multi-site swine production system located in southern Ontario. During the trial, this herd experienced an outbreak of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). The efficacy of the SI vaccine was assessed through its effect on average daily weight gain, and serological responses to SI over time. The effect of vaccination on pig growth was different in the 2 cohorts. Weight gain was higher in vaccinated pigs than in control pigs in...
The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie médicale / AMMI Canada, 2013
A population-based study was conducted over a two-year period in the Perth District (PD) and Well... more A population-based study was conducted over a two-year period in the Perth District (PD) and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph (WDG) health units in Ontario to document antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use associated with clinical cases of laboratory-confirmed campylobacteriosis. Etest (bioMérieux SA, France) was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Data regarding antimicrobial use were collected from 250 cases. Of the 250 cases, 165 (65.7%) reported staying home or being hospitalized due to campylobacteriosis. Fifty-four per cent of cases (135 of 249) reported taking antimicrobials to treat campylobacteriosis. In 115 cases (51.1%), fecal culture results were not used for treatment decisions because they were not available before the initiation of antimicrobial treatment and/or they were not available bef...
The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alb... more The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alberta swine farms. The vast majority of antimicrobials were used in-feed. In weaners, in-feed use did not vary among farms, suggesting heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials. For grow-to-finish production phases, most farms reported heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials, but 6 and 14 farms did not report any in-feed AMU in growers and finishers, respectively. The tetracycline-sulphametazinepenicillin combination and carbadox were the most common antimicrobials added to the weaner rations, while tylosin and lincomycin were the most common antimicrobials added to grower and finisher rations. No resistance was observed to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and ceftriaxone. A low frequency of resistance (<5%) was observed to gentamicin, apramycin, cephalotin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Most common resistances were detected to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, kanamycin and ampicillin. Despite widespread AMU, 40.19% of Salmonella isolates were susceptible to 17 antimicrobials.
The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alb... more The study objectives were to describe antimicrobial use (AMU) and Salmonella resistance on 90 Alberta swine farms. The vast majority of antimicrobials were used in-feed. In weaners, in-feed use did not vary among farms, suggesting heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials. For grow-to-finish production phases, most farms reported heavy reliance on in-feed antimicrobials, but 6 and 14 farms did not report any in-feed AMU in growers and finishers, respectively. The tetracycline-sulphametazinepenicillin combination and carbadox were the most common antimicrobials added to the weaner rations, while tylosin and lincomycin were the most common antimicrobials added to grower and finisher rations. No resistance was observed to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amikacin and ceftriaxone. A low frequency of resistance (<5%) was observed to gentamicin, apramycin, cephalotin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Most common resistances were detected to tetracycline, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole, kanamycin and ampicillin. Despite widespread AMU, 40.19% of Salmonella isolates were susceptible to 17 antimicrobials.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Dec 3, 2013
Scientific Reports 1737 SMALL ANIMALS U rolithiasis typically develops through the aggregation of... more Scientific Reports 1737 SMALL ANIMALS U rolithiasis typically develops through the aggregation of mineral crystals in urine, which eventually impedes the flow of urine and causes irritation of the urinary mucosa. 1 The physiologic and pathological factors involved in urolithiasis depend on the particular type of urolith formed and can be unpredictable. Uroliths take time to fully develop, and subclinical kidney damage and renal dysfunction can occur before urolithiasis of the lower urinary tract is diagnosed, making this a clinically important disease condition in companion animals. Identification of the risk factors that are associated with various types of urolithiasis can be important in the prevention or management of the condition. Limited information is available on the incidence and prevalence of urolithiasis in the general population of dogs. In Sweden, approximately 0.3% of licensed dogs between 1956 and 1982 were reported to have urolithiasis, whereas in Norway, 0.05% of Kennel Club-registered dogs between 1956 and 1970 were treated for urolithiasis. 2 In Germany, the reported prevalence was between
Neurocysticercosis caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the major p... more Neurocysticercosis caused by the larval stage of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium, is the major preventable cause of adult-onset epilepsy in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. 15 The T. solium life cycle includes the pig as an intermediate host, having ...
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has recently been identified in p... more Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization has recently been identified in pigs and people that work with pigs, raising concerns about the role of pigs as reservoirs of MRSA for human infection. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of ...
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research Revue Canadienne De Recherche Veterinaire, Apr 1, 2010
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was first proposed to classify porcine reproducti... more Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was first proposed to classify porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in 1998. The primary objective of this study was to identify associations between different PRRSV RFLP types in swine herds in southern Ontario and clinical signs of disease in those herds. Herds included in the study submitted samples to the Animal Health Laboratory at the University of Guelph between September 2004 and August 2007. Each farm owner was surveyed to describe the clinical disease in the herd and the RFLP pattern of an isolate of PRRSV was obtained from a diagnostic sample. The most frequent isolates were RFLP types 1_4 (25.1%), 252 (14.7%), 134 (12%), and 1_2 (7.7%). The distribution of RFLP types in this study was found to be different from a previous investigation in Ontario. Those RFLP types most associated with clinical disease in the farrowing phase of production were 1_4, 1_2, and 134. The only virus type to be significantly associated with disease in the finisher phase was RFLP type 262. During the study period RFLP type 184 emerged in the population in November 2005.
ABSTRACT Anemia is a severe public health problem with serious consequences for both human and so... more ABSTRACT Anemia is a severe public health problem with serious consequences for both human and socio-economic health. Previously, we reported on a pilot study of a uniquely-shaped iron ingot that can be used during cooking to provide additional iron to an otherwise deficient diet. Currently, we discuss a long-term investigation of the ingot in rural Cambodia to determine the effect of regular use of the iron ingot. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Kandal Province, Cambodia. Participants were allocated to one of three groups: control, intervention, or intervention with follow-up nutrition education. The purpose of the follow-up sessions was to encourage integration of the intervention and to providing basic nutritional information. Distribution of a re-usable, fish-shaped iron ingot to both intervention groups occurred at baseline. Participants were instructed to use the ingot daily, while preparing soup or boiling drinking water. Data on compliance, hemoglobin and iron status was measured regularly throughout the 12-month trial period. Participants in the intervention groups had improved hemoglobin levels and indices of iron stores, and were also less likely to be anemic at endline. Decreased loss-to-follow-up and increased compliance to the treatment regime was observed in the intervention with follow-up group. The current study demonstrates the long-term acceptability and effectiveness of the iron ingot at ameliorating iron deficiency and anemia in rural Cambodia. A laboratory study confirms the bioavailability of the iron leached from the ingot, suggesting that approximately 75% of daily iron requirements can be met by using the ingot each daily. The iron fish represents an affordable and promising adventitious iron source for the amelioration of iron deficiency anemia. The development of a novel intervention that can be used throughout Asia, and beyond, will dramatically improve the quality of life for millions of women and children.
Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, Jul 1, 2007
We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campyl... more We carried out a cross-sectional study to investigate antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter coli isolated from Ontario grower-finisher pigs. From January to June 2004, 1200 samples were collected from 80 farms by obtaining a constant number (15) of fecal samples per farm. Susceptibility of the isolates to 11 antimicrobial drugs was determined by the agar-dilution technique. The overall prevalence of resistance to 1 or more antimicrobials among the isolates was 99.2%. High levels of resistance were observed for azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline: 91.7%, 82.5%, 81.4%, 70.7%, and 63.7%, respectively. For sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and nalidixic acid, resistance was observed in 40.3%, 26.6%, and 22.7% of the isolates, respectively. Although at very low levels, resistance was observed for ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone), chloramphenicol, and gentamicin: in 2.4%, 1.7%, and 0.2%, respectively. Many of the isolates (29.7%) were resistant to 5 antimicrobials, the most common being azithromycin, clindamycin, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Isolates from the same farm showed at least 5 patterns of resistance. Results from this study indicate high levels of resistance to the antimicrobial drugs most commonly used in the Canadian swine industry (macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines) among C. coli isolated from grower-finisher pigs in Ontario. Macrolides and fluoroquinolones are the drugs most commonly used to treat severe human campylobacteriosis. Fortunately, at present, there is little resistance to fluoroquinolones among C. coli from pigs in Ontario.
Tm Ih Tropical Medicine International Health, Sep 9, 2011
objectives To investigate the effect of cooking with an iron ingot on the iron content of several... more objectives To investigate the effect of cooking with an iron ingot on the iron content of several water and Cambodian food preparations.
Dewey C, Bottoms K, Carter N, et al. A qualitative study to identify potential biosecurity risks ... more Dewey C, Bottoms K, Carter N, et al. A qualitative study to identify potential biosecurity risks associated with feed delivery.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
... to diagnose the causes of lameness in sows that were culled for lameness and to determine if ... more ... to diagnose the causes of lameness in sows that were culled for lameness and to determine if the gross postmortem lesions ... Reprint requests to Dr. CE Dewey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Great Plains Veterinary EducationalCenter, Box 187, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA ...
We evaluated the profitability of vaccinating sows against Escherichia coli using a partial budge... more We evaluated the profitability of vaccinating sows against Escherichia coli using a partial budget analysis incorporated into a computer spreadsheet. Herd inputs intended to approximate the average swine operation were used to provide generalizable results. Vaccine efficacy was estimated using previous reports of reduced diarrhea morbidity and mortality in neonatal piglets associated with vaccination. Our results indicate that the average swine producer who does not currently vaccinate sows against E. coli could expect to generate $5.51 per sow in additional yearly profits by implementing a vaccination program. Losses attributable to piglet diarrhea would be reduced by nearly $10 per sow per year. Investment in a sow E. coli vaccination program is expected to result in a 124% return on investment. Sensitivity analysis found that these results were fairly insensitive to variations in vaccine efficacy, market value of pigs, vaccine cost, liveborn litter size, and diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates without vaccination. Threshold analysis suggests that herds with diarrhea morbidity and mortality rates in 1-to 14day-old piglets of at least 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively, could expect returns adequate to justify investment. We therefore predict that E. coli vaccination of sows would be a cost-effective health management strategy for many United States swine producers.
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
The objective of this study was to determine the association between body weight of pigs at 7 wk ... more The objective of this study was to determine the association between body weight of pigs at 7 wk of age, specific management factors, and previous body weight. Among 3736 pigs from 8 commercial farms, greater 7-wk weight was associated with greater birth weight (P = 0.001), greater weaning weight (P = 0.001), and earlier age at weaning (P = 0.001). Farms with the earliest average weaning age had the highest health status. Farms with later weaning ages tended to use nurse sows for light-weight pigs. Pigs from farms using all-in/all-out management in the nursery had greater 7-wk weights (P = 0.01). The total mortality and culling rate during the nursery phase (weaning to approximately 7 wk of age) was 6.8%. Higher losses were observed among pigs with low weaning weights (&amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 4.1 kg) compared with those with higher weaning weights. More of the variation due to 7-wk weight was due to individual sow rather than to farm of origin.
Objective: To identify incidence and risk factors for surgical glove perforation in small animal ... more Objective: To identify incidence and risk factors for surgical glove perforation in small animal surgery. Study Design: Observational cohort study. Sample Population: Surgical gloves (n ¼ 2132) worn in 363 surgical procedures. Methods: All gloves worn by operative personnel were assessed for perforation at end-procedure using a water leak test. Putative risk factors were recorded by a surgical team member. Associations between risk factors and perforation were assessed using multivariable multi-level random-effects logistic regression models to control for hierarchical data structure. Results: At least 1 glove perforation occurred in 26.2% of procedures. Identified risk factors for glove perforation included increased surgical duration (surgery >1 hour OR ¼ 1.79, 95% CI ¼ 1.12-2.86), performing orthopedic procedures (OR ¼ 1.88; 95% CI ¼ 1.23-2.88), any procedure using powered instruments (OR ¼ 1.93; 95% CI ¼ 1.21-3.09) or surgical wire (OR ¼ 3.02; 95% CI ¼ 1.50-6.05), use of polyisoprene as a glove material (OR ¼ 1.59, 95% CI ¼ 1.05-2.39), and operative role as primary surgeon (OR ¼ 2.01; 95% CI ¼ 1.35-2.98). The ability of the wearer to detect perforations intraoperatively was poor, with a sensitivity of 30.8%. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of unrecognized glove perforations in small animal surgery.
The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne
Antibiotic use was described using a convenience sample of 90 Alberta swine farms representing ap... more Antibiotic use was described using a convenience sample of 90 Alberta swine farms representing approximately 25% of the Alberta market swine production. Data on the use of antibiotics were collected through an on-farm interview questionnaire. The vast majority of antibiotics were used in feed. The chlortetracycline/sulfamethazine/penicillin combination and tylosin were the most frequently used in-feed antibiotics in weaners and growers/finishers, respectively. The use of antibiotics through water was reported mostly occasionally in all categories. The use of injectable antibiotics was reported mostly in sick pigs. Penicillin was the most common in-water and injectable antibiotic in all categories. The apparent low frequency of critically important antimicrobials for use in humans (quinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins) is an encouraging finding from a public health perspective. The widespread and frequently reported use of penicillin and tetracycline are of public health conc...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire
Swine influenza (SI) is a disease of significance for the swine industry, and vaccination is ofte... more Swine influenza (SI) is a disease of significance for the swine industry, and vaccination is often recommended as a way to reduce its impact on production. The efficacy of SI vaccines is well established under experimental conditions, but information about field efficacy is scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial inactivated bivalent (H1N1/H3N2) vaccine under conditions of natural exposure to a field SI variant. To accomplish our goal we used a randomized, blinded, field trial in 2 cohorts of finisher pigs in a multi-site swine production system located in southern Ontario. During the trial, this herd experienced an outbreak of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). The efficacy of the SI vaccine was assessed through its effect on average daily weight gain, and serological responses to SI over time. The effect of vaccination on pig growth was different in the 2 cohorts. Weight gain was higher in vaccinated pigs than in control pigs in...
The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie médicale / AMMI Canada, 2013
A population-based study was conducted over a two-year period in the Perth District (PD) and Well... more A population-based study was conducted over a two-year period in the Perth District (PD) and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph (WDG) health units in Ontario to document antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use associated with clinical cases of laboratory-confirmed campylobacteriosis. Etest (bioMérieux SA, France) was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline. Data regarding antimicrobial use were collected from 250 cases. Of the 250 cases, 165 (65.7%) reported staying home or being hospitalized due to campylobacteriosis. Fifty-four per cent of cases (135 of 249) reported taking antimicrobials to treat campylobacteriosis. In 115 cases (51.1%), fecal culture results were not used for treatment decisions because they were not available before the initiation of antimicrobial treatment and/or they were not available bef...
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