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Elpida Sklika
I am a Postdoctoral researcher attached to the Institute of Slavic, Oriental and Modern Greek Studies of the University of Strasbourg in France. I hold a PhD in Linguistics from the same university and I currently work as a temporary Teaching Fellow in the Technological Institute of the University of Upper Alsace (UHA) in France where I teach Business English in the Bachelor's Degree at the Department of Thermal Engineering and Energy.
The last four years I prepare my students for the TOEIC and National exams of English (CLES) in the university as I am an accredited Test Centre Administrator of the ETS Global and an examinator-evaluator for the exams. I also have a long experience in libraries and book archiving from my 4-year work as the librarian of the Department of Modern Greek Studies in the University of Strasbourg and a short experience in digital lexicography from my 6-month internship at the Academy of Athens and in copywriting and concept advertising (I have worked in GIM company).
My areas of interest include English as a global language, business English, Greek language, linguistics, media discourse, online press, mass communication and translation. Finally, I am actively volunteering in several institutions and associations helping students, arts and culture events, saving animals and other social causes.
Address: Strasbourg, Alsace, France
The last four years I prepare my students for the TOEIC and National exams of English (CLES) in the university as I am an accredited Test Centre Administrator of the ETS Global and an examinator-evaluator for the exams. I also have a long experience in libraries and book archiving from my 4-year work as the librarian of the Department of Modern Greek Studies in the University of Strasbourg and a short experience in digital lexicography from my 6-month internship at the Academy of Athens and in copywriting and concept advertising (I have worked in GIM company).
My areas of interest include English as a global language, business English, Greek language, linguistics, media discourse, online press, mass communication and translation. Finally, I am actively volunteering in several institutions and associations helping students, arts and culture events, saving animals and other social causes.
Address: Strasbourg, Alsace, France
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Papers by Elpida Sklika
Nous réalisons une étude qualitative qui s’appuie sur un corpus de 126 textes grecs publiés sur Internet durant la période 2011-2015 (105 textes géniteurs et 21 textes hyperliens), issus de 14 journaux et 4 magazines existant aussi en version papier, et de 6 journaux numériques ne disposant pas de version papier, c’est-à-dire des pure players (c.f. Manovich 2001). Nos données sont tirées de trois grands genres journalistiques, à savoir les articles d’actualité, les articles d’opinion et les interviews, et relèvent des thématiques suivantes : art et mode, économie et politique, monde et environnement, science et technologie et santé et sport. Pour vérifier nos hypothèses sur la présence d’une typologie de la page-écran de la presse numérique grecque, nous comparons le corpus grec avec un corpus supplémentaire de 15 textes de la presse anglophone.
Notre principal objectif est de définir la structure de la mise en page de ces hypertextes et d’identifier les stratégies de lecture des textes en ligne. Ces hypertextes contiennent souvent d’hyperliens reflétant d'autres textes explicitement ou non ; ils sont ainsi sujets à une lecture interrompue en offrant au lecteur nombreux exemples d'intertextualité (Fairclough 2006). De plus, nous cherchons à repérer les modèles de lecture ou d’anticipation de lecture d’un texte de la presse numérique grecque.
Notre méthode est bi-dimensionnelle et suggère d’abord une analyse au niveau de la microstructure s’appuyant sur l’analyse du discours avec une combinaison du « contrat médiatique » de Charaudeau (2011) avec le cadre théorique d’analyse du discours médiatique de Fairclough (analyser le discours : 1. comme texte, 2. comme pratique discursive et 3. comme pratique sociale (2010), et au niveau de la macrostructure avec la « rhétorique du texte numérique » et « les pratiques de lecture » proposées par Saemmer (2015).
D’après nos premiers résultats, la plupart de ces textes sont des web-genres hybrides qui reflètent toujours les stratégies discursives de reporter, de commenter et de provoquer une information et une réaction. En effet, afin de publier des nouvelles et captiver le public, les journalistes utilisent « l'effet d'indexicalité » ou la « dramatisation du discours » (Kamaras 2004). S’agissant de l’infographie et de la structure de la page-écran de nos textes géniteurs grecs (les textes originaux), nous constatons que presque tous les textes comportent un titre principal, un support visuel (rarement audiovisuel), mais peu d’hyperliens et d’espaces dédiés aux commentaires du public (ils existent surtout dans les magazines et les pure players). Pour les stratégies et les figures de lecture d’un texte hyperlien (i.e. les textes incorporés dans les textes géniteurs), nous notons deux types de lecture, la lecture informationnelle et la lecture dialogique. Le premier type montre la préférence des journalistes pour l’insertion d’hyperliens renvoyant à la source, tandis que la lecture dialogique montre une préférence pour les hyperliens déplaçant le focus. Enfin, concernant les répertoires et les stratégies suivis aux niveaux de discours et de page-écran de nos textes, nos résultats donnent une image de deux presses, grecque et anglophone, qui se ressemblent en termes généraux. Toutefois, il y a une différence majeure qui renvoie au fait que la presse numérique grecque a encore de la distance à parcourir afin de s’adapter à l’ère numérique soutenant un journalisme entièrement participatif contrairement à la presse anglophone qui connait déjà un énorme progrès ces dernières années. La presse numérique grecque est ainsi très souvent seulement numérisée (comme copiée et scannée directement de la presse traditionnelle en papier), tandis que la presse anglophone est adaptée à l’ère de l’Internet. Enfin, cette hypothèse est encore à vérifier avec des études sur des corpora plus vastes et nous montre un domaine de recherche pour les années à venir.
This volume includes selected papers presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference of Communication and Management (ICCM2018), 23-26 April 2018, organized by the Communication Institute of Greece. In total 40 papers were presented by 75 presenters, coming from 21 different countries around the world (Pakistan, USA, UAE, Germany, Finland, Beijing, Malaysia, Turkey, Russia, France, UK,
Belgium, Spain, Albania, Kenya, Thailand, Lithuania, Croatia, Morocco, China, Greece). This ‘audience’ comprised professors, researchers, students and key people, interested by education, politics, cultural affairs, etc.
The themes of this issue are separated into sections/chapters, similar with the ones of ICCM2018 conference, in order to facilitate the readers. From the twenty-six (26) papers of this volume, we have four (4) papers on International and Intercultural Education –Leadership, five (5) papers on International business and Management, four (4) papers on International and Intercultural, three (3) papers on Political sciences Communication and International affairs, and ten (10) papers on Social
Media, Media and Mediated Communication Technologies.
Conference Presentations by Elpida Sklika
A “global language” is used for international communication between people who do not share a common mother tongue (Mauranen, 2012) and English is nowadays broadly used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet (Crystal, 2003). In this study, we examine how this change reflects the personal choices of the journalists or if there is a cultural change in the perception of the Greek society. In fact, fixed MWes or famous film or song references are not only a part of a national paremiological discourse, but also an influence that can affect what people read and what often remains memorized, since it becomes a type of widespread common knowledge (Androutsopoulos, 2013).
According to our results the majority of English fixed MWes is found in headlines and headings on the Greek journalistic discourse. However, bracketed citations and quotes hold a lot of English loans and many fixed expressions are inserted without translation in Greek too. We traced different types of MWes like collocations, idioms, proverbs, literary allusions and quotes from movies and songs. This strategy shows the journalists’ intended “effect of credibility” in order to make their discourse more persuasive and make the message clearer to a wider public -an indexicality effect which gives a rather formal register that increases the text’s prestige-. Moreover, longer MWes serve as a “captivation strategy” of the public’s attention that aims to get them sentimental to persuade them -called the dramatization of the speech according Charaudeau- (2011: 73). Finally, even if these occurrences in our corpus are not so numerous, it is worth to underline that these discourse strategies not only depend on the power of English as a dominant language, but also on the personal choices of these texts’ authors in order to give them their proper tone together with all the cultural and social representations implied.
English is nowadays used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet, and has a major impact on the Greek language (Mackridge, 2012). Our purpose is to identify how this language contact reflects the power of English as a dominant language (c.f. Crystal, 2003) through the use of English on political discourse.
Our method requires a double analysis based on the theory of lexical borrowing to identify the manifestations of this contact in terms of the lexicon, the syntax and semantics (Winford, 2010), as well as on the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by applying the three-dimension model of Fairclough: 1. analyzing discourse-as-text, 2. discourse-as-discursive-practice and 3. discourse-as-social-practice (1992, 2010). This method will help us find how the abuse of social power is represented, reproduced or imposed through media discourse (Van Dijk 2001: 352).
According to our results, these texts are mostly hybrid web-genres that show the discursive strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking a news information by using the “effect of indexicality” or the “dramatization of discourse” to captivate the public. Borrowing is massive in the news articles and mostly in finance and international topics or texts with many scientific terms, whereas strictly political topics are less affected. This point drove us to further distinguish these traces in three types, such as the external factors with the implantation of anglicisms on Greek press underlining the hegemonic status of English, the internal factors where the influence of Global English on discourse shows the journalists’ proper choices wishing to highlight their language skills or to give an ironic tone to their texts and the social factors which underline the cultural and social representations implied. Finally, even if these occurrences are not numerous, it is worth to mention that these strategies reveal not only the hegemonic status of English nowadays, but a possible influence on what people write, read and what often remains memorized since it becomes common knowledge.
According to our results, these texts show high metaphorical use of these words and their semantic prosody is mostly negative. Indeed, the metaphorical meaning of γαρνιτούρα turns out as an “ornament” in discourse, of κονσέρβα as a term for a scripted, non-real-time television program and of σούπα as of something boring or in some contexts of someone falling on the ground. As for the use of these metaphors in French, we did not find such use; it is, therefore, suggested that semantic change has occurred after their integration into Greek. Furthermore, some lexical structures function as fixed multiword expressions or form shell nouns with negative connotations. Finally, their use in headlines and often in quotation marks indicates that this discourse strategy may succeed to fossilize their metaphorical meaning and eventually imply social factors that point out this symbolic use.
A “global language” is used for international communication between people who do not share a common mother tongue (Mauranen, 2012) and English is nowadays broadly used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet (Fairclough, 2006). In this study, we examine how this language contact reflects the power of English as a dominant language (Global English: see Crystal, 2003), but also the personal choices of these texts’ authors in order to give them their proper tone together with all the cultural and social representations implied.
Our method requires a double analysis based on the theory of linguistic borrowing in order to identify the manifestations of this contact in terms of the lexicon, the syntax and the semantics (Winford, 2010), as well as on the theory of discourse analysis by applying the framework of a top-down or a bottom-up implementation of English in the Greek language (c.f. De Swaan, 2001) combined with different discourse strategies (c.f. Fairclough, 2010; Charaudeau, 2011).
According to our results, these texts are mostly hybrid web-genres that include hyperlinks and show the basic discursive strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking a news information by using the “effect of indexicality” or the “dramatization of discourse” to captivate a wider public. Borrowing is massive in the fields of fashion, sports and technology, whereas politics and environment are the less affected semantic fields. This last point drove us to separate these factors in two main types, complementary types that form the continuum of this contact. We suggest that the external factors with the implantation of anglicisms from top to bottom underline the power and the hegemonic status of English, whereas the internal factors where the occurrences of Global English influence on Greek discourse are linked to the bottom-up movement show the proper journalists’ choices (word preference) wishing either to highlight their language skills (English as a marker of indexicality) or to give a humorous tone to their texts (symbolic function of English). Finally, even if these occurrences in our corpus are not numerous as we conducted a qualitative research of the Greek journalistic discourse, it is worth to mention that these discourse strategies reveal not only the hegemonic status of English nowadays, but a possible influence that can affect what people write, read and what often remains memorized since it becomes a type of widespread common knowledge for both authors and public.
Our method requires a double analysis, at a microstructure level searching the occurrences of English with the theory of “borrowing” (Winford 2010) and a cross “classification of lexical borrowing” of Haspelmath (2008, 2009) and Anastassiadi-Symeonidi (1994: an analysis of borrowing on Modern Greek), and at a macrostructure level using the “media discourse analysis framework” of Fairclough (1992, 2003) and the four-dimensional model of “communication on the media” of Charaudeau (2011).
According to our first results, news articles are a flexible hybrid web-genre that keeps most of the times up-to-date with language change and various streams throughout the world communication and strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking news information. However, opinion articles are slightly hybrid and open to some types of change of their layout techniques, their structure and their reading strategies, while we noticed that the “opinion” is often mixed with the simple “narration” of the new information. On the other hand, interviews still follow their parent-genre of the printed version of Greek press carrying the usual rigid question-answer layout and for that reason they leave a small room for innovation or even commenting from both sides (interviewer or interviewee). In addition, lexical borrowing turns up excessive in the fields of fashion, sports and technology. There are also many examples of syntactic and semantic variation with extensive use of English idioms and quite often of twisted famous citations from international Hollywood films or worldwide known songs, as well as of translated English proverbs (calques). Our data consist of hyperlinks too, nods easily accessed with a mouse click, that are either sometimes directly driven from English websites, blogs or data bases, or written in Greek with plenty of borrowing traces from the English. Hyperlinks are always integrated in texts of our data, something that shows that “intertextuality” with other webpages seems to support this contact. Finally, we try to examine if this contact can influence the perception of the journalists’ world and can consequently provoke a change in terms of the social representations depicted in their discourse.
Notre méthodologie nécessite une double analyse au niveau du discours en utilisant un croisement de la théorie de l’analyse du discours de Maingueneau (2014) et du modèle de « la communication sur les médias » de Charaudeau (2011), et au niveau des stratégies des journalistes et de leurs capacités à hiérarchiser les informations recueillies avec la « rhétorique du texte numérique » de Charon (et al. 2011).
Selon nos premiers résultats, ces textes sont plutôt d’un genre hybride : le corps du texte inclut aussi des hyperliens. Les articles d’actualité constituent le genre le plus flexible qui décrit des événements contemporains qui construisent un noyau fort autour duquel tous les détails sont articulés, tandis que les articles d'opinion sont légèrement « hybrides » et souvent l'opinion du journaliste est intriquée à la narration de la nouvelle information. Au contraire, les interviews suivent encore leur genre-géniteur de la version imprimée de la presse grecque.
D’un autre côté, le positionnement du journaliste (ou autrement dit l’angle sous lequel ils choisi d’éclairer l’information) joue un rôle important à la pagination d’un texte (Ringoot 2014). D’après notre corpus, les journalistes professionnels se battent contre les amateurs qui publient et créent un nouveau type de presse en ligne (blogs, pages web, fora, etc.). Enfin, le journaliste de la presse numérique grecque nous donne l’impression qu’il travaille comme le « veilleur » de toutes ces nouvelles connaissances pour les faire repérer dans tous les flux d’actualités automatisés pour informer son public de la manière la plus efficace possible.
Dans un premier temps nous remarquons que l’anglais est une matière scolaire à qui les jeunes grecs donnent de l’importance, ainsi qu’elle est la langue la plus utilisée à l’Internet, au tourisme, à la recherche académique et aux médias. Notre hypothèse primordiale se constitue donc de la question suivante : est-ce que l’anglais appris comme langue seconde diffère de l’anglais utilisé au niveau mondial sur Internet et consécutivement aux médias numériques ? De même, la deuxième hypothèse porte sur le changement des genres de la presse numérique grecque, et de leur structure à travers l’utilisation de l’anglais dans le discours grec.
Nous réalisons, ainsi, une étude bi-dimensionnelle, une analyse micro-linguistique au niveau de la langue des textes de la presse numérique et macro-linguistique au niveau de la structure et de la mise en page des genres de la presse. Notre méthodologie nécessite une analyse au niveau du discours en utilisant un croisement de la théorie de l’emprunt linguistique avec l’analyse du discours (Maingueneau 2014), et au niveau des genres et des capacités des journalistes à hiérarchiser les informations recueillies avec les modèles de la « communication sur les médias » de Charaudeau (2011) et de la « rhétorique du texte numérique » de Saemmer (2015).
Le corpus de notre recherche comprend 126 textes de la presse numérique grecque (105 textes géniteurs et 21 hyperliens), ainsi que leur mise en page avec quelques traits d’infographie et d’animation. Ces textes sont recueillis et répertoriés manuellement avec l’aide de Microsoft Office Word et Excel et issus de trois grands genres journalistiques : les articles d’actualité, les articles d’opinion et les interviews. Les données du premier genre comprennent les brèves et les nouvelles étendues et du deuxième les analyses et les commentaires. Ces genres étudiés relèvent aussi les thématiques suivantes : art et mode, environnement et écologie, santé et sport, science et technologie, économie et politique. Nous avons tiré les textes de 16 journaux et 8 magazines qui existent aussi en version papier et de 3 pure players (Charon et al. 2011).
D’après nos résultats, les interviews sont les plus représentées dans notre corpus car elles rassemblent 46% des textes. Au total, nous avons rencontré des emprunts simples à l’anglais transcrits en alphabet grec ou latin, des calques entre guillemets ou non, des mots composés grecs avec un trait d’union en suivant l’exemple de leur mot-source ou des mots valises, des expressions figées, ainsi que des proverbes ou des dictons et beaucoup de sigles et d’acronymes de la langue anglaise.
Concernant l’analyse textuelle, nous avons traité des textes en majorité de genre hybride, car ils ne sont ni des web-genres ou des hypertextes, ni des genres traditionnels de la presse papier. Par la suite, nous avons interprété nos données en analysant leur mise en page et leur infographie. Cette analyse est fondée sur le traitement des « figurations de lecture » ou « d’anticipation de lecture » d’un texte ; les figures de chaque texte en tant que projecteur d’autres textes d’une manière explicite ou parfois tacite. Pour conclure, d’après cette méthodologie nous proposons trois types de formes-modèles de lecture d’un texte numérique : les modèles pro-intensifs, les modèles pro-interventifs et les modèles pro-extensifs.
Talks by Elpida Sklika
The principal research question is to find the exact means of the contact between English as a global language (from now on “global English”) and Modern Greek through titles in the digital press. We then try to examine whether there are hints or proof of linguistic change in the microsocial and the macrosocial level of language and society that may lead to variation and change in a wider extent if not also connected to the phenomenon of language globalization. Therefore, we tend to examine the frequency and the type of change of the Greek language that may introduce a social variation or shift of the attitudes and the perception of the reality of the Greek modern society. Hence, such titles on the online press might reflect social and linguistic stereotypes. They can also serve as models of the linguistic behaviour of the Greek journalists that claim their ownership. Finally, they can also imply change at the level of the interpretation and the representation of the world of their potential audience of the online Mass Media. In brief, we are hoping to find the influence of this different type of English on the Modern Greek language, but also on the “social representations” and the “social identities” of Greek people that may be transformed because of this contact.
The data of this study include the analysis of the main titles of electronic articles (written online media discourse) extracted from the Web. The selection of these articles was not random, as they were chosen from three different journalistic genres and five semantic fields. Nevertheless, the data were collected and enlisted manually. Our data consist of 31 titles that precede each article and are extracted from Greek newspapers and magazines that either have a parallel printed and online version or they hold only an online version. These titles are taken from the genres: news articles, opinion articles and interviews in Greek newspapers and magazines. Moreover, they cover five different semantic fields, in fact the most common thematic column categorizations of all Greek online press, in detail: 1. Art and fashion, 2. Environment and ecology, 3. Health and sports, 4. Science and technology and 5. Finance and politics.
After a first classification of our data, it turns out that our corpus requires a double analysis. The first level of the analysis examines the occurrences of English as a world language in our data, i.e. a research at the level of the lexis and so at a microsocial view of this interaction to find the lexico-grammatical features and support that English as a global language proposes for its introduction and its integration in the Greek language. In order to examine our corpus from this point of view we use the theory and methodological tools of discourse analysis. On the other hand, at the macrostructure level, we examine what causes this eventual change of the Greek language, that is, all possible transformations, adaptations or semantic shifts of words, phrases and discourse in general after their contact with global English. Finally, we argue on the specific choices and attitudes of the journalists who wrote these titles and on their interpretation by their future audience in terms of a social representations change and a transformation or imitation of new-adopted values and/or social identities in the Greek society of nowadays.
Nous réalisons une étude qualitative qui s’appuie sur un corpus de 126 textes grecs publiés sur Internet durant la période 2011-2015 (105 textes géniteurs et 21 textes hyperliens), issus de 14 journaux et 4 magazines existant aussi en version papier, et de 6 journaux numériques ne disposant pas de version papier, c’est-à-dire des pure players (c.f. Manovich 2001). Nos données sont tirées de trois grands genres journalistiques, à savoir les articles d’actualité, les articles d’opinion et les interviews, et relèvent des thématiques suivantes : art et mode, économie et politique, monde et environnement, science et technologie et santé et sport. Pour vérifier nos hypothèses sur la présence d’une typologie de la page-écran de la presse numérique grecque, nous comparons le corpus grec avec un corpus supplémentaire de 15 textes de la presse anglophone.
Notre principal objectif est de définir la structure de la mise en page de ces hypertextes et d’identifier les stratégies de lecture des textes en ligne. Ces hypertextes contiennent souvent d’hyperliens reflétant d'autres textes explicitement ou non ; ils sont ainsi sujets à une lecture interrompue en offrant au lecteur nombreux exemples d'intertextualité (Fairclough 2006). De plus, nous cherchons à repérer les modèles de lecture ou d’anticipation de lecture d’un texte de la presse numérique grecque.
Notre méthode est bi-dimensionnelle et suggère d’abord une analyse au niveau de la microstructure s’appuyant sur l’analyse du discours avec une combinaison du « contrat médiatique » de Charaudeau (2011) avec le cadre théorique d’analyse du discours médiatique de Fairclough (analyser le discours : 1. comme texte, 2. comme pratique discursive et 3. comme pratique sociale (2010), et au niveau de la macrostructure avec la « rhétorique du texte numérique » et « les pratiques de lecture » proposées par Saemmer (2015).
D’après nos premiers résultats, la plupart de ces textes sont des web-genres hybrides qui reflètent toujours les stratégies discursives de reporter, de commenter et de provoquer une information et une réaction. En effet, afin de publier des nouvelles et captiver le public, les journalistes utilisent « l'effet d'indexicalité » ou la « dramatisation du discours » (Kamaras 2004). S’agissant de l’infographie et de la structure de la page-écran de nos textes géniteurs grecs (les textes originaux), nous constatons que presque tous les textes comportent un titre principal, un support visuel (rarement audiovisuel), mais peu d’hyperliens et d’espaces dédiés aux commentaires du public (ils existent surtout dans les magazines et les pure players). Pour les stratégies et les figures de lecture d’un texte hyperlien (i.e. les textes incorporés dans les textes géniteurs), nous notons deux types de lecture, la lecture informationnelle et la lecture dialogique. Le premier type montre la préférence des journalistes pour l’insertion d’hyperliens renvoyant à la source, tandis que la lecture dialogique montre une préférence pour les hyperliens déplaçant le focus. Enfin, concernant les répertoires et les stratégies suivis aux niveaux de discours et de page-écran de nos textes, nos résultats donnent une image de deux presses, grecque et anglophone, qui se ressemblent en termes généraux. Toutefois, il y a une différence majeure qui renvoie au fait que la presse numérique grecque a encore de la distance à parcourir afin de s’adapter à l’ère numérique soutenant un journalisme entièrement participatif contrairement à la presse anglophone qui connait déjà un énorme progrès ces dernières années. La presse numérique grecque est ainsi très souvent seulement numérisée (comme copiée et scannée directement de la presse traditionnelle en papier), tandis que la presse anglophone est adaptée à l’ère de l’Internet. Enfin, cette hypothèse est encore à vérifier avec des études sur des corpora plus vastes et nous montre un domaine de recherche pour les années à venir.
This volume includes selected papers presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference of Communication and Management (ICCM2018), 23-26 April 2018, organized by the Communication Institute of Greece. In total 40 papers were presented by 75 presenters, coming from 21 different countries around the world (Pakistan, USA, UAE, Germany, Finland, Beijing, Malaysia, Turkey, Russia, France, UK,
Belgium, Spain, Albania, Kenya, Thailand, Lithuania, Croatia, Morocco, China, Greece). This ‘audience’ comprised professors, researchers, students and key people, interested by education, politics, cultural affairs, etc.
The themes of this issue are separated into sections/chapters, similar with the ones of ICCM2018 conference, in order to facilitate the readers. From the twenty-six (26) papers of this volume, we have four (4) papers on International and Intercultural Education –Leadership, five (5) papers on International business and Management, four (4) papers on International and Intercultural, three (3) papers on Political sciences Communication and International affairs, and ten (10) papers on Social
Media, Media and Mediated Communication Technologies.
A “global language” is used for international communication between people who do not share a common mother tongue (Mauranen, 2012) and English is nowadays broadly used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet (Crystal, 2003). In this study, we examine how this change reflects the personal choices of the journalists or if there is a cultural change in the perception of the Greek society. In fact, fixed MWes or famous film or song references are not only a part of a national paremiological discourse, but also an influence that can affect what people read and what often remains memorized, since it becomes a type of widespread common knowledge (Androutsopoulos, 2013).
According to our results the majority of English fixed MWes is found in headlines and headings on the Greek journalistic discourse. However, bracketed citations and quotes hold a lot of English loans and many fixed expressions are inserted without translation in Greek too. We traced different types of MWes like collocations, idioms, proverbs, literary allusions and quotes from movies and songs. This strategy shows the journalists’ intended “effect of credibility” in order to make their discourse more persuasive and make the message clearer to a wider public -an indexicality effect which gives a rather formal register that increases the text’s prestige-. Moreover, longer MWes serve as a “captivation strategy” of the public’s attention that aims to get them sentimental to persuade them -called the dramatization of the speech according Charaudeau- (2011: 73). Finally, even if these occurrences in our corpus are not so numerous, it is worth to underline that these discourse strategies not only depend on the power of English as a dominant language, but also on the personal choices of these texts’ authors in order to give them their proper tone together with all the cultural and social representations implied.
English is nowadays used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet, and has a major impact on the Greek language (Mackridge, 2012). Our purpose is to identify how this language contact reflects the power of English as a dominant language (c.f. Crystal, 2003) through the use of English on political discourse.
Our method requires a double analysis based on the theory of lexical borrowing to identify the manifestations of this contact in terms of the lexicon, the syntax and semantics (Winford, 2010), as well as on the theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by applying the three-dimension model of Fairclough: 1. analyzing discourse-as-text, 2. discourse-as-discursive-practice and 3. discourse-as-social-practice (1992, 2010). This method will help us find how the abuse of social power is represented, reproduced or imposed through media discourse (Van Dijk 2001: 352).
According to our results, these texts are mostly hybrid web-genres that show the discursive strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking a news information by using the “effect of indexicality” or the “dramatization of discourse” to captivate the public. Borrowing is massive in the news articles and mostly in finance and international topics or texts with many scientific terms, whereas strictly political topics are less affected. This point drove us to further distinguish these traces in three types, such as the external factors with the implantation of anglicisms on Greek press underlining the hegemonic status of English, the internal factors where the influence of Global English on discourse shows the journalists’ proper choices wishing to highlight their language skills or to give an ironic tone to their texts and the social factors which underline the cultural and social representations implied. Finally, even if these occurrences are not numerous, it is worth to mention that these strategies reveal not only the hegemonic status of English nowadays, but a possible influence on what people write, read and what often remains memorized since it becomes common knowledge.
According to our results, these texts show high metaphorical use of these words and their semantic prosody is mostly negative. Indeed, the metaphorical meaning of γαρνιτούρα turns out as an “ornament” in discourse, of κονσέρβα as a term for a scripted, non-real-time television program and of σούπα as of something boring or in some contexts of someone falling on the ground. As for the use of these metaphors in French, we did not find such use; it is, therefore, suggested that semantic change has occurred after their integration into Greek. Furthermore, some lexical structures function as fixed multiword expressions or form shell nouns with negative connotations. Finally, their use in headlines and often in quotation marks indicates that this discourse strategy may succeed to fossilize their metaphorical meaning and eventually imply social factors that point out this symbolic use.
A “global language” is used for international communication between people who do not share a common mother tongue (Mauranen, 2012) and English is nowadays broadly used in international communication, academic research, the film and music industry and the Internet (Fairclough, 2006). In this study, we examine how this language contact reflects the power of English as a dominant language (Global English: see Crystal, 2003), but also the personal choices of these texts’ authors in order to give them their proper tone together with all the cultural and social representations implied.
Our method requires a double analysis based on the theory of linguistic borrowing in order to identify the manifestations of this contact in terms of the lexicon, the syntax and the semantics (Winford, 2010), as well as on the theory of discourse analysis by applying the framework of a top-down or a bottom-up implementation of English in the Greek language (c.f. De Swaan, 2001) combined with different discourse strategies (c.f. Fairclough, 2010; Charaudeau, 2011).
According to our results, these texts are mostly hybrid web-genres that include hyperlinks and show the basic discursive strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking a news information by using the “effect of indexicality” or the “dramatization of discourse” to captivate a wider public. Borrowing is massive in the fields of fashion, sports and technology, whereas politics and environment are the less affected semantic fields. This last point drove us to separate these factors in two main types, complementary types that form the continuum of this contact. We suggest that the external factors with the implantation of anglicisms from top to bottom underline the power and the hegemonic status of English, whereas the internal factors where the occurrences of Global English influence on Greek discourse are linked to the bottom-up movement show the proper journalists’ choices (word preference) wishing either to highlight their language skills (English as a marker of indexicality) or to give a humorous tone to their texts (symbolic function of English). Finally, even if these occurrences in our corpus are not numerous as we conducted a qualitative research of the Greek journalistic discourse, it is worth to mention that these discourse strategies reveal not only the hegemonic status of English nowadays, but a possible influence that can affect what people write, read and what often remains memorized since it becomes a type of widespread common knowledge for both authors and public.
Our method requires a double analysis, at a microstructure level searching the occurrences of English with the theory of “borrowing” (Winford 2010) and a cross “classification of lexical borrowing” of Haspelmath (2008, 2009) and Anastassiadi-Symeonidi (1994: an analysis of borrowing on Modern Greek), and at a macrostructure level using the “media discourse analysis framework” of Fairclough (1992, 2003) and the four-dimensional model of “communication on the media” of Charaudeau (2011).
According to our first results, news articles are a flexible hybrid web-genre that keeps most of the times up-to-date with language change and various streams throughout the world communication and strategies of reporting, commenting and provoking news information. However, opinion articles are slightly hybrid and open to some types of change of their layout techniques, their structure and their reading strategies, while we noticed that the “opinion” is often mixed with the simple “narration” of the new information. On the other hand, interviews still follow their parent-genre of the printed version of Greek press carrying the usual rigid question-answer layout and for that reason they leave a small room for innovation or even commenting from both sides (interviewer or interviewee). In addition, lexical borrowing turns up excessive in the fields of fashion, sports and technology. There are also many examples of syntactic and semantic variation with extensive use of English idioms and quite often of twisted famous citations from international Hollywood films or worldwide known songs, as well as of translated English proverbs (calques). Our data consist of hyperlinks too, nods easily accessed with a mouse click, that are either sometimes directly driven from English websites, blogs or data bases, or written in Greek with plenty of borrowing traces from the English. Hyperlinks are always integrated in texts of our data, something that shows that “intertextuality” with other webpages seems to support this contact. Finally, we try to examine if this contact can influence the perception of the journalists’ world and can consequently provoke a change in terms of the social representations depicted in their discourse.
Notre méthodologie nécessite une double analyse au niveau du discours en utilisant un croisement de la théorie de l’analyse du discours de Maingueneau (2014) et du modèle de « la communication sur les médias » de Charaudeau (2011), et au niveau des stratégies des journalistes et de leurs capacités à hiérarchiser les informations recueillies avec la « rhétorique du texte numérique » de Charon (et al. 2011).
Selon nos premiers résultats, ces textes sont plutôt d’un genre hybride : le corps du texte inclut aussi des hyperliens. Les articles d’actualité constituent le genre le plus flexible qui décrit des événements contemporains qui construisent un noyau fort autour duquel tous les détails sont articulés, tandis que les articles d'opinion sont légèrement « hybrides » et souvent l'opinion du journaliste est intriquée à la narration de la nouvelle information. Au contraire, les interviews suivent encore leur genre-géniteur de la version imprimée de la presse grecque.
D’un autre côté, le positionnement du journaliste (ou autrement dit l’angle sous lequel ils choisi d’éclairer l’information) joue un rôle important à la pagination d’un texte (Ringoot 2014). D’après notre corpus, les journalistes professionnels se battent contre les amateurs qui publient et créent un nouveau type de presse en ligne (blogs, pages web, fora, etc.). Enfin, le journaliste de la presse numérique grecque nous donne l’impression qu’il travaille comme le « veilleur » de toutes ces nouvelles connaissances pour les faire repérer dans tous les flux d’actualités automatisés pour informer son public de la manière la plus efficace possible.
Dans un premier temps nous remarquons que l’anglais est une matière scolaire à qui les jeunes grecs donnent de l’importance, ainsi qu’elle est la langue la plus utilisée à l’Internet, au tourisme, à la recherche académique et aux médias. Notre hypothèse primordiale se constitue donc de la question suivante : est-ce que l’anglais appris comme langue seconde diffère de l’anglais utilisé au niveau mondial sur Internet et consécutivement aux médias numériques ? De même, la deuxième hypothèse porte sur le changement des genres de la presse numérique grecque, et de leur structure à travers l’utilisation de l’anglais dans le discours grec.
Nous réalisons, ainsi, une étude bi-dimensionnelle, une analyse micro-linguistique au niveau de la langue des textes de la presse numérique et macro-linguistique au niveau de la structure et de la mise en page des genres de la presse. Notre méthodologie nécessite une analyse au niveau du discours en utilisant un croisement de la théorie de l’emprunt linguistique avec l’analyse du discours (Maingueneau 2014), et au niveau des genres et des capacités des journalistes à hiérarchiser les informations recueillies avec les modèles de la « communication sur les médias » de Charaudeau (2011) et de la « rhétorique du texte numérique » de Saemmer (2015).
Le corpus de notre recherche comprend 126 textes de la presse numérique grecque (105 textes géniteurs et 21 hyperliens), ainsi que leur mise en page avec quelques traits d’infographie et d’animation. Ces textes sont recueillis et répertoriés manuellement avec l’aide de Microsoft Office Word et Excel et issus de trois grands genres journalistiques : les articles d’actualité, les articles d’opinion et les interviews. Les données du premier genre comprennent les brèves et les nouvelles étendues et du deuxième les analyses et les commentaires. Ces genres étudiés relèvent aussi les thématiques suivantes : art et mode, environnement et écologie, santé et sport, science et technologie, économie et politique. Nous avons tiré les textes de 16 journaux et 8 magazines qui existent aussi en version papier et de 3 pure players (Charon et al. 2011).
D’après nos résultats, les interviews sont les plus représentées dans notre corpus car elles rassemblent 46% des textes. Au total, nous avons rencontré des emprunts simples à l’anglais transcrits en alphabet grec ou latin, des calques entre guillemets ou non, des mots composés grecs avec un trait d’union en suivant l’exemple de leur mot-source ou des mots valises, des expressions figées, ainsi que des proverbes ou des dictons et beaucoup de sigles et d’acronymes de la langue anglaise.
Concernant l’analyse textuelle, nous avons traité des textes en majorité de genre hybride, car ils ne sont ni des web-genres ou des hypertextes, ni des genres traditionnels de la presse papier. Par la suite, nous avons interprété nos données en analysant leur mise en page et leur infographie. Cette analyse est fondée sur le traitement des « figurations de lecture » ou « d’anticipation de lecture » d’un texte ; les figures de chaque texte en tant que projecteur d’autres textes d’une manière explicite ou parfois tacite. Pour conclure, d’après cette méthodologie nous proposons trois types de formes-modèles de lecture d’un texte numérique : les modèles pro-intensifs, les modèles pro-interventifs et les modèles pro-extensifs.
The principal research question is to find the exact means of the contact between English as a global language (from now on “global English”) and Modern Greek through titles in the digital press. We then try to examine whether there are hints or proof of linguistic change in the microsocial and the macrosocial level of language and society that may lead to variation and change in a wider extent if not also connected to the phenomenon of language globalization. Therefore, we tend to examine the frequency and the type of change of the Greek language that may introduce a social variation or shift of the attitudes and the perception of the reality of the Greek modern society. Hence, such titles on the online press might reflect social and linguistic stereotypes. They can also serve as models of the linguistic behaviour of the Greek journalists that claim their ownership. Finally, they can also imply change at the level of the interpretation and the representation of the world of their potential audience of the online Mass Media. In brief, we are hoping to find the influence of this different type of English on the Modern Greek language, but also on the “social representations” and the “social identities” of Greek people that may be transformed because of this contact.
The data of this study include the analysis of the main titles of electronic articles (written online media discourse) extracted from the Web. The selection of these articles was not random, as they were chosen from three different journalistic genres and five semantic fields. Nevertheless, the data were collected and enlisted manually. Our data consist of 31 titles that precede each article and are extracted from Greek newspapers and magazines that either have a parallel printed and online version or they hold only an online version. These titles are taken from the genres: news articles, opinion articles and interviews in Greek newspapers and magazines. Moreover, they cover five different semantic fields, in fact the most common thematic column categorizations of all Greek online press, in detail: 1. Art and fashion, 2. Environment and ecology, 3. Health and sports, 4. Science and technology and 5. Finance and politics.
After a first classification of our data, it turns out that our corpus requires a double analysis. The first level of the analysis examines the occurrences of English as a world language in our data, i.e. a research at the level of the lexis and so at a microsocial view of this interaction to find the lexico-grammatical features and support that English as a global language proposes for its introduction and its integration in the Greek language. In order to examine our corpus from this point of view we use the theory and methodological tools of discourse analysis. On the other hand, at the macrostructure level, we examine what causes this eventual change of the Greek language, that is, all possible transformations, adaptations or semantic shifts of words, phrases and discourse in general after their contact with global English. Finally, we argue on the specific choices and attitudes of the journalists who wrote these titles and on their interpretation by their future audience in terms of a social representations change and a transformation or imitation of new-adopted values and/or social identities in the Greek society of nowadays.
Our data consist of 126 Greek texts published between 2011-2015 in 14 newspapers, 4 magazines and 6 pure players and are retrieved from three genres: news articles, opinion articles and interviews, and five semantic fields: art/fashion, finance/politics, world/environment, science/technology and health/sports. The purpose is to identify this contact’s traces, i.e., linguistic structures, borrowings, one-word switches or phrases and other forms of intertextuality embedded on the Greek press with different discursive strategies (Charaudeau, 2001). Our method requires a combination of English on top with the top-down or a bottom-up implantation of English in the Greek discourse (De Swaan, 2001).
Finally, we suggest that the patterns found show that rather serving as scientific terminology for international communication, the use of English represents familiarity with transnational lifestyles and cultures and reflects the journalists’ social representations. They also reveal that English is the preferred code for headlining and framing purposes as it relies on chunks often shaped by intertextuality. As a result, we separate these patterns in two complementary types, the external factors (top-to-bottom implantation) underlying the hegemonic status of English, and the internal factors (bottom-up) showing the journalists’ choices wishing to highlight their language skills (English as a marker of indexicality) or to give a humorous tone (symbolic function).
Pour la translittération et l’adaptation phonologique des emprunts en grec moderne la règle générale réside dans la simplification phonétique. En ce qui concerne la morphologie, les emprunts adaptés constituent la majorité, toutefois, tous les emprunts servent de base pour la création de nouveaux mots dérivés d’origine française. Les champs sémantiques les plus fréquentes sont : la science, la médecine, l'homme, la mode, les arts et les médias, les outils/machines. Selon le classement des emprunts d’après leur type, l'intégration des emprunts simples est la importante, tandis que quelques emprunts moins encore utilisés ont aussi détectés. En conclusion, les emprunts au français montrent de régularité et que la langue grecque maintienne son équilibre. Nous insistons par contre sur le besoin de recherche supplémentaire au niveau sociolinguistique.
II. The Commonwealth immigrants and the “Windrush generation” in UK